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Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph Viking 800-1000 Thor, Odin, Frigg, Valhalla Oseberg Ship Burial & post 9 th Rune stones 9 th Jelling Stone 10 th
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Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Jan 29, 2016

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Page 1: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Early Medieval - 1

Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5th-9th

Sutton Hoo purse cover 630

Cloisonné

Tipperary Cross 8th

Book of Durrow 7th

Book of Kells 9th

Tetramorph

Viking 800-1000

Thor, Odin, Frigg, Valhalla

Oseberg Ship Burial & post 9th

Rune stones 9th

Jelling Stone 10th

Page 2: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Early Medieval 2Carolingian 8th-9th

Charlemagne

Roland

Aachen, Palace Chapel 9th

Odo of Metz

monasticism

St. Gall, Monastery 9th,

Coronation Gospels 8th

Ebbo Gospels 9th

Linadau Gospels Book cover

Tetra morphs

Ottonian 10-11th

St. Michaels of Hildesheim 1015

Alternating support system

westwork

Bishop Bernward, Bronze doors

Gero Crucifix, Hitda Gospels

Gospel Book Otto III c. 1000

Page 3: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Early

Medieval

Europe

500ce - 1100ce

Page 4: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Celtic

Spain

Italy

Carolingian

Ottonian

Page 5: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable

Page 6: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Beowulf !

epic 9th in Old English

Page 7: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Celtic & Saxon

Page 8: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Frankish Fibula5-7th century

silver gilt

Page 9: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Gummersmark Brooch

Denmark 6th century

silver giltheight 5.75 “

Page 10: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

MAP OF MEDIEVAL ENGLAND

Page 11: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Purse cover Sutton Hoo burial ship c.615-

30length 8”

Detail of millefiore →

Page 12: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

cloisonné

Page 13: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Sutton Hoo

Page 14: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

cloisonné

Page 15: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

St. Patrick’s Bell Reliquary

Page 16: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Celtic Bookcover, bronze, 8th century, 8”

Page 17: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Tipperary Cross 8th century

Page 18: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Muiredach cross

10th century

Page 19: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.
Page 20: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

The illuminated pagecodexfolio

parchment or vellum

Page 21: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Skellig Michael

Page 22: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Book of Durrow “carpet pages” 7th century

Page 23: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Mark’s Gospel, Durrow 8th

Page 24: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Matthew, Durrow

Page 25: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

The Book of Kells 760-820

Page 26: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

XPIChi Rho Iota

Page 27: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

details

Page 28: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Tunc Crucifix and XPI, Kells

Page 29: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Both XPI

Page 30: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

details

Page 31: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

details

Page 32: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.
Page 33: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

THE GERONA BEATUS

Spain, 975 ce•Illuminator : ENDE

•scribe: EMERITIUS

Page 34: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Scandinavia:

The Vikings

Page 35: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Denmark-

Sweden

c. 600 AD

Page 36: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Burial ship c. 815 – 20 Oseberg, Norway

wood

length : 75 ½ ‘

Page 37: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Animal Post c. 815 – 20 Oseberg, Norway

wood

Page 38: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

The RÖk Stone, Sweden 9th

runes

Page 39: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Dynna Stone 9-10thGunnv�r, �XX?’s daughter, made a bridge in memory of her daughter xx? She was the most skilful girl in Ha�aland

Page 40: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

a picture stone

Warrior Entering Valhalla, Gotland

Sweden

8-9th century

(repainted)

Page 41: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Jelling Stone 10th century

Page 42: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Jelling Stone, reverse

Page 43: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Urnes

“animal style”11th century wood carving

on Christian Church

Page 44: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE 8-9TH

Page 45: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

B O O K SB O O K S• Charlemagne ordered simple, uniform, legible

Latin script

• Majuscules or CAPITALS were used for very formal text

• Minuscules or lower case were used for everyday writings

• Easy to read but no punctuation marks or spaces between words

Charlemagne 8-9th centuries

Page 46: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Charlemagne

9th century left, 14th century right

Page 47: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.
Page 48: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Charlemagne & the Song of Roland

Chartres Cathedral, 12th century

Page 49: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Aachen, Palace Chapel of Charlemagne

By Odo of Metz

805 ce

interior

Page 50: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.
Page 51: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Charlemagne chapel

Ravenna 6th - Aachen 9th

Page 52: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Charlemagne chapel

Page 53: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

A page with Mark the Evangelist

Book of Mark

Godescalc Evangelistary (781 – 83)

ink and colours on valium

12 ½ “ x 8 ½ “

Monastery of St. Gall, Switzerland, 9th century

Page 54: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

A page with Mark the Evangelist

Book of Mark

Godescalc Evangelistary (781 – 83)

ink and colours on valium

12 ½ “ x 8 ½ “

Page 55: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

B O O K SB O O K S• Charlemagne ordered simple, uniform, legible

Latin script

• Majuscules or CAPITALS were used for very formal text

• Minuscules or lower case were used for everyday writings

• Easy to read but no punctuation marks or spaces between words

Page 56: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Carolingian ScriptCarolingian Script

Page 57: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Coronation Gospels 810, Matthew & John

Book of Mark

Godescalc Evangelistary (781 – 83)

ink and colours on valium

12 ½ “ x 8 ½ “

Page 58: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Book of Matthew

Ebbo Gospels c.816 – 35

I

nk, gold & colours on vellum 10 ¼ “ x 8 ¾ “

Ebbo verses Coronation 9th

Page 59: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

a page with Matthew the Evangelist

Book of Matthew

Ebbo Gospels c.816 – 35

I

gold & on vellum 10 “ x 8 “

Page 60: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Outer Cover of the Lindau Gospels, c. 870-80 gold, pearls & gems

Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures,

Page 61: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

OttonianOttonian Europe Europe

Page 62: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

OttonianOttonian Europe Europe

10-early 11th centuriesHenry IOtto IOtto IIOtto IIIHenry II

Page 63: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Otto I Presenting Magdeburg Cathedral to Christ c.962 - 73

1 of 19

ivory 5 x 4“

Christ, Saints, Otto I , ivory, 5x4”

Page 64: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Otto II 973-83 -- Otto II Marries Theophana, Byzantine princess

Otto 11 & Theophana

Page 65: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Otto 111 – Gospel Book of Otto 111 c. 1000

Page 66: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Church of St, Michael’s of Hildesheim c. 1001-1031

WESTWORK

(façade)

Germany

begun 961

consecrated 973

Page 67: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

apse

Page 68: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

westwork

Page 69: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Church of Cyriakus,961

Alternating Support System

Alternating support system

Page 70: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.
Page 71: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Doors of Bishop Bernward 1015

Bronze Doors,

St, Michael’s of Hildesheim c. 1015

16’

Bishop Bernward

16’

Abbey Church of St. Michael,

Page 73: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Detail of doors:

Adam and Eve

Page 74: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Detail of doors:

Adam and Eve

Page 75: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Detail of doors:

Adam and Eve

Page 76: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Doors of Bishop Bernward 1015

Abbey Church of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Bronze height 16 ½ ‘

Page 77: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Gospels of Otto III ink & color on vellum 8 x 6

Gospel of Otto III c. 1000, 13 x 9”

Page 78: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

St. Luke, Gospel Book Otto III

Page 79: Early Medieval - 1 Anglo Saxon/Celtic 5 th -9th Sutton Hoo purse cover 630 Cloisonné Tipperary Cross 8 th Book of Durrow 7 th Book of Kells 9 th Tetramorph.

Hilda Gospels

early 11th century