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自習問題集 解答と解説
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問題 1 下線部(ア)(イ)を和訳しなさい。(15分) 1 5 10
In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle resigned
over a minor issue, and within a year he was dead. For much of the
older generation in France, and indeed throughout western Europe,
the student revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and
the end of an era. Social stability and material progress had
resulted in conflict and uncertainty. (ア)Under such conditions, all
schemes for western European equality with the external
superpowers---the United States and the Soviet Union---would have
an air of unreality. The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked
in 1968 but echoed well into the 1970s, was due to more than
overcrowded classrooms and outdated courses. (イ) It reflected a
rebirth of romantic revolutionary idealism, which repudiated the
quest for ever more consumer goods as stupid and destructive.
Student radicalism was also related to the Vietnam War, which led
many students in Europe and America to convince themselves that
Western civilization was immoral and imperialistic. Finally, the
students of the late 1960s were a completely new generation: they
had never known anything but prosperity and tranquility, and they
had grown bored with both.
In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle resigned
over a minor issue, and within a
year he was dead. For much of the older generation in France,
and indeed throughout western Europe, the student revolution of
1968 signaled the end of illusions and the end of an era. Social
stability and material progress had resulted in conflict and
uncertainty. (ア)Under such conditions, all schemes for western
European equality with the external superpowers---the United States
and the Soviet Union---would have an air of unreality. De Gaulle
Charles An·dré Jo·seph Ma·rie ド・ゴール(1890-1970):フランスの将軍・政治家;第五共
和政の初代大統領(1958-69). signal to be a sign that sth exists or is
likely to happen: scheme a plan or system for doing or organizing
sth: air [sing.] the particular feeling or impression that is given
by sb/sth; the way sb does
sth: The room had an air of luxury. * She looked at him with a
defiant air. * There was an air of complete confidence about
her.
ポイント ■仮定法過去の文章。Under such conditions の部分が条件を示している。
■過去の話ではあるが、語り手の現在の立場から推測して仮定をたてているので、仮
定法過去が使われている。もちろん仮定法過去完了で書いても同じような意味になる
が、ここは「文法がわかっている」ことを示すために、仮定法過去完了(失って見え
たことだろう)ではなく、仮定法過去(失って見えてしまうだろう)と訳したほうが
良いでしょう。 In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle
resigned over a minor issue,
and within a year he was dead. For much of the older generation
in France, and indeed throughout western Europe, the student
revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and the end of an
era. Social stability and material progress had resulted in
conflict and uncertainty. (ア)Under such conditions, all schemes for
western European equality with the external superpowers---the
United States and the Soviet Union---would have an air of
unreality.
試訳 1969
年、疲れ果てて意欲を失ったドゴール大統領は、ささいな問題をきっかけに辞任し、一年も経たずに死んだ。フランスの、というよりも西ヨーロッパ全体の旧い世
代の人間の大半には、1968 年の学生の革命は幻想の終わり、そして一時代の終わり
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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を知らせるものだった。社会の安定と物質面の進歩が結局生み出したものは、対立と
不穏でしかなかったのだ。このような状況においては、西ヨーロッパがその外にある
超大国(アメリカとソ連)と肩を並べようとする試みなど、すべて現実味を失って見
えることだろう。 The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked in 1968
but echoed well into the 1970s, was due
to more than overcrowded classrooms and outdated courses. (イ) It
reflected a rebirth of romantic revolutionary idealism, which
repudiated the quest for ever more consumer goods as stupid and
destructive. Student radicalism was also related to the Vietnam
War, which led many students in Europe and America to convince
themselves that Western civilization was immoral and imperialistic.
Finally, the students of the late 1960s were a completely new
generation: they had never known anything but prosperity and
tranquility, and they had grown bored with both. due to ~ to sth/sb
caused by sb/sth; because of sb/sth out-dated no longer useful
because of being old-fashioned: reflect to show or be a sign of the
nature of sth or of sb's attitude or feeling:
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
* His music reflects his interest in African culture.
romantic very imaginative and emotional; not looking at
situations in a realistic way: a romantic view of life * When I was
younger, I had romantic ideas of becoming a writer.
repudiate to refuse to accept sth 類義語 reject to repudiate a
proposal / suggestion * Socialism had been repudiated at the polls.
* The West has chosen to repudiate all responsibility for these
refugees.
destructive causing destruction or damage: the destructive power
of modern weapons * the destructive effects of anxiety * Opencast
coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive
activities carried out in Wales.
radical in favour of thorough and complete political or social
change: the radical wing of the party * radical politicians /
students / writers
ポイント ■ reflect をどう訳すか。「それは~を反映している」と直訳しても良いが、「そこには、~が現れている /
映し出されている」と訳したほうが判りやすい場合が多い。■romantic ○非現実的、夢想的な、現実離れした △ロマンチックな
×ロマン的な、ロマン主義的な :一般的な意味であることに注意 ■ which の先行詞を明らかにして訳すこと ■ repudiate
の目的語が quest である点を明確に。the quest for ever more
consumer goods が stupid and destructiveであるとして repudiateした。 as
stupid and destructive は the questにかかる。
The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked in 1968 but
echoed well into the 1970s, was due to more than overcrowded
classrooms and outdated courses. (イ) It reflected a rebirth of
romantic revolutionary idealism, which repudiated the quest for
ever more consumer goods as stupid and destructive. Student
radicalism was also related to the Vietnam War, which led many
students in Europe and America to convince themselves that Western
civilization was immoral and imperialistic. Finally, the students
of the late 1960s were a completely new generation: they had never
known anything but prosperity and tranquility, and they had grown
bored with both.
試訳 1960年代における学生の反抗は
1968年に頂点に達したが、1970年代半ばまでその余波は続いた。その原因は単に学生数が施設に対して多すぎることや、古臭い科目課
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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程に対する反発だけではない。そこには、より多くの消費物を求めようとすることは
愚かで有害だとして拒絶するような、夢想的な革命的理想主義の再来を見て取ること
ができる。また学生の過激な思想はヴェトナム戦争にも関係している。ヨーロッパや
アメリカの大勢の学生達は、ヴェトナム戦争を見て、西洋文明が不道徳で帝国主義的
であることを確信したのだ。結局、1960
年代後半の学生たちはまったく新しい世代の人間であったと言うこともできる。つまり、彼らは繁栄と平穏しか知らず、しかも
その両方に飽きてしまっていたのだ。
問題 2 下線部を和訳せよ。(15分) 1 5 10 15
Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their
research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data
compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the
information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus
may develop if there are faults in the research design. For
example, the study must show validity--that is, the study must
actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one
event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other
explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you
conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that
it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer
pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use.
The study must also demonstrate reliability--that is, the
findings of the study must be repeatable. To demonstrate
reliability we must show that research can be replicated--repeated
for the purpose of determining whether initial results can be
duplicated. Suppose you conclude from a study that whites living in
racially integrated housing projects, who have contact with African
Americans in the same projects, have more favorable attitudes
toward blacks than do whites living in racially segregated housing
projects. If you or other researchers carry out the same study in
housing projects in various cities throughout the country and get
the same results, the study is reliable.
Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their
research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data
compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the
information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus
may develop if there are faults in the research design. For
example, the study must show validity--that is, the study must
actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one
event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other
explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you
conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that
it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer
pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use. compile to
produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different
items, articles,
songs, etc validity the state of being logical and true:
We had doubts about the validity of their argument. rule out to
state that sth is not possible or that sb/sth is not suitable
同意語 exclude Police have not ruled out the possibility that the
man was murdered.
Suppose … suppose/supposing (that) used when talking about a
possible condition or situation, and then imagining the
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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result / たとえば、~だとしてみよう (仮定の条件をしめす) Look, suppose you lost your
job tomorrow, what would you do? Supposing it really is a fire!
peer pressure 仲間(周囲)からの圧力 Peer pressure is strong among young
people (= they want to be like other people of the same age).
Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their
research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data
compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the
information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus
may develop if there are faults in the research design. For
example, the study must show validity--that is, the study must
actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one
event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other
explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you
conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that
it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer
pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use.
試訳
通常、科学者は、調査から結論を引きだす際に慎重を期す。調査の過程で積み重ねられたデータから結論を引き出すのは、ひとつには集めた情報が他の同様の状況に
も適用できると考えられるからである。したがって、もしその調査方法に欠陥がある
と、色々な問題が生じる可能性がある。まず、その研究は有効なものでなければなら
ない。つまり、検証しようと意図したことを実際に検証するものでなければならない。
もしある事柄の原因が何々である、とするならば、その他の説明を排除できなければ
その調査が有効なものであったと示すことはできない。例えばマリファナの吸引がヘ
ロインの使用につながるという結論を出すとしよう。その場合、ヘロインの使用を誘
発するものがマリファナであって、他の要因、例えば仲間意識であるとか心理的な問
題ではない、ということが示せなくてはならない。 The study must also demonstrate
reliability--that is, the findings of the study must be
repeatable. To demonstrate reliability we must show that
research can be replicated--repeated for the purpose of determining
whether initial results can be duplicated. Suppose you conclude
from a study that whites living in racially integrated housing
projects, who have contact with African Americans in the same
projects, have more favorable attitudes toward blacks than do
whites living in racially segregated housing projects. If you or
other researchers carry out the same study in housing projects in
various cities throughout the country and get the same results, the
study is reliable.
findings information that is discovered as the result of
research into sth 知見、所見、成果 replicate to produce exact copies of
itself: duplicate to make an exact copy of sth housing projects
a group of houses or flats/apartments built for poor families,
usually with government money 公営住宅団地
integrate to combine two or more things so that they work
together; to combine with sth else in this way:
ポイント ■ 下線部全体が、Suppose
につながって、「たとえば~~だとしてみよう/仮定してみよう」という仮定を示している。例示の方法のひとつ。それを前提として、次の
文で、「その場合もし~ならば」と仮定を重ねている。 ■ that 以下下線部の最後までが名詞節として conclude
する内容を示している。 ■ housing projects は知らなければ難しいが、integrated と
segregatedの対立は抑えておきたい。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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■ l.13 の that 以下では、whites が主語格それを living …projects と who
…projects が修飾、whites (S)+ have[l.14末尾の](V)+ more favorable
attitudes (O)という構文。 ■ more favorable attitudes….than do whites…
という比較級, do = have で、living in racially segregated housing projects
のwhites よりも好意的な態度を持つ、という意味。
The study must also demonstrate reliability--that is, the
findings of the
study must be repeatable. To demonstrate reliability we must
show that research can be replicated--repeated for the purpose of
determining whether initial results can be duplicated. Suppose you
conclude from a study that whites living in racially integrated
housing projects, who have contact with African Americans in the
same projects, have more favorable attitudes toward blacks than do
whites living in racially segregated housing projects. If you or
other researchers carry out the same study in housing projects in
various cities throughout the country and get the same results, the
study is reliable.
試訳
また研究においては信頼性も示されなければならない。つまり研究の結果は何度も繰り返して示すことができることが必要だ。信頼性を示すためにはそっくり同じ調査を
繰り返すことができなければならない。つまり繰り返しても同じ結果がまず現れるか
どうか確かめるためである。たとえばある研究によって、人種を混在させているよう
な公営住宅団地に住み、同じ地区のアフリカ系アメリカ人と接触がある白人は、人種
別に作られた住宅地に住む白人よりも黒人に対して好意的な態度を示す、という結論
が得られたとしよう。その場合、本人でも別の研究者でもいいが、もしこの同じ研究
を全国の様々な都市で行って同じ結果が得られれば、それは信頼できる研究だ、とい
うことになる。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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問題 3
次の文中の下線部を和訳しなさい。(10分) 1 5
There is nothing which appears in a mirror, however, with which
we can even begin to compare these discoveries. With one exception
the mirror shows what we could just as easily see by looking around
us. Without the aid of a mirror, however, we would be completely
ignorant about the appearance of our own face. But in contrast to
the microscope and the telescope which introduced human beings to a
previously unknown class of objects, it did not require the
invention of the mirror to familiarize us with the existence of the
human face.
There is nothing which appears in a mirror, however, with which
we can even begin to compare
these discoveries. With one exception the mirror shows what we
could just as easily see by looking around us. Without the aid of a
mirror, however, we would be completely ignorant about the
appearance of our own face. ignorant lacking knowledge or
information about sth; not educated ポイント ■(l.1) which appears in a
mirror と with which we…discoveriesの二つの
which節はともにnothing にかかる。 ■can even begin to
compareは、「比較をともかくはじめてみることだけでも可能な」 ■these discoveries
は前の部分がないので何を指しているのかわかりづらいが、最後まで読むと、microscopeや
telescopeによって「発見されたもの」=「はじめて見えるようになったもの」という意味であることがわかる。
試訳
しかし、鏡に映るものでこれらの発見にたとえわずかでも比較できそうなものはない。ひとつの例外を除けば、鏡に映るものはみな周りを見れば簡単にみつ
かるようなものばかりだ。ただし、私たち自身の顔だけは、鏡の助けを借りな
ければそれがどんな風に見えるのか、まったくわからない。 But in contrast to the microscope
and the telescope which introduced human beings to a previously
unknown class of objects, it did not require the invention of the
mirror to familiarize us with the existence of the human face.
introduce to make sb learn about sth or do sth for the first
time:
The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the
course. class a group of people, animals or things that have
similar characteristics or
qualities 類、分類、レベル familiarize to learn about sth or teach sb
about sth, so that you/they start to understand
it: But in contrast to the microscope and the telescope which
introduced human
beings to a previously unknown class of objects, it did not
require the invention of the mirror to familiarize us with the
existence of the human face.
ポイント ■ in contrast to がわかっているか。(l.5)whichの先行詞は the microscope
and the telescope ■previously unknown class of objects
つまり顕微鏡によってそれまで(小さすぎて)知られていないような種類の物体がわかるようになり、また望遠鏡に
よっても(遠すぎて)知られていなかった類(class)の物体の存在がわかるようになった、ということ。 ■ it (l.6)は
to 以下を意味する。to 以下するために、the invention of the mirrorを必要そしたわけではない。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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■この下線部ではmicroscope, telescopeとmirrorが対比されている。
その対比関係がよくわかる訳文になっているか。
■ introduce と familiarize がここではほぼ同義であることに気づいているか。
試訳
〔直訳〕しかし、以前は知られていなかった種類の物体の存在を人間に知らせてくれた顕微鏡や望遠鏡とは対照的に、人間の顔の存在を知らしめるために鏡
の発明が必要とされたのではない。 〔別訳〕 とは言っても、顕微鏡や望遠鏡によって人類がそれまでは知らなかったような
レベルの物体の存在を知ったのに対して、人間の顔の存在を知るのには別に鏡
の発明を待つ必要はなかった。
問題 4
次の文は第一次大戦後のヨーロッパについて述べたものです。文中の下線部(ア),(イ)を和訳しなさい。 (15分) 1 5
10
Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive
in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during
the late nineteenth century. (ア)But the loss of faith in human
reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in
the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century. A number
of thinkers and theologians began to revitalize the fundamentals of
Christianity, especially after World War One. They had a powerful
impact on society. Sometimes described as Christian existentialists
because they shared the loneliness and despair of atheistic
existentialists, they revived the tradition of Saint Augustine.
They stressed human beings' sinful nature, the need for faith, and
the mystery of God's forgiveness.
This development was a break with the late nineteenth century.
(イ)In the years before 1914, some theologians, especially
Protestant theologians, had felt the need to interpret Christian
doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict
science, evolution, and common sense. Christ was therefore seen
primarily as the greatest moral teacher, and the "supernatural"
aspects of his divinity were strenuously played down.
Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive
in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during
the late nineteenth century. (ア)But the loss of faith in human
reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in
the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century. the
Enlightenment
a period in the eighteenth century when many writers and
scientists believed that science and knowledge, not religion, could
improve people's 啓蒙時代
on the defensive trying to protect yourself because someone is
criticizing you 守勢に回る、自己弁護に追われる
lead to to cause something to happen or cause someone to do
something the events that led to the start of the First World
War
Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive
in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during
the late nineteenth century. (ア)But the loss of faith in human
reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in
the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century.
ポイント ■下線部 the loss of faith ……progress が主部 ■ faith in human
reason
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自習問題集 解答と解説
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(faith) in continual progress ■ lead to の訳。「つながる」「結びつく」 ■ loss
of faith や renewed interest と言った名詞句を訳では動詞的に訳すのもひとつの方法
■chronological (時間順、年代的な)記述。前の文からの流れから考えて、下線部最後の in the twentieth
century は文章全体にかかる。
試訳 啓蒙期以降、キリスト教だけでなく宗教一般が、知識人の間では不評でとかく守勢に回っていたが、19
世紀後半になると特にその傾向は顕著なものとなった。しかし、20
世紀になって人間の理性と絶えることのない進歩に対する信頼が失われると、キリスト教的世界観に対して新たな関心が呼び起こされたのである。
A number of thinkers and theologians began to revitalize the
fundamentals of Christianity, especially after World War One. They
had a powerful impact on society. Sometimes described as Christian
existentialists because they shared the loneliness and despair of
atheistic existentialists, they revived the tradition of Saint
Augustine. They stressed human beings' sinful nature, the need for
faith, and the mystery of God's forgiveness. theologian
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自習問題集 解答と解説
9
opposite of the other one divinity the state of being a god, or
the quality of being like a god:
・After 1946, the Emperor no longer claimed divinity. strenuous
active and determined:
・Fernandez was approved as director over the strenuous
objections of the faculty.
play sth down to try to make something seem less important than
it really is: ・The White House is trying to play down the latest
scandal.
This development was a break with the late nineteenth century.
(イ)In the years before 1914, some theologians, especially
Protestant theologians, had felt the need to interpret Christian
doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict
science, evolution, and common sense. Christ was therefore seen
primarily as the greatest moral teacher, and the "supernatural"
aspects of his divinity were strenuously played down.
ポイント ■(l.10) This…century.
直訳すれば、「このような展開は、19世紀後半とはまったく断絶したものだった」 ■下線部 In the years before
1914 なので had felt と過去完了(大過去)が用いられている。ll.5-6 に after World War One
と示されているので、この文章の時点は、(第一次世界大戦の終わった)1918年以降に置かれている。 ■ so that ……
なので「~となるように」(この場合は that 以下にnotがあるので、「~しないように」 ■ were strenuously
played down = はっきりと軽視されていた→「ほぼ無視されていた」
試訳 このような展開によって 19
世紀後半とはまったく異なる事態が生まれた。1914年以前は、神学者、特にプロテスタントの神学者たちはキリスト教の教理や聖書を
科学や進化論や常識と矛盾していると思われないように解釈する必要を感じてい
た。そのためにキリストはもっぱら偉大な道徳の師とみなされ、彼の神性にもとづ
く「超自然的」な面はほとんど無視されていたのである。
問題 5
1) 次の文中の下線部(ア)を和訳しなさい。 2)
下線部(イ)はどのような状況を意味するのか、文脈に沿ってわかりやすく説明しなさい。 両方で(10分) 1 5
Great social transformations mark both an end and a beginning.
In the structural changes of the past twenty years, Americans have
struggled to define which elements of their lives have been
destroyed forever and which are in the process of being created.
(ア)Swiftly fading from mind are the industrial prosperity that was
guaranteed by U.S. dominance in the world economy and a shared
middle-class way of life that was accessible by work and skill. In
their place rise alternate images of great wealth, insecurity, and
(イ)fragmentation.
Great social transformations mark both an end and a beginning.
In the structural changes of the past twenty years, Americans have
struggled to define which elements of their lives have been
destroyed forever and which are in the process of being
created.
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自習問題集 解答と解説
10
mark SHOW A CHANGE◀ [transitive] to be a sign of an important
change or an important stage in the development of something Her
latest novel marks a turning point in her development as a writer.
/ The move seemed to mark a major change in government policy. /
These elections mark the end of an era.
ポイント ■最初の文
(直訳)「大きな社会の変動は、ひとつの終わりとひとつの始まりを示す」→「大規模な社会変動は、あることを終わらせ、あることを始めさせる」
■have struggled 現在完了(継続)であることに注意 ■define の目的格として which…forever /
which … created という二つのwhich 節がしたがっていることに注意。 ■あとのほうのwhich (l.3)の後ろには
elements of their lives が省略されている。
試訳 大規模な社会変動は、ある事態に幕を引き、別の状況を生み出す。過去の
20年間の構造変化のなかで、アメリカ人は自分たちの生活のうちどのような要素が永遠
に失われ、一方どのような局面が生じつつあるのか、見定めようと努力してきた。
(ア)Swiftly fading from mind are the industrial prosperity that
was guaranteed by U.S. dominance in the world economy and a shared
middle-class way of life that was accessible by work and skill.
fade to gradually disappear:
・Hopes of an early end to the strike are beginning to fade.
・Over the years her beauty had faded a little.
swiftly
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自習問題集 解答と解説
11
試訳
そして、それに代わって現れているのは、莫大な富の一方で社会不安が広がり、そして皆孤立化してばらばらになっているというイメージである。
(イ)ポイント
■fragmentation「 細分化、断片化」という意味だが、 ・何がどのような細分化しているのか、明確にする。
・前文と対比的に書かれている点に注意。前文の内容を利用して書く。
(イ) 解答例
経済繁栄による安定した中流の生活、というイメージを共有できなくなり、経済面でも生活様式の面でも社会階層の細分化、個別化が目立つような状況
問題 6
次の文章を読み、下の設問に答えなさい。(15分) 1 5 10 15
If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as
philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems
very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic
space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious
that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs.
Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But slice into the brain,
and thoughts and emotions don’t spill out onto the operating table.
Love and anger can’t be collected in a test tube to be weighed and
measured. René Descartes, the great 17th century French
mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide
in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body
dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same
inner space, have come to the opposite conclusion. They teach that
the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. In the past,
doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss (A)that view as a
nonsense, but (B)the more they learn about the inner workings of
the mind, the more they realize that in this regard at least, the
mystics are right and Descartes was dead wrong. 設問1
(A)はどのようなことを表すか、日本語で答えなさい。 設問 2 下線部(B)を和訳しなさい。
If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as
philosophers have done for centuries, the
world of the mind seems very different from the one inhabited by
our bodies. The psychic space inside our heads is infinite and
ethereal; it seems obvious that it must be made of different stuff
than all the other organs. Cut into the body, and blood pours
forth. But slice into the brain, and thoughts and emotions don’t
spill out onto the operating table. Love and anger can’t be
collected in a test tube to be weighed and measured. mind 1.the
part of a person that makes them able to be aware of things, to
think and
to feel: 2. your ability to think and reason; your intelligence;
the particular way that sb thinks intellect の同意語:
■この2の意味で用いられた場合は「感情」の生まれる場所(日本語で言う「心」)
というよりは、「知的機能/知性」(日本語で言う「頭」に近い)を指す。 to have a brilliant / good /
keen mind
参考 heart the part of the body where the feelings and emotions
are thought to be, especially those connected with love: She has a
kind heart. * Have you no heart? *
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自習問題集 解答と解説
12
■mind に比べ、「感情」との結びつきが強い inhabit to live in a particular place
psychic (formal) connected with the mind rather than the body
ethereal extremely delicate and light; seeming to belong to
another, more spiritual,
world: stuff used to refer to a substance, material, group of
objects, etc. ポイント ■この文章はいわゆる「心身(精神と肉体)問題」を扱っている。mind と body が
対比されていることをこの部分からまずつかみたい。 ■そのうえで、ここでは精神の非実体的(非物質的)性質が強調されている。
■(l. 4) different … than ,この than は from と同じ ■(l.4-5) Cut into the
body / But slice … ともに、「~してごらん」という命令
形と考えても良いし、先頭に If you を補って考えても良い。
If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as
philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems
very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic
space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious
that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs.
Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But slice into the brain,
and thoughts and emotions don’t spill out onto the operating table.
Love and anger can’t be collected in a test tube to be weighed and
measured.
試訳
何世紀にもわたって哲学者たちがしてきたように、目を閉じてしばらく考えてみると、精神の世界は肉体の中の世界とはまったく異なっているように思われてく
る。頭の中の精神的空間は無限で実体がない。それが他の身体器官とは別の物質で
できているのは明白な気がする。たとえば肉体にナイフを入れれば、そこから血が
あふれてくるだろう。しかし、脳を輪切りにしても、思考や感情が手術台の上にあ
ふれてくる訳ではない。愛情とか怒りを試験管に集めてその重さや大きさを測った
りすることはできないのである。 René Descartes, the great 17th century French
mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide
in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body
dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same
inner space, have come to the opposite conclusion. They teach that
the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. René
Descartes デカルト(1596-1650):フランスの哲学者・数学者・物理学者.
enshrine to make a law, right, etc. respected or official,
especially by stating it in an
important written document: These rights are enshrined in the
country's constitution. / November 9, 1989 is already enshrined as
a key date in 20th century European history. Ÿ形式張った語
…を(公式文書などに)正式に記す, 一般に記憶されている
meta- higher; beyond: metaphysics * metalanguage
いわゆる「メタレベル」の「メタ」。たとえばmetalanguageとは、言語について語るときの言葉(文法用語なども含まれる)
divide a difference between two groups of people that separates
them from each other:the North / South divide * the divide between
Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland
dualism (philosophy) the theory that there are two opposite
principles in everything, for example good and evil 二元論
mind-body 心身二元論
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13
dualism デカルトによれば,人間の身体もまた,心臓を一種の熱機関とするきわめて精巧な自動機
械にすぎない(人間機械論)。しかし人間は動物と違って精神をもち,しかも本来は実在的に
区別されるべき精神と物体がここでは固く結びついて一体をなしている。その意味で人間
は,単なる精神でも物体でもない第三の独特な世界を形づくっている。そこでは心身が互い
に働きかけ,互いに動かされ,たえず能動と受動の関係にある。身体の働きかけを受ける
精神の受動passion が情念 passion であり,情念のメカニズムは体内の動物精気の動きに
よって生理学的に説明される。一方,精神の能動は意志の働きである。そして自己の身体を
も含め,すべてが機械的必然に支配されるこの世界の中で,自由な意志を行使して情念や
欲望を統御しうる自己に対する尊敬すなわち〈高邁〉の心こそ,あらゆる徳の〈鍵〉なのであ
る。
平凡社大百科事典より
mystical having spiritual powers or qualities that are difficult
to understand or to explain: mystical forces / powers *
tradition a belief, custom or way of doing sth that has existed
for a long time among a particular group of people; a set of these
beliefs or customs:
contemplate to think deeply about sth for a long time:
indivisible that cannot be divided into separate parts: continuum a
series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the
ones next to it
but the last is very different from the first 連続体
(すこしづつ変化しながらもはっきりとした切れ目がなく続いているも
の。虹などのスペクトラムもそのひとつ) It is impossible to say at what point along
the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language.
ポイント ■divide (l.9) は名詞 ■ in (what came to be known in Western
philosophy as) mind-body dualism と、括弧に入れて考える。「this metaphysical
divide をmind-body dualism として(中に= in )はっきりと書きとめた(enshrined)。」 ■what
came to be known [in Western philosophy] as 「西洋哲学において(mind-body
dualism)として知られるようになったもの」 ■ René Descartes, the great 17th century
French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical
divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body
dualism. 直訳:「17世紀フランスの偉大な数学者であり物理学者であったルネ・デカルトは、この形而上的な分裂を、西洋哲学
において(後に)心身二元論として知られるようになったものとしてはっきり描き
出した」 ■contemplating the same inner space 分詞構文 ■divide のないのが
continuumです。 ■このパラグラフでは西洋の心身二元論と対比する形で東洋の一元論が紹介され
ている。
René Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and
philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be
known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. Many Eastern
mystical traditions, contemplating the same inner space, have come
to the opposite conclusion. They teach that the mind and body
belong to an indivisible continuum.
試訳 17
世紀フランスの偉大な数学者であり物理学者であったルネ・デカルトはこの形而上的な分裂を明確に指摘し、それが西洋哲学において心身二元論として知られ
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自習問題集 解答と解説
14
るようになった。それに対して東洋の超越主義的な伝統の中では、同じ人間の内部
の空間について考察した結果、まったく反対の結論に至った例が多い。それらの考
えによれば、精神と肉体はひとつの連続体となっており、それぞれ分離することは
不可能だというのである。 In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to
dismiss (A)that view as a nonsense, but (B)the more they learn
about the inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in
this regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead
wrong. dismiss to decide that sb/sth is not important and not worth
thinking or talking about nonsense ideas, statements or beliefs
that you think are ridiculous or not true mystic a person who tries
to become united with God through prayer and
MEDITATION and so understand important things that are beyond
normal human understanding
※ここでは「超越的」としたが(やや苦しい)、つまり人間の理性による合理主義
や論理性を重視せず、「超理性的な」「直感・直覚的な」判断(「悟り」などのよう
な理解の仕方)を重視するというような意味。 dead completely; exactly:
You're dead right! 君はまったく正しい! ポイント ■dismiss … as ---
=「…を---だとして退ける」
■that view は東洋の ■the more…the more…の構文がわかっているかどうか。 ■in this
regard が心身問題(一元論か二元論かという問題)を指すことが理解できているか(訳文で内容を書く必要はないが) ■dead
がwrongを修飾する副詞だとわかったかどうか。
In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss
(A)that view as a nonsense, but (B)the more they learn about the
inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in this
regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead
wrong.
試訳
これまで医師や科学者達はそのような考え方を馬鹿げたものだと退けるのが普通だった。しかし、彼らが人間の頭の中の働きについて知れば知るほど、少なくとも
この点においては、超越主義者たちが正しくてデカルトがまったく間違っているこ
とがより明らかになってくるのである。 (A)ポイント ■that view
とは東洋のmysticsたちの心身一元論を指す。したがって、それを説
明する(ll.9-10)that the mind and body belong to an indivisible
continuum.の部分を訳して示せば良い。
(A)解答例 A) 精神と肉体はひとつながりになっており、切り分けることができないという考え方。
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15
問題 7 下線部(ア)、(ウ)を和訳し、また下線部(イ)の内容を説明しなさい。(30分) 1 5 10 15 20 25
(ア)Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there
have been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a
separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control to
manipulate to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth with
tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the
twentieth century that we sometimes think of ourselves as living in
a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by
automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more
technological than any of our ancestors. In all times and all
places human beings have attempted in some fashion to use tools to
control the natural environment in which they were living and this
is as true of the human beings who first learned how to rub two
stones together to make a spark as it is of those who subsequently
created the atomic bomb. We like to think that in times past people
lived more "natural" lives than we do today, but in point of fact,
log cabins, tepees, and grass huts are as "artificial" as hydraulic
cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics, and computers. They are all
equally products of human hands, of human artifice of making
things, of homo faber. (イ)That is why we should be suspicious
whenever we see the labels "handmade" or "natural" on a product, no
matter what that product may happen to be, no matter how
"old-fashioned" it may happen to look or feel or taste. All
products are both handmade and natural because all human beings are
naturally equipped to make things with their hands. Is a piece of
cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a wooden loom
rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked in a
wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread baked in a metal oven
fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter something
that is more handmade than something else why do we assume
instantly that the former is better than the latter? (ウ) Studying
the history of technology may help us to understand why so many
people seem to believe that being handmade and natural somehow
means simultaneously both "better" and "traditional."
Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there have
been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a
separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control,
to manipulate, to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth
with tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the
twentieth century that we sometimes think of ourselves as living in
a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by
automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more
technological than any of our ancestors. a fact of life a situation
that cannot be changed, especially one that is unpleasant:
人間が生きていくうえで避けられない(厳然たる、否定しがたい)事実 It's a fact of life that some
people will always be racist.
subdue to bring sb/sth under control, especially by using force
同意語 defeat
ポイント ■ technology が a fact of human life
であった、ということは、「technologyが human
lifeの中の否定できない事実であった」→「まぎれもない事実としてそこにあった」→「そこにあったのは決して否定できない」 ■as
long as は「~である限りは」ということだが、ここでは「human lifeと同じ長さ=始まってこのかたずっと」 ■(l.4)
Technological change has …以下の文、so (rapidly)…… that というso…that
構文がつかめていたか。
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16
■(l.5) think of … as --- = 「…を---と考える、みなす」という構文がつかめたか。 ■think of
ourselves as living……plastics and (as) more technological than any
of our ancestors 赤字の部分は並列
Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there have
been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a
separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control,
to manipulate, to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth
with tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the
twentieth century that we sometimes think of ourselves as living in
a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by
automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more
technological than any of our ancestors.
試訳
人間の生活が始まってこのかたずっと、科学技術は常にその一部としてあった。人類は、独立した種として地球に登場して以来、道具を用いることでこの地球
を制御し、操作し、利用し、そして時には支配しようとすらしてきた。二十世
紀においてあまりに急激な科学技術の変化が見られたために、私たちは車や高
速道路や高層ビルやプラスチック製品に囲まれた極めて科学技術の進んだ世界
に自分たちが生きており、過去のどの時代の人々よりも科学技術の点で優れて
いると思いがちだ。 In all times and all places human beings have
attempted in some fashion to use tools to control the natural
environment in which they were living and this is as true of the
human beings who first learned how to rub two stones together to
make a spark as it is of those who subsequently created the atomic
bomb. We like to think that in times past people lived more
"natural" lives than we do today, but in point of fact, log cabins,
tepees, and grass huts are as "artificial" as hydraulic cement,
atomic bombs, antibiotics, and computers. They are all equally
products of human hands, of human artifice of making things, of
homo faber. in some fashion = in some way 何らかの方法で、形で subsequently
afterwards; later; after sth else has happened:
The original interview notes were subsequently lost. in point of
fact used to say what is true in a situation: 実は
In point of fact, she is their adopted daughter. tepee a type of
tall tent shaped like a CONE, used by Native Americans in the
past hydraulic moved through pipes, etc. under pressure:
hydraulic fluid 水力の、水圧の、hydraulic cement 水硬性セメント antibiotic 抗生物質
artifice 工夫、考案 ポイント ■(l.9) and this is ……bomb までの部分について、
this is as true of [ the human beings who…] as it is[true] of [
those who… ] の対応関係が理解できたか。 ■(l.13) They = log cabins, tepees, grass
huts から hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics and computer
まですべて ■homo faber ラテン語で「作るヒト」(人間のことをhomo
sapiens「考えるヒト」と言うのと同じ言い回し。「作る」ことが人間を他の動物を分ける大きな
特徴だとしたもの。) In all times and all places human beings have
attempted in some fashion to
use tools to control the natural environment in which they were
living and
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17
this is as true of the human beings who first learned how to rub
two stones together to make a spark as it is of those who
subsequently created the atomic bomb. We like to think that in
times past people lived more "natural" lives than we do today, but
in point of fact, log cabins, tepees, and grass huts are as
"artificial" as hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics, and
computers. They are all equally products of human hands, of human
artificeof making things, of homo faber.
試訳
時代と場所を問わず、人間はこれまで道具を用い、なんらかの方法で自分の住んでいる自然環境を統御しようとしてきた。その点では、二つの石をこすりつ
けて火花がでることを最初に知った人間たちも、後に原子爆弾を作り出した人
間たちも同じなのである。私達は昔の人々が現在よりももっと「自然」な生活
をしていたと思いたがるが、実際には、丸太小屋やインディアンテントや草で
作った小屋も、水硬性セメントや原子爆弾や抗生物質やコンピュータと同じく
「人工的」なものだ。それらは皆、人間の手によって、モノを作る人間の技術に
よって、「作るヒト」によって生み出された製品なのである。 That is why we should be suspicious
whenever we see the labels "handmade" or "natural" on a
product, no matter what that product may happen to be, no matter
how "old-fashioned" it may happen to look or feel or taste. All
products are both handmade and natural because all human beings are
naturally equipped to make things with their hands. equip to
provide yourself/sb/sth with the things that are needed for a
particular
purpose or activity ポイント ■最初の文 That is why we should be
suspicious 「それが私たちが疑ってか
かるべき理由である」という部分に whenever…..product (~するときはいつでも=~する場合には必ず) no
matter what ……to be (何が~であろうが) no matter how ….. taste (いかに~であろうが)
という三つの譲歩節が続いている。
(イ)のポイント That
は直前の文(前のパラグラフの最後の文)の内容を示すが、ただその文を訳すだけでなく、They(l.13)の内容など具体的に示したほうがわかりやすい。
(イ)の解答例
※昔の人が作った丸太小屋のようなものも、それが人間によって作られたものであるという点では原子爆弾などと同じく「人工的な」ものだということ。
That is why we should be suspicious whenever we see the labels
"handmade" or "natural" on a product, no matter what that product
may happen to be, no matter how "old-fashioned" it may happen to
look or feel or taste. All products are both handmade and natural
because all human beings are naturally equipped to make things with
their hands.
試訳
だからこそ、私達は「手作り」とか「自然の」というラベルが製品に貼られているのを見たときには、その製品がどんなものであろうが、いかにその製品の
見かけや手触りや味が「昔風」であったとしても、必ず疑ってかかるべきであ
る。あらゆる製品は手作りで自然である。なぜなら人間は自然に備わった能力
を使って手でものを作るのだから。
Is a piece of cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a
wooden loom rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked
in a wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread baked in a metal
oven fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter
something that is more handmade than something else why do we
assume instantly that the former is better than the latter? loom
loom 機織機械、
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18
ポイント ■ ここの3つの疑問文はすべて反語疑問文。「だろうか?」と訳せばよいのだが、否定的な意味合いが込められている点に注意。
■最初の文、a piece of cloth についてwoven on a wooden loom の方が(woven on ) a
metal one[=loom] よりもよりhandmade なのだろうか、という比較。because の後の it= a piece
of cloth ■(l.21)の “natural”
は、「(煉瓦の釜で薪を燃やして焼いたパンのほうが)たとえ「天然=natural」ガスであっても、金属製の釜で焼いたパンよりもより自然=naturalだというのだろうか?」というくらいの意味。複雑だが、natural
という語が gasにも使われることを利用して、反語をもう一度ひねっている。 ■(l.21)And
when…の文は、(l.22)のwhyの前にカンマを入れて考えるとわかりやすい。 ■(l.23) instantly =ただちに、即→
反射的に、何も考えずに ■ the former= something more handmade
the latter = something else
Is a piece of cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a
wooden loom rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked
in a wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread baked in a metal
oven fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter
something that is more handmade than something else why do we
assume instantly that the former is better than the latter?
試訳
金属製の織機ではなく木製の手作りで織られたからできた布が手作りの度合いが高いのだろうか。薪をもやして煉瓦の釜で焼いたパンは「天然」ガスを使っ
て金属の釜で焼いたパンより自然なのだろうか?そして私達はどうして手作り
度の高いものに出会うと、何も考えずに、それが他の手作りの程度が低いもの
よりも良い、などと考えてしまうのだろうか。 Studying the history of technology may
help us to understand why so many people seem to believe that being
handmade and natural somehow means simultaneously both "better" and
"traditional." simultaneous happening or done at the same time as
sth else: 即座に、同時に ポイント ■主部はStudying the history of technology
で無生物主語、動詞は help us
to understand
になる。直訳すると「科学技術史を学ぶことは…私たちが理解するのを助ける」となるが、主部が動名詞で行為を示す場合は、「科学技術史を
学ぶと、……が理解できるようになるだろう」などと訳すとわかりやすい。 ■believe that 以下の節の主部は being
handmade and natural、動詞はmeans
試訳
科学技術史を学ぶと、手作りで自然なものは、すなわち「より良い」もので「伝統的だ」とともかく信じてしまうような人が多いのはなぜか、その理由が分っ
てくるだろう。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
19
問題 8 次の文章を読んで下の問いに答えなさい。 (10分) 1 5
Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of
nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and
organization to military power is a process that dates back to the
early origins of modern industrialization itself. That (ア)this went
largely unanalyzed in sociology is an indication of the strength of
the view that the newly emergent order of modernity would be
essentially pacific in contrast to the militarism that had
characterized previous ages. Not just the treat of nuclear
confrontation, but the actuality of military conflict, form a basic
part of the “dark side” of the modernity in the current century.
設問1(ア)this の指している内容を日本語で示しなさい。 設問 2 下線部を和訳しなさい。
Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of
nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and
organization to military power is a process that dates back to the
early origins of modern industrialization itself. weaponry weapons
of a particular type or belonging to a particular country or
group
nuclear weaponry / It is a highly-trained army, with very
sophisticated modern weaponry.
innovation a new idea, method, or invention innovation in recent
innovations in English teaching
organization a group such as a club or business that has formed
for a particular purpose The public expect high standards from any
large organization.
date back to … =date from … phrasal verb to have existed since a
particular time in the past The church dates from the 13th century.
その教会の創建は 13世紀までさかのぼる。
process a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a
particular result Repetition can help the learning process.
過程、方法、流れ
ポイント ■writing 直訳としては、「著作活動を行っていた」という意味。 ■could not have foreseen
は仮定法過去完了 条件節は主部に含まれている。(もし in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuriesならば…) ■But 以下の文。 the connecting …..military
powerまでが主部。その中でthe connecting of A to B =AをBに結びつける A= industrial
innovation and (industrial) organization B=military power
つまり「産業上の新技術と組織を軍事力に結びつける(転用する)」 ■date back to / date
from(~[の時点]から存在する、~までさかのぼる)
Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of
nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and
organization to military power is a
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自習問題集 解答と解説
20
process that dates back to the early origins of modern
industrialization itself.試訳 19世紀後半から20世紀前半頃の社会思想家たちには、とても核兵器の発
明を予見することはできなかったろう。しかし、産業における新技術と組織を
軍事力に結びつけて利用するという過程は、近代の産業化の最初期から存在す
るものである。 That (ア)this went largely unanalyzed in sociology is an
indication of the strength of the view that the newly emergent
order of modernity would be essentially pacific in contrast to the
militarism that had characterized previous ages. indication a sign,
remark, event etc that shows what is happening, what someone is
thinking or feeling, or what is true indication of Dark green
leaves are a good indication of healthy roots. He gave no
indication of his own feelings at all.
emergent in the early stages of existence or development the
emergent nations of the world
modernity formal the quality of being modern a conflict between
tradition and modernity
pacific peaceful and loving or wanting peace a normally pacific
community
ポイント ■この文の主部はThat ……in sociology という節 ■this は前の文の process
を指すが、解答としてはどういう process 過程、経緯か示すことが必要。つまり the connecting ……military
powerまでが内容となる。 ■go unanalyzed 分析されないままになっている ■an indication of … (
of 以下)を示すものである/の証拠である ■(l.5)の that 以下は the view を修飾。その節の中で、(l.6)の
that had …はmilitarismを修飾している。 ■ (l.6)の would be
は過去における推測(過去における社会学者による推測)■ (ll.6-7) that had characterized
previous ages. /previous ages とは「それ以前の時代=近代以前の時代」 だから had
characterized と過去完了になっている。
That (ア)this went largely unanalyzed in sociology is an
indication of the strength of the view that the newly emergent
order of modernity would be essentially pacific in contrast to the
militarism that had characterized previous ages.
(ア)this の内容 産業上の新技術と組織を軍事力に結びつける過程 試訳
この産業技術と組織が軍事活用される過程が社会学においてほとんど分析され
ていなかったという事実は、新しく登場した近代社会体制はそれ以前の時代の
特徴であった軍国主義的性格とは
180度異なって本質的に平和的なものとなるだろう、という思い込みがいかに強かったか、ということを示している。 別訳
産業における新技術と組織が軍事転用される過程は、社会学においてほとんど
分析の対象とはなっていなかった。このことから、新しく生まれた近代社会は
近代以前の社会に顕著であった軍国主義とは対照的に、平和的な性格を本質と
するものだ、という考えがいかに強かったか、ということが分かる。 Not just the threat of nuclear
confrontation, but the actuality of military conflict, form a basic
part of the “dark side” of the modernity in the current
century.
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自習問題集 解答と解説
21
actuality facts, rather than things that people believe or
imagine
ᅳsynonym realities / the grim actualities of prison life
ポイント ■ Not just … but =Not only …… but also という構文 ■ Not just …
conflictまでが主部。 ■ form a basic part 基礎的な部分を形成する=基層(底)にはある
■前の文とのつながりでいえば、「(近代社会は本質的に平和なものだ、という
思い込みにも関わらず)実際には」と補って考えると良いでしょう・ 試訳
しかし今世紀においては、核と核の対立だけでなく、軍事紛争の現実性が、近
代の持つ「暗黒面」の基層をなしているのである。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
22
問題 9 次の文の下線部(ア)(イ)を和訳しなさい。(25分) 1 5 10 15 20
It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that
disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside
interference. Parents often send their children back to the
playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for
themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, “'It's
between the two of you. I’m not getting in the middle.” The Western
view of intermediaries is reflected in the fate of Mercutio in
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: When he tries to break up a sword
fight between his friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt, Mercutio
is accidentally speared and killed, living just long enough to
utter the now-famous curse "A plague on both your houses!' Even
psychologists tend to regard it as a sign of maturity when someone
settles disputes without third parties, whose intervention may be
regarded as unhealthy and inappropriate enmeshment.
Yet many peoples of the world expect conflicts to be resolved by
intermediaries. (ア)This reflects an emphasis on harmony and
interdependence: the tendency to see individuals as located
inextricably in a social network, in contrast to Americans’
tendency to glorify independence and see the individual as the
fundamental human unit. To manage disputes ranging from private
family matters to public conflicts between villages, cultures
develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings, just as we have
assumptions about how to fight fair as well as legal trials.
(イ)Some cultures have ways of settling private disputes that
involve the participation of others: these can be formally
ritualized events or informal ways of involving the community in
settling disputes. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another
culture, but thinking about them can give us pause and perhaps even
ideas for devising our own new ways to manage conflict.
It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that
disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside
interference. Parents often send their children back to the
playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for
themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, “'It's
between the two of you. I’m not getting in the middle.” article of
faith something that you feel very strongly about so that it
affects how you think or
behave: 信仰箇条、信条、行動基準 dispute noun : a serious argument or
disagreement party one of the people or groups who are involved in
a (legal) argument or
agreement ※弁護側とか、相手側、などというときの「側」にあたる。この場合は「(論争
している)当事者同士」というほどの意味 settle to end an argument or solve a
disagreement in the middle between two or more people or things
get in the middle = 間に入る、介入する ポイント ■(l.1)の disputes
は名詞、disputing parties の disputing は動詞の現在分詞で
parties を修飾している。 ■can be heard to say
直訳すれば「と言っているように聞こえる」。そこから、「~とよく言いがちである」という意味になる。
It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that
disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside
interference. Parents often send their children back to the
playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for
themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, “'It's
between the two of you. I’m not getting in the middle.”
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自習問題集 解答と解説
23
試訳
争いごとは、争っている当事者同士で解決すべきで外部から干渉してはいけない、と固く信じているアメリカ人は多い。子供たちが喧嘩していると、自分たち
で解決しなさいと言って、親が子供たちを遊び部屋や運動場に追い返してしまう
ことはよくある。また親戚や友人も「それは君たちの間に問題だ。僕は間に入る
つもりはないからね」などと言ったりする。 The Western view of intermediaries is
reflected in the fate of Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and
Juliet: When he tries to break up a sword fight between his
friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt, Mercutio is accidentally
speared and killed, living just long enough to utter the now-famous
curse "A plague on both your houses!' Even psychologists tend to
regard it as a sign of maturity when someone settles disputes
without third parties, whose intervention may be regarded as
unhealthy and inappropriate enmeshment. intermediary a person or
organization that tries to help two other people or groups to
agree
with each other: 仲裁者 Jackson acted as an intermediary between
the two parties.
Mercutio, Tybalt Romeo and Juliet を読んでください。 curse a swear word
or words that you say because you are very angry
He muttered a curse under his breath. enmeshment <
enmeshed
very involved in an unpleasant or complicated situation enmeshed
in/with Congress worried about becoming enmeshed in a foreign war.
enmeshment= involvement in an unpleasant or complicated
situation
unhealthy not normal or natural and likely to be harmful an
unhealthy relationship
ポイント ■The Western view of intermediaries
が主部、「西洋人が仲裁者についてどのように考えているか」 ■is reflected in …… ~に映し出されている、現れている
■Mercutio 以下は Romeo and Juliet の内容を知っていれば非常によく分かる。 ■A plague on
both your houses! A plague on …!
は「~に呪いあれ」。戯曲の内容に沿って訳すならば「両家に呪いあれ」。ここから現在ではこの言葉が「ど
っちもどっちだ!」という意味の慣用句になっている。 ■regard it as ... = it を…とみなす ■この it =
when ……parties ■third parties (当事者以外の)第三者 ■whose の先行詞は third
parties
The Western view of intermediaries is reflected in the fate of
Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: When he tries to break
up a sword fight between his friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt,
Mercutio is accidentally speared and killed, living just long
enough to utter the now-famous curse "A plague on both your
houses!' Even psychologists tend to regard it as a sign of maturity
when someone settles disputes without third parties, whose
intervention may be regarded as unhealthy and inappropriate
enmeshment.
試訳
西洋で仲裁者がどのように見られているか、ということは、シェイクスピアの『ロミオとジュリエット』に書かれたマーキューシオの運命によく表されてい
る。友人のロミオとその敵であるティボルトが剣で争う中に入って二人を分けよ
うとしたマーキューシオは、誤って刺し殺され、死に際にただ一言、今では有名
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自習問題集 解答と解説
24
となったのろいの言葉である「どちらの家もくたばっちまえ!」と言い残すこと
しかできなかったのである。心理学者でさえ、第三者の手を借りずに自分で争い
を解決するのを成熟した態度であると考える傾向があり、また第三者の介入は有
害で不適切な口出しだとみなされることがある。 Yet many peoples of the world expect
conflicts to be resolved by intermediaries. (ア)This reflects an
emphasis on harmony and interdependence: the tendency to see
individuals as located inextricably in a social network, in
contrast to Americans’ tendency to glorify independence and see the
individual as the fundamental human unit. To manage disputes
ranging from private family matters to public conflicts between
villages, cultures develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings,
just as we have assumptions about how to fight fair as well as
legal trials. inextricably < inextricable
two or more things that are inextricable are closely related and
affect each other the inextricable connection between language and
culture
glorify to make someone or something seem more important or
better than they really are films which glorify violence
manage to succeed in dealing with problems, living in a
difficult situation etc We didn't have the proper equipment, but we
managed somehow.
range to include a variety of different things or people in
addition to those mentioned range from something to something The
show had a massive audience, ranging from children to
grandparents.
proceedings an event or a series of things that happen We
watched the proceedings in the street below.
assumption something that you think is true although you have no
definite proof ポイント ■下線部(ア) This reflects emphasis on … これも
reflectをどう訳すか、工夫の余
地あり。This
は前の文を指す。直訳として「これは~についての強調を反映している」だがわかりにくい。「ここには、~に対する強調が現れている」→「こ
れは~を強調しようとする姿勢の現れである」 ■ to see … as ~ = …を~と見る ■ as ( being )
located inextricablyと補って考える。 ■ To manage … village までは副詞句
「~に対処するために」 ■ 主部は cultures だが複数になっていることに注意。「それぞれの文化はそれぞれの ethics
~を作り上げてきた」と言う意味がこめられている。
Yet many peoples of the world expect conflicts to be resolved by
intermediaries. ( ア )This reflects an emphasis on harmony and
interdependence: the tendency to see individuals as located
inextricably in a social network, in contrast to Americans’
tendency to glorify independence and see the individual as the
fundamental human unit. To manage disputes ranging from private
family matters to public conflicts between villages, cultures
develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings, just as we have
assumptions about how to fight fair as well as legal trials.
試訳
しかし、紛争を仲裁者によって解決してもらうことを期待する民族も世界には多くある。ここに現れているのは、お互いの調和と相互依存を重視する考え方で
ある。つまり、これは個人というものを社会の網の目の中で緊密に結びついた存
在だとみなす傾向で、個人の自立を賛美して個人というものを基本的な人間の単
位とみなそうとするアメリカ人の傾向とはまったく正反対の態度である。私的な
家庭問題から村と村の間の公のいさかいにいたるまで、様々な紛争に対処する方
法として、それぞれの文化は独自の道徳慣習や正式な手順を作り上げてきた。ち
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自習問題集 解答と解説
25
ょうどそれは私たちが裁判とは別に、正々堂々と戦うとはどういうことかそれぞ
れ考えを持っているのと同じである。 (イ)Some cultures have ways of settling private
disputes that involve the participation of others: these
can be formally ritualized events or informal ways of involving
the community in settling disputes. We cannot simply adopt the
rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us
pause and perhaps even ideas for devising our own new ways to
manage conflict. ritualize < ritual
a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to
mark an important religious or social occasion
give sb pause give somebody pause (for thought) to make someone
stop and consider carefully what they are doing 立ち止まって考え直す an
avoidable accident that should give us all pause for thought
devise to plan or invent a new way of doing something She
devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
ポイント ■下線部(イ) (l.17) that involve the participation of others
の節がかかっているのは、ways (disputes ではない) ■these = ways of settling private
disputes ■can be … or ~は、「…の場合もあれば、~の場合もある」という意味。 ■(l.20) thinking
以下の部分、thinking about them が主部。 can give us pause and (can give us)
even ideas for ■thinking about them(=the rituals of another
culture) 「他の文化の持つ慣習について考えることは」pause と even ideas
を与える。→「他の文化における問題解決の慣習的方法について考えてみることで、私たちは自分たちのやり方を
もう一度見直す機会が得られたり、また時には紛争に対処する新しい方法を作り
出すための発想すら与えられることがある」 (イ)Some cultures have ways of settling
private disputes that involve the
participation of others: these can be formally ritualized events
or informal ways of involving the community in settling disputes.
We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking
about them can give us pause and perhaps even ideas for devising
our own new ways to manage conflict.
試訳
中には私的な争いを解決するのに、他人が加わって関与することで解決するような文化もある。これらの解決は正式な儀式として行われる場合もあれば、単に
習慣として揉め事を解決するのに村全体が関与するような場合もある。他の文化
におけるこのような慣習をそのまま取り入れることはできないが、そのような方
法について考えてみることで、私たちは自分たちのやり方をもう一度見直すこと
ができたり、また時には紛争に対する新たな方法を編み出すための発想が得られ
たりすることもあるかもしれない。
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自習問題集 解答と解説
26
問題 10 次の文を読んで下の問いに答えなさい(30分) (ア) 下線部(ア)について、’stereotypes’ と
‘their opposites’ の具体例として文中ではどのような事柄が挙
げられているか、述べなさい。 (イ) 下線部(イ)を訳しなさい。 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson was worried about her
pregnancy, which took place in the Philippines where she had been
doing research. After weeks on her back fruitlessly hoping to avert
a premature delivery, she gave birth in a Manila hospital to the
son she planned to call Martin, who died a few hours later. For
her, the death of her baby was something that should not have
happened, unthinkable, unbearable. However for the gentle Filipino
nurses, the loss was sad but part of life, bound to happen from
time to time. Their sympathy was firmly mixed with a cheerful
certainty that she would be back next year with another baby.
Her fieldwork in the village had allowed her to observe and
compare responses to death. On the afternoon of Martin's birth, she
described to her husband, Barkev, the way Filipinos would express
their sympathy. "Don't expect to be left alone," she said, and
"don't expect people tactfully to avoid the subject. Expect friends
to seek us out and to show their concern by asking specific factual
questions." Rather than a euphemistic handling of the event and a
denial of the ordinary course of life, she advised him to be ready
for the opposite. An American colleague . . . might shake hands,
nod his head sadly, perhaps murmuring, "We were so sorry to hear,"
and beat a swift retreat; a Filipino friend would say, "It was so
sad that your baby died. Did you see him? Who did he look like? Was
he baptized? How much did he weigh? How long were you in
labor?"
( ア )Stereotypes often conceal their opposites. In other
contexts, Filipinos describe Americans as "brutally frank," while
Americans find Filipinos frustratingly indirect and evasive. Yet in
the handling of death, Filipinos behave in a manner that Americans
might characterize as "brutally frank" and seem to go out of their
way to evoke the expression of emotion, while Americans can only be
called euphemistic and indirect, going to great lengths to avoid
emotional outbreaks.
If Bateson had not had experience with the culture of the
village, the most caring behavior on the part of Filipino friends,
genuinely trying to express concern and affection, would have
seemed like a violation. (イ)To avoid breaking down in the face of
sudden reminders of grief, she might have imposed a rigid
self-control, which would have reinforced the belief that many
Filipinos hold, that Americans don't really grieve; or she might
have reacted with anger to the affront, losing valued friends.
Anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson was worried about her
pregnancy, which took place in the Philippines where she had been
doing research. After weeks on her back fruitlessly hoping to avert
a premature delivery, she gave birth in a Manila hospital to the
son she planned to call Martin, who died a few hours later. For
her, the death of her baby was something that should not have
happened, unthinkable, unbearable. However for the gentle Filipino
nurses, the loss was sad but part of life, bound to happen from
time to time. Their sympathy was firmly mixed with a cheerful
certainty that she would be back next year with another baby.
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自習問題集 解答と解説
27
fruitless producing no useful results premature delivery 早産
bound to to be very likely to do or feel a particular thing
Don't lie to her. She's bound to find out about it. ポイント
■something that should not have happened = 起きてはならなかったことが
ら ■ (being) unthinkable, unbearable と補って考える ■ the loss
は何を指すか。→子供を失うこと ■ part of life 人生の一部、とはどういうことか? 次の bound to happen
from time to time もほぼ同じことを言っている。 ■Their sympathy was firmly mixed
with a cheerful certainty that she would be back next year with
another baby. つまり、 フィリピン人の看護婦たちはBatesonに同情しているが、その同情(sympathy)には
cheerful certaintyが確かに混ざっている。/ that 以下は certaintyの内容を説明している。
cheerful certainty をどのように訳しだすか。
(直訳)彼女達の同情には、彼女が来年次の子供とともに戻ってくるという明
るい確信がはっきりと混ざっていた。 (もう少し分かりやすく)同情しながらも、その一方で彼女が来年は次の子供
を産むために戻ってくる、と朗らかな様子で確信していることがはっきりとわ
かったのである。
Anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson was worried about her
pregnancy, which took place in the Philippines where she had been
doing research. After weeks on her back fruitlessly hoping to avert
a premature delivery, she gave birth in a Manila hospital to the
son she planned to call Martin, who died a few hours later. For
her, the death of her baby was something that should not have
happened, unthinkable, unbearable. However for the gentle Filipino
nurses, the loss was sad but part of life, bound to happen from
time to time. Their sympathy was firmly mixed with a cheerful
certainty that she would be back next year with another baby.
試訳
人類学者のマリー・キャサリン・ベイトソンは研究をしていたフィリピンで妊娠してしまい、不安にかられた。なんとか早産は避けられないだろうかと思
いながら、数週間を寝たまま過ごしたが、残念なことに、マニラの病院で彼女
が産んだ、マーチンと名づけるはずだった男の子は、生後数時間で死んでしま
った。彼女にしてみれば、赤ん坊の死というのは起きてはならなかったもので
あり、考えられず耐えられない事柄であった。しかし、その病院の親切なフィ
リピン人看護婦たちにしてみれば、子供を失ったのは悲しいことだが、それも
また人生の一部であって、時として避けることのできないことだった。そして
彼女達はベイトソンに同情しながらも、同時に、きっとまた来年には次の子供
を産むためにここに戻ってくるわよ、などと朗らかに確信している様子を明ら
かに見せるのだった。
Her fieldwork in the village had allowed her to observe and
compare responses to death. On the afternoon of Martin's birth, she
described to her husband, Barkev, the way Filipinos would express
their sympathy. "Don't expect to be left alone," she said, and
"don't expect people tactfully to avoid
-
自習問題集 解答と解説
28
the subject. Expect friends to seek us out and to show their
concern by asking specific factual questions." tactful careful not
to say or do anything that will annoy or upset other people:
That wasn't a very tactful thing to say! specific detailed and
exact =PRECISE:
I gave you specific instructions. concern a desire to protect
and help sb/sth:
parents' concern for their children * I appreciate everyone's
concern and help at this difficult time
ポイント ■(l.9)からの文。主部は Her fieldwork in the village 動詞は had
allowed。S + allow + sb +to~の構文。Sは誰々が~するのを許した、というのが直訳だが、この場合は特に
Sの部分が無生物主語なので、「…のおかげで、誰々は~することができた」と訳すとわかりやすくなる。 ■had allowed
と過去完了になっている点に注意。つまり出産以前に観察していたフィリピンの村人たちの死に対する反応について、Batesonは実際に自分の体験として確認することができたのである。
■(l10.) described の目的語は the way (how) Filipinos would express their
sympathy. ■seek us out 「(そっとしておかずに)わざわざこちらを探し出してきて」というのが直訳
■specific factual question =「具体的な事実についての質問」
Her fieldwork in the village had allowed her to observe and
compare responses to death. On the afternoon of Martin's birth, she
described to her husband, Barkev, the way Filipinos would express
their sympathy. "Don't expect to be left alone," she said, and
"don't expect people tactfully to avoid the subject. Expect friends
to seek us out and to show their concern by asking specific factual
questions."
試訳 村で実地調査をしたおかげで、すでに�