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EAST PAKISTAN CRISIS:

SAEED MAZHAR 13L-4522

FAST-NU LAHORE

TABLE OF CONTENTS:1.GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS2.POLITICAL SITUATION3.SIX POINTS OF AWAMI LEAGUE 4.ELECTIONS December 19705.MUKTI BAHINI6. INDIAN PLAN OF OPERATION 7.INDO-PAK WAR 19718.THE SURRENDER9.AFTER EFFECTS OF WARCONCLUTION

PAKISTANI FLAG, a sign of national integrity…

PAKISTAN:BEFORE 1971..

SOME STATISTICS OF EAST PAKISTAN

Area 143,998 square kmSmaller then all Pakistan

provincesPopulation 40 million more then

all other provinces combinedSurrounded by India from three

sides Three main rivers divide east

Pakistan to three isolated regions

Infrastructure was poor. Roads were narrow

Only two ports with proper facility I.e. khulna, chittagong

Most of movement (military ,civil) across the rivers took place on country boats

Communication:

CAUSES OF ALIENATION: Language issue: A major issue which aliened the Bangalies

from rest of the country was language, national authorities failed to understand deep attachment of Bangalies with their mother language

Language riots results in the death of two students who became martyrs .sheikh Mujeeb then a unknown entity take this issue and became a hero.

IN MEMORY OF THOSE DIE IN LANGUAGE RIOTS:

Culture: Pakistan was a multicultural and poly

ethnic country Bengalis came from different social stock

their culture differed from the rest Their love for dance and poetry brought

them close to Bengali Hindus Zulfiqar-ali-bhutto was quite concious

about this cultural divide he said”unity was not flowing from fountainhead of a single nationality”

Behaviour of government officials:

Much of what is generally believed about the arrogance shown by the west pakistani official towards their sub ordinates was true.

West pakistani troops used to call their fellow soldiers “bengali” instead of their original names ,all such kind of irritants none of them dilebate convey the message of contemptuos attitude of west pakistanis towards bengal

REGIONAL EQUALITY-REMEDIAL MEASURES:

Language issue resolved: after having queered the pitch,steps

were taken to pacify the emotions Bengali was finally accepted second

language of Pakistan in 1956 constitution The Bengali script appeared on currency

notes, official documents, postage stamps

POLITICAL situation In July 1968 field marshal ayub suffered a

severe heart attack and remained seriously ill for 10 days ,he didn’t handed control to speaker national assembly. The deliberate violation of constitution angered Bengalis

In west Pakistan agitation led by zulfikar-ali-bhutto began to gain grounds. Strikes ,looting, burning , lathi charge was then a routine.

Ayub khan tried to solve issue by calling all parties conference but it failed.

CONTINUED.. Political forces in the country

demended immediate lifting of marshal law and a free and fair elections, field marshal decided to handover control to C in C Pakistan army GENERAL AGHA MUHAMMAD YAHYA KHAN

SIX POINTS OF AWAMI LEAGUE:

1. The Constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in the true sense on the basis of the Lahore Resolution and for a parliamentary form of government based on the supremacy of a directly elected legislature on the basis of universal adult franchise.

2. The Federal Government shall deal with only two subjects; Defense and Foreign Affairs. All residuary subjects will be vested in the federating states.

3. There should be either two separate, freely convertible currencies for the two Wings, or one currency with two separate reserve banks to prevent inter-Wing flight of capital.

4. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units. The Federal Government will receive a share to meet its financial obligations.

5. Economic disparities between the two Wings shall disappear through a series of economic, fiscal, and legal reforms.

6. A military or paramilitary force must be created in East Pakistan, which at present has no defense of it own.

ELECTIONS December 1970: GEN. Yahya announced elections to be held

in dec 1970 ,election campaingn spread over 12 months longest in the history of subcontinent.

Elections results are as follows : Awami league won 160 out of 162 seats

contested, 7 uncontested seats also went in their hands making it 167 out of 169

PPP won 81 seats out of 120 contested ,6 uncontested seats also went to PPP making it 87 out of 120

CONTINUED.. In East Pakistan Awami league won

75.11% of total votes .PPP didn’t contested at all

In west Pakistan Awami league obtained .07% of total votes ,PPP won 41.66% in punjab,45% in sindh,14.28% in NWFP, only 2.8 in Balochistan

MUKTI BAHINI: Mukti Bahini is an organization of so

called freedom fighters ,created by Indian army to help and guide them in their invasion of east Pakistan

The training ,supply of weapons ,planning all done by Indian army

Strength of this organization is approx 100,000 persons

MUKHTI BAHINI:

EFFECTIVENESS OF MUKHTI BAHINI: Mukti Bahini were not trained to

fight side by side with Indians They were trained for urgency

operations However after surrender GEN.Niazi

admitted that MUKHTI BAHINI made him blind and deaf.

CRACKDOWN: Military crack down began at 1am

between 25,26 march. Within 15 minutes of the operation

sheikh MUJEEB UR REHMAN was captured.

Decca university centre of militant wing of Awami league was raided.

All radio, TV stations were captured from the hands of rebels.

Decca airport, Chittagong and Khulna ports were also captured.

INDIAN PLAN OF OPERATION: Avoiding frontal attacks Bypassing strong points Paratroopers to speed up operations Preventing Pakistani troops from

falling into Decca bowl Reaching Decca in 14-15 days to

prevent UN from interference to arrange ceasefire.

INDO-PAK WAR 1971: Using refugee issue as a reason

Indian army attacked east Pakistan with foreign support. Pakistan army could only resist for two weeks .When Indian paratroopers reached Decca they found there only razakars and mujhahids.

THE SURRENDER: Lieutenant GENERAL AMIR

ABDULLAH KHAN NIAIZI signed instrument of surrender at 4:31 pm on 16 December ,1971.handed over the control of PAKISTAN eastern province to its bitterest enemy .

“TIGER”NIAZI SIGNING SURRENDER DOCUMENTS..

SURRENDER INSTRUMENT:

AFTER EFFECTS OF WAR: The sudden realization on 16 December

that country which the Quaid-e-Azam carved out and that it has been dismembered cast a pall of gloom throughout the country.

But gradually wounds began to heel the new Pakistan not only remained but began to rise like a phoenix from ashes.

The Islamic summit in Lahore put Pakistan in limelight again.

PAKISTAN DISMEMBERED:

BANGLADESH FLAG:

IMPACT ON PAKISTAN: Pakistan economy despite of

having cut to size grow and expand GDP of $19.7 billion rose to 49billion in 1991.

Foreign exchange reserves crossed $12billion mark.

Sophisticated weapons and nuclear technology acquired.

F-16s..

NATURE’S RETRIBUTION It is a fact that all involved in

breakup of Pakistan did not die a natural death

Mujib-ur-Rahman was gunned down Bhutto was hanged Zia-ur-rehman was assassinated Yahya khan remained prisoner Indra Gandhi was also killed

Bangalies Agitation is still alive Bangalies agitation is not dead yet.

It can be easily understood by their actions against those bangalies who had helped Pakistan army to put down the revolt. Recently a leader of Jamat-e-Islami “Mulla Abdul Qadir” were hanged because He and His Party had helped Pakistan Army.

Continue… Besides this, there are millions of

such people who had helped Pakistan Army and as a result were called as “Aliens” and till now, Both Bangladesh and Pakistan governments are not ready to give them recognition. They are specially looking towards Pakistan government to save there interests.

Need of the hour Pakistan government should take

some steps to save these heroes otherwise no one will stand for Pakistan as a patriot

Pakistan should force government of Bangladesh to stop there such actions which effects Pakistan prestige e.g giving awards to those who helped the revolt

CONCLUSION:

The pain and anguish of Dec 1971 would gradually fade away. But what should always be remembered is that history has a cruel habit of repeating itself if past mistakes were repeated over and over again.