ee handbook

“Frontmatter”The Electrical Engineering HandbookEd. Richard C. DorfBoca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

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Maureen Aller

Project Editor:

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These files shall remain the sole and exclusive property of CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431.The contents are protected by copyright law and international treaty. No part of the

Electrical Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE

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No claim to original U.S. Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-2177-8International Standard Series Number 1097-9409

Preface

Purpose

The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide in a single volume a readyreference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its comprehensiveformat is divided into twelve sections which encompass the field of electrical engineering. The goal is to providethe most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagneticfields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging fields of commu-nications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering. In addition, the finalsection provides a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical, and materials data, aswell as widely inclusive information on mathematics.

Organization

The fundamentals of electrical engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantialempirical data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, andequations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex electricaldevices, circuits, instruments, and systems. While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is theprovision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the fieldof electrical engineering. Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in orderto serve the needs of the engineer over many years. With equal emphasis on electronics, circuits, power systems,instruments, materials, effects and devices, systems, and control, the engineer should encounter a wide rangeof concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design.

The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental.Each article, of which there are more than 200, is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of themature engineer, and educate the novice.

The information is organized into twelve major sections. The first eleven sections encompass 118 chaptersand the last section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants. Each sectioncontains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of thatsection. Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates anapplication illustrative of the material in the section.

Each article includes four important and useful categories: defining terms, related topics, references, andfurther information. Defining terms are key definitions and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicatedin boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter orarticle. Related Topics are cross-references to related articles. The related topics are provided at the end of eachchapter or article. The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, furtherinformation provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.


Locating Your Topic

Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table ofcontents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of thetwelve sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should look over thesetables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book. For example,see Section II: Signal Processing, then Chapter 17: Multidimensional Signal Processing, and then Chapter 17.2:Video Signal Processing. This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locateinformation on the topic of interest.

Five indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information. Three indexes arelisted in alphabetical order: (1) subject index, (2) index of basic equations by title or name, and (3) index ofcontributing authors. The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which thedefinition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index. Two additional indexesare sequenced by order of appearance: (1) index of key tables of data or information and (2) index of key figures.

The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and directthe inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and thatinformational requirements will be satisfied effectively.

Acknowledgments

This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorialassociates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Ron Powers, Publisher; Kristen Peterson, Develop-mental Editor; and Susan Fox, Senior Project Editor. Finally, I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, whoserved as editorial assistant.

Richard C. DorfEditor-in-Chief


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© 2000 by

Editor-in-Chief

rd C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems.ed a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the Universityrado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering

ide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributionsances in electrical engineering.ssor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fieldstics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at theity of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and theity of California, Berkeley.llow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the professionModern Control Systems, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of

s (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5th (Wiley, 1992) and Electric Currents, 3rd edition (Wiley, 1996).

CRC Press LLC

Advisory Board

Frank BarnesUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

Joseph BronzinoTrinity CollegeHartford, Connecticut

Wai-Kai ChenUniversity of IllinoisChicago, Illinois

Delores EtterUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

Lyle FeiselState University of New YorkBinghamton, New York

William KerstingNew Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, New Mexico

Vojin OklobdziaUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California

John V. OldfieldSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York

Banmali RawatUniversity of NevadaReno, Nevada

Richard S. SandigeUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Leonard ShawPolytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York

John W. SteadmanUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

R. Lal TummalaMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan


Contributors

M. AbdelguerfiUniversity of New OrleansNew Orleans, Louisiana

Samuel O. AgboCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis Obispo, California

Ahmed AminTexas Instruments

N. AlemadiMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Jan P. AllebachPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IndianaBraden AllenbyLawrence Livermore National LabLivermore, California

Kristinn AndersenMarel CorporationHafnarfjoudur, Iceland

Nick AngelopoulosGould ShawmutToronto, Canada

Carl A. ArgilaSoftware Engineering ConsultantPico Rivera, California

C.P. ArnoldUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand

Jos ArrillagaUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand

Derrick AthertonUniversity of SussexFalmer, Brighton, England

R.A. Backer

A. Terry BahillThe University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona

Inder J. BahlITT-Gallium Arsenide Technology

CenterRoanoke, Virginia

Norman BalabanianUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida

Glen BallouBallou AssociatesGuilford, Connecticut

Brian R. BannisterUniversity of HullHull, United Kingdom

Joseph BannisterUniversity of Southern California

Information Sciences InstituteMarina Del Ray, California

Avram Bar-CohenUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota

Matthew F. BaretichUniversity HospitalUniversity of ColoradoDenver, Colorado

Allen M. BarnettAstroPower, Inc.Newark, Delaware

Robert Joel BarnettVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee

R. BartnikasInstitut de Recherche d’Hydro-QuébecVarennes, Canada

Stella N. BatalamaSUNY at BuffaloBuffalo, New York

Geoffrey BateConsultant in Information Storage

TechnologyLos Altos Hills, California

William T. BaumannVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State

UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

John S. BayVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State


R.A. BeckerIntegrated Optical Circuit ConsultantsCupertino, California

Melvin L. BelcherGeorgia Tech Research InstituteAtlanta, Georgia

Peter BendixLSI Logic Corp.Milpitas, California

John P. BennerNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryGolden, Colorado

Edward J. BerbariPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana


Ashoka K.S. BhatUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, Canada

Imran A. BhuttaRFPP

Theodore A. BickartMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Bill BitlerInfiMedLiverpool, New York

Glenn R. BlackwellPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Karen BladesLawrence Livermore National LabLivermore, California

Linda Sue BoehmerLSB TechnologyClairton, Pennsylvania

Theodore F. Bogart, Jr.University of Southern MississippiHattiesburg, Mississippi

Martin BoltonEnsigma Ltd.Chepstow, United Kingdom

Bruce W. BomarUniversity of Tennessee Space InstituteTullahmoa, Tennessee

Anjan BoseWashington State UniversityPullman, Washington

Bimal K. BoseUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, Tennessee

N.K. BoseThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

Charles A. BoumanPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Joseph BoykinClarion Advanced StorageSouth Borough, Massachusetts

Joe E. BrewerNorthrop Grumman Corp.Baltimore, Maryland

John R. BrewsThe University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona

William L. BroganUniversity of NevadaLas Vegas, Nevada

Joseph D. BronzinoTrinity CollegeHartford, Connecticut

Marcia A. BushXerox Palo Alto Research CenterPalo Alto, California

Doug BurgerUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin

James A. CadzowVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee

Gordon L. CarpenterCalifornia State UniversityLong Beach, California

Bill D. CarrollThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas

G. Clifforn CarterNUWC DetachmentNew London, Connecticut

Shu-Park ChanInternational Technological UniversitySanta Clara, California

Rulph ChassaingRoger Williams UniversityBristol, Rhode Island

Willam CheckGE SpacenetMcLean, Virginia

Kao ChenCarlson Consulting EngineersSan Diego, California

Mo-Shing ChenUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas

Sue-Ling ChenAllied SignalFalls Church, Virginia

Wai-Kai ChenUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, Illinois

Allen H. CherinLucent TechnologiesNorcross, Georgia

John Choma, Jr.University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California

Mo-Yuen ChowNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina

Michael D. CilettiUniversity of ColoradoColorado Springs, Colorado

Gerlad A. ClappNaval Command Control and Ocean

Surveillance CenterSan Diego, California

Almon H. CleggCciRockaway, New Jersey

J.R. CogdellThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas

Richard C. ComptonCornell UniversityIthaca, New York

George E. CookVanderbilt UniversityNashville, Tennessee

J. Arlin CooperSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico

Timothy J. CouttsNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryGolden, Colorado

Thomas M. CoverStanford UniversityStanford, California

Edward W. CzeckNortheastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts

John N. DaigleUniversity of Mississippi

Thomas E. DarcieAt&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, New Jersey

Larry S. DarkenOxford InstrumentsOak Ridge, Tennessee


Fred DaumRaytheon CompanyMarlborough, Massachusetts

Kevin A. DelinJet Propulsion LabPasadena, California

Edward J. DelpPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Kenneth DemarestUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas

Bülent I. DervisogluHewlett PackardMountain View, California

Allan DeweyDuke UniversityDurham, North Carolina

Daniel F. DiFonzoPlanar Communications CorporationRockville, Maryland

Dennis F. Doelitzsch3-D Communications CorporationMarion, Illinois

Robert C. DurbeckIBM Corporation (retired)San Jose, California

Alexander C. EhrlichU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, D.C.

Mohamed E. El-HawaryTechnical University of Nova ScotiaHalifax, Nova Scotia

Aicha Elshabini-RiadViginia Polytechnic Institute and State


Yariv EphraimGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, Virgnia

R. EskiciogluUniversity of New OlreansNew Orleans, Lousiana

Delores M. EtterUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

K.F. EtzoldIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, New York

Gerald W. FarnellMcGill UniversityMontreal, Canada

James M. FeldmanNortheastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts

Tse-yun FengThe Pennsylvania State UniversityState College, Pennsylvania

J. Patrick FitchLawrence Livermore National

LaboratoryLivermore, California

Martin D. FoxUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs, Connecticut

Larry A. FranksSandia National LaboratoryLivermore, California

James F. FrenzelUniversity of IdahoMoscow, Idaho

Leon A. FrizzellUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, Illinois

Jesse W. FussellDepartment of DefenseFort Meade, Maryland

Yuqing GaoIBM, T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, New York

Donald GallerMITCambridge, Massachusettts

Susan A.R. GarrodPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, ndiana

L.A. GeddesPurdue UniversityLafayette, Indiana

Boris GelmontUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia

Mario GerlaUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, California

Jerry D. GibsonTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

Gennady Sh. GildenblatThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvaina

Jay C. GiriCegelec ESCA CorporationBellevue, Washington

J. Duncan GloverFailure Analysis AssociatesFramingham, Massachusetts

Oded GoldreichWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel

James Richard GoodmanUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin

Peter J. GrahamFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, Florida

L. L. GrigsbyAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama

Charles A. GrossAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama

R.B. GungorUniversity of South AlabamaMobile, Alabama

Chris G. GuyUniversity of ReadingReading, United Kingdom

V. Carl HamacherQueen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada

A.P. HansonAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama

Royce D. HarborUniversity of West FloridaPensacola, Florida

Gary L. HawkeUnversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas

Jeff HechtLaser Focus WorldAuburndale, Massachusetts

Lealand H. HemmingMcDonnell Douglas Helicopter SystemsMesa, Arizona


H. Scott HintonUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

Conrad H. HoeppnerThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland

S. Ratnajeevan H. HooleHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremont, California

Manfred N. HuberSiemensMunich, Germany

Jeffy L. HudginsUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina

J. David IrwinAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama

Raymond G. JacquotUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Ralph B. JamesSandia National LaboratoriesLivermore, California

W. Kenneth JenkinsUniversity of IllinoisUrbana, Illinois

Christopher P. JoblingUniversity of WalesSwansea, Wales

Barry W. JohnsonUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia

David E. JohnsonBirmingham-Southern CollegeBirmingham, Alabama

Philip L. JohnsonUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama

Capers JonesSoftware Productivity Research, Inc.Burlington, Massachusetts

Ivan P. KaminowAT&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, New Jersey

George G. KaradyArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona

Randy H. KatzUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California

Myron KaytonKayton Engineering Co.Santa Monical, California

Dmimitri KazakosUniversity of Southwestern LouisianaLafayette, Louisiana

Lawrence L. KazmerskiNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNewark, Delaware

E.J. KennedyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, Tennessee

Michael Peter KennedyUniversity College DublinDublin, Ireland

William H. KerstingNew Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, new Mexico

William J. KerwinThe University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona

Nicholas J. KoliasRaytheon CompanyAndover, Massachusetts

Géza KolumbánTechnical University of BudapestBudapest, Hungary

Jin Au KongMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

Lurt L. KosbarUniversity of Missouri-RollaRolla, Missouri

Allan D. KrausAllan D. Kraus AssociatesPacific Grove, California

Mark H. KryderCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Luis G. KunCenter for Information

Technology/AHCPRRockville, Maryland

Benjamin C. KuoUniversity of Illinois at

Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, Illinois

Dhammika KurumbalapitiyaHarvey Mudd CollegeClaremont, California

Juang-Chung LaiUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas

Pradeep LallMotorola, Inc.Plantation, Florida

Ty A. LaskyUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California

Gordon K.F. LeeNorth Carloina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina

Peter A. LeeDepartment of Trade and IndustryLondon, Elngland

William C.Y. LeeAirTouch CommunicationsWalnut Creek, California

Cornelius T. LeondesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, California

Ted G. LewisNaval Postgraduate SchoolMontery, California

Jay LiebowitzGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, D.C.

Jefferson F. Lindsey IIISouthern Illinois University at

CarbondaleCarbondale, Illinois

Chen-Ching LiuUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington

David C. LookWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio

Carl Grant LooneyUniversity of NevadaReno, Nevada

Raymond LuebbersPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

Steven L. MaddySpectraLink Corp.Boulder, Colorado


Donald C. MalochaUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, Florida

Giridhar D. MandyamNokia Research CenterIrving, Texas

Masud MansuripurUniversity of ArizonaTucson, Arizona

Robert J. Marks IIUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington

André MartinHughes Display ProductsLexington, Kentucky

Johannes J. MartinUniversity of New OrleansNew Orleans, Louisana

Daniel A. MartinecAeronautical Radio, Inc.Annapolis, Maryland

Robert E. MassaraUniversity of EssexColchester, Essex, United Kingdon

Kartikeya MayaramWashington State UniversityPullman, Washington

Stan McClellanUniversity of AlabamaBirmingham, Alabama

John E. McInroyUnviersity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Duane McRuerSystems Technology, Inc.Hawthorne, California

Sanjay K. MehtaNUWE DetachmentNew London, Connecticut

Miran MilkovicAnalog Technology ConsultantsAlpharetta, Georgia

Edmund K. MillerLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos Alamos, New Mexico

L.B. MilsteinUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, California

James E. MorrisState University of New YorkBinghamton, New York

Gregory L. MossPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Wayne NeedhamIntel CorporationChandler, Arizona

P.S. NeelakantaFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, Florida

Josh T. NessmithGeorgia Research InstituteAtlanta, Georgia

Paul NeudorferSeattle UniversitySeattle, Washington

Michael R. NeumanCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio

Robert E. NewnhamPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

Norman S. NiseCalifornia State Polytech UniversityPomona, California

Nicholas G. OdreyLehigh UniversityBethlehem, Pennsylvania

Vojin G. OklobdzijaUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California

John V. OldfieldSyracuse UniversitySyracuse, New York

Chee-Mun OngPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana

Terry P. OrlandoMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts

Mil OvanMotorola, Inc.Arlington Heights, Illinois

Joseph C. PalaisArizona State UniversityTempe, Arizona

Keshab K. ParhiUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota

Harold G. ParksThe University of Arizona, TucsonTucson, Arizona

Clayton R. PaulUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky

Michael PechtUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, Maryland

Arun G. PhadkeVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State


Michael PichenyIBM, T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, New York

Charles L. PhillipsAuburn UniversityAuburn, Alabama

S. Unnikrishna PillaiPolytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York

Charles PolkUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island

H. Vincent PoorPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey

Alexander D. PoularikasUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsville, Alabama

David M. PozarUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst, Massachusetts

Franco P. PreparataBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island

W. David PricerIBMEssex Junction, Vermont

Jose C. PrincipeUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida


Yuan PuApplied Materials

Sarah A. RajalaNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina

Conor RaffertyBell Laboratories, Lucent TechnologyMurry Hill, New Jersey

S. RajaramLucent TechnologiesPiscataway, New Jersey

Kaushik RajashekaraDelphi Energy & Engineering

Management SystemIndianapolis, Indiana

Bhuvana RamabhadranIBM, T.J. Watson Research CenterYorktown Heights, New York

R. RamakumarOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, Oklahoma

Abdul Hamid RanaGE LogistiCom

Banmali S. RawatUniversity of Nevada, RenoReno, Nevada

Jacques RaymondOttawa UniversityOttawa, Canada

J. Patrick ReillyMetatec AssociatesSilver Spring, Maryland

C. Magnus RimvallF.L. Smith & Co.Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark

Thomas G. RobertazziState University of New York at Stony

BrookStony Brook, New York

Charles J. RobinsonLouisiana Tech UniversityOverton Brooks VA Medical CenterRuston, Louisiana

Richard B. Robrock IIBell Communications ResearchPiscataway, New Jersey

Martin S. RodenCalifornia State UniversityLos Angeles, California

Peter H. RogersGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia

J. Gregory RollinsTechnology Modeling Associates Inc.Sunnyvale, California

John M. RomanTelematicsFt. Lauderdale, Florida

Evelyn P. RozanskiRocherster Institute of TechnologyRochester, New York

Marcos RubinsteinSwiss PTTBern, Switzerland

Matthew N.O. SadikuTemple UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Andrew P. SageGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, Virginia

Stanley SalekHammett & Edison, Inc.San Francisco, California

Ricardo S. Sánchez PeñaUniversity of Buenos AiresArgentina

Richard S. SandigeUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

C. SankaranElectro-TestSeattle, Washington

R.A. SchlueterMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

John L. SchmalzelRowan UniversityGlassboro, New Jersey

Juergen SchroeterAcoustics Research DepartmentAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, New Jersey

Micaela SerraUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, Canada

Leonard ShawPolytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York

Solomon SherrWestland ElectronicsOld Chatham, New York

Theodore I. ShimPolytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York

L.H. SibulThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

M.K. SimonJet Propulsion Laboratory

L. Montgomery SmithUniversity of Tennessee Space InstituteTullahoma, Tennessee

Rosemary L. SmithUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California

William M. SmithUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, Alabama

Sidney SoclofCalifornia Stte UniversityLos Angeles, California

Gurindar S. SohiUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin

René SpeéOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon

Cary R. SpitzerAvioniCon Inc.Williamsburg, Virginia

K. Neil StantonStanton AssociatesBellevue, Washington

John StaudhammerUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida

J.W. SteadmanUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Michael B. SteerNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina

F.W. StephensonVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State



Elias G. StrangasMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

V. SundarThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

Witold SurynGemplusQuebec, Canada

James A. SvobodaClarkson UniversityPottsdam, New York

David SworderUniversity of California, San DiegoSan Diego, California

Mario SznaierPennsylvania State University —

University ParkUniversity Park, Pennsylvania

Ferenc SzidarovszkyThe University of ArizonaTucson, Arizona

Ronald J. TallaridaTemple UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Basant K. TariyalLucent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi, India

Stuart K. TewksburyWest Virginia UniversityMorgantown, West Virginia

Rao S. ThallamSalt River ProjectPhoenix, Arizona

Joy A. ThomasIBM T.J. Watson Research CenterHawthorne, New York

Richard F. TinderWashington State UniversityPullman, Washington

Spyros TragoudasSouthern Illinois University at


William H. TranterUniversity of Missouri-RollaRolla, Missouri

Robert J. TrewCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, Ohio

C.W. TrowbridgeVector Fields, Ltd.Oxford, England

R. Lal TummalaMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Martin A. UmanUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida

Vichate UngvichianFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, Florida

Michel VeilletteGemplusQuebec, Canada

Sergio VerduPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey

Zvonko G. VranesicUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Khoi Tien VuABB Transmission Technical InstituteRaleigh, North Carolina

John V. WaitThe University of Arizona (retired)Tucson, Arizona

Alan K. WallaceOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon

Zhen WanUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California

Laurence S. WatkinsLucent TechnologiesPrinceton, New Jersey

Joseph WatsonUniversity of Wales, SwanseaSwansea, United Kingdom

N.R. WatsonUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch, New Zealand

Larry F. WeberPlasmaco, subsidiary of Matsushita

Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.Highland, New York

Roger W. WhatmoreCranfield UniversityCranfield, Bedfordshire, United

Kingdon

Jerry WhitakerTechnical PressMorgan Hill, California

Donald G. WhiteheadUniversity of HullHull, United Kingdom

B.M. WilamowskiUniversity of Wyominglaramie, Wyoming

Lynn D. WilcoxFX Palo Alto LabPalo Alto, California

James C. WiltseGeorgia Tech InstituteSpartanburg, South Carolina

Phillip J. WindleyBrigham Young UniversityProvo, Utah

Wayne WolfPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey

David YoungRockwell Semiconductor SystemsNewport Beach, California

Yixin YuTianjin UniversityTianjin, People’s Republic of China

Safwat G. ZakyUniversity of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada

Mehdi R. ZarghamSouthern Illinois University at


Ya-Qin ZhangMicrosoft Research, ChinaCranbury, New Jersey

Rodger E. ZiemerUniversity of Colorado at Colorado

SpringsColorado Springs, Colorado


Contents

SECTION I Circuits

Introduction Shu-Park Chan

1 Passive Components1.1 Resistors Michael Pecht and Pradeep Lall 1.2 Capacitors and Inductors Glen Ballou 1.3 Transformers C. Sankaran 1.4 Electrical Fuses Nick Angelopoulos

2 Voltage and Current Sources2.1 Step, Impulse, Ramp, Sinusoidal, Exponential, and DC Signals

Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 2.2 Ideal and Practical Sources Clayton R. Paul 2.3 Controlled Sources J. R. Cogdell

3 Linear Circuit Analysis3.1 Voltage and Current Laws Michael D. Ciletti 3.2 Node and Mesh Analysis J. David Irwin 3.3 Network Theorems Allan D. Kraus 3.4 Power and Energy Norman Balabanian and Theodore A. Bickart 3.5 Three-Phase Circuits Norman Balabanian 3.6 Graph Theory Shu-Park Chan 3.7 Two-Port Parameters and Transformations Norman S. Nise

4 Passive Signal Processing William J. Kerwin

5 Nonlinear Circuits5.1 Diodes and Rectifiers Jerry L. Hudgins 5.2 Limiters Theodore F. Bogart, Jr. 5.3 Distortion Kartikeya Mayaram 5.4 Communicating with Chaos Michael Peter Kennedy and Géza Kolumbán

6 Laplace Transform6.1 Definitions and Properties Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 6.2 Applications David E. Johnson


7 State Variables: Concept and Formulation Wai-Kai Chen

8 The z-Transform Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan

9 T-Π Equivalent Networks Zhen Wan and Richard C. Dorf

10 Transfer Functions of Filters Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan

11 Frequency Response Paul Neudorfer

12 Stability Analysis Ferenc Szidarovsky and A. Terry Bahill

13 Computer Software for Circuit Analysis and Design13.1 Analog Circuit Simulation J. Gregory Rollins 13.2 Parameter Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation Peter Bendix

SECTION II Signal Processing

Introduction Delores M. Etter

14 Digital Signal Processing14.1 Fourier Transforms W. Kenneth Jenkins 14.2 Fourier Transforms and Fast Fourier Transform Alexander D. Poularikas 14.3 Design and Implementation of Digital Filters

Bruce W. Bomar and L. Montgomery Smith 14.4 Signal Restoration James A. Cadzow

15 Speech Signal Processing15.1 Coding, Transmission, and Storage Stan McClellan and Jerry D. Gibson 15.2 Speech Enhancement and Noise Reduction Yariv Epharim 15.3 Analysis and Synthesis Jesse W. Fussell 15.4 Speech Recognition Lynn D. Wilcox and Marcia A. Bush 15.5 Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Yuqing Gao, Bhuvana Ramabhadran,

Michael Picheny

16 Spectral Estimation and Modeling16.1 Spectral Analysis S. Unnikrishna Pillai and Theodore I. Shim 16.2 Parameter Estimation Stella N. Batalama and Dimitri Kazakos 16.3 Kalman Filtering Fred Daum

17 Multidimensional Signal Processing17.1 Digital Image Processing Edward J. Delp, Jan Allebach, and Charles A. Bouman 17.2 Video Signal Processing Sarah A. Rajala 17.3 Sensor Array Processing N. K. Bose and L. H. Sibul 17.4 Video Processing Architectures Wayne Wolf 17.5 MPEG-4 Based Multimedia Information System Ya-Qin Zhang

18 VLSI for Signal Processing18.1 Special Architectures Keshab K. Parhi 18.2 Signal Processing Chips and Applications Rulph Chassaing and Bill Bitler

19 Acoustic Signal Processing18.1 Digital Signal Processing in Audio and Electroacoustics Juergen Schroeter 18.2 Underwater Acoustical Signal Processing Sanjay K. Mehta and G. Clifford Carter


20 Artificial Neural Networks Jose C. Principe

21 Computing Environments for Digital Signal Processing Delores M. Etter

SECTION III Electronics

Introduction John W. Steadman

22 Semiconductors22.1 Physical Properties Gennady Sh. Gildenblat and Boris Gelmont 22.2 Diodes Miram Milkovic 22.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models and Device Simulators for Semiconductor Devices

Aicha Elshabini-Riad, F. W. Stephenson, and Imran A. Bhutta 22.4 Electrical Characterization of Semiconductors David C. Look

23 Semiconductor Manufacturing23.1 Processes Harold G. Parks 23.2 Testing Wayne Needham 23.3 Electrical Characterization of Interconnections S. Rajaram 23.4 Process Modeling and Simulation Conor Rafferty

24 Transistors24.1 Junction Field-Effect Transistors Sidney Soclof 24.2 Bipolar Transistors Joseph Watson 24.3 The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) John R. Brews

25 Integrated Circuits25.1 Integrated Circuit Technology Joe E. Brewer 25.2 Layout, Placement, and Routing Mehdi R. Zargham and Spyros Tragoudas 25.3 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits Stuart Tewksbury

26 Surface Mount Technology Glenn R. Blackwell

27 Operational Amplifiers27.1 Ideal and Practical Models E. J. Kennedy 27.2 Applications John V. Wait

28 Amplifiers28.1 Large Signal Analysis Gordon L. Carpenter 28.2 Small Signal Analysis John Choma, Jr.

29 Active Filters29.1 Synthesis of Low-Pass Forms Robert E. Massara 29.2 Realization J. W. Steadman and B. M. Wilamowski 29.3 Generalized Impedance Convertors and Simulated Impedances James A. Svoboda

30 Power Electronics30.1 Power Semiconductor Devices Kaushik Rajashekara 30.2 Power Conversion Kaushik Rajashekara 30.3 Power Supplies Ashoka K. S. Bhat 30.4 Converter Control of Machines Bimal K. Bose


31 Optoelectronics31.1 Lasers Jeff Hecht 31.2 Sources and Detectors Laurence S. Watkins 31.3 Circuits R. A. Becker

32 D/A and A/D Converters Susan A. R. Garrod

33 Thermal Management of Electronics Avram Bar-Cohen

34 Digital and Analog Electronic Design Automation Allen Dewey

SECTION IV Electromagnetics

Introduction Banmali S. Rawat

35 Electromagnetic Fields Jin Au Kong

36 Magnetism and Magnetic Fields36.1 Magnetism Geoffrey Bate 36.2 Magnetic Recording Mark H. Kryder

37 Wave Propagation37.1 Space Propagation Matthew N. O. Sadiku 37.2 Waveguides Kenneth Demarest

38 Antennas38.1 Wire N. J. Kolias and R. C. Compton 38.2 Aperture J. Patrick Fitch 38.3 Microstrip Antennas David M. Pozar

39 Microwave Devices39.1 Passive Microwave Devices Michael B. Steer 39.2 Active Microwave Devices Robert J. Trew

40 Compatibility40.1 Grounding, Shielding, and Filtering Leland H. Hemming 40.2 Spectrum, Specifications, and Measurement Techniques

Vichate Ungvichian and John M. Roman 40.3 Lightning Martin Uman and Marcos Rubinstein

41 Radar41.1 Pulse Radar Melvin L. Belcher and Josh T. Nessmith 41.2 Continuous Wave Radar James C. Wiltse

42 Lightwave42.1 Lightwave Waveguides Samuel O. Agbo 42.2 Optical Fibers and Cables Allen H. Cherin and Basant K. Tariyal

43 Solid State Circuits I. J. Bahl

44 Three-Dimensional Analysis C. W. Trowbridge

45 Computational Electromagnetics E. K. Miller


SECTION V Electrical Effects and Devices

Introduction Lyle D. Feisel

46 Electroacoustic Devices Peter H. Rogers

47 Surface Acoustic Wave Filters Donald C. Malocha

48 Ultrasound Gerald W. Farnell

49 Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials K. F. Etzold

50 Electrostriction V. Sundar and R. E. Newnham

51 Piezoresistivity Ahmed Amin

52 The Hall Effect Alexander C. Ehrlich

53 Superconductivity Kevin A. Delin and Terry P. Orlando

54 Pyroelectric Materials and Devices Roger W. Whatmore

55 Dielectrics and Insulators R. Bartnikas

56 Sensors Rosemary L. Smith

57 Magnetooptics David Young and Yuan Pu

58 Smart Materials P. S. Neelakanta

SECTION VI Energy

Introduction William H. Kersting

59 Conventional Power Generation George G. Karady

60 Power Systems and Generation60.1 Distributed Power Generation R. Ramakumar 60.2 Photovoltaic Solar Cells Allen M. Barnett and Lawrence L. Kazmerski 60.3 Thermophotovoltaics John P. Benner and Timothy J. Coutts

61 Transmission61.1 Alternating Current Overhead: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Insulators

Mo-Shing Chen 61.2 Alternating Current Underground: Line Parameters, Models, Standard Voltages, Cables

Mo-Shing Chen and K. C. Lai 61.3 High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission Rao S. Thallam 61.4 Compensation Mohamed E. El-Hawary 61.5 Fault Analysis in Power Systems Charles Gross 61.6 Protection Arun G. Phadke


61.7 Transient Operation of Power Systems R. B. Gungor 61.8 Planning J. Duncan Glover

62 Power Quality Jos Arrillaga

63 Power Systems63.1 Power System Analysis L.L. Grigsby and A.P. Hanson 63.2 Voltage Instability R.A. Schlueter and N. Alemadi

64 Power Transformers Charles A. Gross

65 Energy Distribution George G. Karady

66 Electrical Machines66.1 Generators Chen-Ching Liu, Khoi Tien Vu, and Yixin Yu 66.2 Motors Donald Galler 66.3 Small Electric Motors Elias G. Strangas 66.4 Simulation of Electric Machinery Chee-Mun Ong

67 Energy Management K. Neil Stanton, Jay C. Giri, and Anjan Bose

68 Power System Analysis Software C. P. Arnold and N. R. Watson

SECTION VII Communications

Introduction Leonard Shaw

69 Broadcasting69.1 Modulationa nd Demodulation Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 69.2 Radio Broadcasting Jefferson F. Lindsey III and Dennis F. Doelitzsch 69.3 Television Systems Jerry Whitaker 69.4 High-Definition Television Martin S. Roden 69.5 Digital Audio Broadcasting Stanley Salek and Almon H. Clegg

70 Digital Communication70.1 Error Control Coding Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 70.2 Equalization Richard C. Dorf and Zhen Wan 70.3 Spread Spectrum Communications L. B. Milstein and M. K. Simon

71 Optical Communication71.1 Lightwave Technology for Video Transmission T. E. Darcie 71.2 Long Distance Fiber Optic Communications Joseph C. Palais 71.3 Photonic Networks Ivan P. Kaminow

72 Networks72.1 B-ISDN Manfred N. Huber 72.2 Computer Communications Networks J. N. Daigle 72.3 Local-Area Networks Joseph Bannister and Mario Gerla 72.4 The Intelligent Network Richard B. Robrock II

73 Information Theory73.1 Signal Detection H. Vincent Poor 73.2 Noise Carl G. Looney


73.3 Stochastic Processes Carl G. Looney 73.4 The Sampling Theorem R. J. Marks II 73.5 Channel Capacity Sergio Verdú 73.6 Data Compression Joy A. Thomas and Thomas M. Cover

74 Satellites and Aerospace Daniel F. DiFonzo

75 Personal and Office75.1 Mobile Radio and Cellular Communications William C. Y. Lee 75.2 Facsimile Rodger E. Ziemer 75.3 Wireless Local-Area Networks for the 1990s Mil Ovan 75.4 Wireless PCS Giridhar D. Mandyam

76 Phase-Locked Loop Steven L. Maddy

77 Telemetry Conrad H. Hoeppner

78 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis of Communication SystemsWilliam H. Tranter and Kurt L. Kosbar

SECTION VIII Digital Devices

Introduction Richard S. Sandige

79 Logic Elements79.1 IC Logic Family Operation and Characteristics Gregory L. Moss 79.2 Logic Gates (IC) Peter Graham 79.3 Bistable Devices Richard S. Sandige 79.4 Optical Devices H. S. Hinton

80 Memory Devices80.1 Integrated Circuits (RAM, ROM) W. David Pricer 80.2 Basic Disk System Architectures Randy H. Katz 80.3 Magnetic Tape Peter A. Lee 80.4 Magneto-Optical Disk Data Storage M. Mansuripur

81 Logical Devices81.1 Combinational Networks and Switching Algebra Franco P. Preparata 81.2 Logic Circuits Richard S. Sandige 81.3 Registers and Their Applications B. R. Bannister and D. G. Whitehead 81.4 Programmable Arrays Martin Bolton 81.5 Arithmetic Logic Units Bill D. Carroll

82 Microprocessors82.1 Practical Microprocessors John Staudhammer and Sue-Ling Chen 82.2 Applications Phillip J. Windley and James F. Frenzel

83 Displays83.1 Light-Emitting Diodes James E. Morris 83.2 Liquid-Crystal Diodes James E. Morris 83.3 The Cathode Ray Tube André Martin 83.4 Color Plasma Displays Larry F. Weber


84 Data Acquisition Dhammika Kurumbalaptitiya and S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole

85 Testing85.1 Digital IC Testing Micaela Serra 85.2 Design for Test Bulent I. Dervisoglu

SECTION IX Computer Engineering

Introduction John V. Oldfield and Vojin G. Oklobdzija

86 Organization86.1 Number Systems Richard F. Tinder 86.2 Computer Arithmetic Vojin G. Oklobdzija 86.3 Architecture V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko G. Vranesic, and Safwat G. Zaky 86.4 Microprogramming Jacques Raymond

87 Programming87.1 Assembly Language James M. Feldman and Edward W. Czeck 87.2 High-Level Languages Ted G. Lewis 87.3 Data Types and Data Structures Johannes J. Martin

88 Memory Systems Doug Burger, James R. Goodman, and Gurindar S. Sohi

89 Input and Output89.1 Input Devices Solomon Sherr 89.2 Computer Output Printer Technologies Robert C. Durbeck 89.3 Smart Cards Witold Suryn and Michel Veillette

90 Software Engineering90.1 Tools and Techniques Carl A. Argila 90.2 Testing, Debugging, and Verification Capers Jones 90.3 Programming Methodology Johannes J. Martin

91 Computer Graphics Evelyn P. Rozanski

92 Computer Networks Thomas G. Robertzaai

93 Fault Tolerance Barry W. Johnson

94 Knowledge Engineering94.1 Databases M. Abdelguerfi and R. Eskicioglu 94.2 Rule-Based Expert Systems Jay Liebowitz

95 Parallel Processors Tse-yun Feng

96 Operating Systems Joseph Boykin

97 Computer Security and Cryptography 97.1 Computer and Communications Security J. Arlin Cooper 97.2 Fundamentals of Cryptography Oded Goldreich


98 Computer Reliability Chris G. Guy

99 The Internet and Its Role in the Future Gary L. Hawke

SECTION X Systems

Introduction R. Lal Tummala

100 Control Systems100.1 Models William L. Brogan 100.2 Dynamic Response Gordon K. F. Lee 100.3 Frequency Response Methods: Bode Diagram Approach Andrew P. Sage 100.4 Root Locus Benjamin C. Kuo 100.5 Compensation Charles L. Phillips and Royce D. Harbor 100.6 Digital Control Systems Raymond G. Jacquot and John E. McInroy 100.7 Nonlinear Control Systems Derek P. Atherton 100.8 Optimal Control and Estimation John S. Bay and William T. Baumann 100.9 Neural Control Mo-Yuen Chow

101 Robotics101.1 Robot Configuration Ty A. Lasky and Tien C. Hsia 101.2 Dynamics and Control R. Lal Tummala 101.3 Applications Nicholas Odrey

102 Aerospace Systems102.1 Avionics Systems Cary R. Spitzer, Daniel A. Martinec, and Cornelius T. Leondes 102.2 Communications Satellite Systems: Applications

Abdul Hamid Rana and William Check

103 Command, Control, and Communications (C3)G. Clapp and D. Sworder

104 Industrial Systems104.1 Welding and Bonding George E. Cook, Kristinn Andersen, and

Robert Joel Barnett 104.2 Large Drives Alan K. Wallace and René Spée 104.3 Robust Systems Mario Sznaier and Ricardo S. Sánchez Peña

105 Man-Machine Systems Duane McRuer

106 Vehicular Systems Linda Sue Boehmer

107 Industrial Illuminating Systems Kao Chen

108 Instruments John L. Schmalzel

109 Navigation Systems Myron Kayton

110 Reliability Engineering R. Rama Kumar


111 Environmental Effects Karen Blades and Braden Allenby

112 Computer-Aided Control Systems DesignC. Magnus Rimvall and Christopher P. Jobling

SECTION XI Biomedical Systems

Introduction Joseph D. Bronzino

113 Bioelectricity113.1 Neuroelectric Principles J. Patrick Reilly 113.2 Bioelectric Events L. A. Geddes 113.3 Application of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Bone and Soft Tissue Repair

C. Polk

114 Biomedical Sensors Michael R. Neuman

115 Bioelectronics and Instruments115.1 The Electroencephalogram Joseph D. Bronzino 115.2 The Electrocardiograph Edward J. Berbari 115.3 Pacemakers/Implantable Defibrillators Philip L. Johnson and William M. Smith

116 Medical Imaging116.1 Tomography M. D. Fox 116.2 Ultrasound Leon A. Frizzell 116.3 Semiconductor Detectors for Radiation Measurements Larry S. Darken and

Ralph B. James

117 Biocomputing117.1 Clinical Information Systems Luis Kun 117.2 Hospital Information Systems Matthew F. Baretich

118 Computer Design for Biomedical Applications Raymond Luebbers

119 Rehabilitation Engineering, Science, and Technology119.1 Rehabilitation Concepts119.2 Engineering Concepts in Sensory Rehabilitation119.3 Engineering Concepts in Motor Rehabilitation119.4 Engineering Concepts in Communications Disorders119.5 Appropriate Technology119.6 The Future of Engineering in Rehabilitation

SECTION XII Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants

Introduction Ronald J. Tallarida

Greek Alphabet International System of Units (SI) Conversion Constants and Multipliers


Physical Constants Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Associations and Societies

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