EC-II LAB MANUAL_012110045653_1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT: - ENERGY CONVERSION – II

VII-SEMESTER

LIST OF PRACTICAL

1. Trial on Twin cylinder reciprocating air compressor.

2. Trial on Rotary Air Compressor (Roots Blower)

3. Study of Internal combustion Engine

4. Study of fuel injection and Ignition sys

5. Study of Engine cooling and Lubrication system.

6. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke diesel engine with

eddy current dynamometer.

7. Trial on Computerized Single Cylinder four stroke petrol engine with

eddy current dynamometer.

8. Visit to thermal power plant

9. Heat balance sheet on Multi cylinder Diesel engine

10. Study on Gas Turbine

11. Study of Carburetors such as Zenith, Carter, Solex, S.U. etc.

12 Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion system

13 Study and demonstration on AVL exhaust gas analyzer.

E x p e r i m e n t N o . 1

Aim:

To Conduct a Test on Air Compressor and to determine the Volumetric Efficiency and Isothermal Efficiency at various delivery pressure.

Description:

The Air Compressor is a two stage, reciprocating type. The air is sucked from atmosphere

and compressed in the first cylinder. The compressed air then passes through the air

cooler into the second stage cylinder, where the air is further compressed. The air further

goes to the air reservoir through safety valve, which operates the electrical switch, when

the pressure exceeds the limit. The test unit consists of a air chamber, containing an

orifice plate, the manometer, compressor, an electrical dynamometer type induction

motor.

Equipment Data:

1. Diameter of low pressure cylinder =

101.6 mm

2. Diameter of high pressure cylinder =

63.5 mm

3. Length of stroke

= 69.85 mm

4. Maximum discharge pressure

= 10.50 kg/cm2

5. Compressor speed

= 650 RPM 6. Motor speed

= 1440 RPM 7. H.P. of Motor

= 3.00 8. Orifice Diameter

= 16.00 mm

9. Coefficient of discharge of orifice =

0.65

10. Area of Orifice = 1.7672 x 10

-4 m

2

11. Dynamometer Arm Length = 140 mm

Procedure:

1. The outlet valve is closed.

2. The dynamometer is adjusted, so that the circular balance reads zero, when the

pointers at the motor pedestal coincide. This can be easily done by operating the

handwheel.

3. The manometer connections are checked. (The manometer may be filled with

water upto the half level.)

4. The compressor is started. The pressure develops slowly

5. At the particular pressure, the outlet valve is opened slowly and adjusted so that

the pressure is maintained constant.

6. Take the all readings

7.

Observations:

Speed of the motor =

__________ N-m Speed of the compressor Nc =

__________ RPM Manometer readings h1 =

__________ m

h2 = __________ m

High Pressure gauge reading P = __________

Kg/cm2

The Room Temperature t = -

__________ °C

Repeat the experiment for different pressures T1

Calculations:

1. Manometer readings

h1 = __________ m, and

h2 = __________ m

2. Water Head causing flow

hm = h1 – h2 m

3. Air head causing flow

H =

−×

a

whρ

ρ 1

Where ρw = Density of water

ρa = Density of

air

Density of air at RTP = 1.293 Kg/m3

Density of air at NTP = t 273

273 x 1.293

+

4. Actual Volume of air compressed at RTP

Va = Cd x a x 2gH

Where Cd = Coefficient of

orifice = 0.65

a = area of orifice in m2

5. Actual volume of air compressed at NTP

V1 = R

Na

T

TV m3/sec.

Where TN = 273

TR = (273 + t)

6. Theoretical volume of air

Vt = 604

2 CNLD ×××

π m3/sec.

Where D = Diameter of the

high pressure cylinder L = Stroke

length. Nc = RPM of

the Compressor.

7. Volumetric Efficiency

ηvol. = Sec. / volumelTheoretica

Sec. / NTPat volumeactual

= OR 1001 ×tV

V

= 100×s

a

V

V

Compressor Output:

8. Isothermal Work Done

With. = 75

logPa rV ea ××

=

××

1

3logP

PVP aa

Where Pa = atmospheric pressure

Va =

actual volume of air compressed per sec at RTP

r =

Compression Ratio

= pressure catmospheri

pressure catmospheri pressure Gauge +

9. Isothermal efficiency

ηith = I.H.P.

H.P. Isothermal

= Work.Actual

Work.Isothermal

Graphs:

Draw Graphs

1. Pressure Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency

2. Pressure Ratio Vs. Isothermal Efficiency

3. Pressure Ratio Vs. Input / shaft power to compressor

4. Pressure Ratio Vs. Free air delivered.

Observation Table:

Suction

Head

1st stage

discharge

Pressure

2nd

stage Discharge

Pressure

Tank

Pressure

Energy Meter

Reading

Ambient

Temp.

Outlet of 1st

stage Temp.

Inlet of 2nd

stage Temp.

Outlet of 2nd

stage Temp.

Tank

Inlet

SI

Bar

h P1 P2 P3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

mm Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 Sec/rev °C °C °C °C °C Kg

Do’s and Dont’s

DO’s

1. Keep Air Inlet portion clean.

2. Check current belt tension.

3. Current Oil Level in the crankier to be maintained.

4. Drain daily by opening Drain Cock. 5. If you hear any unusual sound, please attend immediately.

6. Use safety glasses or goggles.

DO NOT’s 1. Do not neglect the routine checking.

2. Do not neglect any leakage in the system. 3. Do not do any meddling or adjustment while compressor is working.

4. Do not keep any loose tools on compressor.

5. Do not run the compressor without belt yard.

6. Do not use any cleaning agents while changing oil.

7. Do not inhale compressed air directly.

8. Do not use the compressor in the rain or any explosive atmosphere.

9. Do not tamper with safety valve, occasionally pull the ring on the change

setting of safety valve to make sure that the valve operate freely.

Results:

Delivery

Pressure Speed

Input

Power

Pressure

ratio

Isothermal

Volumetric

Overall

F.A.D.

r ηηηηith ηηηηvol. ηηηηo

Sr.

No. kg/cm

2 RPM KW % % % m

3/min

1

2

3

4

5

Precautions:

1. The orifice should never be closed, otherwise the manometer liquid (water) will

be sucked into the tank.

2. At the end of the experiment the outlet valve at the reservoir should be opened, as

the compressor is to be started again at low pressure, to prevent undue strain on

the piston.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: To Determine Efficiency of Rotary Air Compressor (Root’s Blower)

Basically air compressors are of two types, namely reciprocating and rotary.

Reciprocating type are commonly used everywhere in commercial applications. But

rotary compressors find application in industries. Both are positive displacement types. Above compressor is Twin lobe type, in horizontal position with air cooled.

Working Principle:

Two rotors each of identical profile rotate in opposite directions, without

touching each other or the casing, thus developing a known volume of oil free air, carrying it to and forcing it out POSITIVELY through the discharge opening. For one

complete revolution of both rotors, this action occurs four times, hence air supplied is

intermittent type, which is reflected in vibration of pressure gauge.

During this rotation known volume of air trapped between the rotors and casing does

not decrease from entry to exit and hence no pressure is developed till the discharge

end is uncovered, where high pressure receiver air offers resistance resulting in

irreversible mixing of compressor and receiver air and consequent irreversible

pressure rise as shown in fig.

Application:

Application:-

Cement Plant : Cement blending, aeration, fluidization Steel Plants : Coke oven gas, lime kiln bed, coal washing

Water treatment plant : Aeration air to keep beneficial bacteria & Sewage plants alive in activated sludge process,

Demineralization, supply of air for back washes of filters

Sugar Plants : Sulphitation Process Textile mills : Humidification, beam dying

Pneumatic Conveying : material handling, including flour, sugar,

Salt, cement, coall, plastic chips, wood

chips, etc,.

Chemical : transport of gases

Test Set Up:

It comprises of following

1. Blower, motor, transmission, base, etc.

2. Electrical panel

3. Suction and Discharge ducts, control valve

4. Venturimeter and gauges

BLOWER : Rotary, Twin lobe type Outlet and Inlet : 2” NB

Maximum Pressure at 2 HP 4 psig (0.24 kg/sq.cm)

MOTOR : 3 phase, 440 V AC, induction, foot mounted, 2 HP, 1400 rpm

COUPLING : Transmission through V Belts and double

grooved pulley sets.

BASE : Made from strong channel

100mmx50mmx5.5mm

ELECTRICAL PANEL : It comprises of following :

Energy meter : 3 phase, BHEL, 10A 4 wire, 150 rev/kWh

Starter : Cutter Hammer, AMLE 50, 3phase, Thermal

overload protection

Manometer : U-tube, glass, 30cm, water filled / mercury filled

SUCTION & DISCHARGE

DUCTS

: 2” pipes with ports for gauges, flanges etc.

CONTROL VALVE : 2” Gun metal, gate valve

VENTURIMETER : Flanged ends, 58mm Inlet diameter, 29 mm throat diameter

GAUGES : Pressure Gauges : 0 – 1 kg/sq.cm

Vacuum Gauge : 0 – 760 mm Mercury

Procedure:

1. Check all electrical connections.

2. Ensure clockwise rotation of compressor when viewed from pulley end.

3. Check oil level in the compressor, if reduced fill it to the level

4. ENSURE FULL OPENING of control valve, do not block suction side.

5. Check tension in the belts.

6. Fill up mercury to the desired level.

7. Now start the compressor with the help of starter

8. After steady start, note down readings of following.

9. Slowly close the valve partially to read pressure of 0.02 kg/sq.cm and up-to

0.24 kg/sq.cm.

10. Note down all readings.

11. Maximum limit of pressure for given set up = 4 psig (0.24 kg/cm2)

Observations:

1. Energy-meter constant KE = 150 revolutions / KWH

2. Venturimeter

a. Inlet Diameter d1 = 58 mm

b. Outlet Diameter d2 = 29 mm

c. Inlet Area A1 = 0.00264 m2

d. Throat Area A2 = 0.00066 m2

Calculations:

1. Pressure of air

P = _________ kg/cm2

2. Total Head

H = a

dP

ρ

410× m

Where, air density

ρa = 1.2 kg/m3

3. Venturimeter Constant

K = 2

2

2

1

21

AA

AA

−

×

4. Manometer head

Ha = a

mmh

ρ

ρ× m

Where hm = (h1 – h2) m

ρm = density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m3

5. Air discharge

Qa = ad HgKC ×××× 2 m3/sec

Where Cd = Coeff. of Discharge = 0.97 g = 9.81 m/sec2

6. Output HP of Compressor

B = gHQ taa ×

××

1000

ρ kW

7. Input HP to Compressor

I = E

tm

Kt

N

×

×××× ηη37.13600

Where ηm = Motor Efficiency = 0.8

ηT = Transmission eff. = 0.75

KE = 150 rev/KWH

N = No. of revolution

t = Time

8. Blower efficiency

ηB = %100×I

B

Observation Table:

Discharge Pressure Suction Pressure Manometer Readings Energy meter reading

for 2 rev. of disc

P V h1 h2 t

Sr. No.

Kg/cm2 mm of Hg cm cm Sec.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Experiment No .3

Aim : Study of Internal Combustion Engine.

Introduction:

1. Theory.

2. Working Principle

3. Application

4. Classification of I.C. Engine

5. 4 stroke Otto cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve Timing

Diagram.

6. 4 stroke Diesel cycle with Line Diagram, PV diagram and Valve

Timing Diagram.

7. 2 stroke SI Engine with Line Diagram, PV diagram and port timing

diagram.

8. Difference between Two Stroke and Four Stroke Engine

9. Difference between SI engine and CI engine.

Experiment No. 4

Aim: Study of fuel injection and ignition system.

A] Fuel injection.

1. Introduction

2. Theory and Function

3. Types.

a. Air injection.

b. Solid or airless injection.

4. Electronic fuel injection.

B] Ignition system.

1. Introduction

2. Theory and Function

3. Requirements of Ignition system.

4. Types

a. Battery or coil ignition system with diagram, Advantages and

disadvantages

b. Magneto Ignition System with diagram, advantages and disadvantages.

5. Electronic Ignition System.

Experiment No. 5

Aim: Study of Engine Cooling and Lubrication System.

A] Engine Cooling System:

1. Introduction

2. Theory and Function

3. Types

a. Air Cooling with diagram, advantages and disadvantages

b. Liquid Cooling

i. Thermo Syphon Cooling with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages.

ii. Forced or pump Cooling with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages

iii. Cooling with Thermostatic regulator with diagram, advantages

and disadvantages

iv. Pressurized water cooling with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages

v. Evaporative Cooling with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages.

B] Lubrication System:

1. Introduction

2. Theory, Function and Properties of Lubricants

3. Types

a. Wet sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages.

b. Dry Sump lubrication system with diagram, advantages and

disadvantages

c. Mist Lubrication system with diagram, advantages and disadvantages.

Experiment No. 6

Aim: Trial on 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine with Eddy

Current Dynamometer.

To conduct a performance test on the engine to determine the following

1. Brake Power 2. B.S.F.C.

3. Brake Thermal Efficiency 4. Volumetric Efficiency

5. To prepared heat balance sheet.

Observation Table:

for

Engine

for

Calorimeter

Air

flow

rate

Fuel

flow Speed Temperature

T mw mw T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Sr.

No.

N-

m Kg/hr Kg/hr m

3/hr Kg/hr rpm °c °c °c °c °c °c

1.

Calculations:

1. Brake Power, B.P. = 100060

2

×

NTπ kW

2. Fuel Consumption, Mf = fet

V××

1

106 Where, v = _ cm

3, t =__ s, ρf =_

kg/m3

3. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= ..PB

m f kg/kWh

4. Brake Thermal Efficiency ηBth = 100..

..×

× VCm

PB

f

=___%

1. Volumetric Efficiency ηvol = s

a

v

v =

KN

Ld

gHACd aoo

××

×2604

2

2π=____%

Result:

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C. Brake Thermal

Efficiency

Volumetric

Efficiency

W B.P. ηηηηbth ηηηηvol.

Sr.

No.

N kW kg/kWh

1.

Computer (Software) Operating System:

2. After switching ON of all the meters and converter.

3. Run the software.

4. In software, you have options to do two types of tests.

a. Performance test

b. PV Pθ Test

5. In software, you have got different menus as below:

a. Start Test: In start test you can start the test of two types.

i. Performance Test

ii. PV-- Pθ Test

If you opt for performance test, you should enter the time in

seconds. If you opt for PV Pθ test, you should open (top) the

pressure transducer valve which is provided on the engine to access

the pressure of the engine at every 2° of crank rotations. When you

click on PV Pθ test you see on the computer screen

iii. Checking for data when it starts for down loading data you see down loading data. As soon as you see down loading data close the

valve (downwards) of pressure transducer immediately. b. Save File : This command is used to save the data from the current test.

c. View File : You can view the file of saved file (data).

d. View Report : You can view the reports and graphs of the current or

previous file.

e. Settings : In this there are 3 types of settings viz. : Com 1, Com2, Com3, where our current setting should be always in Com1.

f. Exit : To exit from the current set up.

g. Stop test : when you click on start test and opt for performance test you

see stop test in place of start test menu. (when number of values are accessed) when you opt to stop the test you click on the stop test menu.

Experiment No. 7

Variable Compression Ratio Computerized 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine Test

Rig

Aim: Trial on Variable Compression Ratio 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Spark Ignition

Engine with Eddy Current Dynamometer.

To conduct a performance test on the engine by changing the cylinder heads for

different COMPRESSION RATIO to determine the following

1) Brake Power,

2) Indicated Power 3) Frictional Power

4) BSFC 5) Mechanical Efficiency

6) Brake Thermal Efficiency 7) Indicated Thermal Efficiency

8) Volumetric Efficiency

9) Graphs.

Computer (software) operating system:

1. Initially, with no load on engine, it is started by hand cranking

2. Run the software. 3. Press the button for “Get Pressure” to get the Mean effective Pressure, and

note that reading

4. Fill the burette by petrol, on the fuel supply line and measure time required

for 50 cc.

5. On computer, press the “Start Data Acquisition” button to get the various data.

6. Manually note down the various readings such as Temperatures, water flow rate, air pressure, speed

7. Now On computer save the each reading. 8. By increasing the torque on the engine again take readings.

9. Maximum 5 readings will have to be taken in the torque range of 0-5 N-m.

10. Calculate brake power, indicated power, various efficiencies and prepare a

heat balance sheet.

Observation Table:

Temperature Air

Pressure Load Speed

Water

flow rate

Time for

50 cm3 of

fuel

m.e.f.

T1 T2 T3 T4 Pm

Sr.

No.

°c °c °c °c mm kg Rpm lit/hr Sec

1.

Calculations:

1. Torque T = 9.81 x Load x R = ____ N-m, where R = Length of Torque arm = 0.15 m

2. Brake Power, B.P. = 100060

2

×

NTπ kW

3. Indicated Power, IP = 100060

21081.9 4

×

⋅⋅⋅×⋅ NALPm

KW

4. Frictional Power, FP = IP – BP = ___ KW

5. Fuel Consumption, Mf = fet

V××

1

106 Where, v = 50 cm3, t =__ s, ρf =_

kg/m3

6. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B.S.F.C.= ..PB

m f kg/kWh

7. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech = 100..

..×

PI

PB= ___%

8. Brake Thermal Efficiency ηBth = 100..

..×

× VCm

PB

f

=___%

9. Indicated Thermal Efficiency, ηIth = 100..

..×

× VCm

PI

f

=___%

10. Volumetric Efficiency ηvol = s

a

v

v =

KN

Ld

gHACd aoo

××

×2604

2

2π=____%

RESULT:

Loa

d

Brake

Power

Indicat

ed Power

Frictional

Power B.S.F.C.

Mechanic

al

Efficienc

y

Brake

Thermal

Efficienc

y

Indicated

Thermal

Efficienc

y

Volumetr

ic

Efficienc

y

W B.P. I.P. F. P. ηmech ηbth ηIth ηvol.

S

r. N

o.

N kW kW kW kg/kWh % % % %

1.

GRAPHS:

1. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Power 2. Compression Ratio Vs. Brake Thermal Efficiency

3. Compression Ratio Vs. Specific Fuel Consumption 4. Compression Ratio Vs. Volumetric Efficiency

30

3.4 20

3.1 10

5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11

Compression Ratio Compression Ratio

Bra

ke P

ow

er

Bra

ke T

herm

al

Eff

icie

ncy

45

0.25

35

0.22 25

15

0.19

5 7 9 11 5 7 9 11

Compression Ratio Compression Ratio

Specif

ic F

uel

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

Volu

met

ric

Eff

icie

ncy

Experiment No.9

Aim: Trial On Two Cylinder Water Cooled C.I. Engine Under Variable Load.

1. Load Test 2. To determine Brake Power (B.P.)

3. To Determine B.S.F.C.

4. To Determine Brake Thermal Efficiency

5. To draw heat balance sheet

Engine Specification:

Engine : Kirloskar Twin Cylinder Diesel

Type : Vertical Four Stroke, C.I. Engine

Bore : 87.5 mm

Stroke : 110 mm

Cubic Capacity : 1.323 liters

Normal Comp. ratio : 17.5 : 1

Fuel Tank Capacity : 11 lts.

Governor : centrifugal Mechanical Type

Speed : 1500 rpm

Cooling : water cooling

Mode of starting : By hand cranking

B.M.E.P. at full load and : 6.33 kg/cm2

1500 rpm

Air And Fuel Measurement Set Up:

Air Tank : M. S. 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm

Orifice : sharp edge 16 mm diameters Manometer : U-tube, 30 cm

Burrette : 50CC, glass

Observations

1. No. of Cylinder k = 2

2. Coeff. Of discharge Cdo = 0.82

3. C. V. of Diesel c.v. = 49500 kJ/kg

4. Density of Diesel ρ = 831 kg/m3

5. Gas Constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg 6. Engine Speed N = 1500 rpm

7. Density of Hg = 13600 kg/m3

8. Room Temperature Ta = _______

9. Brake drum diameter = _______

10. Diameter of Rope = _______

Procedure:

Diesel engines are tested for performances characteristics. This testing is carried out

at various loads starting at no load to the full load condition. The governors will adjust the

engine speed nearly equal to the load and takes care of it. At no load, the engine is started

by hand cranking. The burette is fitted with fuel and time required for 20 ml. of fuel

consumption is recorded. All the temperatures are measured with the help of thermometer

and thermocouples respectively and also quantity of water through water jacket is

measured with the help of water meter and stop watch, speed is also recorded. This above

condition is repeated for various load. The B.P., Brake thermal efficiency, B.S.F.C. and

Heat balance sheet is prepared.

Calculations:

1. Area of Orifice

Ao = 2

4od

π m

2

2. Density of Air

ρa = a

a

RT

P

Where, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK

Ta = Room Temperature in °K Pa = N/m2

3. Head of air Ha in meter

Ha = a

mmH

ρ

ρ

Where, ρm = 13600 kg/m3

Hm = ___________meter

4. Air mass flow rate ma in kg/min

Va = Cdo.Ao.ν

aoo gHACd 2.

Where ν = Velocity of air passing through (m/s)

5. Brake Power

B.P. = 100060

2

×

NTπ

= 100060

)(2

×

× RWNπ

= ______________ kW

6. Fuel Consumption

Mf = fet

V××

1

106

Where, v = _________ cm3

t = _________ sec

ρf = _________ kg/m3

7. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

B.S.F.C.= ..PB

m f

= __________ kg/kWh

8. Air Fuel Ratio

A:F = f

a

m

m

9. Piston displacement Volume

Vs = KN

Ld ××24

2π

= ____________ m3/min

Ma = aKN

Ld ρπ

××24

2

= ____________ kg/min

10. Brake Thermal Efficiency

ηBth = 100..

..×

× VCm

PB

f

= ___________

11. Volumetric Efficiency

ηvol = s

a

v

v

=

KN

Ld

gHACd aoo

××

×2604

2

2π

= ______________

Observation Table:

Manometer Load Radius Fuel Test Engine Cooling Temperatures

h1-h2

(w-

s)x

9.8

RE Vec t V/t Q T Q/T tw1 tw2 tw3 tw4 S.

No.

m N m3 sec. Lit. Sec. m

3/sec °C °C °C °C

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Result:

Load Brake Power B.S.F.C. Brake Thermal

Efficiency

Volumetric

Efficiency

W B.P. ηηηηbth ηηηηvol.

Sr.

No.

N kW kg/kWh

1

2

3

4

5

6

Experiment No.10

Aim: Study of Gas Turbines

1. Introduction

2. Theory, Function and Application

3. Working principle of Open Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T-S

diagram.

4. Working principle of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine with line diagram and T-

S diagram.

5. Methods for Improving thermal efficiency

a. Inter-cooling with Line Diagram and TS diagram.

b. Reheating with Line Diagram and TS diagram.

c. Regeneration with Line Diagram and TS diagram

Experiment no. 11

Aim: Study of Carburetor

1. Introduction

2. Theory and Function

3. Working Principle of Zenith Carburetor with Line diagram

4. Working Principle of Carter Carburetor with Line diagram

5. Working Principle of Solex Carburetor with Line diagram

6. Working Principle of S.U. Carburetor with Line diagram

Experiment no. 12

Aim : Study of Cogeneration G. T. Plant and Jet Propulsion System

1. Cogeneration Theory

2. Purpose of Cogeneration

3. Basic Theory of Jet Propulsion

4. Theory of Jet Engine

5. Classification of Jet Engine

A. Atmospheric Jet Engine

i. Steady jet combustion system, continuous air flow

a. Turbo Jet

b. Turbo Prop

c. Ram Jet

ii. Intermittent Combustion system

a. Pulse Jet

B. Rocket Engine

i. Liquid Propellant

ii. Solid Propellant

Experiment no.13

Aim: Measure amount of CO and HC in exhaust gases of 2-stroke & 4-stroke

engine with help of exhaust gas analyzer.

Concept:

I.C. Engine testing are classified as:

a) Thermodynamics test

b) Commercial test

c) P.U.C. test

Types of I.C. Engine test

Thermodynamic test Commercial Test P.U.C. test

a) Thermodynamic Test: The test which is performed on the engine for the

purpose of comparing actual result with the theoretical are known as

thermodynamic test.

Power Developed

Thermodynamic Test

Heat Supplied Per Unit Time

Distribution of Supplied Heat

b) Commercial test : The tests performed on two stroke engine for commercial purpose are known as

Commercial test. This test is performed to check the following.

c) P. U. C. test: (to check exhaust gas emission)

Due to increase in automobile pollution all over the country. The state has made it

mandatory for all vehicles checked & obtains P.U.C. certificates. The P.U.C.

certificate will be valid for 6 month. All these measurements are being taken to keep

CO, HC, CO2 & pm under control which are highly injurious to the health.

Commercial Test

Quantity of

Lubricant BHPh

Output

Power

Quantity of the

coming BHPh

Overload

Capacity

P. U.

%HC %C02 %CO

Emission Euro- II standard for controlling PUC in India from 1st April 2000.

Test certificate is provided after PUC testing

PUC is the process of adjusting air fuel ratio to make the mixture lean or reach or

adjust the values of CO & HC emitted by the vehicle in exhaust within times.

Is done by only RTO approved center

Is compulsory for all vehicles

PUC For small Petrol vehicles costs Rs. 50/-

Certificate is valid only for 6 months

PUC values for Petrol Vehicles are RTO approved

2-Wheeler

HC (g/Km)

Min 2.0

Max 2.4

CO (g/Km)

Min 2.0

Max 2.4

HC (g/Km)

Min 2.0

Max 2.4

CO (g/Km)

Min 4.0

Max 4.8

3-Wheeler

For Carburetor For MPFI

CO 0.5 % to 1.5% < 0.5 %

HC < 1200 ppm < 300 ppm

Note : MPFI – Multi point fuel injection : Fuel is injected directly in the engine

Environment used for checking vehicle emissions.

Analysis principle:

Spectroscopic method

NDIR (non-dispasive informed)

Laser Spectres copy with semiconductor diodes

Fowler transformation method

Magnetic method

Electro chemical method

Learning Objective:

1. Discriminating & classifying Petrol engine contains Tetra – Ethyl Lead

(TEL) which is added to increase anti knock quantity at octane number.

Because of TEL engine exhaust contains compounds of lead which are

poisonous.

Constant voltage

Sampler

Sampling

Chassis Dmanemothe

Test

2. Equipment used for checking vehicle emissions (HC, CO & CO2)

a. Out O emission analyzer

b. Diesel smoke tester meter

3. Exhaust Gas Combustion

The various contents of exhaust emission are :

a. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

b. Hydrocarbons (HC)

c. Oxide of Nitrogen (NO2)

i) Reset equipment used for analyser

1. Automobile Test Analyser

Measurable gas and range

HC – 0 – 1000 ppm (2 ppm/digit)

1000 – 2000 ppm (5 ppm/digit)

Recording method : Printing of gas concentration limit value, time & date etc. by

thermal printer (2 sheet)

Power Consumption : 100V

Outer dimensions : 400 mm (w) x 215 mm (h) x 490

Weight : 22 kg (approx.)

ii) Diesel Smoke Test on Meters

Open Diesel Smoke Tester specification

Model RDT – 101

Detection method Filter paper reflex system

Measuring substance Black smoke exhausted from diesel engine

Accuracy Between ± 3% of fuel scale

Calibration method By standard colour paper

Dimensions 300 (w) x 385 (h) x 225 (d) mm

Weight 14 kg

Motor Skills:

1. Proper setting of the knob

2. Noting the proper readings

3. Take print out

Stepwise Procedure:

1. Start the engine and warm it up till 80° Cylinder temperature.

2. Switch ON the PUC machine analyzer.

3. Allow machine to warm up period 15 minutes. Response time 5 minutes.

4. PUC machine consists of plastic pipe, nozzle, printer unit, monitor with

digital number display, knob for manual adjustment, Power ON-OFF

switches and gas selector knob.

5. Plastic pipe is connected to the pump of PUC machine through which

smoke enters into the machine for analysis.

6. Put in the nozzle of the plastic pipe in the silencer tail pipe. Wait for 5

minutes.

7. Set CO & HC value of zero by using the knob.

8. Switch ON the pump.

9. Operate the gas selection switch and put it to HC & CO.

10. After 5 minute operate the air – screw in carburetor for adjustment the

value.

11. Note the recording of CO & HC.

12. Switch OFF the pump & machine & remove the pipe from the silencer of

the car.

13. Take print out for certification.