E N E R G Y M A N A G E M E N T

INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPERINDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PAPER

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION CAN BEEFFECTIVELY USED TO

MINIMIZE THE LOAD SHEDDING

SQUENCE OF PRESENTATIONSQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. OBJECTIVE. EXISTING ENERGY SITUATION IN

PAKISTAN. FUTURE ENERGY FORECAST. FUTURE GENERATION PROJECTS. ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIIAL IN

PAKISTAN ENERGY CONSERVATION &

MANAGEMENT.

SQUENCE OF PRESENTATIONSQUENCE OF PRESENTATION

POTENTIAL SECTORS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT.

METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY CONSERVATION.

CONCLUSION. RECOMMENDATIONS.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN TODAY’S WORLD, THE ENERGY IS BASIC

NEED OF MANKIND. EVERY THING HAS GOT DIRECT OR INDIRECT RELEVANCE WITH IT AND EVERY ACTIVITY REVOLVES AROUND IT.

ITS VITAL IMPORTANCE RENDERS IT ONE OF THE CORNER STONES OF DEVELOPMENT.

UNFORTUNATELY COUNTRY’S POWER SECTOR IS PRESENTLY EXPERIENCING ONE OF THE WORST CRISIS IN THE HISTORY. THE CURRENT SPATE OF POWER SHORTAGE IS THREATENING TO DERAIL RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE SCENARIO CALLS FOR MULTI PRONGED

APPROACH AND ISSUE HAVE TO BE ADDRESSED THROUGH SHORT TERM & LONG TERM SOLUTIONS.

BOTH THE SOLUTIONS EVEN REQUIRES A HUGE CAPITAL AND TIME, SO ENERGY CONSERVATION IS THE ONLY TOOL WHICH CAN BE ADOPTED RIGHT NOW TO MINIMIZE THE LOAD SHEDDING.

IN THIS WAY WE CAN MANAGE THE GAP BETWEEN SUPPLY SIDE – DEMAND SIDE, WHICH ULTIMATELY REDUCES THE LOAD SHEDDING DEMAND

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES TO IDENTIFY / DETECT THE AREAS /

SECTORS WHERE WASTEFUL OR UNNECESSARY ENERGY IS BEING UTILIZED.

TO EXPLORE WAYS AND MEANS TO KEEP THE USE OF WASTEFUL ENERGY TO BARE MINIMUM OR TO COMPLETELY ELIMINATE IT.

TO MAKE PEOPLE AWARE OF THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF WASTAGE ENERGY.

TO DECREASE THE LOAD DEMAND OF THE SYSTEM WHICH IN TURN REDUCES THE LOAD SHEDDING.

EXISTING ENERGY SITUATION IN WAPDAEXISTING ENERGY SITUATION IN WAPDA

1. INSTALLED CAPACITY THE TOTAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER

CAPACITY OF THE WAPDA SYSTEM FROM 14 STATIONS IS 6463 MW. THE INSTALLED THERMAL CAPACITY OF THE WAPDA SYSTEM IS 4744 MW WITH PRESENT CAPABILITY OF 3927MW.

DERATION IN THE CAPACITY IS MAINLY DUE TO AGING FACTOR, USE OF FURNACE OIL.

THE TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY IN WAPDA THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN AS UNDER.

Installed Generating CapacityInstalled Generating Capacity

SourceCapacity

(MW)%age

Hydel 6,464 37.1GENCOs 4,744 27.3Rental 285 0.9IPPs 5,760 32.9Nuclear 325 1.9Total 17,578 100

GENCOs27%

Rental2%

Hydel36%

Nuclear2%IPPs

33%

ENERGY GENERATIONENERGY GENERATION

PRESENTLY THE HYDRO POWER SUPPLIED IN THE SYSTEM IS 37% WHICH WAS AT ONE TIME ACCOUNTED FOR 65% OF THE TOTAL POWER GENERATION .

MAXIMUM GENERATIONMAXIMUM GENERATION

MONTH (MW)JULY -06 13531

AUGUST 13616

SEPTEMBER 12947

OCTOBER 13971

NOVEMBER 12537

DECEMBER 10897

JANUARY-07 11039

FEBRUARY 12552

MARCH 11171

APRIL 13002

MAY 13567

JUNE 13292

MAXIMUM UNITS GENERATION(M KWh)MAXIMUM UNITS GENERATION(M KWh)

YEAR M KWh2000 55873

01 58455

02 60860

03 64040

04 69094

05 73520

06 82225

07 87835

PRESENT ENERGY DEMANDPRESENT ENERGY DEMAND

11,285

12,595

13,847

15,83816,056

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

15,000

16,000

17,000

Dem

and

(M

W)

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

PRESENT ENERGY GENERATION VS ENERGY DEMANDPRESENT ENERGY GENERATION VS ENERGY DEMAND

Year DateRecorded

PeakLoad Shed

Computed Peak

% Rise

2003-04 23-Aug 11,194 91 11,285 8.00 2004-05 25-Jun 12,385 210 12,595 11.61 2005-06 28-Jun 12,600 1,247 13,847 9.94 2006-07 11-Jun 13,292 2,546 15,838 14.38

(Values in MW)

MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDED VS MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDED VS GENERATION & LOAD SHEDDING GENERATION & LOAD SHEDDING

PERIOD MAX. DEMAND (MW)

MAX. GEN. DEMAND

LOAD SHED (MW)

JULY 14238 13531 1820

AUGUST 14013 13616 1028

SEPTEMBER 13976 12947 1029

OCT 13717 13971 1011

NOV 12073 12537 242

DEC 11743 10897 1943

Contd..


PERIOD MAX. DEMAND (MW)

MAX. GEN. DEMAND

LOAD SHED (MW)

JAN 12093 11039 1735

FEB 11590 12552 849

MAR 12311 11171 1347

APR 13843 13002 1334

MAY 14650 13567 1201

JUNE 15838 13292 2868

Historical Surplus/Deficit(2002 – 2007)

YEAR

WAPDA SYSTEM

Installed Capacity

Firm Capability

Computed Peak Demand

Surplus/ Shortfall

2001-02 15819 10894 10459 435

2002-03 15819 10958 11044 -86

2003-04 17299 11834 11598 236

2004-05 17350 12792 12595 197

2005-06 17400 12600 13847 -1247

2006-07 17366 13292 15838 -2546

16

Month-wise surplus/deficit (MW)Month Peak Demand Generation Surplus/deficit

Jan-07 12093 11039 -1054

Feb-07 11590 12552 962

Mar-07 12311 11171 -1140

Apr-07 13843 13002 -841

May-07 14650 13567 -1083

Jun-07 15838 13292 -2546

Jul-07 15941 13706 -2235

Aug-07 15862 13666 -2196

Sep-7 16056 13644 -2412

Oct-07 13737 14092 355

Nov-07 12401 11590 -811

Dec-07 12154 9679 -2475

Jan-08 12255 9104 -3151

Feb-08 12123 10122 -2001

Mar-08 13682 9845 -3837

Apr-08 15124 11568 -355617

FUTURE GENERATION PROJECTS*(2008-2011)

18

FiscalYear

Name of Project TypeInstalledCapacity

(MW)

Expected COD

CapacityAdded ineach Year

(MW)

TotalInstalledCapacity

(MW)

PIE AmPower Project IPP 390 Dec. 2010

Star Thermal Project IPP 134 Jan. 2011

CC at Chichoki Mallian Public 526 Mar. 2011

Bestway IPP 205 Mar. 2011

Guddu Steam Public 750 Apr. 2011

UCH-2 ICB Power Project IPP 450 Jun. 2011

Gulistan Project IPP 200 Jun. 2011

*Based on WPPO information dated 25 April 2008

MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDED VS GENERATION MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDED VS GENERATION & LOAD SHEDDING& LOAD SHEDDING

HISTORICAL LOAD GROWTH ~ 5%

DOUBLE DIGIT LOAD GROWTH IN THE PRECEDING 3 YEARS DUE TO FOLLOWING REASONS.

• HIGHER ECONOMIC & INDUSTRIOUS ACTIVITIES

• EXTENSIVE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION

• RAPID URBANIZATION

• POOR QUALITY OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED ELECTRIC GADGETS

• SUBSIDIES TO SOME CATEGORIES

• RE-ATTRACTION OF LOST INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS


THE PRESENT FAST INCREASING LOAD GROWTH HAS RESULTED IN GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION ISSUES THAT THREATEN THE RELIABILITY AND ECONOMICS OF EFFECTIVE ENERGY DELIVERY.

FUTURE ENERGY FORE CAST/ FUTURE ENERGY FORE CAST/ REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

THE GROWTH IN ELECTRIC ENERGY USE IN PAKISTAN IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN HIGH FOR MANY YEARS TO COME AND BY 2030. THE FORECAST LOAD DEMAND IS WORKED OUT ON THE BASIS OF ACTUAL DEMAND RECORDED DURING 2007 I.E 15138 MW AND APPLIED THE SAME GROWTH RATE EACH YEAR AS APPLIED IN THE GOP MTDF LOAD FORECAST. THESE PROJECTIONS OF LOAD SHOW AN ACCUMULATED GROWTH OF 10.44 FROM THE YEAR 2010 TO 2015.

LOAD FORECASTLOAD FORECASTBased on Regression AnalysisBased on Regression Analysis

(Revised April, 2008)(Revised April, 2008)

* Base year figure without export to KESC

Year MW G.R (%)

2006-07* 15138 2007-08 16484 8.92008-09 17868 8.42009-10 19352 8.3

A.C.G.R. (2006-2010) 8.52010-11 20874 7.92011-12 22460 7.62012-13 24126 7.42013-14 25919 7.42014-15 28029 8.1

A.C.G.R. (2010-2015) 7.7

22

FUTURE GENERATION PROJECTSFUTURE GENERATION PROJECTS

THE GROWTH IN THE LAST THREE YEARS WITNESSED THAT THERE IS A HUGE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY WHICH IS THREATENING TO RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY.

TO MEET THE PROJECTED DEMAND OF WAPDA SYSTEM, A NUMBER HYDRO AND THERMAL PROJECTS, BOTH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ARE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION.

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS UNDER TAKEN HYDRO POWER PROJECTS UNDER TAKEN BY WAPDA BY WAPDA

DESCRIPTION CAPACITY

IN OPERATION 6464 MW

UNDER CONSTRUCTION 1422 MW

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS UNDER TAKEN HYDRO POWER PROJECTS UNDER TAKEN BY WAPDA BY WAPDA

DESCRIPTION CAPACITYPROJECTS ANNOUNCED BY PRESIDENT OF PAKISTAN FOR CONSTRUCTION

9523

I BASHA

II KALABAGH

III KURAM TANGI

IV AKHORI

V MUNDA

PROJECTS UNDER STUDIES 20770

TOTAL 381139



FiscalYear


(MW)

Expected COD


(MW)


(MW)

Existing Capacity 17684

2007-08 Malakand-III HPP Public 81 May. 2008 141 17825

Rehab. of GENCO Plants Public 60 Jun. 2008

2008-09 Orient Thermal (Balloki) IPP 150 Jul. 2008 2029 19854

Attock Power Project IPP 165 Oct. 2008

Rental Plant at F/Abad IPP 150 Nov. 2008

Rental Plant at Guddu IPP 110 Nov. 2008

Rental Plant at Multan IPP 192 Dec. 2008

Rental Plant at Sahiwal IPP 150 Dec. 2008

Rehab. of GENCO Plants IPP 240 Dec. 2008

Rental Plant at Satiana Road IPP 200 Jan. 2009

Orient Thermal(Balloki) IPP 75 Jan. 2009


27

FiscalYear


(MW)

Expected COD


(MW)


(MW)

Rental Plant at Ludewala IPP 200 Feb. 2009

Rental Plant at Nooriabad IPP 100 Mar. 2009

Atlas Shirazi Project IPP 225 Mar. 2009

Khan Khwar HPP Public 72 Apr. 2009

2009-10 Duber Khwar HPP Public 130 Jul. 2009 2255 22109

Muridke Power Project IPP 225 Jul. 2009

Fauji Mari Power Proj IPP 202 Sep. 2009

F/Abad ICB Project Public 375 Nov. 2009

Dadu ICB Project Public 375 Nov. 2009

Nishat Power project IPP 200 Dec. 2009

Jinnah Low Head Hydel Public 96 Feb. 2010

Sahiwal Power Project IPP 225 Feb. 2010



28

FiscalYear


(MW)

Expected COD


(MW)


(MW)

Engro Power Project IPP 227 Jun. 2010

Nishat Chunian Project IPP 200 Jun. 2010

2010-11 Allai Khwar HPP Public 121 Jul. 2010 4856 26965

C.C. at F/Abad Public 125 Nov. 2010

C.C. at Dadu Public 125 Nov. 2010

Nandipur Power project Public 425 Dec. 2010

Bhikki Power Project IPP 225 Dec. 2010

Western ElectricProject IPP 150 Dec. 2010

Green Power Project IPP 205 Dec. 2010

KAPCO Extension IPP 400 Dec. 2010

HUBCO Narowal IPP 225 Dec. 2010

Liberty Power IPP 200 Dec. 2010


ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN

ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN PAKISTAN

INDUSTRY % REDUCTION IN ENERGY USE PER UNIT PRODUCTION

METALLURGICAL 5-10

CEMENT 10-20

PETROLEUM 10-20

PULP AND PAPER 20-25

ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTANENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR SAVING POTENTIAL (%)AGRICULTURE 5-15

PAPER 10

GLASS / CERAMIC 10-15

COMMERCIAL BUILDING 10-25

FOOD & BEVERAGE 10-30

TEXTILE 14-30

FERTILIZER 16-30

CEMENT 20-40

IRON / STEEL 23

PETROCHEMICAL 35

DOMESTIC 10-15

PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES 10

ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTANENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN

LATEST INFORMATION ON WEBSITE OF ENERCON AS UNDER:

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR SAVING POTENTIAL (%)

AGRICULTURE 20%

INDUSTRY 25%

BUILDING 30%

TRANSPORT 25%

ENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY MANAGEMENT

IT IS SAID THAT A WATT SAVED IS A WATT GENERATED, BETTER IT IS MUCH CHEAPER TO SAVE THAN GENERATE A WATT. THEREFORE IT IS HIGHLY LOGICAL AND NEED OF THE DAY TO GIVE PRIME IMPORTANCE TO ENERGY MANAGEMENT / CONSERVATION.


THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT / CONSERVATION ENCOMPASSES IN IT WAYS AND MEANS OF OPTIMIZING THE USE OF ENERGY. IT SHOULD NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH RATIONING OR CURTAILMENT OF ENERGY SUPPLY SERVICES. ACTUALLY IT MEANS IDENTIFYING AREAS OF WASTEFUL USE OF ENERGY AND TAKING ACTION TO REDUCE THE WASTE TO A BARE MINIMUM OR ELIMINATE THE WASTE COMPLETELY. MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL TECHNIQUES BE APPLIED TO HAVE OPTIMUM AND EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY.


THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT / CONSERVATION ENCOMPASSES IN IT WAYS AND MEANS OF OPTIMIZING THE USE OF ENERGY. IT SHOULD NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH RATIONING OR CURTAILMENT OF ENERGY SUPPLY SERVICES. ACTUALLY IT MEANS IDENTIFYING AREAS OF WASTEFUL USE OF ENERGY AND TAKING ACTION TO REDUCE THE WASTE TO A BARE MINIMUM OR ELIMINATE THE WASTE COMPLETELY.


ENERGY CONSERVATION WILL PROVIDE FOLLOWING BENEFITS TO THE INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER AS WELL AS FOR THE COUNTRY.

1. REDUCE THE ENERGY BILL OF THE INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER TO CUSHION AGAINST INFLATION.

2. REDUCES THE ENERGY / LOAD DEMAND WHICH ULTIMATE REDUCES THE LOAD MANAGEMENT / LOAD SHEDDING TO MINIMUM.

3. REDUCES THE INPUT BILL.


CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE SURVIVAL OF OUR NATION AS PAKISTAN IS AN ENERGY DEFICIENT COUNTRY. WE CAN STIMULATE / ACHIEVE ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH:

I. AWARENESSII. TRAININGIII. DEMONSTRATIONIV. PROVIDING TECHNICAL AND ADVISORY

SERVICESV. FINANCIAL INCENTIVESVI. POLICY FORMATION

POTENTIAL SECTORS FOR ENERGY POTENTIAL SECTORS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION

DOMESTIC SECTOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IS

ABOUT 46% OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION THIS SECTOR

Consumption (MkWh) by Economic Consumption (MkWh) by Economic GroupGroup

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2000-2001 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06Period

Domestic CommercialIndustrial AgricultureOthers

Commercial6%

Industrial28%

Agriculture13%

Others6%

Domestic46%

CONSERVATION IN LIGHTING COMMERCIAL BUILDING AND

RESIDENTIAL HOMES UTILIZE FROM 25-50% OF THE ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION FOR LIGHTING. THE CORRECT CHOICE OF BULBS CAN SAVE MUCH NEEDED ENERGY, TO BE USED IN OTHER IMPORTANT AREAS OF THE ECONOMY.

POTENTIAL SECTORS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATIONPOTENTIAL SECTORS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

DOMESTIC CONSUMERS GROWTH RATEDOMESTIC CONSUMERS GROWTH RATE

YEAR %AGE2001 5.67

02 2.65

03 1.49

04 8.69

05 6.10

06 12.30

07 14.3


REPLACEMENT OF INCANDESCENT BULBS WITH COMPACT FLUORESCENT BULBS.

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE FOUR TO FIVE TIMES MORE EFFICIENT THAN INCANDESCENT ONES AND HIGH RATED LIVES OVER TEN TIMES LONGER.

HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS COMBINE HIGH EFFICIENCY WITH LONG LAMP LIFE AND ARE USED EXTENSIVELY FOR OUT DOOR AND PUBLIC LIGHTING.

Impact of Replacing one Tube with Impact of Replacing one Tube with Energy SaverEnergy Saver

1 Load of Energy Saver 20 Watts

2Load of Tube Light (40 Watt) with Choke (Average)

55 Watts

3Saving for Consumer due to Reduction in Load per replacement

35 Watts

4 No. of FESCO Consumers 2,077,747

5No of Energy Savers Required to supply one Saver to each consumer

2,077,747

6Reduction in Load Demand if Each Consumer of FESCO Replaces one Tube of 40 Watts

72,721,145 Watts

7Saving in Generation with load reduction of FESCO and associated loss (25%) to WAPDA

96,961,527 Watts

Note: There will be additional reduction in Reactive Load by this replacement & a resultant reduction in overall system losses of Utility as well as Consumers

Impact of Replacing one Bulb with Impact of Replacing one Bulb with Energy SaverEnergy Saver

1 Load of Energy Saver 20 Watts

2 Load of Bulb 100 Watts

3Saving for Consumer due to Reduction in Load per replacement

80 Watts

4 No. of FESCO Consumers 2,077,747

5No of Energy Savers Required to supply one Saver to each consumer

2,077,747

6Reduction in Load if Each Consumer of FESCO Replaces one Tube

166,219,760 Watts

7Saving in Generation with load reduction of FESCO and associated loss (25%) to WAPDA

221,626,347 Watts


THE STUDY, RESEARCH OF SAVING OF ELECTRICITY BY REPLACING THE INCANDESCENT BULBS, TUBE LIGHTS WITH COMPACT FLORESCENT BULBS IS AS UNDER:


Load of Energy Saver 20 WattsLoad of Tube Light (40 Watt) with Choke (Average)

55

Watts

Saving for Consumer due to Reduction in Load per replacement

35

Watts

No. of FESCO Consumers 2,077,747

No of Energy Savers Required to supply one Saver to each consumer

2,077,747

Reduction in Load Demand if Each Consumer of FESCO Replaces one Tube of 40 Watts

72,721,145

Watts

Saving in Generation with load reduction of FESCO and associated loss (25%) to WAPDA

96,961,527

Watts


Load of Energy Saver 20 WattsLoad of Bulb

100 Watts

Saving for Consumer due to Reduction in Load per replacement

80

No. of FESCO Consumers 2,077,747 No of Energy Savers Required to supply one Saver to each consumer

2,077,747 Watts

Reduction in Load if Each Consumer of FESCO Replaces one Tube

166,219,760 Watts

Saving in Generation with load reduction of FESCO and associated loss (25%) to WAPDA

221,626,347 Watts


CONSERVATION IN ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS


COMMERCIAL ALL THE SHOPPING MALLS, SHOPPING

CENTERS BE CLOSED BY 8.00 P.M. BILL-BOARDS, ADVERTISEMENT SIGNS AND

EVEN MOVIES WILL NOT OPERATE DURING THE PEAK HOURS

ALL LIGHTING RELATING CEREMONIES FUNCTIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SHUT DOWN DURING PEAK HOURS.


ALL THE POINTS DISCUSSED FR DOMESTIC HOLD GOOD FOR COMMERCIAL CONSUMERS ALSO. IN ADDITION FOLLOWING ASPECTS NEEDS TO

BE EMPHASIZED.

1. APPROPRIATE SELECTION OF LUMINARIES.2. ECONOMIC SCHEDULING AIR CONDITIONING PLANT

OPERATION.3. PROPER MAINTENANCE OF AIR CONDITION PLANT.4. CENTRAL CONTROL OF UTILITY LIGHTS.5. USE OF PROPER REFLECTORS FOR DISPLAY LIGHTS.6. CURTAILING OF LIGHTING TIME OF ADVERTISING

DISPLAYS.7. USE OF DOOR – KEY SWITCHES IN HOTEL ROOMS.


ESTIMATED LOAD DEMAND SAVING DURING

PEAK HOURS = SYSTEM LOAD DEMAND X % COMM. LOAD X LOAD FACTOR

= 12000 X 0.06 X 0.3 = 216 MW


INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS STAGGERING OF HOLIDAYS BE STRETCHED OVER

SIX DAYS INSTEAD OF SUNDAY/FRIDAY.

APPROPRIATE CAPACITY OF MOTORS WITH PROPER SWITCH GEARS AND SAFETY CONTROLS FOR OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY.

IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR RESULTS IN REDUCTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION.

PREVENTION OF IDLE RUNNING OF MOTORS.


INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS PLUGGING OF LEAKS IN COMPRESSED AIR CIRCUITS,

STEAM CIRCUITS, ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, WATER CIRCUITS, COLD AIR DUCTS, AND PROPER INSULATION OF STEAM CIRCUITS, HOT WATER CIRCUITS AND AIR CONDITIONING DUCTS CAN HELP A LOT TO CONSERVE ENERGY

EXTERIOR LIGHTS SHOULD BE LOW POWER HIGH LUMENS. MOREOVER THEIR MAINTENANCE CLEANNESS AND PROPER CONTROL OVER SWITCHING OFF TIMINGS IS THE ESSENCE OF CONSERVATION.

BY CONTROLLING PEAK DEMANDS AND KEEPING LOAD FACTORS CLOSE TO UNITY AN INDUSTRY CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE ITS ELECTRICAL COSTS.


INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS


PEAK HOURS = SYSTEM LOAD DEMAND X % IND. LOAD X LOAD FACTOR

= 12000 X 0.26 X 0.1 = 312 MW


AGRICULTURE CONSUMERS

WAPDA HAS INTRODUCE INCENTIVE DURING OFF PEAK IN NIGHY HOURS FOR AGRICULTURE CONSUMERS FROM 10.00 P.M TO 6.00 A.M.


PEAK HOURS = SYSTEM LOAD DEMAND X % AGRI. LOAD X LOAD FACTOR

= 12000 X 0.08 X 0.2 = 192 MW


PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY SEWERAGE PUBLIC LIGHTING REDUCTION IN ENERGY LOSSES CO-GENERATION PUBLIC UTILITY SERVICES IMPROVEMENT IN REFRIGERATION

EFFICIENCY

METHODS FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT METHODS FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT

PUBLIC AWARENESS

STAFF TRAINING AND PARTICIPATION

ENERGY MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

ENERGY CONSERVATION IS THE CHEAPEST AND QUICKEST MEAN OF OBTAINING ADDITIONAL SUPPLY OF ENERGY.

THE SCOPE AND IMPACT OF ENERGY CONSERVATION IS IMMENSE AND FAR – REACHING.

CONSERVATION IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY MAKING PEOPLE AWARE OF THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE WASTAGE OF ENERGY.


REDUCE DEMAND TO AVOID LOAD SHEDDING.

REDUCE NEED FOR ENERGY IMPORT, THUS SAVING OF NATIONAL EXCHEQUER.

IMPROVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE POSITION.

GREATER PRODUCTIVITY / PROFITABILITY INDUSTRIES


ENERGY CONSERVATION/MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFICIENT UTILIZATION IN ALL ITS FORMS IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE TO THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN.

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT / CONSERVATION CAN PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN KEEPING THE GAP BETWEEN GENERATION AND DEMAND AS NARROW AS POSSIBLE.

ENERGY CONSERVATION IS THE TOOL OF EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY WITHOUT REDUCING PRODUCTION LEVEL AND WITHOUT SCARIFYING PRODUCT QUALITY, SAFETY OR ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS IS NOT AN EASY TASK, BUT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF NATION IT DEMANDS SACRIFICES, COMMITMENT, DEVOTION, DEDICATION, UNTIRING EFFORTS AND SELFLESS SERVICES.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS MANUFACTURING AND USE OF ENERGY EFFICIENT

SAVER / DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS SHOULD BE PROMOTED.

ENERGY / MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE MADE EFFECTIVE BY EDUCATION, AWARENESS AND REGULATION.

ENERGY AUDIT SURVEY BE CARRIED OUT FOR ALL INDUSTRIES, PLANTS, COMMERCIAL AND HOUSES, SO AS TO IDENTIFY THE AVAILABLE AREAS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION.

ENGINEERING STANDARDS MUST BE FOLLOWED STRICTLY.

FINANCIAL INCENTIVES BE PROVIDED TO THOSE WHO WANT TO IMPLEMENT ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAMME. LIKE AS TOU TARIFF FOR ALL CATEGORIES OF CONSUMERS


GOVT. / DISCO,S SHOULD SET UP ENERGY CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT AT EVERY LEVEL WHICH SHOULD ENFORCE THE SUGGESTED ENERGY SAVING METHODS BY EDUCATION AND REGULATION.

MASS EDUCATION ON PRINT AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA WILL HELP IN IDENTIFYING THE ENERGY WASTE AREAS FOR STOPPING THE SAME.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT / CONSERVATION PROGRAMME SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED IN LETTER AND SPIRIT IN ALL SECTORS.


EXPLORATION OF NEW RESERVES OF OIL, GAS AND COAL BE ACCELERATED. THE OFF SHORE EXPLORATION OF OIL AND GAS IN THE ARABIAN SEA SHOULD BE GIVEN SERIOUS THOUGHT AS THERE ARE AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES OF NEW RESERVES.

BECAUSE OF EARLIER DEPLETION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES, COAL FIRED POWER STATIONS, NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS AND HYDEL POWER STATION SHOULD BE INSTALLED TO MEET THE GROWING DEMAND OF POWER.


RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY BE INTENSIFIED IN THE

FOLLOWING AREAS.

SOLAR ENERGY. WIND MILLS. TIDE WAVES. GEO THERMAL.

FACILITIES TO TRAINS THE STAFF IN ADOPTING TOTAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME BE PROVIDED IN ALL BIG CITIES OF COUNTRY.

E N E R G Y M A N A G E M E N T

Documents