PART 2 Education, health and sanitation The two greatest potential resources in most poor, food- insecure countries are the people and the productivity of the land and water. To defeat chronic hunger and poverty, investments must be made in both people and productivity. Investing in people must come in the form of education, clean water and sanitation, health and so- cial services and, in some cases, direct food and nutrition support. In rural areas, such expenditures are essential if the corresponding investments in agriculture and its productive subsectors are to pay off. Education, particularly women’s education, is one of most important instruments for combating child mal- nutrition and infant mortality. There is ample evidence to show that literacy in women is associated with sus- tainable fertility rates, increased birth spacing and lower maternal death. Literate mothers are more likely to im- munize their children and improve their nutritional sta- tus. Acquiring knowledge on improved child feeding practices, food preservation and better sanitation is key to breaking the cycle of malnutrition. For every year of a girl’s education, the likelihood of her prospective child dying before the age of five is reduced by 10 percent. Ed- ucation is sometimes referred to as the “social vaccine” against HIV/AIDS. Those who complete primary educa- tion are more likely to know about preventive measures. People around the world today have much higher levels of education than ever before. In the space of almost two decades, global literacy rates have risen from 73 to 84 percent, with school enrolments increasing faster for girls than for boys, and school completion rates rising by 29 points to 87 percent. Yet, wide disparities remain in both access to and equality of educational attainment of girls and boys both among and within countries, particu- larly in those dominated by large rural poor populations. In parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, 35 percent of rural girls and 71 percent of urban boys are enrolled in school, while in sub-Saharan Africa, the rates range from 37 percent and 84 percent. There are also strong intergenerational effects associated with illiteracy. For example, 75 percent of children not in school have moth- ers with no formal education. Map 31: No Data < 50 Source: UNESCO Metalink: P2.HUN.WBK.WDI.EDU.FILT, p. 167 → Education is key for development → Improving women’s education, in partic- ular, is one of the most important instru- ments to combat child malnutrition → However, literacy rates of women are fre- quently below 30 percent in many devel- oping countries 116
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Transcript
PART 2
Education health and sanitation
The two greatest potential resources in most poor food-insecure countries are the people and the productivityof the land and water To defeat chronic hunger andpoverty investments must be made in both people andproductivity Investing in people must come in the formof education clean water and sanitation health and so-cial services and in some cases direct food and nutritionsupport In rural areas such expenditures are essentialif the corresponding investments in agriculture and itsproductive subsectors are to pay off
Education particularly womenrsquos education is one ofmost important instruments for combating child mal-nutrition and infant mortality There is ample evidenceto show that literacy in women is associated with sus-tainable fertility rates increased birth spacing and lowermaternal death Literate mothers are more likely to im-munize their children and improve their nutritional sta-tus Acquiring knowledge on improved child feedingpractices food preservation and better sanitation is keyto breaking the cycle of malnutrition For every year ofa girlrsquos education the likelihood of her prospective childdying before the age of five is reduced by 10 percent Ed-ucation is sometimes referred to as the ldquosocial vaccinerdquoagainst HIVAIDS Those who complete primary educa-tion are more likely to know about preventive measures
People around the world today have much higher levelsof education than ever before In the space of almosttwo decades global literacy rates have risen from 73 to84 percent with school enrolments increasing faster forgirls than for boys and school completion rates rising by29 points to 87 percent Yet wide disparities remain inboth access to and equality of educational attainment ofgirls and boys both among and within countries particu-larly in those dominated by large rural poor populationsIn parts of Latin America and the Caribbean 35 percentof rural girls and 71 percent of urban boys are enrolledin school while in sub-Saharan Africa the rates rangefrom 37 percent and 84 percent There are also strongintergenerational effects associated with illiteracy Forexample 75 percent of children not in school havemoth-ers with no formal education
Map 31
No Data lt 50 50 minus 80 80 minus 90 90 minus 95 gt 95
Literacy rate female ( 2009)
Source UNESCO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT p 167
rarr Education is key for development
rarr Improving womenrsquos education in partic-ular is one of the most important instru-ments to combat child malnutrition
rarr However literacy rates of women are fre-quently below 30 percent in many devel-oping countries
116
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 80 80 minus 90 90 minus 95 gt 95
Literacy rate female ( 2009)
Chart 61 Unequal opportunity afforded to girls in basic education where it matters most
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (2009)
0
20
40
60
80
100
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source UNESCO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN p 167
117
PART 2
Investment in health is also important for human wel-fare and sustained economic and social developmentTimely access to health services ndash that is to a mix ofpromotion prevention treatment and rehabilitation ndash iscritical This cannot be achieved for the majority of thepopulation without a well-functioning health financingsystem
The most recent estimates of money needed to ensureaccess to essential healthcare suggests that on aver-age low-income countries must spend around US$ 60per capita which is almost double the amount they arecurrently spending Public financing is usually a mixof government money loans grants and aid from in-ternational organizations and non-governmental orga-nizations Apart from insufficient overall funds the percapita distribution of public expenditure on healthcareacross countries is vastly uneven It is unrealistic toexpect most low-income countries to achieve universalcoverage Access is often dictated by the ability to payand fees are a major hindrance for poor people solicitingtreatment
There are other factors beside income that determine ac-cess to health care For instance migrants ethnic mi-norities and indigenous people use services less thanother population groups even though their needs maybe higher Also when people do require healthcare theyoften incur high sometimes catastrophic costs in payingfor access According to the World Health Organization(WHO) about 150 million people globally suffer finan-cial catastrophe annually while 100 million are pushedbelow the poverty line each year
Often lost income causes strenuous financial penaltieson the ill and those who care for them The Interna-tional Labour Organization (ILO) finds that only one infive people in the world has broad-based social securityprotection that also includes cover for lost wages in theevent of illness and more than half the worldrsquos popula-tion lacks any type of formal social protection
Map 32
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP p 168
rarr USD 860 spent annually on health perperson at the global level
rarr This number masks huge differences be-tween regions
rarr An average of just USD 32 is spent on aper capita basis in low-income countries
118
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Chart 62 Budgetary constraints preclude adequate public health spending in many de-veloping regions
Annual health expenditure (2009)
ofGDP
0
2
4
6
8
10
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT p 168
119
PART 2
Improving access to safe water and sanitation cangreatly reduce the burden on health systems and pro-mote wider development According to the United Na-tions Childrenrsquos Fund (UNICEF) 25 billion people in de-veloping countries ndash around 50 percent of their popula-tion ndash lack improved sanitation facilities and over 884million still use unsafe drinking water sources
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation servicescoupled with poor hygiene practices kills and sickensthousands of children every day and leads to impov-erishment and diminished opportunities for thousandsmore Estimates point to some 2 million people dyingevery year as a result of diarrhoea and diseases causedby ingesting contaminated water
Poor water and sanitation have many other seriousrepercussions as well Children especially girls are de-nied their right to education because schools lack pri-vate and decent sanitation facilities Women and girlsare forced to spend large parts of their day searching forand fetching water denying them participation in edu-cation and income-generating employment
Inadequate water and sanitation means that poor farm-ers and wage earners are less productive due to ill-ness health systems are overwhelmed and nationaleconomies underperform
Further reading
bull UNESCO education (wwwunescoorgneweneducation)
bull UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygiene (wwwuniceforgwash)
bull WHO The world health report - Health systems financ-ing the path to universal coverage (wwwwhointwhr2010enindexhtml
bull UNDP Human Development Report 2010 (hdrundporgenreportsglobalhdr2010)
bull OrsquoDonovan (2008)
Map 33
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU p 168
rarr 78 percent of the worldrsquos rural popula-tion now have access to clean water
rarr Progress has been slow - just 15 percentmore than two decades ago
rarr Yet in many developing countries morethan half of all households struggle withinadequate access to safe water and san-itation services
120
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 80 80 minus 90 90 minus 95 gt 95
Literacy rate female ( 2009)
Chart 61 Unequal opportunity afforded to girls in basic education where it matters most
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (2009)
0
20
40
60
80
100
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source UNESCO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN p 167
117
PART 2
Investment in health is also important for human wel-fare and sustained economic and social developmentTimely access to health services ndash that is to a mix ofpromotion prevention treatment and rehabilitation ndash iscritical This cannot be achieved for the majority of thepopulation without a well-functioning health financingsystem
The most recent estimates of money needed to ensureaccess to essential healthcare suggests that on aver-age low-income countries must spend around US$ 60per capita which is almost double the amount they arecurrently spending Public financing is usually a mixof government money loans grants and aid from in-ternational organizations and non-governmental orga-nizations Apart from insufficient overall funds the percapita distribution of public expenditure on healthcareacross countries is vastly uneven It is unrealistic toexpect most low-income countries to achieve universalcoverage Access is often dictated by the ability to payand fees are a major hindrance for poor people solicitingtreatment
There are other factors beside income that determine ac-cess to health care For instance migrants ethnic mi-norities and indigenous people use services less thanother population groups even though their needs maybe higher Also when people do require healthcare theyoften incur high sometimes catastrophic costs in payingfor access According to the World Health Organization(WHO) about 150 million people globally suffer finan-cial catastrophe annually while 100 million are pushedbelow the poverty line each year
Often lost income causes strenuous financial penaltieson the ill and those who care for them The Interna-tional Labour Organization (ILO) finds that only one infive people in the world has broad-based social securityprotection that also includes cover for lost wages in theevent of illness and more than half the worldrsquos popula-tion lacks any type of formal social protection
Map 32
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP p 168
rarr USD 860 spent annually on health perperson at the global level
rarr This number masks huge differences be-tween regions
rarr An average of just USD 32 is spent on aper capita basis in low-income countries
118
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Chart 62 Budgetary constraints preclude adequate public health spending in many de-veloping regions
Annual health expenditure (2009)
ofGDP
0
2
4
6
8
10
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT p 168
119
PART 2
Improving access to safe water and sanitation cangreatly reduce the burden on health systems and pro-mote wider development According to the United Na-tions Childrenrsquos Fund (UNICEF) 25 billion people in de-veloping countries ndash around 50 percent of their popula-tion ndash lack improved sanitation facilities and over 884million still use unsafe drinking water sources
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation servicescoupled with poor hygiene practices kills and sickensthousands of children every day and leads to impov-erishment and diminished opportunities for thousandsmore Estimates point to some 2 million people dyingevery year as a result of diarrhoea and diseases causedby ingesting contaminated water
Poor water and sanitation have many other seriousrepercussions as well Children especially girls are de-nied their right to education because schools lack pri-vate and decent sanitation facilities Women and girlsare forced to spend large parts of their day searching forand fetching water denying them participation in edu-cation and income-generating employment
Inadequate water and sanitation means that poor farm-ers and wage earners are less productive due to ill-ness health systems are overwhelmed and nationaleconomies underperform
Further reading
bull UNESCO education (wwwunescoorgneweneducation)
bull UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygiene (wwwuniceforgwash)
bull WHO The world health report - Health systems financ-ing the path to universal coverage (wwwwhointwhr2010enindexhtml
bull UNDP Human Development Report 2010 (hdrundporgenreportsglobalhdr2010)
bull OrsquoDonovan (2008)
Map 33
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU p 168
rarr 78 percent of the worldrsquos rural popula-tion now have access to clean water
rarr Progress has been slow - just 15 percentmore than two decades ago
rarr Yet in many developing countries morethan half of all households struggle withinadequate access to safe water and san-itation services
120
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
PART 2
Investment in health is also important for human wel-fare and sustained economic and social developmentTimely access to health services ndash that is to a mix ofpromotion prevention treatment and rehabilitation ndash iscritical This cannot be achieved for the majority of thepopulation without a well-functioning health financingsystem
The most recent estimates of money needed to ensureaccess to essential healthcare suggests that on aver-age low-income countries must spend around US$ 60per capita which is almost double the amount they arecurrently spending Public financing is usually a mixof government money loans grants and aid from in-ternational organizations and non-governmental orga-nizations Apart from insufficient overall funds the percapita distribution of public expenditure on healthcareacross countries is vastly uneven It is unrealistic toexpect most low-income countries to achieve universalcoverage Access is often dictated by the ability to payand fees are a major hindrance for poor people solicitingtreatment
There are other factors beside income that determine ac-cess to health care For instance migrants ethnic mi-norities and indigenous people use services less thanother population groups even though their needs maybe higher Also when people do require healthcare theyoften incur high sometimes catastrophic costs in payingfor access According to the World Health Organization(WHO) about 150 million people globally suffer finan-cial catastrophe annually while 100 million are pushedbelow the poverty line each year
Often lost income causes strenuous financial penaltieson the ill and those who care for them The Interna-tional Labour Organization (ILO) finds that only one infive people in the world has broad-based social securityprotection that also includes cover for lost wages in theevent of illness and more than half the worldrsquos popula-tion lacks any type of formal social protection
Map 32
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP p 168
rarr USD 860 spent annually on health perperson at the global level
rarr This number masks huge differences be-tween regions
rarr An average of just USD 32 is spent on aper capita basis in low-income countries
118
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Chart 62 Budgetary constraints preclude adequate public health spending in many de-veloping regions
Annual health expenditure (2009)
ofGDP
0
2
4
6
8
10
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT p 168
119
PART 2
Improving access to safe water and sanitation cangreatly reduce the burden on health systems and pro-mote wider development According to the United Na-tions Childrenrsquos Fund (UNICEF) 25 billion people in de-veloping countries ndash around 50 percent of their popula-tion ndash lack improved sanitation facilities and over 884million still use unsafe drinking water sources
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation servicescoupled with poor hygiene practices kills and sickensthousands of children every day and leads to impov-erishment and diminished opportunities for thousandsmore Estimates point to some 2 million people dyingevery year as a result of diarrhoea and diseases causedby ingesting contaminated water
Poor water and sanitation have many other seriousrepercussions as well Children especially girls are de-nied their right to education because schools lack pri-vate and decent sanitation facilities Women and girlsare forced to spend large parts of their day searching forand fetching water denying them participation in edu-cation and income-generating employment
Inadequate water and sanitation means that poor farm-ers and wage earners are less productive due to ill-ness health systems are overwhelmed and nationaleconomies underperform
Further reading
bull UNESCO education (wwwunescoorgneweneducation)
bull UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygiene (wwwuniceforgwash)
bull WHO The world health report - Health systems financ-ing the path to universal coverage (wwwwhointwhr2010enindexhtml
bull UNDP Human Development Report 2010 (hdrundporgenreportsglobalhdr2010)
bull OrsquoDonovan (2008)
Map 33
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU p 168
rarr 78 percent of the worldrsquos rural popula-tion now have access to clean water
rarr Progress has been slow - just 15 percentmore than two decades ago
rarr Yet in many developing countries morethan half of all households struggle withinadequate access to safe water and san-itation services
120
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 50 50 minus 150 150 minus 300 300 minus 1000 gt 1000
Annual health expenditure per capita (US$ 2009)
Chart 62 Budgetary constraints preclude adequate public health spending in many de-veloping regions
Annual health expenditure (2009)
ofGDP
0
2
4
6
8
10
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT p 168
119
PART 2
Improving access to safe water and sanitation cangreatly reduce the burden on health systems and pro-mote wider development According to the United Na-tions Childrenrsquos Fund (UNICEF) 25 billion people in de-veloping countries ndash around 50 percent of their popula-tion ndash lack improved sanitation facilities and over 884million still use unsafe drinking water sources
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation servicescoupled with poor hygiene practices kills and sickensthousands of children every day and leads to impov-erishment and diminished opportunities for thousandsmore Estimates point to some 2 million people dyingevery year as a result of diarrhoea and diseases causedby ingesting contaminated water
Poor water and sanitation have many other seriousrepercussions as well Children especially girls are de-nied their right to education because schools lack pri-vate and decent sanitation facilities Women and girlsare forced to spend large parts of their day searching forand fetching water denying them participation in edu-cation and income-generating employment
Inadequate water and sanitation means that poor farm-ers and wage earners are less productive due to ill-ness health systems are overwhelmed and nationaleconomies underperform
Further reading
bull UNESCO education (wwwunescoorgneweneducation)
bull UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygiene (wwwuniceforgwash)
bull WHO The world health report - Health systems financ-ing the path to universal coverage (wwwwhointwhr2010enindexhtml
bull UNDP Human Development Report 2010 (hdrundporgenreportsglobalhdr2010)
bull OrsquoDonovan (2008)
Map 33
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU p 168
rarr 78 percent of the worldrsquos rural popula-tion now have access to clean water
rarr Progress has been slow - just 15 percentmore than two decades ago
rarr Yet in many developing countries morethan half of all households struggle withinadequate access to safe water and san-itation services
120
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
PART 2
Improving access to safe water and sanitation cangreatly reduce the burden on health systems and pro-mote wider development According to the United Na-tions Childrenrsquos Fund (UNICEF) 25 billion people in de-veloping countries ndash around 50 percent of their popula-tion ndash lack improved sanitation facilities and over 884million still use unsafe drinking water sources
Inadequate access to safe water and sanitation servicescoupled with poor hygiene practices kills and sickensthousands of children every day and leads to impov-erishment and diminished opportunities for thousandsmore Estimates point to some 2 million people dyingevery year as a result of diarrhoea and diseases causedby ingesting contaminated water
Poor water and sanitation have many other seriousrepercussions as well Children especially girls are de-nied their right to education because schools lack pri-vate and decent sanitation facilities Women and girlsare forced to spend large parts of their day searching forand fetching water denying them participation in edu-cation and income-generating employment
Inadequate water and sanitation means that poor farm-ers and wage earners are less productive due to ill-ness health systems are overwhelmed and nationaleconomies underperform
Further reading
bull UNESCO education (wwwunescoorgneweneducation)
bull UNICEF Water Sanitation and Hygiene (wwwuniceforgwash)
bull WHO The world health report - Health systems financ-ing the path to universal coverage (wwwwhointwhr2010enindexhtml
bull UNDP Human Development Report 2010 (hdrundporgenreportsglobalhdr2010)
bull OrsquoDonovan (2008)
Map 33
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU p 168
rarr 78 percent of the worldrsquos rural popula-tion now have access to clean water
rarr Progress has been slow - just 15 percentmore than two decades ago
rarr Yet in many developing countries morethan half of all households struggle withinadequate access to safe water and san-itation services
120
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
EDUCATION HEALTH AND SANITATION
No Data lt 30 30 minus 50 50 minus 75 75 minus 90 gt 90
Improved water source minus share of rural population with access ( 2008)
Chart 63 There are still many who do not have access to adequate sanitation
Improved sanitation facilities - share of population with access (2008)
0
20
40
60
80
DevelopedEastAsia
LAmer ampCarib
SouthAsia
Sub-SAfrica
Source WHO
Metalink P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS p 168
121
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
PART 2
Food aidEmergency situations have become increasingly fre-quent over the past 25 years and are often coupled withacute and chronic food insecurity in the affected coun-tries International responses to these crises have gen-erally focused on addressing immediate humanitarianneeds as evidenced by the growing share of food aidthat is channelled to emergencies
Several formal agreements govern food-related assis-tance at the international level Among these the FoodAid Convention (FAC) is the only legal instrument to en-sure a minimum amount of food aid The components ofthe FAC have remained largely unchanged since its cre-ation in 1967 and many believe that it no longer appliesto todayrsquos food-related assistance needs Current foodaid patterns do not reflect longer-term requirements In2009 around 80 percent of total assistance was chan-nelled to emergency relief measures while the remain-der was used for promoting agricultural and broader eco-nomic development More troubling is the perceivedhigh negative correlation of international food priceswith the level of food aid
The strong focus on short-term relief measures com-bined with limited support to local agriculture is notonly less effective for overcoming the structural reasonsfor food insecurity it might even lower incentives to in-vest in agriculture and domestic food production Amoresustainable solution is required to tackle the underlyingreasons for food insecurity such as low agricultural pro-ductivity Accordingly those most in need would alsobenefit from the provision of basic inputs such as seedsfertilizers and farming tools
Donors are addressing shortcomings of traditional foodassistance A growing number now rely on procurementmechanisms in the target countries themselves Localpurchases not only minimize market distortions (sup-plies are neither increased nor effective demand low-ered) they are also generally cheaper than in-kind aidand can generate development benefits to local marketsand farmers Some donors also strive for better inte-gration of emergency interventions and longer-term de-velopment operations The European Union for exam-ple envisages a rapid handover to structural food se-curity mechanisms during emergency response Suchmeasures help rebuild the livelihoods of affected pop-ulations and strengthen their resilience to future crises
These examples illustrate a fundamental departure fromthe ad hoc and partial approaches to food security inter-ventions followed in the past They also point to donorsrsquogeneral agreement on the principles that should guidefood aid interventions
Further reading
bull FAO Making the Food Aid Convention meet the re-alities of the 21st century (wwwfaoorgdocrep013al935eal935e00pdf)
bull World Food Programme (wwwwfporg)
Map 34
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
rarr 57 million tonnes of food aid were re-ceived in 2010
rarr Despite no let-up in the number of emer-gencies food aid fell to a historical low
rarr Many donors now rely on locally pur-chased food in order to strengthen do-mestic markets in crisis-hit countries
122
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
FOOD AID
No Data 0 0001 minus 1 1 minus 50 50 minus 100 gt 100
Food aid received grain equivalent (thousand tonnes 2010)
Chart 64 Food aid flows are in long-term decline and have fallen further at a time whenfood prices have spiked
Food aid received (1988-2010)
Thousandtonnes
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Source WFP
Metalink P2HUNWFPFAISFDAID p 169
123
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concernUNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concern (continued)UNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 13 Population at risk UNHCR population of concern (continued)UNHCR population of concern
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 14 Population at risk persons affected by natural disastersPersons affected by natural disasters
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 14 Population at risk persons affected by natural disasters (continued)Persons affected by natural disasters
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
170
TABLE 14 Population at risk persons affected by natural disasters (continued)Persons affected by natural disasters
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary compositionDietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 16 Dietary energy supplies and changes in dietary composition (continued)Dietary energy supply per person Contribution in diets by type Contribution in diets by commodity
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
ASIA 3357 4641 4314 2958 1775
Central Asia 0 432 195 239 75
Kazakhstan 0 1 0 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 0 150 60 166 50
Tajikistan 0 226 60 73 25
Turkmenistan 0 53 7 0 0
Uzbekistan 0 1 68 0 0
East Asia 530 952 2239 1663 232
Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0
Cambodia 25 91 62 24 17
China 78 128 90 49 0
Indonesia 56 19 429 197 0
Korea DPR 0 544 1264 1180 80
Korea Republic of 0 0 0 0 0
Lao PDR 0 27 5 19 20
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0
Mongolia 0 12 46 55 0
Myanmar 0 4 10 16 31
Philippines 160 55 218 121 82
Singapore 0 0 0 0 0
Thailand 148 2 1 1 0
Viet Nam 62 70 82 0 0
South Asia 2288 1445 937 838 1247
Afghanistan 43 133 210 208 140
Bangladesh 1050 586 269 293 194
Bhutan 5 6 4 2 3
India 382 398 321 102 16
Iran (Islamic Rep) 26 13 3 2 5
Maldives 2 3 3 11 12
Nepal 8 38 53 54 53
Pakistan 462 119 20 30 763
Sri Lanka 310 148 55 136 60
West Asia 539 1812 943 218 222
Armenia 0 476 96 22 7
Azerbaijan 0 391 28 12 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia 0 598 71 20 1
Iraq 0 102 18 36 7
Jordan 261 122 401 3 0
Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0
Lebanon 43 11 42 12 0
Occupied PalestinianTerritory
26 48 57 83 90
Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 0 0
Syrian Arab Republic 38 45 35 10 35
Turkey 14 1 0 0 0
United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0
Yemen 157 18 195 21 83
LATIN AMERICA amp THECARIBBEAN
2306 939 828 632 416
Argentina 0 0 0 0 0
Bahamas 0 0 0 0 0
Barbados 0 0 0 0 0
Belize 0 0 0 0 0
Bolivia (Plur State) 262 86 80 65 8
Brazil 29 1 0 0 0
Chile 8 0 0 0 0
Colombia 5 15 12 14 12
Costa Rica 7 3 0 0 0
161
TABLE 25 Food aid received (continued)Food aid received
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
thousandtonnes
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cuba 3 6 24 7 0
Dominica 0 7 0 0 0
Dominican Republic 40 6 2 0 50
Ecuador 77 19 42 43 3
El Salvador 203 25 3 67 3
French Guiana 0 0 0 0 0
Grenada 0 0 0 0 0
Guatemala 185 70 137 69 70
Guyana 46 33 26 0 0
Haiti 108 168 164 137 266
Honduras 146 53 68 98 3
Jamaica 293 56 46 11 0
Mexico 280 46 2 0 0
Netherlands Antilles 0 0 0 0 0
Nicaragua 232 63 62 43 2
Panama 1 2 0 0 0
Paraguay 4 1 0 0 0
Peru 359 254 149 78 0
St Kitts amp Nevis 0 0 0 0 0
St Lucia 0 3 0 0 0
St Vincent amp Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0
Suriname 0 20 0 0 0
Trinidad amp Tobago 0 0 0 0 0
Uruguay 20 0 0 0 0
Venezuela (Boliv Rep of) 0 0 11 0 0
OCEANIA 3 0 0 0 0
Fiji 0 0 0 0 0
French Polynesia 0 0 0 0 0
New Caledonia 0 0 0 0 0
Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0
Samoa 0 0 0 0 0
Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0
Tonga 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0
DEVELOPED REGIONS 2250 1058 1883 43 0
NORTH AMERICA 0 0 0 0 0
Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0
Canada 0 0 0 0 0
United States of America 0 0 0 0 0
ASIA amp OCEANIA 1 0 0 0 0
Australia 0 0 0 0 0
Israel 1 0 0 0 0
Japan 0 0 0 0 0
New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0
EUROPE 2249 1058 1883 43 0
Albania 0 10 18 6 0
Belarus 0 98 0 0 0
Bosnia amp Herzegovina 0 23 84 0 0
Croatia 0 14 0 0 0
European Union 2249 40 1 0 0
Iceland 0 0 0 0 0
Macedonia FYR 0 0 63 0 0
Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0
Norway 0 0 0 0 0
Republic of Moldova 0 244 14 10 0
Russian Federation 0 125 1403 26 0
Serbia 0 0 0 0 0
Switzerland 0 0 0 0 0
Ukraine 0 120 0 0 0
162
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Definitions and sources
Countries in protracted crisesP2HUNFAOESARHSNPC
Page table 31 (p 86)
Protracted crises are those environments in which a sig-nificant proportion of the population is acutely vulnera-ble to death disease and disruption of livelihoods overa prolonged period of time The governance of these en-vironments is usually very weak with the state having alimited capacity to respond to and mitigate the threatsto the population or provide adequate levels of protec-tion
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
Contribution in diets by typeP2HUNFAOESSDIETCPF
Page table 16 (p 135)
Dietary contribution refers to the amount of carbohy-dratesproteinsfats expressed in kilocalories (kcal) perday available for each individual in the total populationduring the reference period Caloric content is derived byapplying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and lossesof food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Dietary Energy Supply per personP2HUNFAOESSDIETDES
Dietary energy supply per person refers to the amountof food expressed in kilocalories (kcal) per day avail-able for each individual in the total population duringthe reference period Caloric content is derived by ap-plying the appropriate food composition factors to thequantities of the commodities Per person supplies arederived from the total amount of food available for hu-man consumption by dividing total calories by total pop-ulation actually partaking of the food supplies during thereference period However per person figures representonly the average supply available for the population asa whole and do not necessarily indicate what is actuallyconsumed by individuals The actual food consumptionmay be lower than the quantity shown as food availabil-ity depending on the magnitude of wastage and losses
of food in the household eg during storage in prepa-ration and cooking as plate-waste or quantities fed todomestic animals and pets thrown or given awaySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Caloric contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDS
Page table 40 41 (p 95 95)Contribution of a food Group to total dietary energy sup-plySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Percentage contribution in diets by commodityP2HUNFAOESSDIETFDSx
Page table 16 17 (p 135 138)Percentage contribution of a food group to total dietaryenergy supplySource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Depth of hungerP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTDEP
Page table 15 (p 132) chart 36 (p 91)The depth of food deprivation indicates how much food-deprived people fall short of minimum food needs interms of dietary energy It is measured as the differencebetween the minimum dietary energy and the averagedietary energy intake of the undernourished population(food-deprived) The depth of food deprivation is lowwhen it is less than 200 kilocalories per person per dayand high when it is higher than 300 kilocalories per per-son per day The greater the deficit the greater the sus-ceptibility for health risks related to undernutritionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Incidence of undernourishmentP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTNUM
Page table 15 (p 132) map 19 (p 91)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The incidence of undernourishment is the num-ber of people referring to those in this conditionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Global number of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPNW
Page chart 33 35 (p 89 90)Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physical
163
PART 2
activity The global incidence of undernourishment is thetotal number of people in the world referring to those inthis condition
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Percentage of population undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREV
Page table 15 (p 132) map 18 (p 88)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The percentage of population undernourishedis the total number of people in each country referringto those in this condition divided by the population ofthat country
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Regional percentage of undernourishedP2HUNFAOESSUNMNTPREVR
Page chart 34 (p 90)
Undernourishment refers to the condition of peoplewhose dietary energy consumption is continuously be-low a minimum dietary energy requirement for main-taining a healthy life and carrying out a light physicalactivity The regional percentage of population under-nourished is the total number of people in each regionreferring to those in this condition divided by the popu-lation of that region
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Global affordability of foodP2HUNFAOFPVAFD
Page chart 54 (p 106)
FAO Food Price Index relative to GDP showing howmuchfood prices have risen relative to income from the baseperiod 2002-04 Higer (lower) index scores show greater(less) affordability
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food price inflationP2HUNFAOFPVFCPI
Page map 25 (p 104)
Annual change in the ILO food price indices The pricedata for the different items included in the computationof the index are normally weighted in order to take intoaccount the relative importance of each item with re-spect to total consumption expenditure In most coun-tries the indices are computed in a derived form suchas weighted arithmetic averages of price relatives fora selected number of representative items between theperiod under consideration and the base period using
one or other forms of Laspeyresrsquo formula The num-ber of items and the weights used to compute the in-dex are given according to expenditure group The termitem is used here to mean the smallest grouping ofgoods and services for which a specific weight is givenThe source(s) and the reference period of the weightsused for the index eg a household expenditure surveynational accounts etc If the reference period for theweights differs from the base period of the index theadjustments made to the weights to take account of theprice changes between the two periods are describedSee httplaborstailoorg for more informationSource LABORSTAOwner ILO
International food prices by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPI
Page chart 53 (p 106)The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of themonthly change in international prices of a bas-ket of food commodities It consists of the av-erage of five commodity group price indices (rep-resenting 55 quotations) weighted with the aver-age export shares of each of the groups for 2002-2004 See httpwwwfaoorgworldfoodsituationwfs-homefoodpricesindexen for more information on sub-index constructionSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
International food price volatility by food groupP2HUNFAOFPVFPV
Page chart 55 56 (p 107 107)Annualized historical volatility of the FAO Food Price In-dexSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
Page map 26 (p 108)Annualized historical volatility of the ILO food price in-dicesSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
FAO Global Consumption price volatilityP2HUNFAOFPVGCI
Page chart 52 57 (p 105 109)The FAO Global Food Consumption Price Index trackschanges in the cost of the global food basket as por-trayed by the latest FAO world food balance sheet Rep-resentative international prices for each of the commodi-ties or commodity groups appearing in the balance sheetare weighted by their contribution to total calorific in-takeSource Statistics DivisionOwner FAO
164
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
Dietary diversity in selected LIFDCs
P2HUNFAOFVDIETDIV
Page chart 39 (p 94)
The Herfindahl index H is calculated as H =sumN=1 S
2
where S is the consumption share of the starchy staple in diets and N is the number of staples consumed For asingle staple consumed the index would equate to oneand declines as the staple base becomes more diversi-fied
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Starchy root consumption and DES
P2HUNFAOFVDIETRTDES
Page chart 38 (p 94)
Caloric equivalent of starchy roots available for con-sumption as a ratio of total dietary energy supply
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Availability of dietary iron
P2HUNFAOMCNIRON
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 44 (p 98)
The dietary availability of iron is calculated by convert-ing the amount of food available for human consumptionas estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets in equiv-alent of iron derived from animal and vegetal productsHowever the actual food consumptionmay be lower thanthe quantity shown as food availability depending on themagnitude of wastage and losses of food in the house-hold eg during storage in preparation and cooking asplate-waste or quantities fed to domestic animals andpets thrown or given away
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Food + energy import bills ( GDP)
P2HUNFAOTFSFDFL
Page table 20 (p 147)
The annual value of food imported under SITC sections0 + 22+ 4 plus fuels under SITC section 3 expressed asa ratio of GDP
Source Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) and UNCTADSTAT
The self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) is defined as SSR = pro-duction x 100(production + imports - exports) The SSRcan be calculated for individual commodities groups ofcommodities of similar nutritional values and after ap-propriate conversion of the commodity equations alsofor the aggregate of all commodities In the context offood security the SSR is often taken to indicate the ex-tent to which a country relies on its own production re-sources ie the higher the ratio the greater the self-sufficiency While the SSR can be the appropriate toolwhen assessing the supply situation for individual com-modities a certain degree of caution should be observedwhen looking at the overall food situation In the casehowever where a large part of a countryrsquos production ofone commodity eg other cereals is exported the SSRmay be very high but the country may still have to relyheavily on imports of food commodities to feed the pop-ulation The self-sufficiency rate (as defined above) can-not be the complement to 100 of the import dependencyrate or vice-versa
Source Statistics Division
Owner FAO
Months of cereal self-provisioning capacity
P2HUNFAOTFSSTU
Page chart 47 48 (p 102 103)
Stocks-to-utilization ratios for cereals (wheat rice andcoarse grains) where stocks refer to the carry-over ofthe preceding national crop season The ratio is thenmultiplied by 12 to calculate the number of months ofself-provisioning capacity in a given year
Source Trade and Markets Division
Owner FAO
165
PART 2
Persons affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPND
Page table 14 (p 129) chart 29 (p 85) map 16 (p 84)People requiring immediate assistance during a periodof emergency ie requiring basic survival needs suchas food water shelter sanitation and immediate med-ical assistance Appearance of a significant number ofcases of an infectious disease introduced in a region ora population that is usually free from that disease Seewwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de Louvain Brus-sels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Total affected by natural disastersP2HUNODFAEMDATRHSPPNDT
Page chart 30 (p 86)Sum of (i) injured people suffering from physical injuriestrauma or an illness requiring medical treatment as a di-rect result of a disaster (ii) homeless people needing im-mediate assistance for shelter and (iii) affected peoplerequiring immediate assistance during a period of emer-gency it can also include displaced or evacuated peopleSee wwwemdatnet (Universiteacute catholique de LouvainBrussels Belgium)Source International Disaster Database EM-DATOwner OFDA and CRED
Multidimensional Poverty IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRMPI
Page table 21 (p 150)An international measure of poverty for 109 developingcountries the MPI complements income-based povertymeasures by reflecting the multiple deprivations thatpeople face at the same time The MPI identifies de-privations across health education and living standardsand shows the number of people who are multidimen-sionally poor and the deprivations that they face at thehousehold levelSource Alkire S Roche JM Santos ME and Seth S(November 2011) ophiqehoxacukOwner OPHI
Gender Inequality IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVGEI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 29 (p 113)The Gender Inequality Index is a composite measure re-flecting inequality in achievements between women andmen in three dimensions reproductive health empow-erment and the labour market It varies between zero(when women and men fare equally) and one (when menor women fare poorly compared to the other in all di-mensions) The health dimension is measured by twoindicators maternal mortality ratio and the adolescentfertility rate The empowerment dimension is also mea-sured by two indicators the share of parliamentary seatsheld by each sex and by secondary and higher educationattainment levels The labour dimension is measured by
womenrsquos participation in the work force The Gender In-equality Index is designed to reveal the extent to whichnational human development achievements are erodedby gender inequality and to provide empirical founda-tions for policy analysis and advocacy effortsSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development IndexP2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDI
Page table 22 (p 153)The HDI represents a national average of human de-velopment achievements in the three basic dimensionsmaking up the HDI health education and income Likeall averages it conceals disparities in human develop-ment across the population within the same countryTwo countries with different distributions of achieve-ments can have the same average HDI value The IHDItakes into account not only the average achievements ofa country on health education and income but also howthose achievements are distributed among its citizens bydiscounting each dimensionrsquos average value accordingto its level of inequalitySource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Human Development Index (inequality adjusted)P2HUNUNDPHDRPOVHDIi
Page table 22 (p 153) chart 59 (p 112)The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary mea-sure of human development It measures the averageachievements in a country in three basic dimensionsof human development a long and healthy life ac-cess to knowledge and a decent standard of living TheInequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequal-ity in distribution of each dimension across the popula-tion The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimen-sions by discounting each dimensionrsquos average valueaccording to its level of inequality The IHDI equals theHDI when there is no inequality across people but is lessthan the HDI as inequality rises In this sense the IHDI isthe actual level of human development (accounting forthis inequality) while the HDI can be viewed as an in-dex of potential human development (or the maximumlevel of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no in-equality The loss in potential human development dueto inequality is given by the difference between the HDIand the IHDI and can be expressed as a percentageSource Human Development Report 2010Owner UNDP
Population of concernP2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPC
Page table 13 (p 126) map 17 (p 87)Refugees are individuals recognized under the 1951Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and alsopeople in a refugee-like situation such as those who
166
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
are outside their country or territory of origin and whoface protection risks similar to those of refugees butfor whom refugee status has for practical or other rea-sons not been ascertained Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) are people or groups of individuals who have beenforced to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-dence in particular as a result of or in order to avoidthe effects of armed conflict situations of generalized vi-olence violations of human rights or natural- or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an interna-tional border Others include Asylum-seekers (personswho have applied for asylum or refugee status but whohave not yet received a final decision on their applica-tion) Returned IDPs and refugees Stateless Persons (in-dividuals not considered as nationals by any State underrelevant national laws) and other groups of concern towhom UNHCR has extended its protection andor assis-tance services based on humanitarian or other specialgrounds
Source Statistical Online Population Database
Owner UNHCR
Total population of concern
P2HUNUNHCRGTRHSTPCT
Page chart 32 (p 87)
Total population of concern is the sum of various groupsof people including refugees asylum-seekers internallydisplaced persons (IDPs) protectedassisted by UNHCRstateless persons and returnees (returned refugees andIDPs)
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project constructsaggregate indicators of six broad dimensions of gover-nance (i) Voice and Accountability (ii) Political Stabil-ity and Absence of ViolenceTerrorism (iii) GovernmentEffectiveness (iv) Regulatory Quality (v) Rule of Law(vi) Control of Corruption The six aggregate indicatorsare based on 30 underlying data sources reporting theperceptions of governance of a large number of surveyrespondents and expert assessments worldwide De-tails on the underlying data sources the aggregationmethod and the interpretation of the indicators can befound in the WGI methodology paper Daniel KaufmannAart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010) The World-wide Governance Indicators A Summary of Methodol-ogy Data and Analytical Issues World Bank Policy Re-search Working Paper No 5430 httppapersssrncomsol3paperscfmabstract_id=1682130
Children out of school are the number of primary-school-age children not enrolled in primary or secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Public spending on education total ( of GDP)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPP
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure on education consists of current andcapital public expenditure on education includes gov-ernment spending on educational institutions (both pub-lic and private) education administration as well assubsidies for private entities (studentshouseholds andother privates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Expenditure per student
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUEXPS
Page table 24 (p 159)
Public expenditure per student is the public currentspending on education divided by the total number ofstudents by level as a percentage of GDP per capitaPublic expenditure (current and capital) includes govern-ment spending on educational institutions (both publicand private) education administration as well as subsi-dies for private entities (studentshouseholds and otherprivates entities)
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Literacy rate adult female ( of females ages 15 andabove)
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUFILT
Page table 24 (p 159) map 31 (p 116)
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15and above who can with understanding read and writea short simple statement on their everyday life
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education()
P2HUNWBKWDIEDUGEN
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 61 (p 117)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationis the ratio of the female to male gross enrolment ratesin primary and secondary school
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNESCO
167
PART 2
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHEPCP
Page table 24 (p 159) map 32 (p 118)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and pri-vate health expenditures as a ratio of total populationIt covers the provision of health services (preventive andcurative) family planning activities nutrition activitiesand emergency aid designated for health but does notinclude provision of water and sanitation Data are incurrent US dollars
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Health expenditure total ( of GDP)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHETOT
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 62 (p 119)
Total health expenditure is the sum of public and privatehealth expenditure It covers the provision of health ser-vices (preventive and curative) family planning activi-ties nutrition activities and emergency aid designatedfor health but does not include provision of water andsanitation
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO
Prevalence of HIV total ( of population ages 15-49)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEHIVPREV
Page table 24 (p 159)
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages15-49 who are infected with HIV
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner UNAIDS and WHO
Improved sanitation facilities ( of population with ac-cess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAESANIMPS
Page table 24 (p 159) chart 63 (p 121)
Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the per-centage of the population with at least adequate accessto excreta disposal facilities that can effectively preventhuman animal and insect contact with excreta Im-proved facilities range from simple but protected pit la-trines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection Tobe effective facilities must be correctly constructed andproperly maintained
Source World Bank (WDI)
Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source rural ( of rural population withaccess)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPRU
Page table 24 (p 159) map 33 (p 120)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe borehole
protected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Improved water source urban ( of urban populationwith access)P2HUNWBKWDIHAEWATIMPWU
Page table 24 (p 159)Access to an improved water source refers to the percent-age of the population with reasonable access to an ad-equate amount of water from an improved source suchas a household connection public standpipe boreholeprotected well or spring and rainwater collection Unim-proved sources include vendors tanker trucks and un-protected wells and springs Reasonable access is de-fined as the availability of at least 20 litres a person aday from a source within one kilometre of the dwellingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner WHO and UNCF
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of re-gional population)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVAGG
Page chart 58 (p 111)Data are from PovcalNet the on-line tool for povertymeasurement developed by the Development ResearchGroup of the World Bank See httpiresearchworldbankorgPovcalNetpovDuplichtmlSource PovcalNetOwner World Bank
Gini-index of income distributionP2HUNWBKWDIPOVGINI
Page table 22 (p 153) map 28 (p 113)Gini index measures the extent to which the distribu-tion of income among individuals or households withinan economy deviates from a perfectly equal distributionA Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of totalincome received against the cumulative number of recip-ients starting with the poorest individual or householdThe Gini index measures the area between the Lorenzcurve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality ex-pressed as a percentage of the maximum area under theline Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equalitywhile an index of 100 implies perfect inequalitySource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $125 a day (PPP) ( of pop-ulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH125
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$125 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$125 a day at 2005
168
DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES
international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by highest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) ( of popula-tion)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVH200
Page table 21 (p 150)Population below US$2 a day is the percentage of thepopulation living on less than US$200 a day at 2005international prices As a result of revisions in PPP ex-change rates poverty rates for individual countries can-not be compared with poverty rates reported in earliereditionsSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line ( ofpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)National poverty rate is the percentage of the popula-tion living below the national poverty line National es-timates are based on population-weighted subgroup es-timates from household surveysSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty headcount ratio at rural poverty line ( of ruralpopulation)P2HUNWBKWDIPOVHRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Rural poverty rate is the percentage of the rural popula-tion living below the national rural poverty lineSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Income share held by lowest 20P2HUNWBKWDIPOVL20
Page table 22 (p 153)Percentage share of income or consumption is the sharethat accrues to subgroups of population indicated bydeciles or quintiles Percentage shares by quintile maynot sum to 100 because of roundingSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $125 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP125
Page table 21 (p 150) map 27 (p 110)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at $2 a day (PPP) ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVP200
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap is the mean shortfall from the poverty line(counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall) ex-pressed as a percentage of the poverty line This mea-sure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at national poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPNPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at national poverty line is the mean short-fall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the poverty lineThis measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as itsincidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Poverty gap at rural poverty line ()P2HUNWBKWDIPOVPRPL
Page table 21 (p 150)Poverty gap at rural poverty line is the mean shortfallfrom the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav-ing zero shortfall) as a percentage of the national ruralpoverty line This measure reflects the depth of povertyas well as its incidenceSource World Bank (WDI)Owner World Bank
Food aid receivedP2HUNWFPFAISFDAID
Page table 25 (p 162) chart 64 (p 123) map 34 (p122)Quantity of food aid that reaches the recipient coun-try during a given period Quantities exported in GrainEquivalent The latter is a unit of measurement usedas alternative to Actual Ton for cereal-derived productsTo convert a product into grain equivalent a commodityspecific conversion factor is used For example if the fac-tor to convert wheat flour into wheat is 137 a tonne ofwheat flour corresponds to 0730 tons of wheat (1137)Source Food Aid Information SystemOwner WFP
169
PART 2
Percentage of adults with low body mass index (BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMI
Page table 18 (p 141)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder children adolescents and adults It is calculated asweight (kilograms) divided by height (metres) squaredThe acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and forchildren it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of female adults with low body mass index(BMI)P2HUNWHOGHOADLTLBMIF
Page table 18 (p 141) map 22 (p 99)The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to height ofolder female children adolescents and adults It is cal-culated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (metres)squared The acceptable range for adults is 185 to 249 and for children it varies with ageSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obese by genderP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBS
Page table 18 (p 141)Percentage of male and female defined population witha body mass index (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of adults who are obeseP2HUNWHOGHOADLTOBSx
Page map 23 (p 99)Percentage of adult defined population with a bodymassindex (BMI) of 25 kgm2 or higherSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are stuntedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDSTNT
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of stunting (height-for-age less than -2 stan-dard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standards me-dian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are underweightP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDUW
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 42 (p 97) map 21 (p 96)Percentage of underweight (weight-for-age less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of children under 5 who are wastedP2HUNWHOGHOCHLDWSTD
Page table 18 (p 141) chart 43 (p 98)Percentage of wasting (weight-for-height less than -2standard deviations of the WHO Child Growth Standardsmedian) among children aged 0-5 yearsSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO
Percentage of newborns with low birth weightP2HUNWHOGHONEWLWB
Page table 18 (p 141)Low-birthweight babies are newborns weighing lessthan 2500 grams with the measurement taken withinthe first hours of life before significant postnatal weightloss has occurredSource Global Health ObservatoryOwner WHO