Ecological Survey Appraisal Report for DPA Area Hoi Ha

Ecological Survey Appraisal Report for DPA Area Hoi Ha, Sai Kung

Job Ref.: 12/612/254 NEWB-HHW

Date: 16th November 2012

127 Commercial Centre, Palm Springs, Yuen Long, New Territories, Hong Kong Tel: +852 2486 2885 Email: [email protected]

Ecological Survey Appraisal Report for DPA Area Hoi Ha, Sai Kung

Name Signature

Prepared by: Various

Reviewed by: Geoff Carey

Date: 16th November 2012

Job Ref.: 12/612/254 NEWB-HHW

Ecological Survey Appraisal Report for DPA Hoi Ha, Sai Kung Job Ref.: 12/612/254 NEWB-HHW

October 2012

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 14 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 17

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Herpetofauna species recorded at or near Hoi Ha (source D. Willott), and their conservation status.

Table 2 Amphibian species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and number of individuals recorded (no species of conservation significance recorded).

Table 3 Reptile species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and number of individuals recorded.

Table 4 Odonate species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and their respective number of individuals recorded (no species of conservation significance recorded).

Table 5 Butterfly species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and the number of individuals.

Table 6 Habitats in the Study Area at Hoi Ha, and their ecological value.

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A – Habitat Map with Locations of Species of Conservation

Appendix B – Plates of Habitats in Study Area

Appendix C – Plates of Flora and Fauna species of conservation interest within the Study Area

Appendix D – List of Butterflies recorded at Hoi Ha by Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society

Appendix E – Bird species recorded or presumed to occur in Hoi Ha DPA

Appendix F – Flora species recorded in Hoi Ha DPA area on 6th August 2012

Appendix G – Insect species recorded in the Hoi Ha area

Appendix H – Recommended zonings for Hoi Ha DPA based on ecological factors


October 2012 Page 1 of 24

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Hoi Ha is an enclave within Sai Kung West Country Park. It has been zoned ‘Unspecified Use’ under the Approved Hoi Ha Development Permission Area (DPA) Plan- DPA/NE-HH/2. It is the intention of the Planning Department (PlanD) and the Town Planning Board (TPB) that this DPA Plan is replaced by an Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) at which time the ‘Unspecified Use’ zoning will be replaced by appropriate zoning(s) taking into account land use pattern, infrastructural provisions and local needs.

1.2 Site location and survey methodology

1.2.1 Hoi Ha is located on mainly private land surrounded on the landward side by Sai Kung West Country Park to the east, south and west; to the north lies the sea and the Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park. The total area of the site at Hoi Ha is 87,458m², or approximately 8.75ha.

1.2.2 Surveys were carried out of flora and fauna in order to prepare an Ecological Assessment (EA) of habitats present in the vicinity of the existing village. These surveys covered flora and the key groups of fauna: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates. For all faunal groups apart from birds, a single survey was carried out on 6th August 2012; for birds, surveys were carried out monthly from August to October.

1.2.3 Habitat mapping was based on aerial photographs and subsequently ground-truthed by on-site survey. In addition, review of available literature was carried out to provide further detail regarding flora and fauna of the area.

1.2.4 Data from the desktop study and field work was utilised to provide a qualitative assessment of the ecological importance of the site as a whole, together with identification of habitats or locations where flora or fauna of conservation importance were found or where such presence may be inferred or suspected.

1.2.5 As this Ecological Assessment will be utilized to assist in the process of OZP preparation, areas where natural features might be maintained or enhanced to provide opportunities for recreational or educational activities have also been identified. Should further data regarding the ecological value of the DPA come to light, the report will be revised and used to inform comments on the draft OZP when issued.

RESULTS

1.3 Habitats/ Vegetation Present within the Study Area

1.3.1 Eleven habitats were identified within the Study Area, comprising shrubland - grassland, secondary woodland, Fung Shui woodland, modified woodland, marsh, seasonally wet grassland, stream, sandy shore, sea, village area and urban area. A habitat map of the Study Area is provided in Appendix A.

Shrubland - grassland

1.3.2 In the west of the Study Area, close to Hoi Ha Stream, a small area (3,206m²) of long-abandoned paddy is located on which an area of shrubland-grassland has developed. The area shows evidence of previous human modification in the form of terraces, while the current grassy areas are maintained by grazing, and it appears to be disturbed by human activities



(primarily camping). No standing water was present during the survey. This area is dry throughout the year, and wetland plant species were not recorded. Common native herb species, including Chrysopogon aciculatus, Elephantopus scaber and Vernonia cinerea were present. A total of 31 species were identified within this habitat, with no species of conservation concern.

Secondary woodland

1.3.3 Native secondary woodland was identified in the north, west and east of the Study Area, with the total area being 42,457m²; this comprises the dominant habitat-type in the Study Area. The mixed canopy consists mainly of the native tree species Sterculia lanceolata, Symplocos cochinchinensis var. laurina and Schefflera heptaphylla. A total of 94 plant species were recorded in this habitat, including three species of conservation concern: Aquilaria sinensis, Gnetum luofuense and Pavetta hongkongensis. Secondary woodland provides suitable habitat for a high diversity of butterfly species, and the data on this faunal group support this. Similarly, mature secondary woodland of this type also supports a high diversity of bird species, and it is likely it provides suitable habitat for a diversity of woodland birds, especially in late autumn and winter.

Fung Shui woodland

1.3.4 A mature Fung Shui woodland surrounds the landward side of the village area, extending beyond the DPA boundary where it is linked with surrounding areas of secondary woodland; within the DPA, it has an area of approximately 19,826m². Vegetation is mainly composed of a closed canopy of native tree species such as Sterculia lanceolata and Aquilaria sinensis with a well-developed understory dominated by shrubs (such as Desmos chinensis) and climbers (such as Entada phaseoloides and Bauhinia glauca). The trees within the woodland are generally of mature size with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of around 30-50cm. The presence of mature trees and well-developed climbers indicate that it is an old-growth woodland. A total of 89 species were identified with seven flora species of conservation concern recorded, including Aquilaria sinensis, Entada phaseoloides, Gnetum luofuense, Morinda cochinchinensis, Neottopteris nidus, Pavetta hongkongensis and Sargentodoxa cuneata.

Modified woodland

1.3.5 Surrounding the village, and between the village and the undisturbed secondary woodland or coastal area is present an area of open woodland that is disturbed and anthropogenically modified via the planting of fruit trees, pruning or previous clearance. Consequently, it lacks the ecological value of the secondary woodland, but is linked to it, as well as providing a link between the woodland and the developed village area. The total area is 3338m², and typical species of this area include Musa x paradisiaca, Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa, Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea triloba, Osmanthus marginatus, Ficus variegata, and Vernicia fordii, .

Marsh

1.3.6 A freshwater marsh area was identified in the west of the Study Area, totalling 1,070m². This marsh habitat has developed as a result of natural succession following the cessation of agricultural activities in an area of poor drainage. Most species present are wetland-associated, dominated by native species including Impatiens chinensis, Paspalum distichum, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Eleocharis ochrostachys and Commelina diffusa.



Seasonally Wet Grassland

1.3.7 A very small area (410m²) of grazed, seasonally wet grassland is present to the east of the village, alongside the seasonal stream where it enters the sea; few wetland-associated plant species are present (herb species such as Chrysopogon aciculatus dominate in this area).

Stream

1.3.8 Two natural streams were identified in the Study Area, one in the west, which is 61.7m in length inside the DPA boundary, and the second in the centre, just east of the village area, which is 111.6m in length. Both streams reach the sea in the Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park.

1.3.9 These streams have largely natural substrates with variably wooded areas alongside; though the part of the stream bordering the village area has been disturbed by human settlement. Overall, the naturalness of the streams has been retained.

1.3.10 Tree species such as Cleistocalyx nervosum and Viburnum odoratissimum are dominant at the streamside. A total of 21 species were identified within this habitat. No rare or protected plant species were recorded during the survey, and all plant species recorded are common and widespread in Hong Kong.

Sea and sandy shore

1.3.11 The area of sandy shore at high tide is approximately 893m², while the area of sea at high tide in the DPA boundary is 2,096m². Species such as Hibiscus tiliaceus, Excoecaria agallocha and Aegiceras corniculatum are common in the shore and backshore area. Only seven plant species were recorded during the survey and no rare or protected plant species was identified. All plant species recorded are common and widespread in Hong Kong.

1.3.12 Naturally-established mangrove-associated flora such as Hibiscus tiliaceus and Pandanus tectorius were found near the estuarine border of the marsh area. These mangrove associated species are found near the high intertidal mark (Chan and Caley 2003) and indicate connectivity with the marine environment. A total of over 41 species were identified within this habitat.

Village Area

1.3.13 The village area is 11,758m², and includes within it species such as Senna alata, Tibouchina semidecandra and Carica papaya. Plant coverage and plant diversity are low in this habitat. Only 31 plant species were recorded during the survey and no rare or protected plant species was identified. All plant species recorded are common and widespread in Hong Kong. Given the proximity of the area to surrounding woodland areas of high ecological value, functional linkages exist in the form of fauna that can adapt to more anthropogenic conditions or are able to use the village area opportunistically as a foraging or resting area. However, the existing village area cannot be said to be of significance to these animals, and it is highly unlikely that loss of any of this habitat would impact a significant number or diversity of organisms.

Urban Area

1.3.14 This habitat comprises the hard surfaces of Hoi Ha Road, adjacent formed slopes and two nearby buildings, and has an area of 3,369m². It has negligible ecological value, as it excludes adjacent woodland.



1.4 Flora of Conservation Significance

Literature Review

1.4.1 225 vascular plant species were recorded by Ng (2011), including three protected species: Aquilaria sinensis, Pavetta hongkongensis and Rhododendron simsii.

1.4.2 Based on IUCN lists, one critically endangered species (Diospyros vaccinioides) was found by Ng (2011), though this is common in HK. In addition, one locally very rare species (Entada phaseoloides), three locally rare species (Jasminum sinensis, Morinda cochinchinensis and Vitis tsoi), and one globally restricted species (Toona rubriflora) were recorded within the Hoi Ha Study Area. The findings in the KFBG’s plant survey report suggested the Study Area is of ecological importance (Ng 2011), although the exact locations were not mapped by the latter.

Survey Results

1.4.3 A total of 16 seedlings and four trees of Aquilaria sinensis were recorded in or near the fung shui woodland and secondary woodland. This species is used medicinally and the plant is also used as an ornamental tree. Potential threats include destruction of habitats and over-exploitation, but the species is common in lowland areas in Hong Kong (AFCD 2003). This species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) and is under State protection (Category II) in China (AFCD 2003) and classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The wild population of this species is protected by the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance, Cap. 586 in Hong Kong.

1.4.4 Five individuals of the protected Pavetta hongkongensis were identified in or near the fung shui woodland and secondary woodland. This is a common shrub species found in tall shrubland and young woodland in Hong Kong (Xing et al. 2000), and the wild population of is protected under Forestry Regulations (Cap. 96A) in Hong Kong.

1.4.5 One clump of Neottopteris nidus was located under the dense canopy of the fung shui woodland. The habitat of N. nidus is separated from the village area by a well-established native plant community, and the identified specimen is believed to be naturally established as a result of succession. The wild population of this species is protected under Forestry Regulations (Cap. 96A) in Hong Kong.

1.4.6 Entada phaseoloides is a locally very rare species (Xing et al. 2000) and restricted to several localities in the New Territories, including Tai Po and Sai Kung (AFCD 2008), where it occurs in lowland mixed forest. This species is listed as of Least Concern (LC) in China (AFCD 2003).

1.4.7 Sargentodoxa cuneata was found at the edge of the Fung Shui woodland and considered to be locally very rare by Xing et al. (2000). Specimens can be found at Ng Tung Chai, Sai Kung, Ma On Shan and Wong Nai Chung Gap (AFCD 2007).

1.4.8 Morinda cochinchinensis can be found in Ma On Shan, Lai Chi Wo and Hoi Ha (AFCD 2009), and is listed as a locally rare species (Xing et al. 2000). A well-established population was found near Hoi Ha village area within the Study Area (Appendix A).



1.5 Fauna

Mammals

Data Review

1.5.1 Lau et al. (1996) found illegal mammal traps near Hoi Ha village in the forest or near the abandoned cultivated field, presumably set to catch porcupines. Previously, this species was regularly seen in a garden in the village (N. Newbery in litt.), and one is reportedly seen regularly near the entrance to the village (per N. Newbery). Porcupine has also been reported from nearby Pak Sha O. Though East Asian Porcupine Hystrix brachyura is very common in the territory, it is listed in Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170) and the population of this species is threatened by habitat degradation due to human settlements (Lunde et al. 2008).

1.5.2 The following species have also been reported (N. Newbery in litt.):

Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta: up to 30 in woodland alongside Hoi Ha Road.

Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx: roosting in banana, fig and star fruit trees in village area.

Pipistrelle sp. Pipistrellus sp.: commonly seen in evening over village and surrounding areas. Individuals recorded roosting in large umbrellas are presumed to be Japanese Pipistrelle P. abramus, as this is the only species so far recorded in HK using these as a roost site (G. Ades in litt.).

Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla: a burrow was found between Hoi Ha and Pak Sha O Ha Yeung (D. Willott pers. comm.); this was subsequently monitored by AFCD using a camera trap.

Chestnut Spiny Rat Niviventur fulvescens and Indochinese Forest Rat Rattus andamensis are seen in the village.

Small Indian Civet Viverriculs indica and Masked Palm Civet seen on Hoi Ha Road. Shek (2006) illustrates a road-killed Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata found at Pak Sha O.

Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis: seen in the village, along Hoi Ha Road and at Hoi Ha Barbecue Site.

Eurasian Wild Pig Sus scrofa: present in area, including the village.

Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak: heard and seen in woodland and woodland edge areas.

In addition, Domestic Cat Felis catus and Domestic Ox Bos taurus are present in the area, including the village.

Survey Results

1.5.3 No mammals were recorded during site visits; however, given the difficulty of surveying mammals in HK, this is not surprising.

Birds

Data Review

1.5.4 Little has been published regarding the avifauna of terrestrial or intertidal habitats at Hoi Ha. Counts of species of terns have been made offshore (although how far away is unclear), but



these are of little relevance to the current study. The only records that could be traced in issues of the Hong Kong Bird Report related to sightings of Crested Serpent Eagle and Dollarbird, presumably in or over the areas of woodland, a Common Koel in song (presumed to be in or near the village area) and a Common Kingfisher (in the coastal area). Finally, a Savanna Nightjar was recorded over the village car park on 13 February 2009.

1.5.5 In addition, two Brown Fish Owls Ketupa zeylonensis were seen in flight over the Hoi Ha river mouth and the village on 6th February 2012 (R. Lewthwaite, pers. comm.). This species feeds mainly in undisturbed, unpolluted lowland streams (Carey et al. 2001), and has also been seen at nearby Pak Sha O (G.J. Carey, pers. obs.); it is possible that the two areas are part of the same territory. It is highly likely that the calmer waters of the estuarine area of Hoi Ha Stream are a foraging area for Brown Fish Owls in the area, based on its known habitat preferences elsewhere in HK (e.g. Tai Ho Wan, Lantau). The species is restricted to localities that support its requirement for relatively undisturbed habitat and is uncommon in HK, though the Sai Kung area is probably a stronghold. It is regarded as of Regional Concern species by Fellowes et al. (2002).

Survey Results

1.5.6 Surveys of birds were carried out on 28th August, 28th September and 28th October. Appendix E lists all species that are known to have occurred in the DPA based on the literature or on these surveys, as well as species presumed to occur regularly based on known habitat preferences and occurrence in nearby areas. With the exception of Brown Fish Owl, all species are considered to be at least reasonably common and widespread in appropriate habitat in Hong Kong (Carey et al. 2001).

Herpetofauna

Literature Review

1.5.7 Similar to other isolated sites in Hong Kong, Hoi Ha woodland and marsh habitats provide important breeding grounds for herpetofauna. A total of seven amphibians have previously been recorded in the Study Area (D. Willott, pers. comm.) (Table 1). Of these, three species are considered to be of conservation importance (Fellowes et al. 2002). They are Chinese Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus chinensis (of Potential Regional Concern), Lesser Spiny Frog Paa exilispinosa (of Potential Global Concern in Fellowes et al. 2002 and Vulnerable in IUCN Red List) and Brown Wood Frog Rana latouchii (of Local Concern).

1.5.8 In terms of reptiles, one species of turtle, eleven species of lizard and twenty species of snake are known from the Hoi Ha Study Area (D. Willott, pers. comm.); these are listed in Table 1.

1.5.9 The first HK specimen of Vietnamese Five-lined Skink Plestiodon tamdaoensis was collected in 1998 and it has only been recorded at a few localities, all restricted to Sai Kung (Hau, 2011).

1.5.10 It is clear from the table that the woodland and riparian habitats in the Hoi Ha Wan area support a diverse community of herpetofauna, a number of which are of conservation concern.



Table 2 Herpetofauna species recorded at or near Hoi Ha (source D. Willott), and their conservation status.

Common Name Scientific Name Level of Concern (Fellowes et al.

2002)

Conservation status

(IUCN 2012)

China State Major Protection Status

China Red Data Book (Zhao 1998)

Asian Common Toad

Bufo melanostictus - - - -

Paddy Frog Fejervarya limnocharis - - - -

Chinese Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus chinensis

Potential Regional Concern

- II -

Lesser Spiny Frog Paa exilispinosa Potential Global

Concern Vulnerable - -

Brown Wood Frog Rana latouchii Local Concern - - -

Green Cascade Frog

Rana chloronota - - - -

Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus

- - - -

Three-banded Box Terrapin

Cuora trifasciata Global Concern Critically

Endangered II

Critically Endangered

Chinese Gecko Gekko chinensis - - - -

Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko Regional Concern - II Endangered

Bowring's Gecko Hemidactylus bowringii - - - -

Changeable Lizard Calotes versicolor - - - -

Grass Lizard Takydromus sexlineatus

- - - -

Chinese Forest Skink

Ateuchosaurus chinensis

- - - -

Chinese Skink Plestiodon chinensis - - - -

Vietnamese Five-lined Skink

Plestiodon tamdaoensis

- - - -

Reeves' Smooth Skink

Scincella reevesii - - - -

Brown Forest Skink

Sphenomorphus incognitus

Local Concern - - -

Chinese Waterside Skink

Tropidophorus sinicus - - - -

Common Blind Snake

Ramphotyphlops braminus

- - - -

Burmese Python Python bivittatus Potential Regional

Concern Near Threatened I -

Large-spotted Cat Snake

Boiga multomaculata - - - -

Greater Green Snake

Cyclophiops major - - - -

Plumbeous Water Snake

Enhydris plumbea - - - -

Common Wolf Snake

Lycodon aulicus - - - -

Taiwan Kukri Snake

Oligodon formosanus - - - -

Anderson's Stream Snake

Opisthotropis andersonii

Potential Global Concern

Near Threatened - -

White-spotted Slug Snake

Pareas margaritophorus

- - - -

Mock Viper Psammodynastes pulverulentus

- - - -

Common Rat Snake

Ptyas mucosus Potential Regional

Concern - - Endangered



Common Name Scientific Name Level of Concern (Fellowes et al.

2002)

Conservation status

(IUCN 2012)

China State Major Protection Status

China Red Data Book (Zhao 1998)

Red-necked Keelback

Rhabdophis subminiatus

- - - -

Chinese Mountain Snake

Sibynophis chinensis Local Concern - - -

Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus Regional Concern - - Endangered

Many-banded Krait

Bungarus multicinctus Potential Regional

Concern - - Vulnerable

Chinese Cobra Naja atra Potential Regional

Concern - - Vulnerable

King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah Potential Regional

Concern Vulnerable -

Critically Endangered

Bamboo Snake Cryptelytrops albolabris

- - - -

Pointed-scaled Pit Viper

Protobothrops mucrosquamatus

Local Concern - - -

Survey Results

1.5.11 Four species of amphibian (Paddy Frog Fejervarya limnocharis, Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus, Günther’s Frog Rana guentheri and Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus) were recorded (see Table 2) from the marsh, stream, secondary woodland and Fung Shui woodland within the Study Area. All species are common and widespread in Hong Kong (Chan et al. 2005).

Table 2 Amphibian species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and number of individuals recorded (no species of conservation significance recorded).

Species Location

(1)

M S1 GL VA S2 M2 FSW SW

Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus 1 1

Paddy Frog Fejervarya limnocharis 6 1 6

Günther's Frog Rana guentheri 6 2 7

Brown Tree Frog Polypedates megacephalus 2 2 2

Total number of species recorded 2 0 0 0 3 2 1 1

Note: (1) Location: M1- Marsh, S1- Stream 1, GL- Grassland, VA- Village Area, S2- Stream 2, M2- Marsh 2, FSW- Fung Shui Woodland

and SW- Secondary Woodland.

1.5.12 Four species of reptile were recorded (see Table 3) within the Study Area. Three Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko were recorded within the Fung Shui woodland. This species is listed as Regional Concern, in Class II under the China State Major Protection Status and endangered in China Red data book (Zhao, 1998; Fellowes et al., 2002; CSIS, 2012; IUCN, 2012).

1.5.13 An unbaited turtle trap (see Appendix C) was found near the marsh to the west of the Study Area. This illegal cage trap targets semi-aquatic chelonians such as Three-banded Box Terrapin. This species is threatened by over-exploitation, and the global population is considered to be Critically Endangered (CSIS, 2012; IUCN, 2012). Hong Kong may be one of the last areas globally to support wild populations of this species (KFBG, 2009). Due to the presence of the turtle trap in Hoi Ha marsh habitat, it is believed the Three-banded Box Terrapin may have potential to utilize this marsh area. The same traps have previously been found elsewhere along Hoi Ha Stream, at least as far inland as Pak Sha O.



Table 3 Reptile species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and number of individuals recorded.

Species China State Major

Protection Status (1)

Location (2)

M1 S1 GL VA S2 M2 FSW SW

Chinese Gecko Gekko chinensis

- 1

Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko

II 3

Bowring’s Gecko Hemidactylus bowringii

- 1

Indian Forest Skink Sphenomorphus indicus

- 1

Total number of species recorded 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0

Notes: (1) China State Major Protection Status follows Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. 2002. I-

Class 1, II- Class 2. (2) Location: M1- Marsh 1, S1- Stream 1, GL- Grassland, VA- Village Area, S2- Stream 2, M2- Marsh 2, FSW- Fung Shui Woodland

and SW- Secondary Woodland.

Freshwater Fish

Literature Review

1.5.14 According to Chan (2001), a total of eight native fish species were recorded in Hoi Ha freshwater stream. Though no species of conservation concern was found by Chan (2001), Chong and Dudgeon (1992) reported Chinese Spiny Loach Cobitis sinensis. This species is either thought to be extinct locally or previous records are inaccurate.

1.5.15 The natural stream at Hoi Ha provides favourable freshwater conditions for several important Sicydiine gobies such as Stiphodon spp. (Tony Nip, pers. comm.). Sicydiine gobies are amphidromous species that inhabit clear streams. In their life cycle, adults live and breed in freshwater streams and the larvae depend on the marine environment (Nip, 2010). The nature of these species indicates that they are sensitive to environmental impacts between the marine and freshwater habitat.

1.5.16 Due to the rarity of these species in southern China, man-made environmental impacts should be avoided, especially near the estuary area, so as to maintain the ecological connectivity between marine and freshwater habitat.

Survey Results

1.5.17 In total, 3 species of freshwater fish (Sharphead Sleeper Eleotris oxycephala, Predaceous Chub Parazacco spilurus and Barcheek Goby Rhinogobius giurinus) were found along the stream in the Study Area. No Paradise Fish Macropodus sp. was found, though Paradise Fish Macropodus opercularis and Hong Kong Paradise Fish Macropodus hongkongensis were found in similar habitat near the Study Area in Sai Kung (AEC unpubl. data).

1.5.18 Sharphead Sleeper (See Appendix B) and Barcheek Goby were found near the estuary of the stream border the Village Area. These two species are amphidromous. They prefer less polluted lowland estuary habitat, and hence act as indicator species to reflect the water quality of the Study Area (Huckstorf 2012). The population of these two species shows a dramatic decrease due to lowland river training and urbanisation in Hong Kong, though the current status is listed as common (Lee et al., 2004; Chong, 2010).



Dragonflies and damselflies

Literature Review

1.5.19 The rare damselfly, Milky Midget Agriocnemis lacteola, was recorded at Hoi Ha by Wilson et al. (2004). It occurs in weedy pond margins, marshes or abandoned paddies (Wilson et al., 2004; Tam et al., 2011). Consequently, it is likely to occur within the marsh and riparian vegetation.

Survey Results

1.5.20 A total of 19 species of dragonflies and damselflies were recorded at the site during the survey, most of which are common and widespread in HK (Wilson, 2004; Tam et al., 2011). Most species recorded are associated with waterbodies, especially marshes and natural streams. The marshy habitat to the west of the Study Area shows the highest species diversity of dragonfly and damselfly during the survey, though all recorded species are widespread and common (Tam et al., 2011). Table 4 shows the survey finding in the site visit. Table 4 Odonate species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and their respective number of individuals recorded (no species of conservation significance recorded).

Species HK

Status (1)

Location (2)


Common Blue Jewel Rhinocypha perforate A 1

Black-banded Gossamerwing Euphaea decorate A 1

Orange-tailed Sprite Ceriagrion auranticum A 3 2 1

Marsh Dancer Onychargia atrocyana C 1

Black Threadtail Prodasineura autumnalis A 2

Macromidia sp. - 1

Asian Pintail Acisoma panorpoides C 16 6

Forest Chaser Lyriothemis elegantissima C 1

Russet Percher Neurothemis fulvia C 1 1

Pied Percher Neurothemis tullia A 1

Red-faced Skimmer Orthetrum chrysis A 1

Common Blue Skimmer Orthetrum glaucum A 1 2 1

Marsh Skimmer Orthetrum luzonicum A 10 1

Common Red Skimmer Orthetrum pruinosum A 1 1 1

Lesser Blue Skimmer Orthetrum triangulare C 1

Asian Widow Palpopleura sexmaculata C 2 2

Wandering Glider Pantala flavescens A 3 3

Saddlebag Glider Tramea Virginia A 2 1

Indigo Dropwing Trithemis festiva A 1

Total 15 2 2 1 0 8 2 1

Notes: (1) Hong Kong Status follows Tam et al. 2011. A- Abundant, C- Common, UC- Uncommon, R- Rare. (2) Location: M1- Marsh 1, S1- Stream 1, GL- Grassland, VA- Village Area, S2- Stream 2, M2- Marsh 2, FSW- Fung

Shui Woodland and SW- Secondary Woodland.



Butterflies

Literature Review

1.5.21 A birdwing butterfly Troides sp. was recorded near the Lime Kiln by WWFHK in 2010 (Chow, 2010). Though Birdwing butterflies in HK often cannot be identified to species level, both species are protected under Cap 586 Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance.

1.5.22 A total of 76 butterfly species were previously recorded in Hoi Ha area (Chan et al., 2012). Several rare and uncommon species such as Monastyrskyi’s Ace Thoressa monastyrskyi, Magpie Flat Abraximorpha davidii and Banded Awl Hasora chromus were recorded at the edge of Fung Shui woodland and secondary woodland. The host plant of Monastyrskyi’s Ace, which is Pseudosasa cantori, can be found growing along the edge of fung shui woodland and secondary woodland within the Study Area.

Survey Results

1.5.23 A total of 38 species of butterflies was recorded during the survey period, and was dominated by woodland and shrubland-associated species. The rare Jhora Scrub Hopper Aeromachus jhora was recorded in the marsh area. This species was first recorded in 2009 by AFCD (2011). The caterpillar relies mainly on the plant species Leersia hexandra (Young et al. 2011), which is found in wetland habitat (although it was not recorded during botanical survey for this Study).

1.5.24 Butterfly species Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus, Common Duffer Discophora sondaica, Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia were recorded in the edge of the fung shui woodland. Their status are listed as uncommon according to AFCD, 2011. Other species recorded are considered as widespread and common in the territory (AFCD 2011). Table 5 shows the butterfly species recorded during the survey period within the Study Area. Appendix D lists all butterfly species recorded at Hoi Ha by Hong Kong Lepidopterists Society.

Table 5 Butterfly species recorded at Hoi Ha on 6 August 2012, and the number of individuals.

Species HK

Status (1)

Location (2)


Jhora Scrub Hopper Aeromachus jhora

R 2

Forest Hopper Astictopterus jama

C 1

Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus

UC 1

Contiguous Swift Polytremis lubricans

C 1

Long-tailed Blue Lampides boeticus

C 1

Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha

VC 1 1

Plum Judy Abisara echerius

VC 3 1

Common Duffer Discophora sondaica

UC 1

Large Faun Faunis eumeus

C 1

Common Tiger Danaus genutia

C 2 1 1



Species HK

Status (1)

Location (2)


Ceylon Blue Glassy Tiger Ideopsis similis

VC 1 1

Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea

C 1

Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace

C 1

Colour Sergeant Athyma nefte

C 1

Rustic Cupha erymanthis

VC 1 1

White- edged Blue Baron Euthalia phemius

C 1 1

Great Egg-fly Hypolimnas bolina

C 1

Peacock Pansy Junonia almanac

C 1

Grey Pansy Junonia atlites

C 1

Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita

C 1

Southern Sullied Sailer Neptis clinia

C 1 1 1

Common Sailer Neptis hylas

VC 1 1 1 1

Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia

UC 1

Five- dot Sergeant Parathyma sulpitia

C 1 1

Short- banded Sailer Phaedyma columella

C 1 1

Black Prince Rohana parisatis

C 1

Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra

C 1 1

Banded Tree Brown Lethe confuse

C 1

Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus

VC 1 1

Common Jay Graphium doson

C 1

Chinese Peacock Papilio bianor

C 1

Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus

C 1

Red Helen Papilio helenus

VC 1 1 1

Great Mormon Papilio memnon

VC 1 1

Paris Peacock Papilio paris

VC 1

Common Mormon Papilio polytes

VC 1 4 1 2

Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona

C 1

Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe

VC 4 1

11 0 8 12 0 3 13 14

Notes:



(1) Hong Kong Status follows AFCD 2011. VC- Very Rare, R, Rare, UC- Uncommon, C- Common, VC- Very Common. (2) Location: M1- Marsh 1, S1- Stream 1, GL- Grassland, VA- Village Area, S2- Stream 2, M2- Marsh 2, FSW- Fung

Shui Woodland and SW- Secondary Woodland.

Other Invertebrates

Literature Review

1.5.25 The mangrove-associated moth Mangrove China-mark Eristena sp. nov. was found near the mangrove at Hoi Ha in 2011. This species is closely allied to E. argentata, whose larvae feed on algae growing on the roots of mangrove trees. If the Hong Kong Eristena sp. shows similar behaviour, then the mangrove community along the beach intertidal zone will have significant value for the continued presence of this species in the area (hkmoths 2011).

1.5.26 There are two other Hong Kong records for this moth species, one from near Tung Chung and another at an undisclosed coastal locality; both concern single individuals photographed by day near mangroves, and both records were posted on HKWildlife.net. However, the Hoi Ha site remains the only site with more than one individual recorded, and thus hosts the largest known population of this species. In IUCN Red List terms, this species currently would be classified as Critically Endangered, based upon criteria of restricted range (both area of occurrence and occupancy, and also severely fragmented populations), limited population size and immediate threat to its habitat (i.e. it meets 3 IUCN Red List criteria for the Critically Endangered category of Red List species).

1.5.27 A list of insect species recorded in the Hoi Ha area is provided in Appendix G. No systematic surveys of this group appear to have been carried out at Hoi Ha, however.

Survey Results

1.5.28 Moth survey data was not collected in the current study.

1.5.29 The Long-armed Shrimp Macrobrachium vietnamense (HKWildlife 2010) and Crystal Red Shrimp Caridina cantonensis were recorded along the streams within the Study Area. A Mitten Crab Eriocheir japonicus was found in the estuary near the village area. Abundant in the marsh and intertidal area was the crab Chiromantes haematocheir. All species recorded within the Study Area are common in Hong Kong, though not formally recorded (Dudgeon, 2003).



CONCLUSIONS

1.6 Areas and habitat types of the Study Area

1.6.1 A full list of Habitats within the Study Area can be seen in Table 6 and are mapped in Appendix A. Table 6 Habitats in the Study Area at Hoi Ha, and their ecological value.

Habitat Area (m²) Length (m) Ecological Value

Shrubland - grassland 3,206 Low to Moderate

Secondary woodland 42,457 Moderate to High

Fung Shui woodland 19,826 Moderate to High

Modified woodland 3,338 Low

Marsh 1,070 Low to Moderate

Seasonally Wet Grassland 410 Low

Stream 173 Low to Moderate

Sea 2,096 Moderate to High

Sandy shore 893 Moderate

Village Area 11,758 Low

Urban Area 3,369 Low

Total 87,458

1.7 Ecological value of habitats and the implications

1.7.1 To the west of the Study Area lies Hoi Ha Stream (see Plate 1), which in its upper reaches at Pak Sha O is designated an Ecologically Important Stream by AFCD and is used for water catchment. Lowland natural stream in south China supports a high diversity of fauna and flora species, and is dependent on a functioning riparian zone to maintain ecological value. The estuarine area of Hoi Ha Stream serves as an important corridor linking stream and sea for various types of intertidal fauna and freshwater fish, especially amphidromous species (Chan 2001, Nip 2010), and as a foraging area for Brown Fish Owl. Lowland freshwater habitat is susceptible to channelization and urban development in HK, and only a few freshwater estuaries have retained their integrity in Sai Kung and the New Territories (Chan 2001, Cheng et al. 2010). The ecological value of this stream is at least moderate to high.

1.7.2 The natural stream in the western part of the DPA is permanent, and is likely to be a tributary of Hoi Ha Stream, though due to difficulty of access, it was not possible to confirm this. As such, its ecological value is rated as moderate. With regard to the stream in the eastern part of the Study Area, this is seasonal and is rated as of low to moderate ecological value due to its potential importance for the damselfly Milky Midget Agriocnemis lacteola.

1.7.3 It is necessary to take into account the habitat integrity of land-water interactions when considering potential development in riparian and immediately adjacent habitats (Dudgeon & Corlett, 2004). Hence, zoning proposals for areas adjacent to streams should prevent damaging the ecological connectivity between terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Thus, while the nearby areas of shrubland – grassland and marsh are of variable ecological value, those parts that lie within the riparian zone should be afforded a level of protection suitable for Hoi Ha stream. Similarly, development adjacent to the seasonal stream should provide a buffer zone to protect the integrity of the remaining part of the riparian corridor. In particular, it is



important that waste water outlets, sewage outfalls or soak-away septic tanks are located sufficiently distant that adverse impacts on stream water quality are avoided.

1.7.4 Similar connectivity issues also pertain in respect of the intertidal and backshore areas of the sandy beach, as this area has linkages with both marine and terrestrial environments. The mangroves are important to an undescribed species of Mangrove China-mark moth, which is likely to be closely-associated with algae around mangrove roots. Aside from coastal protection reasons, therefore, it is important that this habitat is maintained. Further, a review should be carried out by AFCD of the need or advisability of planting mangroves in this area, which borders the marine park.

1.7.5 The marsh habitat alongside Hoi Ha Stream is of ecological significance as it offers a breeding and foraging ground for various fauna and flora. Based on the current study, a total of eleven butterfly species, including the rare Jhora Scrub Hopper Aeromachus jhora (AFCD, 2011), and fifteen dragonfly species (see Table 4) were found within the marsh. The results show the marsh supports moderate diversity of dragonfly and butterfly species. Freshwater marshes in rural areas are susceptible to human disturbance, especially by illegal dumping and small house development (Kilburn & Cheng 2011, Tam 2012). Ideally, a conservation strategy plan involving active management and monitoring is required to retain and enhance the complex ecology of wetland habitat, as wetland is only a transitional stage in the natural succession process (Dudgeon & Chan 1996). In addition (or failing this), however, zoning to avoid development of the marsh and the immediately surrounding area is appropriate.

1.7.6 The Fung Shui and secondary woodland areas are of moderate to high ecological value, as they are relatively mature, part of a much larger area of natural secondary woodland and hold several locally rare or very rare flora species such as Aquilaria sinensis, Gnetum luofuense, Pavetta hongkongensis Sargentodoxa cuneata, Entada phaseoloides and Morinda cochinchinensis. In addition, three Tokay Geckos Gekko gecko were recorded within the fung shui woodland area. This species is listed as a Class II Protected Animal in the list of State Key Protected Wildlife in China (CSIS, 2012). The woodland also supports a diverse butterfly community. Due to the relatively old age and high species richness, and the fact that a large number of rare or protected species were identified within the woodland, it is considered to have moderately high ecological value; hence, zoning should seek to avoid development in this area.

1.7.7 In contrast, the area of modified woodland that lies between the village area and secondary woodland habitat is considered to be of low ecological value due to significant anthropogenic influence in the form of previous clearance, tree-felling or pruning, the presence of planted trees such as longan and papaya and its disturbed condition overall. Thus, while it is suggested that the boundary with surrounding secondary woodland areas should be rigorously guarded, there is scope for village expansion within this area of modified woodland.

1.7.8 The seasonally wet grassland to the east of the village area borders the intertidal shoreline. Due to its very small size and lack of microhabitat diversity, however, it lacks significant ecological value. Although it lies close to the sea, there appears to be little, if any, ecological linkage.

1.8 Buffer zone widths

1.8.1 Despite there being no absolute standard for an appropriate buffer for purposes of wildlife habitat conservation, there is some measure of consensus as to an appropriate range of buffer widths for different ecological functions. Based on a comprehensive literature review and



research of approximately 50 empirical studies, Robins (2002) has summarized the following range of buffer width requirements:

Maintenance of general riparian ecosystem function: 25-200 meters, with a general consensus that the minimum acceptable buffer is 30 meters;

Reptile and amphibian habitat: 30 to 160 meters;

Bird habitat: 40 to 500 meters (the latter for certain specialized species);

Mammal habitat: 45 to less than 200 meters (the latter for certain large species);

Riparian plant diversity: 10 to 30 meters.

Klapproth and Johnson (2001) also concluded from scientific studies that the minimum buffer width on each side for protecting aquatic communities ranges from 23 to 30 meters. Hence, in the current study, the proposed buffer zone for Hoi Ha Stream, a natural watercourse of moderate to high ecological value, and its presumed tributary lying in the adjacent part of the DPA is recommended to be at least 30 meters either side. With regard to the seasonal stream to the east of the village area, given its lower ecological value a buffer of 10m either side is considered appropriate, excluding current land use.

1.9 Recommendation for OZP zoning

1.9.1 The following rationale was used in formulating a proposed V zoning based on ecological grounds.

‘V’ zone should be provided mostly on habitats of lower ecological value, so that impacts to habitats of higher value can be minimized. Existing land form to be followed wherever possible;

Existing village area to be included within ‘V’ zone;

‘V’ zone to be continuous with existing village to promote expansion and minimise potential disturbance to surrounding habitats or edge effects.

A buffer should be provided between the ‘V’ zone and natural streams of ecological value to minimise potential risks of pollution and protect riparian habitats along the stream course. The buffer proposed in this case is 30m.

1.9.2 Secondary and fung shui woodland habitat within the Hoi Ha DPA plan boundary is of moderate to high ecological value. Any proposed development proposals within this area will inevitably involve vegetation clearance and site formation. In order to avoid habitat degradation, designation as “Conservation Area” (CA) zone is recommended to provide planning control for woodland habitat.

1.9.3 Given the buffer zone requirements summarised above, with regard to the marsh and streams with their associated riparian corridors, in particular the riparian corridor of Hoi Ha Stream, it is proposed that these should be designated as “CA” in order to preserve their ecological value.

1.9.4 According to Chan et al. (2005), more than 50 coral species are found in Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, and the species richness and complexity is high when compared with other locations in Hong Kong. Corals are sensitive to physical environment changes such as sedimentation and suspended solids. Due to the close association between marine and coastal habitats within the Study Area, any development or small house construction near the high tide mark could



trigger significant impacts on water quality, affect coral growth, recruitment or even result in coral mortality (Planning Department, 1998; Chan et al., 2005).

1.9.5 It is thus recommended the coastal area near the sea should be zoned as a 10m to 45m-wide “Coastal Protection Area” (“CPA”) zone. Where the CPA is broadest, it includes areas of the DPA that are now under water at high tide, in addition to a terrestrial component largely comprising a mangrove and back-mangrove community (the first of which may be important to the as yet undescribed moth species Mangrove China-mark Eristena sp. nov.). Where the CPA is narrower, largely in the east of the DPA, the existing footpath is used as a boundary between coastal woodland and hillside woodland. Given the lack of beach in this area and the steeper profile of the coast, a narrower CPA is considered appropriate.

1.9.6 Areas to the north and west of the Village Area comprise modified woodland in which human activities have impacted habitat integrity and ecological value. The species diversity and overall ecological value is relatively low when compared to other woodland habitats in the area. As a result, this area is suitable for village expansion. However, any future proposals for construction should carry out an assessment of the mature trees and tall shrubs via a topographical and tree survey, and ensure that unmodified secondary woodland or individual specimens of particular value are dealt with or mitigated appropriately.

1.9.7 A zoning plan based on ecological considerations is proposed in Appendix H.

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October 2012 Appendices

Appendix A

Habitat Map with Locations of Species of Conservation Concern




October 2012

Appendices

Appendix B

Plates of Habitats in Study Area



Plate 1. Natural stream outside the Study Area Plate 2. Marsh in the west of the Study Area

Plate 3. Natural stream run through the marsh area Plate 4. Estuary in the northeast of Study Area

Plate 5. Shrubland - Grassland Plate 6. Seasonally wet grassland and adjacent village area habitat



Plate 7. Seasonal wet grassland and marine area Plate 8. Fung Shui woodland within the Hoi Ha Study Area

Plate 9. Sandy beach at the edge of Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park



Appendix C

Plates of Flora and Fauna species of conservation interest within the Study Area



Plate 1. Jhora Scrub Hopper found in the marsh area Plate 2. Tree Flitter found in the Fung Shui woodland

Plate 3. Sharphead Sleeper hiding under rock near the estuary

Plate 4. Unbaited turtle trap found in the marsh area

Plate 5. Tadpole of Fejervarya limnocharis found in the marsh near the Village Area

Plate 6. Aquilaria sinensis in the edge of the Fung Shui woodland



Plate 7. Pavetta hongkongensis found along the edge of Fung Shui woodland and secondary woodland

Plate 8. Asplenium nidus located within the Fung Shui woodland

Plate 9. Entada phaseoloides found within the Fung Shui woodland

Plate 10. Morinda cochinchinensis found in the back of the Village Area

Plate 11. Sargentodoxa cuneata recorded in the back of the Lime Kiln

Plate 12. Toona rubriflora found within the Fung Shui woodland



Appendix D

List of Butterflies recorded at Hoi Ha by Hong Kong Lepidopterists’ Society



Appendix D List of Butterflies recorded within the Study Area by HKLS (Chan et al., 2012)

Common name Scientific name Distribution

in Hong Kong (1)

IUCN Red List

Status (2)

Fellowes et al.

(3)

Pale Awlet Bibasis gomata UC - -

Orange Awlet Bibasis oedipodea VR - -

Indian Awl King Choaspes benjaminii VR - LC

Banded Awl Hasora chromus R - -

Bush Hopper Ampittia dioscorides UC - -

Forest Hopper Astictopterus jama C - -

Formosan Swift Borbo cinnara C - -

Colon Swift Caltoris bromus VR - -

Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus UC - -

Oriental Straight Swift Parnara bada R - -

Rare Swift Parnara ganga UC - -

Common Straight Swift Parnara guttata C - -

Indian Palm Bob Suastus gremius UC - -

Greenish Palm Dart Telicota ancilla UC - -

Monastyrsky's Ace Thoressa monastyrskyi R - -

Magpie Flat Abraximorpha davidii R - -

Chestnut Angle Odontoptilum angulata C - -

Toothed Sunbeam Curetis dentate UC - -

Purple Sapphire Heliophorus epicles C - -

Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa C - -

Lime Blue Chilades lajus C - -

Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus C - -

Long-tailed Blue Lampides boeticus C - -

Transparent 6-line Blue Nacaduba kurava C - -

Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha VC - -

Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra UC - -

Green Flash Artipe eryx UC LC -

Slate Flash Rapala manea C - -

Broad Spark Sinthusa chandrana R - -

Long-banded Silverline Spindasis lohita C - -

Club Silverline Spindasis syama UC - -

Plum Judy Abisara echerius VC - -

Punchinello Zemeros flegyas C - -

Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus C - -

Common Indian Crow Euploea core C LC -

Ceylon Blue Glassy Tiger Ideopsis similis VC - -

Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea C - -

Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne C - -

Colour Sergeant Athyma nefte C - -

Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora C - -

Rustic Cupha erymanthis VC - -



Common name Scientific name Distribution

in Hong Kong (1)

IUCN Red List

Status (2)

Fellowes et al.

(3)

White-edged Blue Baron Euthalia phemius C - -

Great Egg-fly Hypolimnas bolina C - -

Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita C - -

Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias C - -

Blue Admiral Kaniska canace C - -

Southern Sullied Sailer Neptis clinia C - -

Common Sailer Neptis hylas VC - -

Five-dot Sergeant Parathyma sulpitia C - -

Short-banded Sailer Phaedyma columella C - -

Black Prince Rohana parisatis C - -

Common Jester Symbrenthia lilaea C - -

Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra C - -

Banded Tree Brown Lethe confuse C - -

Bamboo Tree Brown Lethe europa UC - -

Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda C - -

Dark-brand Bush Brown Mycalesis mineus VC - -

South China Bush Brown Mycalesis zonata C - -

Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus VC - -

Straight Five-ring Ypthima lisandra C - -

Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon C - -

Common Jay Graphium doson C - -

Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon VC - -

Chinese Peacock Papilio bianor C - -

Red Helen Papilio helenus VC - -

Great Mormon Papilio memnon VC - -

Paris Peacock Papilio paris VC - -

Common Mormon Papilio polytes VC - -

Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona C - -

Three-spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda C - -

Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe VC - -

Common Gull Cepora nerissa C - -

Red-base Jezebel Delias pasithoe VC - -

Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe C - -

Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene UC - -

Indian Cabbage white Pieris canidia VC - -

Note: (1) Conservation Status follows AFCD 2011. VR- Very Rare, R- Rare, UC- Uncommon, C- Common, VC- Very Common (2) Conservation Status follows IUCN Status: LC- Least Concern, NT- Near Threatened, VU- Vulnerable, EN- Endangered, CR- Critically Endangered, EW- Extinct In The Wild, EX- Extinct (3) Conservation Status follows Fellowes et al. 2002. GC- Global Concern, PRC - Potential Regional Concern, RC- Regional Concern, LC- Local Concern. Status in parentheses indicates that this evaluation is based on communal roosting/ breeding populations.


November 2012 Appendices

Appendix E

Bird species recorded or presumed to occur in Hoi Ha DPA



Appendix E. Species recorded in Hoi Ha DPA (based on Carey et al. 2001 and surveys for this Study) or presumed to occur (or have occurred) regularly based on known habitat preferences and/or occurrence in nearby areas.

English Name Scientific Name Conservation

Status Recorded Presumed

Chinese Francolin Francolinus pintadeanus 1*

Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC) 1

Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra 1*

Striated Heron Butorides striata (LC) 1*

Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes 1*

Black Kite Milvus migrans (RC) 1*

White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (RC) 1

Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela (LC) 1

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus 1

White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus 1*

Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola 1

Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis 1

Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis 1*

Common Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica 1

Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus 1*

Large Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides 1

Hodgson's Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx nisicolor 1

Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus 1*

Collared Scops Owl Otus lettia 1*

Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis RC 1

Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis 1*

Pacific Swift Apus pacificus (LC) 1*

House Swift Apus nipalensis 1*

Oriental Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis 1

White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC) 1*

Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 1

Ashy Minivet Pericrocotus divaricatus 1

Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus 1

Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach 1*

Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 1*

Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC 1

Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus 1

Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea 1

Asian Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi LC 1

Japanese Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata LC, NT 1

Grey Treepie Dendrocitta formosae LC 1

Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 1

Cinereous Tit Parus cinereous 1

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 1*

Chinese Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis 1*

Chestnut Bulbul Hemixos castanonotus 1

Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster 1*

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 1*

Brown-flanked Bush Warbler Horornis fortipes 1

Asian Stubtail Urosphena squameiceps 1

Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus 1

Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus 1

Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus 1

Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis 1

Japanese Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus xanthodryas 1

Pale-legged Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus tenellipes 1

Sakhalin Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus borealoides 1

Eastern Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus coronatus 1

Goodson's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus goodsoni 1



English Name Scientific Name Conservation

Status Recorded Presumed

Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris 1*

Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 1* 1

Streak-breasted Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus ruficollis 1

Rufous-capped Babbler Stachyridopsis ruficeps 1

Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus 1*

Masked Laughingthrush Garrulax perspicillatus 1*

Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax pectoralis 1

Black-throated Laughingthrush Garrulax chinensis 1

Blue-winged Minla Minla cyanouroptera 1

Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus 1*

Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus 1*

Black-collared Starling Gracupica nigricollis 1*

Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus 1

White's Thrush Zoothera aurea 1

Grey-backed Thrush Turdus hortulorum 1

Japanese Thrush Turdus cardis 1

Common Blackbird Turdus merula 1

Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus 1

Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryx leucophris LC 1

Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia calliope 1

Rufous-tailed Robin Luscinia sibilans 1

Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus 1

Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 1*

Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus 1

Stejneger's Stonechat Saxicola stejnegeri 1

Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica 1

Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina 1

Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki 1

Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus 1

Hainan Blue Flycatcher Cyornis hainanus 1

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum 1*

Fork-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga christinae 1*

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 1

White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata 1*

Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea 1

White Wagtail Motacilla alba 1

Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi 1*

Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni 1

Chinese Grosbeak Eophona migratoria 1

Tristram's Bunting Emberiza tristrami 1

Key Fellowes et al. (2002) LC: Local Concern RC: Regional Concern Letters in parentheses indicated that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites, rather than in general occurrence. IUCN Red List NT: Near-threatened (www.iucnredlist.org) * indicates reported in breeding season (based on Carey et al. 2001)

http://www.iucnredlist.org/



Appendix F

Flora Species Recorded in Hoi Ha DPA area on 6th August 2012



Appendix F. Flora species recorded at Hoi Ha DPA on 6 August 2012.

Key: ^ Status follows Xing et al. 2000; #

Code for Abundance: ****= Abundant, *** = Frequent, ** = Occasional, * = Scarce

Scientific Name Chinese Common Name Growth Form Distribution and status in HK^ Habitat

#

Fung Shui woodland

Grassland Marsh Sandy Secondary Woodland

Stream Village

Abrus mollis 毛相思子 Woody climber Restricted *

Acacia confusa 台灣相思 Tree Exotic, Common, often planted in

plantation *

Achyranthes aspera 土牛膝 Herb Common * * *

Acorus gramineus 石菖蒲 Herb Very common *

Adiantum flabellulatum 扇葉鐵線蕨 Herb Very common * *

Aegiceras corniculatum 桐花樹 Shrub Common **

Ageratum conyzoides 藿香薊 , 勝紅薊 Herb Exotic, very common * *

Alangium chinense 八角楓 Tree Common * * *

Albizia lebbeck 大葉合歡 Tree Exotic, Common, often planted for

roadside plantation *

Alchornea trewioides 紅背山麻桿 Shrub Common *

Alocasia cucullata 尖尾芋 Herb Restricted *

Alocasia macrorrhizos 海芋 Herb Very common * * *

Alternanthera philoxeroides 空心蓮子草 Herb Exotic, Common *

Antidesma bunius 五月茶 , 五味子 Tree Common * * *

Aporusa dioica 銀柴 Tree Very common ** * **

Aquilaria sinensis 土沉香 Tree Common, Protected under Cap. 586 ** *

Archidendron clypearia 猴耳環 Tree Common *

Ardisia crenata 大羅傘 Shrub Common *

Ardisia lindleyana 山血丹 Shrub Common *

Ardisia quinquegona 羅傘 Small tree Very common * *

Asclepias curassavica 馬利筋 Herb Exotic, Commonly cultivated *

Asparagus cochinchinensis 天門冬 Climbing shrub Common *

Atalantia buxifolia 酒餅簕 Shrub Common * *

Axonopus compressus 地毯草 Herb Exotic, Common *

Bambusa spp. 竹屬 Bamboo Common * *

Bauhinia championii 缺葉藤 Woody climber Common *

Bauhinia glauca 粉葉羊蹄甲，羊蹄甲藤 Woody climber Very common *** **

Blechnum orientale 烏毛蕨 Herb Very common * *



Scientific Name Chinese Common Name Growth Form Distribution and status in HK^

Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Breynia fruticosa 黑面神 Shrub Very common * *

Bridelia tomentosa 土蜜樹 Tree Very common **

Brucea javanica 鴉膽子，苦參子 Shrub or tree Common *

Byttneria aspera 刺果藤 Woody climber Very common ***

Callicarpa kochiana 枇杷葉紫珠 Shrub Common *

Canavalia lineata 狹刀豆 Climber Common *

Carica papaya 番木瓜 Tree Exotic, Planted *

Cayratia corniculata 角花烏蘞莓 Climber Very common *

Celtis timorensis 假玉桂 , 樟葉朴 Tree Restricted *

Centella asiatica 崩大碗 Herb Very common * *

Centotheca lappacea 假淡竹葉 Herb Common *

Cerbera manghas 海芒果 Tree Common * * * * *

Chrysopogon aciculatus 竹節草，假雀麥 Herb Very common *** ** *

Cleistocalyx nervosum 水翁 Tree Common * * ***

Clerodendrum inerme 苦郎樹 , 假茉莉 Shrub Common *

Colocasia esculenta 芋 Herb Cultivated * *

Commelina diffusa 節節草 Herb Common **

Cratoxylum cochinchinense 黃牛木 Tree Very common * *

Crinum asiaticum var. sinicum

文殊蘭 Herb Exotic, Commonly cultivated *

Cyclosorus interruptus 間斷毛蕨 Herb Common *

Cyclosorus parasiticus 華南毛蕨 Herb Very common * ***

Cyperus difformis 異型莎草 Herb Very common *

Cyperus haspan 畦畔莎草 Herb Common *

Cyrtococcum patens 弓果黍 Herb Very common * * * *** * *

Dalbergia benthamii 兩廣黃檀 Woody climber Common *

Daphniphyllum calycinum 牛耳楓 Tree Common * *

Dendrotrophe varians 寄生藤 Parasitic Very common *

Derris trifoliata 魚藤 Woody climber Common *

Desmodium triflorum 三點金 Herb Very common * *

Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Woody climber Common ** * *

Dicranopteris pedata 芒萁 Herb Very common * *

Digitaria ciliaris 升馬唐 Herb Very common *




Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Dimocarpus longan 龍眼 , 桂圓 Tree Exotic, Restricted * * *

Dioscorea bulbifera 黃獨 Climber Common *

Diploclisia glaucescens 蒼白秤鈎風，防己 Woody climber Common * *

Dischidia chinensis 眼樹蓮 , 瓜子金 Epiphytic climber Restricted * *

Ehretia longiflora 長花厚殼樹 Tree Restricted *

Elaeagnus loureirii 雞柏紫藤 , 羅氏胡頹子 Woody climber Common *

Eleocharis ochrostachys 假荸薺 , 假馬蹄 Herb Restricted **

Elephantopus scaber 地膽草 Herb Common * ** *

Elephantopus tomentosus 白花地膽草 Herb Common *

Eleusine indica 牛筋草 Herb Exotic, very common *

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus 白簕 Woody climber Restricted * * *

Emilia sonchifolia 一點紅 Herb Very common *

Entada phaseoloides 榼藤 Woody climber Very rare **

Eriocaulon truncatum 菲律賓穀精草 Herb Common * *

Excoecaria agallocha 海漆 Tree Common * **

Ficus hirta 粗葉榕 Shrub Common *

Ficus hispida 對葉榕 Tree Very common **

Ficus microcarpa 細葉榕 Tree Common *

Ficus pumila 薜荔 Climber Very common * *

Ficus pyriformis 舶梨榕 Shrub Common *

Ficus tinctoria 斜葉榕 Tree Restricted *

Fimbristylis nutans 點頭飄拂草 Herb Restricted *

Fimbristylis sieboldii 銹鱗飄拂草 Herb Common *

Floscopa scandens 聚花草 Herb Common *

Gardenia jasminoides 梔子 Shrub Common *

Glochidion eriocarpum 毛果算盤子 Tree Very common *

Glochidion hirsutum 厚葉算盤子 Tree Common * * *

Gnetum luofuense 羅浮買麻藤 Clmber Very common, regarded as "Near

Threatened" according to IUCN Red List ** *

Gymnanthera oblonga 海島藤 Slender woody

climber

Regarded as Very Rare in Xing et al. (2000), widely established in HK in

recent years *

Gynura bicolor 兩色三七草 Herb Exotic, Common *




Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Hedyotis diffusa 白花蛇舌草 Herb Very common *

Hibiscus tiliaceus 黃槿 Tree Common * **** **

Hypericum japonicum 地耳草 Herb Very common *

Hypserpa nitida 夜花藤 Woody climber Very common *

Ilex asprella 梅葉冬青 Shrub Very common * *

Impatiens chinensis 華鳳仙 Herb Common ***

Ipomoea triloba 三裂葉薯 Herbaceous climber Exotic, Common *

Kyllinga brevifolia 短葉水蜈蚣 Herb Common *

Kyllinga nemoralis 單穗水蜈蚣 Herb Very common * *

Kyllinga polyphylla 香根水蜈蚣 Herb Exotic, Common * *

Lantana camara 馬纓丹 Shrub Exotic, very common *

Leucaena leucocephala 銀合歡 Tree Exotic, very common *

Ligustrum sinense 山指甲 Shrub or small tree Common * *

Lindernia crustacea 母草 Herb Restricted * *

Lindernia rotundifolia 迷你虎耳草 Herb Restricted *

Lindsaea orbiculata 團葉鱗始蕨 Herb Very common *

Liriope spicata 山麥冬 , 麥門冬 Herb Very common *

Litsea glutinosa 潺稿樹 Tree Very common *

Litsea monopetala 假柿木薑子 Tree Restricted *

Lonicera macrantha 大花忍冬 Common Climber *

Ludwigia adscendens 水龍 Herb Common *

Lygodium japonicum 海金沙 Climber Very common *

Lygodium scandens 小葉海金沙 Climber Common * * *

Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa

血桐 Tree Common * *

Machilus chekiangensis 浙江潤楠 Tree Very common *

Maesa perlarius 鯽魚膽 Shrub Common * **

Mallotus paniculatus 白楸 Tree Very common * **

Melastoma malabathricum 野牡丹 Shrub Common * **

Melastoma sanguineum 毛菍 Shrub Common *

Melodinus suaveolens 山橙 Woody climber Common *

Microcos nervosa 破布葉 , 布渣葉 Tree Common * ** *

Microstegium ciliatum 剛莠竹 Herb Very common *




Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Mikania micrantha 薇甘菊 Herbaceous climber Exotic, very common * * * *

Mimosa pudica 含羞草 Herb Exotic, very common *

Miscanthus sinensis 芒 Herb Very common *

Morinda cochinchinensis 大果巴戟 Climbing shrub Rare **

Morinda parvifolia 雞眼藤 Climbing shrub Very common *

Mussaenda erosa 楠藤 Climbing shrub Common * **

Musa x paradisiaca 大蕉 Giant herb Commonly cultivated *

Neottopteris nidus 巢蕨 Herb Restricted, protected under Cap.96 *

Paederia scandens 雞矢藤 Climber Very common *

Pandanus austrosinensis 露兜草 Herb Common * * * *

Pandanus tectorius 露兜樹 Small tree Very common * *

Panicum brevifolium 短葉黍 Herb Very common *

Panicum dichotomiflorum 水生黍 Herb Common **

Paspalum distichum 雙穗雀稗 Herb Common **

Pavetta hongkongensis 香港大沙葉 Shrub or small tree Common, Protected under Cap. 96 * *

Perilla frutescens 紫蘇 Herb Restricted *

Philydrum lanuginosum 田蔥 Herb Common *

Phoenix loureiroi 刺葵 Shrub or small tree Common *

Phyllanthus emblica 餘甘子 , 油甘子 Tree Very common * *

Phyllanthus urinaria 葉下珠 Herb Common *

Pilea microphylla 小葉冷水花 Herb Exotic, very common *

Piper sarmentosum 假蒟 Herb Restricted *

Polygonum chinense 火炭母 Herb Very common * *

Polyspora axillaris 大頭茶 Tree Very common *

Pothos chinensis 石柑 Epiphytic climber Very common *

Praxelis clematidea 假臭草 Herb Exotic, very common *

Psidium guajava 番石榴 Tree Exotic, Common * *

Psychotria asiatica 九節 Shrub Very common ** * * *

Pteris semipinnata 半邊旗 Herb Very common **

Pueraria lobata 野葛 Climber Very common ** *

Pyrrosia adnascens 貼生石韋 Herb Common *

Rhaphiolepis indica 車輪梅 Shrub or small tree Very common *

Rhus hypoleuca 白背鹽膚木 Tree Common * *




Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Rhus succedanea 野漆樹 Tree Common *

Ricinus communis 蓖麻 Shrub Exotic, Restricted *

Rourea microphylla 小葉紅葉藤，紅葉藤 Woody climber Common *

Rubus reflexus 蛇泡簕 Climbing shrub Very common * *

Ruellia coerulea 蘭花草 Herb Exotic, Common *

Sageretia thea 雀梅藤 Shrub Common *

Sapium discolor 山烏桕 Tree Very common * *

Sapium sebiferum 烏桕 Tree Common * * *

Sarcandra glabra 草珊瑚 Subshrub Common *

Sargentodoxa cuneata 大血藤 Woody climber Very rare *

Schefflera heptaphylla 鴨腳木 Tree Very common * ** *

Scolopia chinensis 刺柊 Tree Common *

Scutellaria indica 韓信草 Herb Common *

Senecio scandens 千里光 Herbaceous climber Common *

Senna alata 翅莢決明 Shrub Exotic, Commonly cultivated *

Sida acuta 黃花稔 Subshrub Common *

Smilax glabra 土茯苓 Climbing shrub Very common *

Solanum torvum 水茄 Shrub Exotic, Common *

Spermacoce stricta 豐花草 Herb Restricted *

Sphaerocaryum malaccense 稃藎 Herb Common *

Sphenomeris chinensis 烏韭 Herb Common *

Sporobolus fertilis 鼠尾粟 Herb Very common *

Stephania longa 千金藤 Climber Common *

Sterculia lanceolata 假蘋婆 Tree Very common ** *** *

Symplocos cochinchinensis var. laurina

黃牛奶樹 Tree Common * *** *** *

Syzygium hancei 紅鱗蒲桃 Tree Common * *

Syzygium jambos 蒲桃 Tree Exotic, Common * *

Syzygium levinei 山蒲桃 Tree Common * *

Tetracera asiatica 錫葉藤 Woody climber Very common *** *

Tetradium glabrifolium 楝葉吳茱萸 Tree Common *

Teucrium viscidum 血見愁，山藿香 Herb Common *

Tibouchina semidecandra 巴西野牡丹 Shrub Exotic, Commonly cultivated *




Habitat#

Fung Shui woodland


Stream Village

Toona rubriflora 紅花香椿 Tree Restricted to Fujian and HK only *

Urena lobata 肖梵天花 Subshrub Common * * *

Urena procumbens 梵天花 Subshrub Common * *

Utricularia bifida 挖耳草 Small herb Common *

Uvaria macrophylla 紫玉盤 Woody climber Common *

Vernonia cinerea 夜香牛 Herb Very common * **

Viburnum odoratissimum 珊瑚樹 Tree Very common *** *** **

Wikstroemia indica 了哥王 Shrub Common *

Zanthoxylum nitidum 兩面針 Climbing shrub Very common *** * *

Total 89 31 41 7 94 21 31



Appendix G

Insect species recorded in the Hoi Ha area



Appendix G Insect species recorded in the Hoi Ha area Anolophora glabripennis, Asian Long-horned Beetle

Erthesina fullo, Tallow Stink Bug

Eucorynus sp.

Protaetia nitididorsis

Pachycondyla javana

Prenolepis emmae

Anoplophota chinensis Citrus long-horned beetle

Anisolemnia diloteta Ladybird Beetle

Eumenes pyriformis Common Potter wasp

Polistes olivaceus Common Paper wasp

Apis mellifera Honey Bee

Anthopophora Blue-banded Solitary Bee

Culex fatigans, Brown House Mosquito

Aedes albopictus, Asian Tiger Mosquito

Elimaea puncifera Long-horned Grasshopper

Dindymus rubiginosu Red bug

Tessaratoma papillos Lychee Stink Bug

Cryptympana Large brown Cicada

Pyrops candelaria, Lantern-fly/Litchi Lantern Bug

Hierodula patillifera Large Green Mantis

Periplaneta americana American Cockroach

Opisthoplatia orientalis Oriental Litter Cockroach

Neohirasen sp. Twig Insect

Coptotermes formosanus?

Cullicoides Biting Midge

Heteropoda venatoria Large House Spider

Nephila maculata Large Woodland Spider

Scolopendra multidens Urban Giant Centipede



Appendix H

Recommended zonings for Hoi Ha DPA based on ecological factors



Ecological Survey Appraisal Report for DPA Area Hoi Ha

Documents