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%
20
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60
80
100
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Sep 2007
HENRIQUE B. PEREIRA
General Motors Powertrain
henrique.pereira @ gm.com
Year
Source: ANFAVEA Flexible Vehicle Sales Price Relationship Ethanol / Gasoline % (São Paulo)
Ethanol Vehicle Sales
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Year
%
20
40
60
80
100
Source: ANFAVEA Flexible Vehicles Sales Price Relationship Ethanol / Gasoline % (São Paulo)
Ethanol Vehicles Sales
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Brazil was the first country in the world to adopt ethanol as a motor fuel.
“PróÁlcool” (1975) – Vehicle powered by 100% ethanol
* Car Racing (1976)
Government Fleet (1977)
Production (1979)
* All fuel stations required to pump ethanol by law
* One fuel price across the country (military government)
* Sales and registration fees incentives
* Ethanol price: enforced to be 60% of gasoline price
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Experience
* Ethanol quality
* Poor ethanol specification
* Engine components corrosion protection
* Gasoline engine to ethanol conversion in the field
* Cold start100% ethanol (Temperatures below 64° F)
Auxilliary gasoline reservoir
* High compression ratio engines for thermal efficiency
Brazilian fuel
Gasoline – E22 Ethanol – E100 22% Ethanol 93% (min) Ethanol 78% Gasoline 7% (max) Water
Introduction of new emissions regulations * Fuel injection system
* Exhaust after treatment
* Cold start improvements (Electronically Controled)
“PróÁlcool” program collapsed * Sugar prices “skyrocketed” and oil prices leveled out
* Ethanol refinaries switched production to sugar
* Lack of ethanol at the fuel stations
* Ethanol price: 80% of gasoline price
* “PróÁlcool” program lost credibility
* Ethanol vehicle market crashed
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First Flex fuel vehicle studies (1992) * Electronic control could automatically adjust to run on any blend of fuel from 100% ethanol down to 20% Ethanol. “Virtual sensor”
Ethanol prices decreased * Inventories were growing
* Ethanol price: 40% of gasoline price (by offer)
Flex vehicles would give customers the ability to switch as fuel market dictates
Challenges and Concerns for Flex
* Water separation
* Compression ratio optimization (Gasoline & Ethanol)
Thermal Efficiency – Keeping high compression
(Octane numbers: E22 = 92 / E100 = 105)
* Fuel consumption perception (Ethanol X Gasoline)
* Component protection against corrosion optimization
* Virtual sensor to detect different fuels in real time
In 2003 GM launched the first flex vehicle in the market
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Hydraulics 14,8%
Uranium 1,6%
Coal 6,0%
Natural Gas 9,6%
Biomass 30,1%
oo t er u ar ane
t er
WWoodd && OOt hher 11 33%% SSuggar CCane 11 44%% OOt hher 33%%
Petroleum 37,9%
Source MME/BEN 2006
uel ro uction ( illions of liters ): t anol , asoline , iesel ,
Source:ANP
FFuel PProdduction
(BBillions of liters22000066): EEthhanol 66,22 GGasoline 2244,00 DDiesel 3366,77
Source:ANP
GLP 13%
Oil 6% Kerosene
5%
Gasoline (E22) 27%
Diesel 42%
Hydrous Ethanol 7%
(Anhydrous Ethanol 6%)
Total ethanol 13%
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n
L
.
1
i
/ .
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
2003 J F M A M J J A S O N D
2004 J F M A M J J A S O N D
2005 J F M A M J
2006
MMi (mar/07) Source Denatran
%
Brazilian Passenger Car Production
Source ANFAVEA
Vehicle Fleet Total 28,3 i (mar/07) Source Denatran
Gasoline 23,3 Mi Flex 3,0 Mi Ethanol 2,0 Mi
Vehicle Fleet Total 28,3
Gasoline 23,3 Mi Flex 3,0 Mi Ethanol 2,0 Mi
Flexible Vehicle Sales
Ethanol Vehicle Sales Gasoline Vehicle Sales
Corsa 1.8L
Mo tana 1.8L
Meriva 1.8L
Zafira 2.0
Astra 2 0L
Celta .0L
Vectra 2.0/2.4L
Classic 1.0L
Corsa 1.0 / 1.8L GV
Montana 1.8L GV
Meriva 1.8L GV
Pr sma 1.4L
S10 Blazer 2 4L
2007
100 %
2003 2004 2005 2006
3 % 25 % 50 % 95 %
Corsa 1.4 GV
Montana 1.4L GV
Passenger Vehicles Brazilian Market
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CCit yy
itEthanol
Gasoline
Example: Today in São Paulo WWhheenn PPrriiccee RReellaatt iioonnsshhiipp
EEtthhaannooll //GGaassooll iinnee iiss bbeellooww tthhaann 7700%%,, iitt iiss aann
4488 aa%% ddvvaannttaaggee ttoo rruunn oonn
EEtthhaannooll..
WWhheenn PPrriiccee RReellaatt iioonnsshhiipp EEtthhaannooll //GGaassooll iinnee iiss
hhiigghheerr
tthhaann 7700%%,, iitt iiss aann
aaddvvaannttaaggee ttoo rruunn oonn
GGaassooll iinnee..
TToopp SSppeeeedd AAcccceelleerraatt iioonn 00110000 kkmm//hh
189 km/h 10.4 s
190 km/h 10.1 s
EEllaasstt iiccii ttyy 4400 aatt 110000 kkmm//hh EEllaasstt iiccii ttyy 8800 aatt 112200 kkmm//hh
14.2 s 13.4 s
13.2 s 13.2 s
FFuueell CCoonnssuummpptt iioonn
11.6 km/L
8.1 km/L HHi gghhwwaayy
i
17.4 km/L
12.0 km/L
625 km RRaannggee
CCoommbbi nnee dd
i
14.2 km/L
9.9 km/L
GGaassooll iinnee
436 km EEtthhaannooll
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Cold start improvements
* Cold Start without auxilliary Gasoline reservoir
Engine thermal management
* Temperature adjustment for each different fuel blend
Optimize Compression Ratio
* Increased Efficiency
* Reduced Fuel Consumption
Turbocharging
* Variable compression according to the fuel blend
Direct Injection Engines (SIDI)
* Further Increased Efficiency
* Further Reduced Fuel Consumption
Known exhaust emissions standards (Except for California) are not a
restriction to Flex Fuel vehicles. Diagnosis (OBD) is still a challenge.
Ethanol price fluctuation and its availability in the market substantially
affects customer decisions on vehicle purchase. The Flex Fuel
architecture eliminates this factor.
The Flex Fuel technology is mature and can be applied worldwide, the
implementation is dependent on Emissions Standards, Diagnosis Level
and portfolio size.
Challenge to expand the Flex Fuel vehicles to other countries is on the
availability of ethanol and channels of distribution.
Distribution of E85 instead of E100 enables elimination of cold starting
devices and therefore, should be preferred.