EE141 1 EE141 1 Tu-Th 9:30-11am 203 McLaughlin EE141- Fall 2001 Introduction to Digital Integrated Circuits EE141 2 What is this class about? ● Introduction to digital integrated circuits. » CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Programmable logic arrays. Design methodologies. ● What will you learn? » Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability
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EE141
1
EE1411
Tu-Th 9:30-11am203 McLaughlin
EE141- Fall 2001Introduction to Digital
Integrated Circuits
EE1412
What is this class about?
� Introduction to digital integrated circuits.» CMOS devices and manufacturing technology.
CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Programmable logic arrays. Design methodologies.
� What will you learn?» Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital
circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability
� Assignment 1: Getting SPICE to work –see web-page on Thursday
� NO discussion sessions or labs this week.
� First discussion sessions in Week 2� First Software Lab in Week 2
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Digital Integrated Circuits
� Introduction: Issues in digital design� The CMOS inverter� Combinational logic structures� Sequential logic gates; timing� Arithmetic building blocks� Interconnect: R, L and C� Memories and array structures� Design methods
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Introduction
� Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before?
� Will it change in future?
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The First Computer
The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)25,000 partscost: £17,470
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ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)
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Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
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Intel Pentium (II) microprocessor
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Moore’s Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.
He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months
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Moore’s Law16151413121110
9876543210
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
LOG
2 OF
THE
NUM
BER
OF
CO
MPO
NEN
TS P
ER IN
TEG
RATE
D F
UNCT
ION
Electronics, April 19, 1965.
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Evolution in Complexity
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Transistor Counts
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
10
100
11975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
808680286
i386i486
Pentium®Pentium® Pro
K 1 Billion Transistors
Source: Intel
Projected
Pentium® IIPentium® III
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Moore’s law in Microprocessors
400480088080
8085 8086286
386486 Pentium® proc
P6
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Tran
sist
ors
(MT)
2X growth in 1.96 years!
Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years
S. Borkar
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Moore’s Law - Logic Density
�Shrinks and compactions meet density goals�New micro-architectures drop density
Sour
ce: I
ntelPentium (R)
Pentium Pro (R) 486386
i860
1
10
100
1000
1.5µ
1.5µ
1.5µ
1.5µ
1.0µ
1.0µ
1.0µ
1.0µ
0.8µ
0.8µ
0.8µ
0.8µ
0.6µ
0.6µ
0.6µ
0.6µ
0.35
µ0.
35µ
0.35
µ0.
35µ
0.25
µ0.
25µ
0.25
µ0.
25µ
0.18
µ0.
18µ
0.18
µ0.
18µ
0.13
µ0.
13µ
0.13
µ0.
13µ
Logi
c D
ensi
ty
2x trend
Logi
c Tr
ansi
stor
s/m
m2
Pentium II (R)
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Die Size Growth
40048008
80808085
8086 286386
486Pentium ® procP6
1
10
100
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Die
siz
e (m
m)
~7% growth per year~2X growth in 10 years
Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law
S. Borkar
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Frequency
P6Pentium ® proc
48638628680868085
8080800840040.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Freq
uenc
y (M
hz)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every2 years
S. Borkar
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Processor Frequency Trend
386486
Pentium(R)
Pentium Pro(R)
Pentium(R) IIMPC750
604+604
601, 603
21264S
2126421164A
2116421064A
21066
10
100
1,000
10,000
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Mhz
1
10
100
Gat
e D
elay
s/ C
lock
IntelIBM Power PCDECGate delays/clock
Processor freq scales by 2X per
generation
� Frequency doubles each generation� Number of gates/clock reduce by 25%