Ecosytem services for food and nutritional security

Photo

Ecosytem Services for Food and Nutritional SecurityFabrice DeClerck

Photo by Carl Warner http://www.carlwarner.com

Biodiversity

the evolution of the conservation paradigm

3

Rockstrom et al. (2009) Nature 461:472-475

Challenges

What is Biodiversity?

Fotos: M. Gomez

Biodiversity is the variety of species, their genetic

make-up, and the natural communities in which

they exist

Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Targets

By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.

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Imagine a planet that has a basic atmosphere and climate. Which of the earth’s millions of species would you take with you??

Image of rhizobacter, an other key players in soil processes:

Nitrogen fixationBreak down cellulosePhosphorus cycleDeveloping antibioticsConverting carbon to stable states

We need species to provide each of these functions.

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Take you pick, there is one important difference

Species Richness: 0Ecosystem Services: 0Chance of Survival: 0

Species Richness: >1,000,000,000Ecosystem Services:> $ 3,000,000,000 year-1

Chance of Survival: 50:50

What is BIODIVERSITY

•Species: number of species in a system

•Genetic: variability of genetic information in the system

•Vertical: distinct horizontal layers or levels

•Horizontal: pattern of spatial distribution

•Structural: number of (niches)

•Functional: number of species which serve different roles.

•Temporal: Degree of heterogeneity of cyclical changes (daily, seasonal) in the system.

The sum of these diversities equals ecological diversity

Version 2.8 B

Upgrade:Now includes

Provisioning, Cultural,

Regulating and

Support Services

Free support from more than 10 million species*

Constantly Evolving!

OS®PhylogenyXP

experience the best of the biosphere

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2.8

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*number of species may be greater than 100 million

Tallis et al. 2012

Ecosystem Services

The conditions and processes through which ecosystems, and the species that

make them up, sustain and fulfill human life.

This includes both goods, and functions.

Daily 1997

MEA 2006

Provisioning

ServicesRegulating

Services

Cultural

Services

Supporting Services

Products obtained

From ecosystems

Benefits obtained from

Regulation of ecosystem

processes

Material and non-

Material benefits of

ecosystems

•Spiritual and Inspirational

•Recreational

•Aesthetic

•Educational

•Historical

•Traditional Livelihoods and

knowledge

•Climate regulation

•Hydrological regimes

•Reduction of natural

hazards

•Pollution control

•Detoxification processes

•Food

•Fresh water

•Fuel

•Fiber

•Biochemical Products

Services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services:

•Soil Formation Nutrient Cycling Primary production

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Ecosystem Service Environmental Footprint Panetary Boundaries

Georgina Mace

Dual Challenges for Agriculture

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AgroEcosystemServices: Functional Diversity

Diaz and Cabido (2001)

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Pest ControlPerfecto et al. 2004

PollinationRicketts et al. 2004

PollinationSteffan-Dewenter et al. 2002

Evidence for a biodiversity and function relationship

Distance from forestAgroforest stucture Seminatural habitat (%)

AgroEcosystemServices: Genetic Diversity

The Sixth Extinction:An Unnatural History

Elizabeth Kolbert

“We are deciding, without quite meaning to, which evolutionary pathways will remain open and which will forever be closed. No other creature has ever managed this, and it will, unfortunately, be our most enduring legacy.”

Book Review by Al Gore, New York Times, Feb. 2014

526,000 Crop Varieties (May 2010)

US$ 9 million to build

US$150,000 year-1 maintenance

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Pollinization in Coffee Systems

Ricketts al 2004

http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/05/africa/african-honey-bees-conversation/index.html

Ecological Interactions

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Phytophthora capsici L

Porque los frijoles

tienen tanta

proteina?

Landscape Approaches in Costa Rica

Ecosystem Services and Resilience in Agriculture

53Mapa: Pablo Imbach

54Mapa: Pablo Imbach

56DeClerck

Biodiversity ($375 ha-1)

Scenic Value

Water

Carbon ($320 ha-1)

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2400 GWh of the 9400 consumed in Costa Rica (25%)

4500 GWh in 2014 or 37%

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(a) Forest fragment, (b) multi strata agroforestry coffee, (c) multi strata agroforestry cacao, (d) teak plantation, (e) mixed species plantation, (f) simplified agroforestry coffee, (g) live fences and (h) sugar cane plantation.

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-0,20 -0,09 0,01 0,11 0,21

Axis 1 (35,7%)

-0,16

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0,14

0,24

Axis

2 (

29

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)

BOSQ

CAAB

CAOR

CAPO

ESCV

CAAZ

BOSQ

CAAB

CAOR

CAPO

ESCV

CAAZ

HENLEU

MIOOLE

GEOMON

HABFUS

MICLUS

MANCAN

THRATR

RAMMEL

VERCHR

SEIAUR

TURGRA

DENPEN

THRPAL LEPAFF

WILCAN

POLsp.

TROAED

LEPSOU

MYISIM

DENPET

ELAFLA

GEOPOL

GEOSEM

TIAOLI

ORYFUN

MELBIA

VOLJAC

STESER

COLTAL

CATAUR

BOSQUE

CAFÉ

MultiestratoCAFÉ

Poro

CACAO

PASTURA

CANA

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62ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014

Why the coffee

berry borer?

• CBB is one if not the most damaging pest

known to affect coffee crops (Damon 2000; Bustillo 2006;

Vega et al. 2009)

• Native of central Africa. First record, France in

1867 (Damon 2000; Jaramillo et al. 2011)

• First detected in CR in 2000 now nationwide (ICAFE 2011, Staver et al. 2001)

• Controlled under prescription with endosulfan.

Highly toxic (Weber et al. 2010)

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63ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014

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Coffee

Pas

ture

Forest

Plan

tation

Cane

Dispersal Threshold

Dispersal

Barrier

Hypothetical Distance Weighted Dispersal Effects of Heterogenous Landuses

Based on work by F. DeClerck, Olivas, and J. Avelino

Micro-landscape effects on Coffee

Berry Borer dispersal

Amada Olivas, 2010

Olivas, Avelino and DeClerck et al. 2010

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Distance from Coffee Edge (m) Sugar

CanePasture Forest

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B

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BCBC

BC

Amada Olivas, Nicaragua

Fabrice DeClerck, Jacques Avelino, Amada Olivas, Cipriano Rivera

Jacques AvelinoFrance

Cipriano RiberaNicaragua

DeClerck, Avelino, Olivas

Coffee

Pasture

Sugar Cane

Forest

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Corapipo altera (4 indiv.)02/05/2010

juvenile

02/11/2008

09/02/2009

27/02/2008

2

02

0

2

0

Ochre Bellied Flycatcher

Coffee Boring Beetle

Estrada, Martinez y DeClerck

CATIE Farm1000 ha

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• CATIE farm: 1036 ha, 85 ha coffee

• Pairwise experiment (Exclusions of bird

activity)

How to measure pest control ?

ESP Conference / Costa Rica / 2014

25 m5m

50 m

Excluded

Not

excluded

20m

Coffee plot

Canopy cover

10 m

Brocap® trap

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Excluded

Control

Bee

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DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas

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3 4

DeClerck, Estrada-Carmona, Garbach and Martinez-Salinas

1 2

3 4

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Reventazon

AngosturaCachi

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Ideal cropping systems that can minimize soil erosion

Mulching or

cover crops

Hedgerows

Agroforestry

84 Estr

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85 Estr

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Local

102

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GlobalWatershed Intra-watershed

CARBON

SEQUESTRATION

Spatial lag: Proximity between producer and consumer (km)

Riparian specific ecosystem services

Direct servicesEcological benefit/ facilitator

CONNECTIVITY:CLIMATE RESPONSE

FLOOD

BUFFERING

CONNECTIVITY:REPRODUCTION

SEDIMENT REDUCTION, CHANNEL FILTRATION

SCENIC BEAUTY

CONNECTIVITY:FORAGE

POLLINATION

PREDATION

Increasing importance of paymentor management of ecosystem services

Fremier and DeClerck (2012)

Thanks!