EarlyCivilizationsMatrix Final1

8/3/2019 EarlyCivilizationsMatrix Final1

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University of Phoenix Faculty Material

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS MATRIX

CIVILIZATION

politics society/economics

technology art music architecture

philosophy literature

Prehistoric groupstructure,withpoliticscenteredaround thepower tohead thefamilygroup/clan,makingpoliticssmall scaleandintimaterelevant tothe needsofindividualmembersofprehistorictribes/social groups

Prehistoricgroups weresubsistentfarmers.

Economicsand tradestill almost

non existentas socialgroups

based onfamilies

worktogether to

subsist; theyhunt, farm,and build

theirshelters

together. Itis in the

protection ofthe group

thatindividuals

find security.

Paleolithic,Neolithic,stone ageflint, spears,stone knives.Fire is utilizedto cook food,for warmthduring winterand ageanimal hide.

Evidence ofprehistoric artcan be found inrock art foundin Caves andon stone likethose ondisplay inDordogne or inLascaux caves,France. Theyare depictionsof their naturalworld. Alsoclay and stonejars are foundfrom thisperiod.

No evidencesurvives asmusic to betraced tothePaleolithicage fromthe oraltradition.

At thispoint, man

lived inCaves or

stonestructuresthat wereeasy tobuild.

No evidenceexists.

No evidenceexists.


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Mesopotamian

5,000 BCE-6 BCEconsistedofAkkadian,Sumerian,Babylonian, Assyrian& Hittiteempireswhosucceededeach otherin thestruggle torule thefertilecrescent.Societiesfollow therule oftheir Kingswith equalinfluenceof religionand theneed formilitarysolutionsforterritorial&economicdisputes.Societiesexisted as

Mesopotamian societies

tradedextensivelywith each

other. Withinparticularsocieties,trade is

encouragedas marketsand bazaars

allow forcommerceto enrich

society, theruler and itspeople. Arab

traderstravelled farand wide incaravans

reaching asfar as Indiato the East

and theGreeks tothe North

West. Theypracticed

agriculture &used

irrigation tofertilize what

would bearid fields.

Irrigation &canals helped

in foodproduction.

Bronze, iron,copper & metal

weapons(daggers,

knives, spears,words) wereemployed by

the military forwarfare. The

wheel surfacedin the chariots

used by theHittites.Copper

working, glass-making, floodcontrol and

water storageallowed

Mesopotamiancivilizations to

flourish. Apump, the

Archimedesscrew allowedfor the hanging

gardens ofNebuchadnezz

arsBabylon tohappen. In

mathematics,

Decoratingwalls withexquisite

representations of tigers,

lions, flowers,the moon andthe stars wasseen as an art

form. ThePergamummuseum in

Berlin has in itscollection themarket wallsand pillars of

Nebuchadnezzars Babylon.Sculpturesmade fromdark stone,ivory andmarble

decoratedhalls, homes,

public places &palaces. Jewelswith preciousstones wereworn by therich as thepoor made

theiradaptations.

Creativesmelting

Music sangand

performedwith

instrumentsmostly had

religiouspurpose;

somethough weresang for theamusementof kings and

theirsubjects.Ordinary

people sangto

entertainment each

other. TheOud, astring,

guitar-likeinstrumentwas used, aprecursor of

theEuropean

lute.

TheBabylonians

hadZiggurats,massive

step,pyramidalstructuresthat servesas religious,military orpolitical

sanctuaries.Palaces ofrulers werelarge-scalecomplexes,often withhigh gates

of verycompact &

strongearth or

stone. Theyhad lavish

decorationsusing

colorful tiles& paint.Ordinary

houses onthe otherhand usedmud, brick,plaster &wooden

AncientBabyloniantext, theDialog of

Pessimismsurvived toinfluence

the thoughtof the GreekSophists, of

Socratesand ofPlato.

Babyloniansemployedlogic whenfaced witheveryday

challengesand

problems,often

stumblingon

revolutionary solutions.

The Epic ofGilgameshwas writtenduring this

period.Sumerianproverbswere also

recorded inclay tablets.


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city-states.Society isruled bylaw likethat ofKingHammurabi.

theyintroduced thesexagesimalsystem, the

source of our60-minute

hours and 360degrees

angular value.

allowed formetal

sculptures akinto that of stonefigures usuallywith religiousthemes (i.e.

angels &winged lions).

doors.

AncientEgyptian

AncientEgypt wasruled bythe all

powerfulpharaoh

and hisroyalhouse with

noblesappointed

to beviziers. Thepharaoh isalso head

of themilitary.He is an

absoluterulerinfluencedby religion

asPharaohswere seen

to bepartly

Egypt wasprimarily anagricultural

societyreliant on

the flooding

of the Nile tofertilize theirland and

flood planesto plant

grain, theirprimary

source offood. They

alsocultivatedanimals for

consumption(chicken,etc.) and

fished fromthe Nile and

from theMediterranean. Egyptian

society

AdvancedBronze & Iron

Age technology metal work

for weaponry &for practical

purposes. Theintroduction ofinclines, levers

& pulleys inthe

construction ofpyramids.

Glassmakingwas considered

a highlydesirable art.They also

created aunified writingas well asdecimalsystem,

developing thepapyrus as

form ofkeeping

Art wasdominated by

religion.Ancient Egypt

howeverproduced such

fine worksincludingbeautiful

sculptures,representation

of actualEgyptians. One

such work isthe bust of

Nefertiti nowon display inthe Egyptian

Museum inBerlin. Thetreasure trove

of PharaohTutankhamenshowed golden

masks,exquisite

precious metal

Pictorialevidence in

papyri,scrolls &

walls showthat music

wasimportant toancient

Egyptians.Musical

instrumentslike simpleclappers,

tambourines, harps andlutes wereused for

religiousandentertainment purposes.Drums were

used forreligious &

militaryprocessions.

AncientEgyptian

architecture of

pyramidsand

obelisksand greattemples

and palacesare amongthe most

aweinspiring inthe ancientworld. Thetechnology

used to

make theperfectpyramids

and many pillaredtemples

wererevolutionar

y at the

AncientEgyptianthought isordered bya sense of

what is

moral andwhat is rightas dictatedby Egyptian

belief. Agreat

examplewould be

the ancientwork,

Instructions of Pta'h-

hotep, amanual ofmoral

wisdom.

AncientEgyptianliteraturecovered

many vastsubjects

recordingwas madeeasy withthe use of

the papyrus,ink &

hieroglyps.Subjectmatter

includedreligion,social

issues,histories,scientifictreatises,poems &

even work offiction. Thebook of the

Dead is


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divinehaving

descendedfrom the

Gods.

buildingblocks is thefamily, thehead of thefamily is thefather whilewomen may

chose towork

althoughthey areseen as

maleproperty.

They did nothave

coinage buta form ofmoney-barter

system.

records &relaying

messages.Mathematically

, ancientEgyptian mathwas developedto use addition,

subtraction,multiplication,division, use

fractions,compute for

area andvolume as well

as had theirown

approximateequation forthe formula

used indetermining acircular areaby identifying

pi.

coffinencrusted with

preciousstones. Wallsare paintedwith typicalscenes as

papyrus getsdecorated totell stories asstorybooks do

to childrentoday. Powerful

sculpturesdepict the

emperor in hisfull glory,

deifying theemperor to hissubjects. Color

in artsymbolizedmany things

but had divineimplications.

EvenHieroglyphs

and writing it isseen not just

as a skill but asan art.

AncientEgyptianshad their

own form oforchestrawhere an

assembly ofmusicians

played theirinstrumentstogether to

performcertain

pieces &songs.

time.OrdinaryEgyptians

on theother hand

lived inmud brickhomes for

easycooling and

heating.Carving and

drillingwere usedto createparticularpieces anddecorateexquisitewalls &

pillars ofstone.

samples ofreligiousliteraturewhile the

instructionsof

Ptahhotepis an

example of aphilosophica

l work.


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ArchaicGreek

Beginningin the8BCE,

archaicGreece

wasdivided

into manysmall self-governingcommunities dictated

bygeography.Dependenton the kind

of socialorder

established6 the

needs ofthe

collective,ruling

classesappeared.In Sparta it

was acommunal

socialhierarchywhere anorganized

warriorclass ruled.In Athens

ArchaicGreek city

statestraded witheach otherwheneverpossible.

Agriculturewas a chiefeconomic

activity butso was

fishing andtrading

dependentupon the

nature of thecity state.Societiesbuilding

blocks werefamilies,even inmilitarySparta.

Adaptation ofPhoenicianalphabet todevelop the

Greek alphabetto representlanguage inthe written

form. Moneywas introducedin the form of

exquisite metalcoins

representingadvancementin metal work.Ships sailing

theMediterranean

had morestreamlined

bodiespropelled by

oars.

In potterywork,

naturalisticdepiction offlora & fauna

as well asevents &

objects can beseen. Gem

cutting, ivorycarving,jewelry

making, andmetalworking

were also

prevalent.Sculptorscreatedbeautiful

marble largescale statues

of gods &goddesses.Goldsmiths

specialized infine jewelrywhile bronze

smithsfashionedarmor &exquisiteplaques.

ArchaicGreek music

was sungand

performedfor religiousceremoniesas much asthey wereperformed

forentertainment. The lyre

was acommonmusical

instrument.

The Doriccolumn &the Ioniccolumn

establishedthe 2 mainorders ofArchaicGreek

architecture. Temples

area.Massive

and well litwere madepossible by

them,including

theParthenonin Athens.

They werethen

embellishedsculpturalfigures ofstone or

terracotta.Funerary

monumentswere also

built. Greathalls fororatory

speaking,for public

Philosophyor mannerof thoughtduring thisperiod wasdictated bythe natureof the city

state.Sparta forexample

followed aphilosophy

bent oncreating

harmonioussocial order.As a warrior

society ittrained itsyouth forcombat &leadership

as aseamless

military unitto create a

class ofwarrior

soldiers atthe ready toprotect thecity-state &its people.In Athens,

at this

Of ArchaicLiterature,on of the

mostimportant isthe codifiedlaw of Dracowhich waswritten to

quell socialconflict inAthenianSociety.


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themercantile

classgainedpower

creatingaristocratic

regimesand

populisttyrants.

gathering &for debateswere built.

Greatmarkets to

housemerchantsalso camearound.

periodreligion

dominatedlife and somorality

wasdictated

upon by thepantheon of

gods.

Aegean From CA1450, thiscivilizationcovers thebronze agesocieties ofGreece &

the Aegeandivided in

the regionsof Crete,

theCyclades &the Greekmainland.

The

Aegeancivilizations of

Minoans,Melians,Crete &

theMycenaean

s was

In theislands, the

peoplepracticed

agricultureas they did

in themainland,cultivating

oliveorchards toproduce oil.They also

raised variedfruits &

vegetables

Mediterranean climatewas mild.They are,however amaritime

civilization.They

practiced

They had iron,bronze, &

copper work,their smithiesspecializing intools of warand tools of

maritimevoyages. They

had alsoperfected an

irrigationsystem as wellas a plumbingsystem thatallowed for

flow of waterinto homes &buildings andtheir disposal

into thesewage

system. Theyalso had

advanced

Minoan art isdepicted in thepotteries that

wereunearthedduring the

excavations inthe Cyclades,in Crete andAsia Minor.

Paintings werenaturalistic

pictorial style,including thosethat adorneduncovered

walls. Frescoeson the wallsare covered in

vivid paint.Statuettes &

survivingfigurines try toimitate life and

precious

AegeanMusic is

depicted inthe frescoes

and thedecorativemotifs inpotteries.Like theirmainland

Greekcousins,

music wasused for

religious &social

entertainment purposes.They used akind of lute.

Ruins ofmassivepalaces,palatial

villas, ports& harbors

show stringleaningstowardscreating

structuresthat can

withstandpressure,probably

due to the

nature ofthe islands they saton seismic

faultsresulting to

regularearthquakes. Walls are

EarlyAegean

Philosophywas about

understanding mans

place in theorder

dictated bythe Gods.

Morality andethics isheavily

influencedby faith

although as

a collectiveunder therule of theKing, theAegeansfollowedrules in

accordancewith the

It was notuntil theperiod ofclassicalGreecewhen

dialogues,treatisesand other

literaryworks

pertaining tothe Aegeanwas found

which makesthese

references asnippet ofthe oraltradition

that reckonsback to the

memory of atime whenthe Aegean


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ruled by aking,

hence theyhad

monarchyruling a

maritimekingdom.

fishing anddependedon the sea.For trade,they usedships totravel

between theislands. For

militarypurposes,they hadtheir ownnavies.

heatingsystems thatallow for theregulation of

cooling &heating ofbuildings 6residences.

Above all, theyhad moreadvanced

ships, shapedfor speed or

specialized forcargo.

stones foundtheir way intostone seals.

decoratedwith murals& frescoes

whilecolumns,

friezes andmoldings

are part ofstandardAegean

architectural design.

social ordertheir

leaderssought toestablish.

civilizationsflourished.

ClassicalGreek

ClassicalGreek

Society isreckoned

back to thetime whenAthens was

at itsGolden

Age, whenafter the

time of the

autocrats,tyrants andoligarchiesthe peopledecided to

sharepower andrule under

the

Athens wasprimarily atrading anagriculturaleconomy.

The Greekstraded with

theirAegean,

Phoenician &Carthaginianneighbors,

engaging inmaritimetrade.

Athens wasa bustling

trading city.In the

countrysidethe

Classical Greektechnology is

vast. Theypossessed and

arrived atmathematics

thatsupplemented

theirengineering &building skillsallowing them

to build thelikes of theParthenon that

today stillstands as amarvel and

standard as itis copied all

over the world.

Classical GreekArt is vast,varied andmanifold.Sculptors

during thisperiod created

exquisitepieces of Godsfrom the Greek

mythology Hera, Zeus,

Hermes,Aphrodite,Athena, Apollo,etc.There are4 periods of art

in GreekCivilization -

the Geometric,Archaic,

Greek Musicis akin to

that of theirAegean

neighbors.With thelute they

sang songs.The harp,the drumsand even

the

castanetsalsooccupied

theirmusical

instrumentsstandard list

used inplays and

The Greeksare

introduceda high

standard interms ofClassical

architecturethat their

geniusremain

unrivalled

today. TheParthenonin Athens,the Stoa of

Attalus(became

thestandard for

public

ClassicalGreek

Philosophyis vast admanifold.

There arevaried

schools ofthought

thatdominated

Greek

thinkingincludingthat of theSophists.One thing

was uniformin their

philosophythough if

AncientGreeksocietyplacedimportanceuponliterature.Expertsconsider thewesternliterarytradition to

have begunwith the epicpoems TheIliad and TheOdyssey, byHomer thatremains thestandard fortheir skillful


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democraticsystem.

Citizens ofthe State

voted forleaders

andreforms

and had asay in

policiesand howAthens is

run.Officials

are electedto serve for

a term.The

military isa branch of

thisgovernment. They had

a senatethat

convenedfor the

welfare ofthe people.

Atheniansheld vasttracts of

arable land

producinggrain, olives,

sorghum,and otherrotation

crops. Theyalso

domesticated poultryand otherlivestock.

TheAntikythera

mechanism, anastronomical

computer wascreated in 80BC. Medicinepioneered byHippocratesbecame thebasis for the

currentmedical

profession. Thescientific

method waspioneered bythe AncientGreeks. The

study ofAstronomy, thescience of theplanets, thestars & theuniverse

started hereand aided

navigation aswell as

timekeepinggreatly.

Classical, andHellenistic.

Painting waspracticed with

the use of vividcolors. Pottery

motifs wererealistic

depictions oflife in general

or that ofheroes &Myths.

Terracotta &metal figurines

became anexpression ofart as well.

Friezesdecorated

buildings andtheir exquisiterendition of the

human formbecame the

highest form ofClassical

expression tothe eyes of theRenaissance

artist whocame to reviveGreek Art later.

othertheatre

presentations.

buildings),the temple

ofHephaestus

, thetheatres &open air

forums, thelibraries inEphesus &Pergamum.They alsointroducedan effective

sewersystem thatdrained thewaste fromtheir cities

and a waterdelivery

system thatwas the

predecessorof theRoman

aqueducts.

one willtake out ofthe accountthat which

was purelyreligious.

Theyexercisedreason &logic and

recognizedthe

existence offree will.

Theirs is thefoundation

of theModern wayof thinkingthat gave

birth to theWestern

Civilization.

and vividdepictions ofwar andpeace,

honor anddisgrace,love andhatred.NotableamongGreek poetswas Sappho,who defined,lyric poetryas a genre.Otherpublicationsinclude thewritings ofAristotle andPlato, that ofhistorianThucydides,the works ofPythagorasand themanuals ofHippocrates.


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Hellenistic Manyconsider

HellenisticCivilization

to be partof ClassicalGreece but

otherHistoriansset it apartas the form

ofGovernanc

e duringthis periodwas under

theinfluence

of the manbehind

Hellenization

Macedonian prince

Alexanderthe Great

whoseconquestof PersiaspreadGreek

Influencein the then

knownworld andunder his

Society wasa vast

network ofvaried

peoplescentered

around theGreekculture

rooted inClassical

Athens. Theeconomy

was vast asAlexandersempire wasrich. Citiestraded witheach other

there wasmining,

metal works,rotationcrops

enhancingagriculture,

fishing &maritime

trade,amongothers.Financesystems

were alsoestablishedto manage

Hellenistictechnology

was thedevelopment

and adaptationof classical

Greektechnology

frommetalwork tomining and

application ofthe new

sciences toeveryday life.Alexandersarmy was

aided greatlyby navigationaltools. Warships

and cargoships carried avast number of

people andgoods in speedunprecedentedin the ancient

world. TheChariot greatly

enhancedwarfare.

Hellenistic artwas a

continuation ofClassical Greek

art althoughwith

interaction intonew cultures ofthe conquered

city states,new

expressionscame to be.The mostcelebrated

performanceart forms arethe Theatres

which theGreeks brought

to every citythey

conquered orterritories they

established.The Alexander

Romance, aform of theatre

was bornplaying fromAthens as far

as Bactria.Sculptors

continued tocreate in the

classical Greek

Hellenisticmusic is a

continuationof classical

Greek musicenhancedwith thefusion ofPersian

elements.

Hellenisticarchitecture

was allabout

spreadingGreek

culture;hence

templesand

theatresresembling

that ofAthenswere

erected allover Persia

and newterritories.

HellenisticPhilosophy

saw theflourishing

of the ideasof Plato

followingAristotle

andSocrates.

The centralconcept wasthe Theory

of forms: the

transcendent, perfect

archetypes,of which

objects inthe

everydayworld areimperfect

copies. Thehighest form

was theForm of theGood, God,the sourceof being,

which couldbe known by

reason.


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policies,viziers andhis militaryruled the

territoriesunder hisreign. His

successorswere the

strongestamong hisgenerals

andspannedvaried

dynastiesuntil theromanPeriod.

the needs ofmerchants.

form. A greatexample wouldbe the Winged

Victory of

Samothrace.

Roman The RomanCivilization,

in itsancientform is

consideredto theperiodfrom

753BC to476 AD. It

wentthroughvaried

forms ofgovernment from that

Rome is theconsideredto be theforbearer

and root ofthe WesternCivilization.While theGreeksstartedModern

thought, it isthe Romans

thatcemented itinto a socialsystem. The

Romantechnologythat allowed

for theflourishing theEmpire was theimprovements

in militarydiscipline,

practice andespecially

weaponry. TheRoman armyrepresented awarrior class,

so armedfollowing

Romanpainting styleswere rooted inClassical Greek

practices.Frescoes werealso adapteddecorating

walls of villasand that of

publicbuildings.

Roman artistsalso painted onwood and even

Ivory. Thereare varied

RomanMusic was

largelybased on

Greekmusic,

sharing thesame

instrumentsand

principles asthe mostRomansstudied

under thetutelage of

Greek

Romanarchitecture

improvedmuch of the

GreekArchitecture adoptingIonian &

Doricprinciples

whilecreating

from thesevaried otherstructuresthat today

remain. The

RomanPhilosophy

was acontinuation

of theschools ofthought ofthe Greeksincluding

that of Plato& Socrates.

Dualismwhere

religion &logic

coexistedwas

RomanLiterature isvaried andmanifold

ranging fromthat whichcontainedworks offiction tolegal and

scientific aswell as

philosophical writings

andtreatises.

The Romans


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of aKingdom,

to that of aRepublic

and thenunder therule of theCaesars,

an Empiresuch as theworld has

not yetseen. Inthe laterperiod,

Rome wasruled by

Law andthe

practice oflegal

arbitrationwas born.

Romansociety wasstratified.

The Roman

economywas variedand vast.

Agriculture,period

rotationalcrops,

maritimetrade,

fishing,metalwork,

mining,financesystemstrade &

commercewere onlyamong the

manyactivities

thatflourished inthe Romaneconomy.

precise militarytactics toensure

campaign

success.TheRepublican

legionconsisted offive sections,each of whichwas equippeddifferently andhad different

places information: thethree lines of

heavy infantry(hastati,

principes andtriarii), a forceof light infantry(velites), andthe cavalry

(equites). TheRomans

introducedbetter sewer

systems, waterdelivery

systems likethe aqueducts

RomanEngineeringallowed forfaster road

networks and

styles inRomanpainting

following the

varied periodsof the

civilizationadvancing o

realistinterpretation

as well ashighly

decorativemotifs. The

Romans lovedportrait

sculpture asevidenced bythe busts and

statues ofRoman figures.They valuedbeauty and

classicalproportions

akin to that ofancientGreece.

Scholars. Inthe Roman

military,musical

instrumentssuch as thetuba (a longtrumpet) orthe cornu

(similar to aFrench

horn) wereused to give

variouscommands,while thebucina

(possibly atrumpet orhorn) andthe lituus

(probably anelongated J-

shapedinstrument),were used

inceremonialcapacities.Music wasused in theamphitheaters betweenfights and in

the odea,and in these

greatRoman

Aqueductsof colossal

sizes stillstand informer

territoriesfrom the

Middle Eastto Italy,

France andBritain.Roman

Roads stillremain.Halls,

buildingsmodeled

afterAthenian

Parthenongave rise to

thePantheon inRome. Tocelebratesports and

publicentertainm

ent theRoman

Coliseumcame intobeing filled

with

practiced.Epictetus

introducedcynicism

andstoicism.

producedmany worksof poetry,comedy,

tragedy,satire,

history, andrhetoric,drawing

heavily onthe

traditions ofother

cultures andparticularlyon the more

maturedliterary

tradition ofGreece.Cicero, aRoman

Senator isalso a notedwriter. Pliny

the elderwrote

NaturalisHistoria

whileFrontinus

wrote bookson RomanAqueducts

andVitruvius his


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well organizedcities. They

used concrete& created

heatingsystems for

homes & publicbaths, etc.

settings isknown to

havefeatured the

cornu andthe

hydraulis (atype ofwater

organ).

thousandsand

thousandsof

spectators.

contemporary wroteseveral

publications

on RomanArchitecture.

Judaic The Judaiccivilizationdates backto the time

ofAbrahamwho thebelieverssaid firstheard the

call of God.The Jewishcivilizations are those

Jewishkingdomssituated in

presentday Israelruled by amonarch.

Agriculturein the lands

andterritoriesthat allowfor farminglike in theJezreel

Valley in theNorth next

to the Jordanriver and the

sea ofGalilee. Theyalso fished

having beenrelated tothe early

Phoenicianswho fishedand weremaritimetraders.

They alsoengaged in

trade &

Technologyduring the

Judaiccivilization

differs greatlyper each

period. Duringthe time of theancient Jews to

that ofHistoricalDavid and

Moses, theyenjoyed the

same advancesas other

civilizations inthe fertileCrescent irrigationsystems,ingeniousheating &

coolingsystems ofresidences,

Judaic art fromthe earliestperiod were

concerned withRepresentation

al andnarrative

telling andexpression of

the Jewishfaith.

Sculptureswere a big no

especiallysince the

religion forbidsthe

worshipping ofidols. Of theimages thatmost come

depicted is Godthe Shepherdor as well asthe star of

David.

Jewishmusic is not

so farremoved

from that ofmuch of the

MiddleEastern

music in themanner that

theinstrumentsused in the

courts of theCaliphateare the

same. Songand music is

used forboth

religiousand socialpurposes.

Synagoguesare Jewishhouses of

prayer andstudy;otherbuildings ofsignificancein Judaism

includeyeshivas, orinstitutionsof Jewishlearning,

andmikvahs,which are

ritual baths.

Jewishphilosophy

refers to theconjunction

betweenseriousstudy of

philosophyand Jewishtheology.

The basis ofJewish lawand tradition("halakha")is the Torah(also known

as thePentateuchor the FiveBooks ofMoses).


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marketeconomy.

chariots fortravel &

warfare, theplough for

farming,winemaking

etc. During theRoman periodthey enjoyed

the sametechnology asthe Romans

had andbrought to

Israel.

earlyChristian

This periodis seen asthatimmediately whichfollows thecrucifixionof Christand thefirstCouncil ofNicaea.During thisperiod, thevariedterritoriesandsocietieswere underthe rule ofRome. This

Society atthis periodwas at a

cross roads.Economy

continued tobe that of

trade, openmarket

capitalism,cottage

industriesand

agriculturalendeavors

fromfarming,

croprotation,olive oil

production

Early Christiantechnology

delved into theproduction ofthe writings ofthe apostles

and themessage of

Christ with thefollowerslooking at

varied ways tomass producethe Bible tospread themessage.

Early Christianart are

representations of Jesus

Christ and histeaching. They

also containearly Christiansymbols likethe fish andthe cross.

Christianearly Musicwas aboutglorifying

god inprayer. Theywere mostly

songsaccompanied by lutes

and harps simple

instruments.

EarlyChristian

architectureis an

expressionof how the

earlyChristianssought tohide fromreligious

persecution. Hence, theestablishme

nt ofliterally

underground societies

& cavedwelling

Christians

Christianphilosophy

waspracticed bythose whoadopted it

as theirfaith.

At thisperiod, the

mostprominentliterature

thatsurfaced

where thebooks thatnow makesup the Newtestament

of theChristian

Bible.


14/17

period sawtheconversionof Pagan

Rome toChristianRome upontheconversionof emperorConstantine who stillreigned asAbsoluteruler.

and sugarplantations.

ofCappadocia

and backalley

churches inkey Roman

cities.

Byzantium Byzantiumwas

Constantines capital,that of a

veryChristianRomanEmpire.

Politically itwas run by

anemperor

who is theabsoluteruler and

each smallunit of

towns &villageswere run

Constantinople was a

trading huband the

ByzantineEmpire hadcontrol oververy active,

veryprofitable

trading cities& ports

giving theemperor

control andinfluence

overcomplex

industriesduring that

period.

Byzantinesciences were

rooted inClassic Greek

schoolsalthough there

was someadvancementin math and

the practice ofmedicine.

Visual art inthis civilizationis concernedwith religiousexpression

that ofChristianity,tits stories,

characters andvalues. Thevisual is an

interpretationof faith,creating

representations of Saints, the

Holy family,God and his

angels. Churchtheology found

their way in

Byzantinemusic usedthe lute, theviolin, theflute and

the harp butintroducedthe idea of

choirs group

singing, andthe alto,

soprano andtenor

musicalranges.

They wereutilized forreligiouspurposes.Music was

Architecture wise, the

bestexpression

ofByzantium

is theHaggia

Sophia, orthe Churchof the HolyWisdom of

god erectedby EmperorJustinian.

Byzantiumphilosophyis Christian,specificallyOrthodox

Christian inNature. Thebible is thephilosophy

here.

Byzantineliterature isclassified in5 sections:historians

andannalists,

Encyclopedists (Patriarch

Photios,Michael

Psellos, etc.essayists,

and writersof secularpoetry(i.e.

DigenisAcritas)

ecclesiastical and

theological


15/17

byappointedofficials.

Import,export,

capitalism Byzantium

was verymodern interms of itseconomic

trade.

books,paintings,

murals andeven stained

glass.

anexpression

toappreciate

and glorifyGod.

literature,And popularpoetry thatfind their

way tosongs.

Islamic IslamicCivilization

s GoldenAge from700AD to1200ADsaw theIslamicworld

contributeimmenselyto humanknowledge

in thesciences,

in the arts,humanities

, etc.Islamicscholars

andprominentindividuals

camearound in

this period.Politics-

The fertileCrescent is arich territoryallowing for

thefacilitation ofagriculturalundertaking

s thatallowed the

Islamicworld tofeed its

populace.Crop

rotationallowed for

variety,sugar

plantationscame to be.Islamic city

statestraded witheach other.The openeconomy

Muslimengineersintroducedwind and

hydropower,even tidal andwind to powermachineries inmills and massproduction setups. Clocks tokeep the time

becomestandard and avariety of mills

surfaced(including early

fulling mills,gristmills,

hullers, papermills, sawmills,

stamp mills,steel mills,sugar mills,

tide mills andwindmills),

glassmaking ,

Islamic art isvast.

Influencedmostly byreligion,

Islamic art isan expressionof the Faith

itself.Ceramics,

glass,metalwork,

textiles,illuminated

manuscripts,and woodwork

flourished.Islamic luster-

paintedceramics

inspired theItalian masters

during therenaissance.Calligraphy

flourished aswell as

Islamicmusical

instrumentsinclude the

lute, therebec (akind of

violin), aqitara

(guitar), anaxabeba(flute),drums,

castanet,harps, etc.

The solfegeof Western

music issaid to have

Arabicorigins.Music is

performedto entertainthe Caliphscourt, and

for the

GreatMosques

withminaretsshowed

hypostylearchitecturewith rows of

columns.Examplesare thegreat

Mosque ofXian in

China, thegreat

Mosque ofSamarra inIraq and ofcourse that

of ShaJahans Taj

Mahalwhich alsohad Hinduinfluences.

IslamicPhilosophy

is alsomanifold

due to thenumber ofpolymaths,independent thinkers

andscholarswho alsosought topreserve

the work ofGreek

Scholarslike

Aristotle.Their ideasfused thatof Indian &

Chinesephilosophiesreceived in

tradetogether

As in thearts, IslamicLiterature isvast fromworks of

fiction andimaginationto treatises,philosophica

lpublications,

scientificmanuals,religiousmaterialsand eventravel &cooking

books. Someof the

literatureincludeTheBook of OneThousandand OneNights

(Arabian


16/17

wise, theIslamicEmpire

under the

Caliphatesprovided

thestructure

thatgoverned

thecivilization.Supporting

theeconomic

& industrial

ambitionsof its

people, theempire

flourishedthroughthe openmarket

approach.While theCaliphate

ruled, each

smallerunit arerun by

viziers andappointedofficials.

Governance is also

wasencouragedas each city

came to

specializewith

products tooffer.

Merchantcapitalismalso gave

rise tofinancialsystems

while citiesstarted to

levy tax tomaintain

order.

advancedmetal work,textile andweaving,

mining ofminerals,

production ofweapons & warchariots came

about. Inmedicine the

Islamiccivilizationinvented

inoculation,distillation of

alcohol, quartzglass, among

others.

illuminatedmanuscriptsand portraitminiature

painting.

peoplesgeneral

entertainment. Music is

also used inreligious

and officialevents andceremonies.

with theideas of the

Greeksreinterprete

d with anIslamic

viewpoint.Some

famousIslamic

philosophers are

Avicenna,al-Frabi and

Al-Kindi.Science

wise, theirthinking

influencedthe

philosophyof

empiricism.

Nights) byPersianQueen

Scheherazad

e, TheologusAutodidactu

s by theArabian

polymathIbn al-Naf a

sciencefiction novel.


17/17

informedby Faith.

EarlyCivilizationsMatrix Final1

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