E- Notes Chapter 7

7/30/2019 E- Notes Chapter 7

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T.O.A.O.S

DED 1053

ORAL SKILLS

E- NOTES

Interactive Skills

Routines

Negotiation skills

Pronunciation and Speech Organs

Stress Patterns

PREPARED BY: NURSUHAILA IBRAHIM


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INTRODUCTION

Interactionskills

RoutinesInformation

routinesInteraction

routines

Negotiation

skills


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A) ROUTINES

-Bygate ( 1987)- routines can be defined as

conversational ways of presenting information- Patterns in communication.

Example:a) Story telling

b) Describing or comparing

c) Instructing


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B) NEGOTIATION SKILLS

skills to deal with communication problems

Example

a) Check specific meanings

b) Change wording

c) Correct mistaken interpretations

d) Find words or uncommon ideas, etc


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RoutinesWays of presenting information.

2 kinds of routines:1. INFORMATION ROUTINES

-common types of info. Structures, such as stories, descriptions ofplaces and people, presentation of facts, comparisons, andinsructions.- grouped- a) expository(fact-ex: narration, description, and

instruction)b) evaluative (drawing conclusion- ex: explanations,

predictions, justifications, decisions)

Eg; a narrative many essential features: setting, plot, theme etc. To tell a successful narrative must give accurate account. So, more features more difficult to tell the story.


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2. INTERACTION ROUTINES

- sequences of kinds of terms occurring in typical

kinds of interactions.

- Eg: telephone conversations, interview situations,

etc.

If speaker get sequence wrong may sound rudeor disorganized.

Good speakers develop the repertoire.


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ROUTINE SKILLS

INFORMATION ROUTINES

-STORIES

-PRESENTATIONS-COMPARISONS

INSTRUCTIONS

INTERACTION ROUTINES

-CASUAL ENCOUNTERS

-TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS

-RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEWS


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Negotiation skills

Negotiationskills

Negotiation ofmeaning achieve

understanding

Level of explicitnesswhat listener knows/

needs to know

Procedures of

negotiation words andphrases used.

Management

Of interaction decidingwho is going to speak

next

Agenda management

Turn-taking


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Characteristics of interaction routines

SPEAKER

Announcing or indicating ones purpose in advance

Checking that the other person has understood

Asking the other person for information or language

Asking other persons opinion


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Characteristics of interaction routines

LISTENER

Indicating understanding by gestures, facial expression etc

Checking or indicating understanding by summarising

Indicating uncertainty about comprehension.

Asking for clarification


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Management of interaction

1. Agenda management

Freedom to start,

maintain, direct and

end a conversation

without conforming to a

script and without

intervention of a third

party.

2. Turn-taking

Getting a turn and

letting another speaker

have a turn in a

conversation.


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Turn-taking

Knowing how to

signal for a turn

Knowing how tolet someone else

have a turn

Recognizing theright moment to

get a turn.

Knowing how to

use appropriateturn structure.

Recognizing

another speakerssignal to speak.


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PRONUNCIATION AND SPEECH

ORGANS

Need to know parts of a speech organ to

teach pronunciation.

Students can learn pronunciation by imitating

teacher.


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Speech organ


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Pronunciation

Sound

VowelsConson

ants

Stress

Wordstress Lingkage

Sentencestress

Intonation

Risingtune

Fallingtune

E- Notes Chapter 7

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