EDITORS IAN MADDOCK ATLE HARBY PAUL KEMP PAUL WOOD AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Ecohydraulics
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EDITORSIAN MADDOCK ATLE HARBY PAUL KEMP PAUL WOOD
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Ecohydraulics
Ecohydraulics
By Ian Maddock:For Katherine, Ben, Joe and Alice.
By Atle Harby:Dedicated to Cathrine, Sigurd and Brage.
By Paul Kemp:Dedicated to Clare, Millie, Noah and Florence.
By Paul Wood:For Maureen, Connor and Ryan.
EcohydraulicsAn Integrated Approach
E D I T E D B Y
Ian MaddockInstitute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, UK
Atle HarbySINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway
Paul KempInternational Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, University of Southampton, UK
Paul WoodDepartment of Geography, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
This edition first published 2013 C© 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Maddock, Ian (Ian Philip)Ecohydraulics : an integrated approach / Ian Maddock, Atle Harby, Paul Kemp, Paul Wood.
pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-97600-5 (cloth)
1. Ecohydrology. 2. Aquatic ecology. 3. Wetland ecology. 4. Fish habitatimprovement. 5. Stream conservation. I. Harby, Atle, 1965– II. Kemp, Paul, 1972–III. Wood, Paul J. IV. Title.
QH541.15.E19M33 2013577.6–dc23
2013008534
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears inprint may not be available in electronic books.
Cover image: Images supplied by AuthorCover design by Dan Jubb
Set in 9.25/11.5pt Minion by Aptara R© Inc., New Delhi, India
1 2013
Contents
List of Contributors, xi
1 Ecohydraulics: An Introduction, 1Ian Maddock, Atle Harby, Paul Kemp and Paul Wood
1.1 Introduction, 11.2 The emergence of ecohydraulics, 21.3 Scope and organisation of this book, 4
References, 4
Part I Methods and Approaches
2 Incorporating Hydrodynamics into Ecohydraulics: The Role of Turbulence in theSwimming Performance and Habitat Selection of Stream-Dwelling Fish, 9Martin A. Wilkes, Ian Maddock, Fleur Visser and Michael C. Acreman
2.1 Introduction, 92.2 Turbulence: theory, structure and measurement, 112.3 The role of turbulence in the swimming performance and habitat selection
of river-dwelling fish, 202.4 Conclusions, 24
Acknowledgements, 25References, 25
3 Hydraulic Modelling Approaches for Ecohydraulic Studies: 3D, 2D, 1Dand Non-Numerical Models, 31Daniele Tonina and Klaus Jorde
3.1 Introduction, 313.2 Types of hydraulic modelling, 323.3 Elements of numerical hydrodynamic modelling, 333.4 3D modelling, 493.5 2D models, 553.6 1D models, 573.7 River floodplain interaction, 593.8 Non-numerical hydraulic modelling, 603.9 Case studies, 603.10 Conclusions, 64
Acknowledgements, 66References, 66
v
vi Contents
4 The Habitat Modelling System CASiMiR: A Multivariate Fuzzy Approachand its Applications, 75Markus Noack, Matthias Schneider and Silke Wieprecht
4.1 Introduction, 754.2 Theoretical basics of the habitat simulation tool CASiMiR, 764.3 Comparison of habitat modelling using the multivariate fuzzy approach
and univariate preference functions, 804.4 Simulation of spawning habitats considering morphodynamic processes, 824.5 Habitat modelling on meso- to basin-scale, 854.6 Discussion and conclusions, 87
References, 89
5 Data-Driven Fuzzy Habitat Models: Impact of Performance Criteria andOpportunities for Ecohydraulics, 93Ans Mouton, Bernard De Baets and Peter Goethals
5.1 Challenges for species distribution models, 935.2 Fuzzy modelling, 955.3 Case study, 100
References, 105
6 Applications of the MesoHABSIM Simulation Model, 109Piotr Parasiewicz, Joseph N. Rogers, Paolo Vezza, Javier Gortazar, Thomas Seager,Mark Pegg, Wiesław Wisniewolski and Claudio Comoglio
6.1 Introduction, 1096.2 Model summary, 109
Acknowledgements, 123References, 123
7 The Role of Geomorphology and Hydrology in Determining Spatial-Scale Unitsfor Ecohydraulics, 125Elisa Zavadil and Michael Stewardson
7.1 Introduction, 1257.2 Continuum and dis-continuum views of stream networks, 1267.3 Evolution of the geomorphic scale hierarchy, 1277.4 Defining scale units, 1317.5 Advancing the scale hierarchy: future research priorities, 139
References, 139
8 Developing Realistic Fish Passage Criteria: An Ecohydraulics Approach, 143Andrew S. Vowles, Lynda R. Eakins, Adam T. Piper, James R. Kerr and Paul Kemp
8.1 Introduction, 1438.2 Developing fish passage criteria, 1448.3 Conclusions, 1518.4 Future challenges, 152
References, 152
Part II Species–Habitat Interactions
9 Habitat Use and Selection by Brown Trout in Streams, 159Jan Heggenes and Jens Wollebæk
9.1 Introduction, 1599.2 Observation methods and bias, 160
Contents vii
9.3 Habitat, 1619.4 Abiotic and biotic factors, 1619.5 Key hydraulic factors, 1639.6 Habitat selection, 1639.7 Temporal variability: light and flows, 1669.8 Energetic and biomass models, 1689.9 The hyporheic zone, 1699.10 Spatial and temporal complexity of redd microhabitat, 1699.11 Summary and ways forward, 170
References, 170
10 Salmonid Habitats in Riverine Winter Conditions with Ice, 177Ari Huusko, Teppo Vehanen and Morten Stickler
10.1 Introduction, 17710.2 Ice processes in running waters, 17810.3 Salmonids in winter ice conditions, 18210.4 Summary and ways forward, 186
References, 188
11 Stream Habitat Associations of the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana boylii):The Importance of Habitat Heterogeneity, 193Sarah Yarnell
11.1 Introduction, 19311.2 Methods for quantifying stream habitat, 19411.3 Observed relationships between R. boylii and stream habitat, 19811.4 Discussion, 204
References, 209
12 Testing the Relationship Between Surface Flow Types and BenthicMacroinvertebrates, 213Graham Hill, Ian Maddock and Melanie Bickerton
12.1 Background, 21312.2 Ecohydraulic relationships between habitat and biota, 21312.3 Case study, 21612.4 Discussion, 22312.5 Wider implications, 22612.6 Conclusion, 227
References, 227
13 The Impact of Altered Flow Regime on Periphyton, 229Natasa Smolar-Zvanut and Aleksandra Krivograd Klemencic
13.1 Introduction, 22913.2 Modified flow regimes, 23013.3 The impact of altered flow regime on periphyton, 23113.4 Case studies from Slovenia, 23613.5 Conclusions, 240
References, 240
14 Ecohydraulics and Aquatic Macrophytes: Assessing the Relationshipin River Floodplains, 245Georg A. Janauer, Udo Schmidt-Mumm and Walter Reckendorfer
14.1 Introduction, 245
viii Contents
14.2 Macrophytes, 24614.3 Life forms of macrophytes in running waters, 24814.4 Application of ecohydraulics for management: a case study on the Danube
River and its floodplain, 24914.5 Conclusion, 255
Acknowledgements, 255Appendix 14.A: Abbreviations used in Figure 14.5, including full plantnames and authorities, 255References, 256
15 Multi-Scale Macrophyte Responses to Hydrodynamic Stress and Disturbances:Adaptive Strategies and Biodiversity Patterns, 261Sara Puijalon and Gudrun Bornette
15.1 Introduction, 26115.2 Individual and patch-scale response to hydrodynamic stress and
disturbances, 26215.3 Community responses to temporary peaks of flow and
current velocity, 26615.4 Macrophyte abundance, biodiversity and succession, 26815.5 Conclusion, 269
References, 270
Part III Management Application Case Studies
16 Application of Real-Time Management for EnvironmentalFlow Regimes, 277Thomas B. Hardy and Thomas A. Shaw
16.1 Introduction, 27716.2 Real-time management, 27816.3 The setting, 27816.4 The context and challenges with present water allocation strategies, 28116.5 The issues concerning the implementation of environmental
flow regimes, 28216.6 Underlying science for environmental flows in the Klamath River, 28316.7 The Water Resource Integrated Modelling System for The Klamath Basin
Restoration Agreement, 28516.8 The solution – real-time management, 28516.9 Example RTM implementation, 28716.10 RTM performance, 28716.11 Discussion, 29016.12 Conclusions, 290
Acknowledgements, 291References, 291
17 Hydraulic Modelling of Floodplain Vegetation in Korea: Development andApplications, 293Hyoseop Woo and Sung-Uk Choi
17.1 Introduction, 29317.2 Modelling of vegetated flows, 29417.3 Floodplain vegetation modelling: From white rivers to green rivers, 30017.4 Conclusions, 306
References, 306
Contents ix
18 A Historical Perspective on Downstream Passage at HydroelectricPlants in Swedish Rivers, 309Olle Calles, Peter Rivinoja and Larry Greenberg
18.1 Introduction, 30918.2 Historical review of downstream bypass problems in Sweden, 31018.3 Rehabilitating downstream passage in Swedish Rivers today, 31218.4 Concluding remarks, 319
References, 320
19 Rapid Flow Fluctuations and Impacts on Fish and the Aquatic Ecosystem, 323Atle Harby and Markus Noack
19.1 Introduction, 32319.2 Rapid flow fluctuations, 32519.3 Methods to study rapid flow fluctuations and their impact, 32519.4 Results, 32619.5 Mitigation, 32919.6 Discussion and future work, 331
Acknowledgements, 333References, 334
20 Ecohydraulic Design of Riffle-Pool Relief and Morphological Unit Geometry inSupport of Regulated Gravel-Bed River Rehabilitation, 337Gregory B. Pasternack and Rocko A. Brown
20.1 Introduction, 33720.2 Experimental design, 33820.3 Results, 34720.4 Discussion and conclusions, 351
Acknowledgements, 353References, 353
21 Ecohydraulics for River Management: Can Mesoscale Lotic MacroinvertebrateData Inform Macroscale Ecosystem Assessment?, 357Jessica M. Orlofske, Wendy A. Monk and Donald J. Baird
21.1 Introduction, 35721.2 Lotic macroinvertebrates in a management context, 35821.3 Patterns in lotic macroinvertebrate response to hydraulic variables, 35921.4 Linking ecohydraulics and lotic macroinvertebrate traits, 36521.5 Trait variation among lotic macroinvertebrates in LIFE flow groups, 36621.6 Upscaling from ecohydraulics to management, 37021.7 Conclusions, 371
References, 371
22 Estuarine Wetland Ecohydraulics and Migratory Shorebird HabitatRestoration, 375Jose F. Rodrıguez and Alice Howe
22.1 Introduction, 37522.2 Area E of Kooragang Island, 37722.3 Ecohydraulic and ecogeomorphic characterisation, 37822.4 Modifying vegetation distribution by hydraulic manipulation, 38222.5 Discussion, 38822.6 Conclusions and recommendations, 390
References, 392
x Contents
23 Ecohydraulics at the Landscape Scale: Applying the Conceptof Temporal Landscape Continuity in River RestorationUsing Cyclic Floodplain Rejuvenation, 395Gertjan W. Geerling, Harm Duel, Anthonie D. Buijse and Antonius J.M. Smits
23.1 Introduction, 39523.2 The inspiration: landscape dynamics of meandering rivers, 39723.3 The concept: temporal continuity and discontinuity of landscapes along
regulated rivers, 39923.4 Application: floodplain restoration in a heavily regulated river, 40123.5 The strategy in regulated rivers: cyclic floodplain rejuvenation (CFR), 40323.6 General conclusions, 405
References, 405
24 Embodying Interactions Between Riparian Vegetation and Fluvial HydraulicProcesses Within a Dynamic Floodplain Model: Concepts and Applications, 407Gregory Egger, Emilio Politti, Virginia Garofano-Gomez, Bernadette Blamauer, TeresaFerreira, Rui Rivaes, Rohan Benjankar and Helmut Habersack
24.1 Introduction, 40724.2 Physical habitat and its effects on floodplain vegetation, 40824.3 Succession phases and their environmental context, 41024.4 Response of floodplain vegetation to fluvial processes, 41424.5 Linking fluvial processes and vegetation: the disturbance regime approach
as the backbone for the dynamic model, 41524.6 Model applications, 41724.7 Conclusion, 423
Acknowledgements, 424References, 424
Part IV Conclusion
25 Research Needs, Challenges and the Future of Ecohydraulics Research, 431Ian Maddock, Atle Harby, Paul Kemp and Paul Wood
25.1 Introduction, 43125.2 Research needs and future challenges, 432
References, 435
Index, 437
List of Contributors
Michael C. AcremanCentre for Ecology and HydrologyMaclean BuildingBenson LaneWallingfordOxfordshireOX10 8BBUK
Donald J. BairdEnvironment CanadaCanadian Rivers InstituteDepartment of Biology10 Bailey DriveP.O. Box 4400University of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickE3B 5A3Canada
Rohan BenjankarCenter for Ecohydraulics ResearchUniversity of Idaho322 E. Front StreetBoiseID 83702USA
Melanie BickertonGeography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
Bernadette BlamauerChristian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Methods inRiver Monitoring, Modelling and EngineeringInstitute of Water Management, Hydrology andHydraulic EngineeringUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaMuthgasse 1071190 ViennaAustria
Gudrun BornetteUniversite Lyon 1UMR 5023 Ecologie des hydrosystemes naturels etanthropises (Universite Lyon 1; CNRS; ENTPE)43 boulevard du 11 novembre 191869622 Villeurbanne CedexFrance
Rocko A. BrownDepartment of Land, Air, and Water ResourcesUniversity of CaliforniaOne Shields AvenueDavisCA 95616USA
Anthonie D. BuijseDeltaresP.O. Box 1772600 MH DelftThe Netherlands
xi
xii List of Contributors
Olle CallesDepartment of BiologyKarlstad UniversityS-651 88 KarlstadSweden
Sung-Uk ChoiDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringYonsei University134 Shinchon-dongSeodaemun-guSeoulKorea
Claudio ComoglioTurin PolytechnicCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 24c/o DITAG10129 TorinoItaly
Bernard De BaetsDepartment of Mathematical ModellingStatistics and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000 GentBelgium
Harm DuelDeltaresP.O. Box 1772600 MH DelftThe Netherlands
Lynda R. EakinsInternational Centre for Ecohydraulics ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
Gregory EggerEnvironmental Consulting LtdBahnhofstrasse 399020 KlagenfurtAustria
Teresa FerreiraForest Research CentreInstituto Superior de AgronomiaTechnical University of LisbonTapada da Ajuda 1349-017LisbonPortugal
Virginia Garofano-GomezInstitut d’Investigacio per a la Gestio Integrada de ZonesCostaneres (IGIC)Universitat Politecnica de ValenciaC/ Paranimf, 146730 Grau de Gandia (Valencia)Spain
Gertjan W. GeerlingDeltaresP.O. Box 1772600 MH DelftThe Netherlands
Peter GoethalsAquatic Ecology Research UnitDepartment of Applied Ecology and EnvironmentalBiologyGhent UniversityJ. Plateaustraat 22B-9000 GentBelgium
Javier GortazarEcohidraulica S.L.Calle Rodrıguez San Pedro 134◦728015 MadridSpain
Larry GreenbergDepartment of BiologyKarlstad UniversityS-651 88 KarlstadSweden
Helmut HabersackChristian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Methods inRiver Monitoring, Modelling and EngineeringInstitute of Water Management, Hydrology andHydraulic EngineeringUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaMuthgasse 1071190 ViennaAustria
List of Contributors xiii
Atle HarbySINTEF Energy ResearchP.O. Box 4761 Sluppen7465 TrondheimNorway
Thomas B. HardyThe Meadows Center for Water and EnvironmentTexas State University601 University DriveSan MarcosTexas 78666USA
Jan HeggenesTelemark University CollegeDepartment of Environmental SciencesHallvard Eikas PlassN-3800 Bø i TelemarkNorway
Graham HillInstitute of Science and the EnvironmentUniversity of WorcesterHenwick GroveWorcesterWR2 6AJUK
Alice HoweSchool of EngineeringThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSW 2308Australia
Ari HuuskoFinnish Game and Fisheries Research InstituteManamansalontie 9088300 PaltamoFinland
Georg A. JanauerDepartment of LimnologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14A-1090 ViennaAustria
Klaus JordeKJ Consulting/SJE Schneider & Jorde EcologicalEngineeringGnesau 11A-9563 GnesauAustria
Paul KempInternational Centre for Ecohydraulics ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
James R. KerrInternational Centre for Ecohydraulics ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonHighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
Aleksandra Krivograd KlemencicUniversity of LjubljanaFaculty of Health SciencesDepartment of Sanitary EngineeringSI-1000 LjubljanaSlovenia
Ian MaddockInstitute of Science and the EnvironmentUniversity of WorcesterHenwick GroveWorcesterWR2 6AJUK
Wendy A. MonkEnvironment CanadaCanadian Rivers InstituteDepartment of Biology10 Bailey DriveP.O. Box 4400University of New BrunswickFrederictonNew BrunswickE3B 5A3Canada
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