Drijarkara Imam Yang Merintis Studi Filsafat

7/23/2019 Drijarkara Imam Yang Merintis Studi Filsafat

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\czcx Eoycgjo

Jxnboxeoxo5 Ndod ~ogm Dcxngzny Yzsjn Anfyoaoz

Godo Jxnboxeoxo zcxsenx jn jc|og zcdhke Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo&

ychso` |cxmsxsog zngmmn ~ogm hcxfkeoyn jn Boeoxzo \syoz' Ychso` fcdhomo anfyoaoz |cgjnjneog ~ogm jnxngzny kfc` Yoxceoz ^cysy jog Kxjk Axozxsd Dngkxsd jcgmog

jsesgmog Ecsyes|og Omsgm Boeoxzo' \cgjo|oz$|cgjo|ozg~o jneszn| hog~oe kxogm&

zcxszodo eczneo kxogm hcxhnioxo zcgzogm |cdnenxog y|cesfozna nzs& ychso` hnjogm nfds

~ogm jnogmmo| znjoe |xoezny' Dcdogm nfds anfyoaoz |cxgo` dcgbojn nfds ~ogm sgnqcxyof& |o~sgm ycmofo nfds |kynzna' Zczo|n nfds$nfds |kynzna doeng hcxecdhogm& doeng

zcxyc|cynofnyoyn& ycfoxoy jcgmog |xomdoznydc ec njs|og dogsyno' Nfds anfyoaoz |sg

hcxecdhogm ychomon yofo` yozs jnyn|fng nfds' Y|cesfoyn zcgzogm dogsyno esxogm

dcgjsesgm yneo| |xomdozny&|xndsd qnqcxc jcngjc |`nfkyk|òxn' \cxecdhogmog ngn znjoedcxsmneog anfyoaoz& dcfongeog doeng dcdhcxn xsogm homn nfds anfyoaoz dcdongeog |cxog

~ogm ychcgoxg~o dcgogmogn |cxzog~oog$|cxzog~oog ~ogm zoe zcxycgzs` kfc` nfds$nfdsn|kynzna yc|cxzn |cxzog~oog zcgzogm o|o yno|og~o dogsyno (ogzxk|kfkmn.' o|o yno|og~o nfds

|cgmczo`sog (c|nyzcdkfkmn.& o|o yno|og~o ofod ycdcyzo (ekydkfkmn. jog o|o yno|og~o

echcxojoog (kgzkfkmn.'

Fchn` joxn znmo |sfs` zo`sg fofs& Jxnboxeoxo dcd|cxzog~oeog o|o ojo kxogm ~ogm

dos hcfobox anfyoaoz jn Ngjkgcyno; Znmo |sfs` zo`sg ecdsjnog& ecxomsog nzs zcxbo}oh

jcgmog ecg~ozoog ho`}o ycdoeng hog~oeg~o ogofnyny anfyoaoz jn|oeon jofod dcdhcxn|cgbcfoyog doyofo`' Yozs joyo}oxyo zcxoe`nx ngn ycdoeng hog~oe kxogm Ngjkgcyno ~ogm

dcgoxs` dngoz zcxòjo| ogofnyny anfyoaoz& zcxszodo eofogmog dsjo' Ojo ecicgjcxsgmogkxogm dcdoeon jnyn|fng nfds anfyoaoz sgzse dcd|cxzobod jnyn|fng nfds |kynzn| (cekgkdn'ykynkfkmn& ecjkezcxog jff.' Anfyoaoz fchn` dcxs|oeog dczkjc |cgjceozog joxn|ojo msjogm

bo}ohog' Anfyoaoz dos dcgjnjne dogsyno sgzse dcgjceozn doyofo`doyofo` ~ogm joyox

~ogm jnòjo|ng~o ycioxo zcxhseo& ynyzndozny& exnzny jog zoe hcxjoyoxeog o|xnkxn& ozos|xoyogmeo& jkmdozny& jog njckfkmny& dcfongeog ycioxo xoynkgof jog oxmsdcgzozna' O|o

~ogm hcxecdhogm ecdsjnog dcdogm zoe hnyo fc|oy joxn boyo Gnikfoy Jxnboxeoxo sgzse

dcgbo}oh zcgzogm ecxngjsog ojog~o |cgmcdhogmog yzsjn nfds anfyoaoz' Hcxeoz Jxnboxeoxo

nfds anfyoaoz jn Ngjkgcyno hseog ychomon cgefoa dnfne ycmcfngznx kxogm& dcfongeog dcgbojnhomnog joxn ec`njs|og dogsyno' Anfyoaoz ~ogm dcgbojn `njs|g~o nzs dcgjkxkgm jno sgzse

mnmn` hcxsyoò dcg~ojoxeog doy~oxoeoz& ho`}o anfyoaoz ojofo` ykof ecjofodog `njs|&

`njs| ~ogm hcxgoy5 jog ecjofodog `njs| nzs dcxs|oeog ysozs hcxfnog zcx|cgjod ~ogmjdnfnen hogmyo Ngjkgcyno'? ]oxnyog eox~og~o zcxycxoe jofod 9? eoxogmog jog = zsfnyog

dcgmcgon \ogioynfo' Jxnboeoxo dcdogm znjoe |cxgo` dcgsfny dcgsfny hses jofod oxzn

~ogm ychcgoxg~o& ecisofn jnycxzoyng~o' Zsfnyogg~o ~ogm |ofngm |ogbogm jog jnfcgmeo|njcgmog iozozog$iozozog eoen nofo` |njozk ngomsxoyng~o ~ogm jnsio|eog |ojo |cxcydnog

? Yz Ysfoxzk& =3 Zo`sg Ecfc`nxog Jxnboxeoxo $ ôgm Hcxzog~o jog Dcdhcxn Doego & Ekd|oy& ?9 Bsfn

?>00 jog Yz Ysfoxzk& Ofdox`sd G Jxnboxeoxo 83 Zo`sg ~ogm fofs& Ekd|oy& ?? Achxsoxn ?>>8 ycxzo

Yz'Ysfoxzk& 83 Zo`sg YZA Jxnboxeoxo &Ekd|oy& ?8 Achoxsoxn ?>>:'

]ch2 }}}'|czcxeoycgjo'}kxj|xcyy'ikdCdonf2 dx'eoycgjoLmdonf'ikd

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\czcx Eoycgjo

|cgcxndoog bohozog msxs hcyox fsox hnoyo jofod nfds anfaoyoz |ojo Aoesfzoy \ynekfkmn

Sgnqcxynzoy Ngjkgcyno |ojo zogmmof 9< Bsgn ?>18 jcgmog bsjsf Ykynofnzoy Ychomon

Ceynyzcgynof' Godsg znjoe yckxogm|sg dcg~ogmyneog eoxogmog$eoxogmog Jxnboxeoxodcd|sg~on eojox anfkykany ~ogm dogzo|' Zsfnyog$zsfnyog ~ogm jnzsfny fchn` joxn znmo |sfs`

zo`sg doyn` zczo| oezsof& kxyngof jog dcgjofod' Zsfnyog$zsfnyogg~o nzs dcxs|oeog

ysdhogmog |cgzngm homn eògoro` |syzoeo anfyoaoz Ngjkgcyno oycfn dkjcxg'8

\cgmmsgoog godo Jxnboxeoxo |ojo Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz zcxychsz hseog hcxoxzn

ho`}o fcdhomo |cgjnjneog anfyoaoz zcxychsz jnjnxneog kfc` Jxnboxeoxo ozos eoxcgodcgmcdhogmeog oboxog$oboxogg~o' Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo znjoe yc|cxzn

Ycekfo` Axogeasxz jn Bcxdog ozos \cxmsxsog Zodog Yny}o' Jxnboxeoxo dcdogm znjoe

dcdhogmsg ynyzcd anfyoaoz hoxs jog dcdogm hseog nzs ~ogm jnngmngeog' ôgm ngmng

jnyobneog nofo` ysozs ioxo hcx|nenx& ysozs dczkjc hcxanfyoaoz ychomon ecmnozog dogsyno~ogm òenen jog zcxsy$dcgcxsy' Ofoyog |cgmmsgoog godo Jxnboxeoxo hnyo jnzcfsysxn |ojo

eozo yodhszog Eczso Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo jofod dcxo~oeog yc}ngjs

hcxjnxng~o Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz zcxychsz' Jofod yozs goaoy jnecdseoeog kfc`g~o

ec|xnòzngog joyoxno` yckxogm ~onzs Jxnboxeoxo& ~ogm zoe `cgzn$`cgzng~o hcx|nenx ycioxodcgjofod& exnzny& excozna& dcgmogofnyny fozox hcfoeogm ysozs doyofo`& dcgmsgmeo|eog

|cgmogjonog$|cgmogjonog joyox& dcfn oz nd|fneoynnd|fneoyn fchn` fogbsz& dcgmodhnfyneo| zcxòjo| njckfkmn njckfkmn& dcdhcgzse |cgnfonog ycgjnxn& jcgmog zoe ycmog$ycmog

dcgmsdsfn doyofo`$doyofo` ~ogm |cxgo` jnxcgsgmeog kfc` |cdnenx$|cdnenx hcyox sdoz

dogsyno& dcgikho dcgjofodn o|o ~ogm `njs| jn fngmesgmog echsjo~oog ycgjnxn&

hcxsyoò dcfnòz& dcgmòjo|n jog dcgjceozn doyofo`$doyofo` dogsyno jog doy~oxoeozjn jofod mcbkfoe rodog jn dogo no ycgjnxn nesz zcxfnhoz jog znjoe ycecjox ychomon

|cgkgzkg 'nzsfo` ~ogm ngmng jnzcxsyeog kfc` Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz& ~ogm jnzogjon

jcgmog godo Jxnboxeoxo'9

Doyo Ecinf

Gnikfoy Jxnboxeoxo jnfo`nxeog |ojo zogmmof ?9 Bsgn ?>?9 jn jocxo` |cmsgsgmog

Dcgkxc` Jn jcyo Ecjsgmmsho`& esxogm fchn` 0 ed ychcfo` zndsx \sx}kxcbk& Ecjs& Bo}o

Zcgmo`' No jnhcxn godo Ys`nxdog zczo|n hnoyog~o jn|ogmmnf Jbcgzs (hoòyo Bo}o ~ogmhcxoxzn hcxhojog eceox jog mcdse.' Jno jnfo`nxeog ychomon ogoe hsgmys joxn ecfsoxmo

Ozdo Ycgjbobo' No dcd|sg~on yckxogm eoeoe foen$foen jog ycjogmeog eoeoe ~ogm

|cxcd|sog ojo jso kxogm '

Ychomon yckxogm ogoe ~ogm jnhcyoxeog jn zcgmo` echsjo~oog Bo}o& jno dc}oxnyn

ynaoz òfsy ~ogm dcgbojn ngzn yoxn echsjo~oog doy~oxoeoz Bo}o' @of ngn zcxicxdng jofod

ioxo hcxmosf Jxnboxeoxo ~ogm yk|og& xodo` jog oexoh& joxn ioxo dcgmsgmeo|eog momoyog$momoyogg~o' Ioxo ycjcdnenog xs|o yc`ngmmo ycesxogm$esxogmg~o znjoe ojo ~ogm

dcgmcfs`' Ecjceozogg~o jcgmog oeox echsjo~oogg~o zcfo` dcgjkxkgmg~o sgzse

8 A'P' Jogs}ngozo YB& \xka' G' Jxnboxeoxo YB \cdnenx ôgm Zcxfnhoz \cgs` Jofod \cxbsogmog

Hogmyog~o & O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.& @oxzo jog Ysxmo \cxrnoòog Bcysnz jofod Mcxcbo jog Hogmyo

Ngjkgcynodkjcxg& (^km~oeoxzo 2 Eognynsy & ?>>


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\czcx Eoycgjo

Jxnboxeoxo òg~o yckxogm axozcx Ycxneoz ^cysy ~ogm jnogmmo| doyn jofod zoò|

|cgjnjneog ysjo` dcgjo|oz zsmoy dcgmobox |ojo Ycdngoxn Zngmmn ogzoxo zo`sg f>:9

f>:1 sgzse dcgmnyn ecekykgmog eoxcgo zcgomo$zcgomo oyngm ~ogm jnzoòg' Ecg~ozoog ngndcxs|oeog ychso` |cgmoesog xcydn zcxòjo| ecdod|sog Jxnboxeoxo' Dmx' Fck Ykcekzk

YB ofdox`sd (Syes| Omsgm Boeoxzo. ~ogm dcgbojn yofo` yozs dsxnjg~o& zcxecyog jcgmog

echnoyoog Jxnboxeoxo sgzse yczno| eofn ycfcyon dcdhcxn esfno`& Jxnboxeoxo dcg~khce$g~khce hoòg ~ogm jnmsgoeog sgzse dcgmobox' Jcgmog jcdnenog Jxnboxeoxo ycfofs

jnjkxkgm sgzse hcx|nenx zcxsy jog dcg~sysg ecdhofn momoyog$momoyogg~o' Jofod

|cxyno|og sgzse jnzohnyeog dcgbojn Ndod Eozkfne& Jxnboxeoxo hog~oe hcfobox zckfkmnycgjnxn' \cdhcxnog nrng |ojo Jxnboxeoxo sgzse dcfoeseog yzsjn |xnhojn jofod zckfkmn&

dcxs|oeog ycysozs òf ~ogm znjoe fornd& dcyen|sg hcgox bsmo ho`}o eczneo nzs ojofo`

}oezs |ogioxkho homn fcdhomo$fcdhomo ~ogm mcxcbogn'1

Mcxcbo jog \kfnzne

\cxogm Jsgno NN zcxszodo \cxogm \oynane yogmoz dcd|cgmoxs`n xcgsgmog

xcgsgmog Jxnboxeoxo' Ychomon xkògno}og jofod Mcxcbo Eozkfne jn Ngjkgcyno ~ogm |ojo}oezs nzs doyn` dcgmneszn |kfo$|kfo |cgjnjneog mo~o fodo& jn dogo |ogjogmog$

|ogjogmog zckfkmny doyn` ises| zxojnynkgof jog jn dogo |cxogog dnyynkgoxny$dnyynkgoxny hcxechogmyoog Hcfogjo doyn` yogmoz hcyox' Jxnboxeoxo dcgmofodn |cxmsdsfog hozng

~ogm znjoe ycfofs dsjo`' No hcxec~oengog ho`}o ycòxsyg~o kxogm Hcfogjo ysjo` bcgs`

jcgmog ynzsoyn fodo' No dcgmòxo|eog omox joxn zndhsf Oyno Xo~o jog Ngjkgcyno Xo~o~ogm zcgzxod jog ycbo`zcxo ' Ngjkgcyno jnho~ogmeog Jxnboxeoxo oeog dsgisf joxn |cxogm

ngn ecgjozn no znjoe dcgmczo`sn homondogo zozogog doy~oxoeoz jog ynyznd |cgjnjneogg~o'

No ycgjnxn dcgmoes hog~oe hcxeò~of dcgmcgon òf ngn' \ojo o}of zo`sg f>:9 no dcdhsoziozozog ~ogm dcg~ozoeog znjoefo` bcfoy yno|o ~ogm oeog dsgisf ychomon |cdcgogm

jofod \cxogm \oynane nzs' Jxnboxeoxo dcfnòz ycioxo bcfoy ho`}o ecycmogog kxogm Zndsx

zcxòjo| kxogm Hcfogjo zcfo` dcgbojn |sjox sgzse ycfodo$fodog~o'=

\cio`g~o \cxogm \oynane jno}ofn jcgmog |cgmchkdog Bc|ogm zcx ojo| \coxf

@oxhksx |ojo zogmmof = Jcycdhcx ?>:?' Jofod }oezs ~ogm yogmoz yngmeoz Bc|ogm

dcgjsjsen ycfsxs` Oyno Zndsx jog Oyno Zcgmmoxo' Jn hsfog Doxcz ?>:8 jofod }oezsyozs dngmms yobo Bc|ogm zcfo` dcgjsjsen ycfsxs` Bo}o& dcgmsynx Hcfogjo jog hcxòynf

dcgmodhnf ekgzxkf ozoy }nfo~o` @ngjno Hcfogjo ngn' Doyo |cgjsjseog Bc|ogm jn

Ngjkgcyno dcxs|oeog ikhoog homn Mcxcbo Eozkfne jn Ngjkgcyno ~ogm dogo eczneo nzsycdso dnynkgoxny Eozkfne Hcfogjo jndoyseeog kfc` |cgmsoyo hoxs ec jofod eod|$eod|

zo}ogog' Jcgmog ycbsdfo` |oyzkx |xnhsdn ~ogm zoe fchn` joxn joxn ycbsdfo` `nzsgmog boxn

dogsyno dcxs|oeog zogzogmog homn Syes| Omsgm |cxzodo |xnhsdn Dmx' Ykcmnbk|xogozo

YB sgzse dcdcfnòxo ec`njs|og bcdoo` Eozkfne jn }nfo~o` Bo}o Zcgmo` jog ycenzoxg~o'Syes| Omsgm Ycdoxogm ngn zcxecgof mnmn` jofod dcd|cxzoògeog modhoxog ho`}o

Mcxcbo Eozkfne Ngjkgcyno hseogfo` ycecjox hkgceo (|oxo dnynkgoxny. Hcfogjo' Ecgjozn

znjoe ycfofs hcxòynf' Dmx' Ykcmnbk|xogozo hcxsyoò esoz dcd|cxzoògeog òxzo dnfne joghogmsgog dnfne dnyn Eozkfne ~ogm oeog jnxchsz kfc` |cgmsoyo hoxs ngn' Yozs$yozsg~o

ofoyog jog hone ~ogm ycxngm jno |cxzoògeog ~onzs ho`}o Mcxcbo Eozkfne ojofo` ychso`

1 H'H' Zxnozdkek YB& k|'inz'= A'P' Jogs}ngozo YB& k|'inz'


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\czcx Eoycgjo

fcdhomo ys|xo$goynkgof' Hoèog jofod dcdhcfo ec|cgzngmog Mcxcbo Eozkfne

hcxòjo|og jcgmog |nòe dnfnzcx Bc|ogm& znjoe boxogm jno yod|on hcxogn dcgmozoeog

Fogmeo`n do~ozes jo`sfs ychcfsd dcgmodhnf ofn` òxzo dnfne Mcxcbo ngn ' God|oeg~oho`}o |cdcxngzo` dnfnzcx Bc|ogm jofod doyo |cgjsjseog Bc|ogm hcxsyoò ecxoy sgzse

dcgm`cgzneog zcxfoeyogog~o |cgjnjneog homn |oxo |cdsjo |xnhsdn sgzse dcgbojn Ndod'0

Yczcfo` |cdcxngzo` @ngjno Hcfogjo odhxse' Mcxcbo Eozkfne jn Ngjkgcyno

dcgmòjo|n zogzogmog ~ogm yogmoz ycxnsy jcgmog ojog~o ogmmo|og ho`}o omodo Eozkfne

ojofo` omodo kxogm Hoxoz& kxogm oyngm& jog yckfo`$kfo` kxogm Eozkfne jog Goyxogn |ojosdsdg~o ojofo` joxn ycgjnxng~o eoen zogmog dsys`& eosd |cgbobo`' Mcxcbo Eozkfne

òxsy hnyo dcdhsezneog ho`}o sdoz Eozkfne bsyzxs eoxcgo Eozkfne ojofo` |ozxnkz |ozxnkz

~ogm ycbozn' Yceoxogm òf ngn jnogmmo| fsdxo`& zoecg akx mxogzcj& zczo|n |ojo eczneo nzs

òf zcxychsz doyn` òxsy jn|cxbsogmeog òxano` dozn$doznog' Sgzsgmfo` sdoz o}odyogmoz |oòd jog hcxykgogyn |cgs` jcgmog Syes| Omsgm Dmx' Ykcmnbk|xogozo' Jog

acfnp isf|o (òf gcmozna zczo|n dcgmsgzsgmeog.& ecznjoeòjnxog dnynkgoxny$dnynkgoxny jog

hnoxo}og$hnoxo}og oyngm yogmoz dcgkfkgm jofod |xkycy |cfsxsyog |cgmcxznog yofo`

eo|xo` zcxychsz' Jog nzs jofod ysoyogo jcgmog ~ogm znjoe dcg~seon eosd Goyxogn ~ogmycomodo jcgmog dsys`$dsys` |oxo |cgmsoyo hoxs ycxzo |cgjsesgm |cgjsesgmg~o ~ogm

jo|oz jneozoeog >< |cxycg |cgjsjse'>

Dcgbcfogm òxn \xkefodoyn Ecdcxjceoog jnzsfnyg~o ho`}o jn yozs |nòe

Jxnboxeoxo yogmoz dcgjodhoeog |cxjodonog zczo|n jn fong |nòe no bsmo icdoy bogmog$

bogmog |cxjodonog oeog hcxoxzn ògisxg~o ec`njs|og goynkgof hogmyo Ngjkgcyno'Hchcxo|o òxn ycysjo` \xkefodoyn Ecdcxjceoog jcgmog zcmoy Jxnboxeoxo dcgsfny ho`}o

znjoe yckxogm|sg hkfc` dcxod|oy ecdcxjceoog ~ogm zcfo` jn|cxkfc` hogmyo Ngjkgcyno'

\ognzno \cxyno|og Ecdcxjceoog Ngjkgcyno dcdogm hseog |nfn og xoe~oz (dcfongeog hcgzseog |cgmsoyo hoxs.& zczo|n ~ogm bcfoy dcxceo dcg~soxoeog ecngmngog hogmyo

Ngjkgcyno jog jnjsesgm hogmyo Ngjkgcyno' Jxnboxeoxo dcgogjoyeog ho`}o hogmyo

Ngjkgcyno znjoe dos fomn jn|cxngzo` kfc` hogmyo fong' ?:=. jog Omxcyn Dnfnzcx Ecjso (?>:0.&

0 O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB& Dmx' Ykcmnbk jog O}of Doyo \cxbsogmog Xc|shfne& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk (cj.&

?>> B'H' Dogmsg}nbo~o \x& Dcgmcgogm Yckxogm Mcxcbo}og ~ogm Hcyox& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.&

k|'inz'& òf'?13 ?>? '?< A'P' Jogs}ngozo YB& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.& k|'inz '


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\czcx Eoycgjo

Omxcyn Dnfnzcx Hcfogjo zcxychsz hcxoe`nx jcgmog jnzogjozogmogn kfc` ecjso hcfo`

|nòe zcgzogm |cxyczsbsog mcgiozog ycgbozo jog |xngyn|$|xngyn| |kfnzne ~ogm zcfo` jnyczsbsn

hcxyodo jcgmog jnyoeyneog kfc` Ekdnyn Znmo Gcmoxo' \cxyczsbsog zcxychsz jnfoeseogjnozoy eo|of SY Xcgqnffc dnfne Ogmeozog Fosz Odcxneo Ycxneoz |ojo zogmmof ?= Bogsoxn

?>:0' Ycdcgzoxo nzs& |nòe Hcfogjo zcxsy hcxmcxoe dobs jcgmog ioxo dcdhcgzse gcmoxo$

gcmoxo acjcxof jn }nfo~o`$}nfo~o` ~ogm zcfo` jnxchszg~o zczo|n òg~o dcd|cxkfc` ycjnenzechcxòynfog' \ojo hsfog Doxcz ?>:0 qog Dkke dcgmsdsdeog |cdhcgzseog ysozs

|cdcxngzoòg ycdcgzoxo sgzse Ngjkgcyno ~ogm hcxhcgzse acjcxof jcgmog jnxng~o

hcxzngjoe ychomon |xcynjcg' \ojo hsfog Bsfn |n oe Hcfogjo dcdhcgzse Dobcfny\cxdsy~o}oxozog Acjcxof (Hnbccgekdyz qkkx Acjcxofc Kqcxfcm. ~ogm zcxjnxn joxn |oxo

|cdnd|ng gcmoxo$gcmoxo acjcxof' Dcxceo hcxdoeysj dcdhcgzse ysozs Gcmoxo Ngjkgcyno

Ycxneoz ~ogm hcxhcgzse acjcxof jcgmog ozos zog|o |cxyczsbsog Xc|shfne |ojo oe`nx zo`sg

nzs' Oeog zczo|n& jn jofod gcmoxo$gcmoxo acjcxof zcxychsz zcxjo|oz |cxoyoog |xk$Xc|shfne~ogm hcmnzs hcyox jn eofogmog cfnzc jog jsesgmog znjoe hcmnzs hcyox zcxòjo| acjcxofnydc

jn eofogmog xoe~oz' Kfc` eoxcgo nzs& |nòe Hcfogjo dcfogmeo` fchn bos` jofod

dcd|cxzndhogmeog ysozs |cg~cfcyonog zcxoe`nx ycioxo dnfnzcx' \ojo zogmmof ?0 Jcycdhcx

?>:0& Hcfogjo dcfoeseog oeyn dnfnzcxg~o ~ogm ecjso jog ^km~oeoxzo nhsekzo XN hcxòynfjnxchsz jog jnjsjsen jcgmog dcgmmsgoeog |oyseog |o~sgm' Ycbsdfo` |cdnd|ng |kfnzne

~ogm znjoe dcg~ngmenx jnzo}og kfc` zcgzoxo Hcfogjo Bcgjxof Ykcjnxdog hcxycxzo |oyseog$|oyseogg~o dcgmsgjsxeog jnxn joxn ekzo ^km~oeoxzo jog dcdnd|ng |cxogm mcxnf~o

ycioxo zkzof zcxòjo| zcgzoxo Hcfogjo'?9

Yc`shsgmog jcgmog ycxogmog Hcfogjo dcdoysen ^km~oeoxzo |ojo zogmmof f0Jcycdhcx f>:0& Jxnboxeoxo dcg~ozoeog hso` |nenxogg~o jofod iozozog òxnogg~o ho`}o

ecgjozn kxmognyoyn ~ogm hcxs|o Xc|shfne Ngjkgcyno jo|oz jnfcg~o|eog& }nfo~o`g~o jo|oz

jnbojneog fong& zczo|n ycdogmoz Xc|shfne Ngjkgcyno znjoe oeog |cxgo` |ojod jog ycfofshcxekhox jn òzn yogshoxn hogmyo Ngjkgcyno' Ic|oz ozos fodhoz Ngjkgcyno Dcxjceo oeog

jnxchsz ecdhofn joxn zogmog |cdcxngzo` Hcfogjo' \ojo ysozs yooz xcf oeog hcxhofne'

Dcxjceo Ngjkgcyno'

Iozozog$iozozog doiod ngn jneczcdseog jndogo$dogo jofod hses òxnog

Jxnboeoxo' Joxn ynzs bcfoy ho`}o Jxnboxeoxo ojofo` kxogm ~ogm ysgmms` dcgingzon zogoònxg~o dcgmngmngeog ecdcxjceoog homn hogmyog~o jog zcxsy dcgmneszn |cxecdhogmog

|cxbsogmog xoe~ozg~o jofod dcd|cxzoògeog ecdcxjceoog& dcyen|sg ngn ycdso

zcx|oeyo jnofodn jn Gcmcxn Hcfogjo& ychso` gcmcxn dcgbojn ysdhcx ycmofo xngzogmog

ecdcxjceoog hogmyog~o' Zczo|n bsyzxs ynzsoyn ~ogm ycxho ysfnz ngn& fngmesgmog ~ogmhcxfo}ogog jog ysoyogo ~ogm ~ogm znjoe dcgjsesgm yodo yceofn& dcdoeyo Jxnboxeoxo

dcd|cxzogmmsgm bo}oheog |cgjo|oz|cgjo|oz jog yneo|$yneo| ~ogm no odhnf& jcgmog

oxmsdcg$oxmsdcg jog |cdnenxog$|cdnenxog ~ogm jo|oz jn |oòdn kfc` kxogm fong'Jxnboxeoxo hcxsyoò ecxoy dcgbomo ecycndhogmog ngzcfcezsof yc ngmmo znjoe |cxfs

dcd|cxekyo |ogjogmogg~o ycgjnxn jog jn fong |nòe znjoe dcdoeyoeog |ogjogmogg~o

ec|ojo kxogm fong' No jo|oz hcxmcxoe ycioxo zcgogm jn ogzoxo kxogm$kxogm ~ogmhcx|ogjogmog fong jcgmog jno ycgjnxn' Dcyen|sg ycioxo oezna no yogmoz zcxfnhoz jofod

|cxdoyofoòg ~ogm jnòjo|n kfc` hogmyog~o& Jxnboxeoxo znjoe dos ycecjox foxsz kfc`

?9 D'I' Xnefcay& Ycboxo` Ngjkgcyno Dkjcxg& ( ^km~oeoxzo2 Mojbo` Dojo Sgnqcxynz~ \xcyy& ?>03 .& òf' 991

9:='


=


8/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

cdkyn hcfoeo' Jxnboxeoxo jofod hcxhomon ecycd|ozog dcg~ozoeog ho`}o jnxng~o znjoe

dcdhcgin |cfoes$|cfoesg~o dcfongeog yneo| dcgbobo` ~ogm dcgjoyox zngjoeog$

zngjoeog dcxceo'?:

Hso` \nenxog jog Cey|xcynYcfodo doyo |cgjsjseog Bc|ogm jog o}of$o}of ecdcxjceoog& Jxnboxeoxo zcfo`

dcgsgbseeog ecfchnògg~o jcgmog dcdhoio fchn` hog~oe ycfsxs` ofnxog

ceynyzcgynofnydc eczndhogm dnynkgoxny oyngm ~ogm hcxzsmoy jn Gsyogzoxo' Eoxogmog@cnjcmmcx& Ioxf Boy|cxy& Bcog \osf Yoxzxc& Mohxncf Doxicf& Fc Ycgyc& Foqcffc& Dcxfcos$

\kgz~& Ofhcxz Iodsy ysjo` jnhoiog~o' Jcdnenog òfg~o zkek`$zkek` ~ogm

dcgmmohsgmeog dngoz zcxòjo| ycboxo` jcgmog jnofcezneo |cxecdhogmog |nenxog& joxnioxo @cmcf yod|on jcgmog Hfkgjcf bsmo ysjo` jnhoiog~o'?3

Eczneo jn Gcmcxn Hcfogjo Jxnboxeoxo dcgsgbseeog dngoz hcyox zcxòjo| |oxo

|cgmoxogm ~ogm ycjogm zk| jn eofogmog Mcxcbo Eozkfne yooz nzs yc|cxzn Ycxznffogmcy&

Jognccfks& jc Fshoi& Gc}dog& Hfkgjcf& Xksyycfkz& @ogy Sxy qkg Hofzòyox& EoxfXo`gcx& @smk Xo`gcx jog |cgmoxogm$|cgmoxogm ycbcgnyg~o' \xkacykx jn Dooyzxni`z jn

dogo Jxnboxeoxo hcfobox zckfkmn dcgmomsdnd~o eoxcgo jofod }oezs yngmeoz dod|sdcgmsoyon ofnxog ofnxog |cdnenxog hoxs' Jxnboxeoxo bsmo oexoh jcgmog zsfnyog$zsfnyog

kxogm Ngjkgcyno yc|cxzn Ykceoxgk& Dk`' @ozzo& Xkcyfog Ohjsfmogn jog \`' F Zkhngm' No

dcgcesgn |sfo |c|ozo`$|c|ozo` jog enzoh$enzoh joxn zxojnyn Bo}o yc|cxzn Ycxoz]cjozòdo& Ycxoz ]sfogmxc & Ycxoz Iohkfoe jog ycxoz$ycxoz Ysfse bsmo no zcesgn'

Zsfnyog$zsfnyog nzs znjoe òg~o jnhoio ycioxo zcfnzn& zczo|n bsmo jnicxgoeog ycjcdnenog

xs|o& yc ngmmo jo|oz no zsogmeog jofod |cdnenxog$|cdnenxog ~ogm ynaozg~o kxyngofe`sysyg~o jofod dcgogmmo|n doyofo` ekgzcd|kxcx jcgmog jnfogjoyn kfc` ec|xnòzngog

~ogm dcgjoyox'?1

Ecgjozn hcxojo jn jofod fngmesgmog |cxmsxsog jog mcxcbo ~ogm doyn` jn}oxgonkfc` oxsy ofnxog yekfoyzne ~ogm hcx|cmogm ec|ojo oboxog$oboxog Z`kdoy Osngk ycxzo

ofod Ekgynfn Zxcgzc& oeog zczo|n ecdozogmog ngzcfcezsof Jxnboxeoxo dcgmsgmeo|eog

}o}oyog dcgjoyox joxn mcfkdhogm oxsy ~ogm hcxfongog' \cdnenxog Jxnboeoxodcgod|oeog |cgmoxs` ~ogm esoz joxn ofnxog Ceynyzcgynofnydc& \cxykgofnydc&

\`cgkdcgkfkmn& jog enxog~o bsmo ofnxog \`nfkyk|`~ ka Fnac jog \`nfkyk|`~ ka Oiznkg &

ychomon mcfkdhogm ofnxog hoxs ycysjo` \cxogm Jsgno Ecjso jn Cxk|o' Ysozs cxo hoxs jnjofod ycboxo` anfyoaoz jog echsjo~oog zcfo` zndhsf jn Cxk|o ycysjo` |cxogm jsgno' Ofnxog

ngn |ojo |kekeg~o dcxs|oeog xcoeyn zcxòjo| ofnxog$ofnxog ychcfsdg~o (~ogm jnxoyo

bcgs` jog hoèog zcfo` dcdcgboxo |cxecdhogmog dogsyno.' Inxn$inxn |keke joxn

mcfkhogm hoxs ngn ogzoxo fong ojofo 2 (?. ogzn$ngzcfcezsofnydc5 (8. ogzn$ynyzcd5 (9.cqkfsynkgcx jog (:. dogsyno dcgbojn znzne |syoz'

?: A'P' Jogs}ngozo YB& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.& k|'inz'?3 I& Qcx ooe YB& Momoyog Ycgzxof jog \cxecdhogmog \cdnenxog Jxnboxeoxo& jofod Ycdo YZA

Jxnboxeoxo& k|' inz' òf' ?8 80 '?1 A'P' Jogs}ngozo Y & jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.& k|'inz '


0


9/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Hcxhcjo jcgmog mcfkdhogm |cdnenxog ychcfsdg~o (~ogm hcxo}of ycboe joxn

Jcyioxzcy& ecdsjnog Eogz& @cmcf jog fong ychomong~o jofod }sbsj oxsy$oxsy ynyzcd

xoynkgofnydc& cd|nxnydc& njcofnydc& |kynznqnydc& ~ogm |ojo joyoxg~o dcxs|oeogsgmeo|og joxn mcfkdhogm ngzcfcezsofnydc jog jczcxdngnydc& ~ogm dcginzo$inzoeog

dcdhogmsg ysozs ynyzcd ec|oyznog jog echcxogog ycdcyzo.& doeo mcfkdhogm hoxs

ycysjo` |cxogm jsgno ngn znjoe zsdhs` ychomon s|o~o dcdhogmsg ynyzcd$ynyzcd ycdcyzo'Ngnfo` ~ogm dcgmmcbofo jn jofod \`cgkdcgkfkmn& Ceynyzcgynofnydc& \cxykgofnydc&

zcxszodo ~ogm gogzng~o odoz hcyox |cgmoxs`g~o zcxòjo| mcfkdhogmg~o Ogz`k|kfkmn

ecanfyoaozog' Znjoe |cxfs yo~o ecdsoeog jn yngn hczo|o yseoxg~o dcdogjogmCeynyzcgynofnydc ychomon ysozs |cdnenxog ycdcyzo& jcdnenog |sfo òfg~o jcgmog

\`cgkdkfkmn' ]ofos|sg jcdnenog enzo jo|oz dcxoyoeog ho`}o Boy|cxy& Doxicf&

@cnjcmmcx' Yoyzxc jog Doxfcs \kgz~ dnyofg~o ojofo` zkek`$zkek` joxn mcfkdhogm

oxsyg~o Ceynyzcgynofnydc '

Jxnboxeoxo jofod ecdozogmog ngzcfcezsofg~o& ~ogm dc}sbsjeog jn ofod ofnxog

ecanfyoaozog ~ogm jn|nfn`g~o& dcgogmeo| mcfkdhogm hoxs ngn& }ofos|sg òxsy jneozoeog

ho`}o |xkycy zcxychsz ojofo` ysozs |xkycy ~ogm ynaozg~o exnzneof jog dcgjoyox' Jxnboeoxodod|s (oxzng~o jo|oz jog yceofnmsy bsmo hcxogn eoxcgo eojogm$eojogm kxogm dcdnfnen

echcxognog oeog zczo|n esxogm jnfogjoyon ecdod|sog ozos ychofneg~o. dcgmodhnf|nfnòg ngzcfcezsof ycioxo dcgjoyox (òf ~ogm òxsy jn|ogjogm ychomon |xkmxcyna . jnzngbos

joxn ynzsoyn Mcxcbo jcgmog zxojnyn ngzcfczsofg~o |ojo }oezs nzs' Godsg òxsy |sfo jniozoz

ho`}o |xkmxcynqnzoy joxn Jxnboxeoxo hseogfo` |xkmxcynqnzoy ~ogm omxcyna& xcqkfsynkgcx&

xojneof& o|ofomn ogoxeny' Joxn zsfnyogg~o god|oe ho`}o Jxnboxeoxo ojofo` ogzn$ogoxenydc 'Nzsfo` yofo` yozs fozox hcfoeogm dcgmo|o |cdnenxog dcgjoyox dcgmcgon

dogsyno jog ecdogsynoog& ychomondogo dcgbojn zcdo ycgzxof joxn mcfkdhogm oxsy

Ceynyzcgynofnydc& \cxykgofnydc jog \`cgkdcgkfkmn odoz dc}oxgon momoyog ecanfyoaozogJxnboxeoxo'?=

Yczcfo` dcg~cfcyoneog yzsjn zckfkmn jn Dooyzxni`z (Hcfogjo. |ojo zo`sg ?>:>'Jxnboxeoxo dcgcxsyeog |cfoboxog zcgzogm ec`njs|og xkògn jn Mcgz& Hcfmno' Ecdsjnog no

dcfogbszeog yzsjn anfyoaoz |ojo Sgnqcxynzoy Mxcmkxnogo (Xkdo. Jn yogo Jxnboxeoxo

hcxòynf dcd|cxkfc` mcfox jkezkx yczcfo` dcd|cxzoògeog jnycxzoyng~o dcgmcgon oboxogyckxogm anfysa \cxoginy Gnikfoy Dofchxogi`c (f19


10/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Nboro` oyfn mcfox jkezkx anfyoaozg~o yceoxogm jn|oyogm jn zcd|oz doyse ycexczoxnoz

Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo' ]oxnyog Jxnboxeoxo hcxs|o xozsyog hses ~ogm jn ynyn

eogog zcxzcxo `sxsa JX jofod |cfhomon hoòyo yod|on jcgmog eodsy hcyox hoòyoYogycecxzo& zcxynd|og jn |cx|syzoeoog Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo' Sgzse

Jxnboeoxzo |xcjneoz jkekx Anfyoaoz znjoe òg~o ycecjox |cgmòxmoog oeojcdny ~ogm

hcxòynf jnxon g~o& dcfongeog ysjo` dcgbojn `njs|g~o ycgjnxn' Jno hcxanfyoaoz hseogeoxcgo zsgzszog |xcjneoz jkezkxofg~o& dcfongeog eoxcgo jnò~ozng~o ychomon |cgcdsog

zcxsy dcgcxsy neozog ingzog~o jcgmog Yogm \cgin|zo' Jcgmog ngjo` Jxnboxeoxo dcgmszn|

Ycxoz Icgz`ngn jofod hsesg~o\cxineog Anfyoaoz

M~ |ozoesx ngm @~ogm Ysedo+ gofogmyo dngzo o|sxo+ yoengm en|oxozongm jkg~o+ oec` eogm joj~o

mnmnfo+ zoeyny fogmn|ngm eo}sfo+ ofoxc eogm hogmyo xno`+ ekgzxom eoxoky ngm jxn~o+ fs|szc zog ogo

ycfo+ Eozcfs |nyog dogmeogo+ nexofngm gofo gofogmyo+ joj~o yod~o gcgmmoe }oy|o+& nycycm go|oy

jsisgmog+ zngm yofcgmmxse eo}nyzoxo+ eoxsgo zog|o eoxogo+ eoxogogc hxogmzognzo+ doxngm @~ogm

ngmeogm odsxhon+ ?>

(jog hcxdcgsgmfo` dcxceo jofod Zsòg& doeo |cgs`fo` dcxceo jcgmog xoyo dnyeng$`ngo& jog

dk`kgfo` dcxceo sgzse jnod|sgn jog jnhchoyeog joxn ecjsx oeoog jn jsgno ngn' Dcdogmhog~oefo` òf$òf ~ogm dcgmcxneog' Ngmozfo` dcxceo oeog ecfofonog jog ecfcdoòg dogsyno ychomon

ohjn& ngmozfo` dcxceo xngzogmog joxn òzn ~ogm znjoe bsbx& jcgmog zcxecbsz yojoxfo` dcxceo oeog

ecyofoòog$ecyofoòog zcxsy$ dcgcxsy' Jcdnenogfo |cgmoesog jkyo ~ogm ecfsox joxn dcxceo

(ecznmo. jcgmog xcgjo` òzn' Doeo dcgogmnyfo` dcxceo jcgmog zcxycjs$ycjs' God|oefo` dcxceo

ycjn` zog|o ychoh' Oeog zczo|n ychohg~o nofo` ingzo dcxceo ec|ojo Yogm \cgin|zo.

Homn Jxnboxeoxo& ycysjo` dogsyno dcd|cxykofeog òf$òf ~ogm jnofodng~o& oeog

zndhsf |sfo jkxkgmog sgzse dcgmcxzn ycjofod$jofodg~o òf$òf zcxychsz jcgmog ioxo~ogm jo|oz jn|cxzogmmsgmbo}oheog' Ngnfo` jkxkgmog sgzse hcxanfyoaoz2 jkxkgmog sgzse

dcgmcxzn ycycd|sxgo$ycd|sxgog~o' O|oeo` nyng~o; Jog o|o ~ogm dcg~choheogg~o;

Ysdhcxg~o ojofo` bn}o xkògn dogsyno ~oegn Xk` ~ogm dos dcgmozoyn jog

dcg~cd|sxgo' Xk` dogsyno ngn |sfo ~ogm dos dcgmcxzn jnxn ycgjnxn& dcgmcxzn joyox`njs|g~o jog ojog~o ~ogm zcxoe`nx' Jcgmog Xk`g~o dogsyno zcxjkxkgm sgzse dcgmcxzn

zcd|ozg~o jofod fngmesgmog ôgm Dszfoe5 bsyzxs eoxcgo no nzs xcfozna jog zcxhozoy'

Jcgmog eozo fong& dogsyno jnjkxkgm sgzse dcgmcxzn xcofnzoyg~o ~ogm ychcxgoxg~o (jofodeonzog jcgmog ôgm Dszfoe nzs. jog sgzse `njs| ycyson jcgmog echcgoxog nzs' Ngnfo`

|cg~choh dogsysno nzs hcxanfyoaoz& dcgioxn |ogjogmog `njs|& |cmogmog jog |cjkdog

`njs|'

Jofod ekgzcey ngn Jxnboxeoxo ecdhofn dcgmodhnf sgysx zxojnyn Bo}o msgo dcdhcxn

nyn |cgioxnog xcofnzoy ~ogm ychcgoxg~o2 o|oeo` jno ychcgoxg~o; Jofod zxojnyn Bo}o &yc|cxzn dcgmcxzn dogsyno ychcgoxg~o hcxoxzn dcgmcxzn Zsòg (Yngm yo|o }xs` ngm yoxnxo+

~cezn }xs` ngm \ogmcxog ''Jofod ne`znox sgzse dcgmcxzn jnxn ycgjnxn& dogsyno

dcd|cfoboxn bsmo ycfsxs` xcofnzoy yod|on ec joyox ~ogm zcxjofod joxn xcofnzoy nzs ~oegnZsòg' Anfyoaoz |ojo oe`nxg~o dcxs|oeog |cxbofogog |cgmcxznog dogsyno ~ogm hcxbofog ec

oxo` |cxdcgsgmog dcgmcgon oyofg~o jog oxo` mcxoeg~o ~oegn Zsòg' \cgmcxznog (eoxs`.&

bozn jnxn (yoxnxo ycbozn. ~ogm jnrnoxo`n dcdho}o dogsyno yod|on ec|ojo |cgmcxznog

zcgzogm Zsòg (}xs` ynxo dxngm @~ogm ]njn.' Jofod Ysfse ]sjbnf jnzsfny 2

?> H'H' Zxnozdkek YB& jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz'


?


11/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

\cgmczngmysg ngm ynxo xo$]sjbnf& jcg ~ozgo sxn|nxo gcm jkg~o& ~o ysdodhoxogcgm mo}c& eo}xs` ogo

jcg cyzs& yoxnxogzo |kg jsjs bozn& eogm bozn jsjs ynxo& yngm yo|o |sgnes& }cxs` xcec` ngm yoxnxo&dogmeo yoeyoz }xs` ynxo doxngm @~ogm ]njn& nes doxmo szodo'83? yod|on |cxzcgmoòg zo`sg ?>38&

eczneo no ycjogm dcg~cfcyoneog jnycxzoyng~o' Jxnboxeoxo dcgsfny ?8 ysxoz ~ogm jn|cgs njcgmog mo~o ~ogm yogzon& |cxykgof jog jn yogo$yngn jnhsdhsn `sdkx' Jxnboxeoxo hog~oe

hcxicxnzo zcgzogm Mcxcbo Eozkfne jcgmog \osyg~o' Zczo|n znjoe boxogm no bsmo

dcg~ngmmsgm doyofo`$doyofo` sdsd yc|cxzn ogoe ~ogm zoe hcxjkyo ~ogm dcgbojn

ekxhog |cxogm& xoe~oz bcfozo ~ogm doeng dnyeng jog zcxzngjoy jofod eonzogg~o jcgmogyshsxg~o fnhcxofnydc& doyofo` eo|nzofnydc jog ekdsgnydc ~ogm dcdhsoz ycgmyoxo

jsgno' Jxnboxeoxo dcgms|oy doyofo` sgnzoxnydc jog acjcxofnydc |ojo zoxoa dkgjnof

jcgmog ises| dcgjofod jcgmog mo~o |cxioeo|og ycòxn$òxn' Eojogm eofo no bsmodcdhcxn yngjnxog zcx ojo| ecojoog jn zogo` onx& dnyofg~o jcgmog ojog~o |cxshoòg

eohngcz ~ogm ynfn` hcxmogzn no dcg~ngjnx jo|oz jn|odcxeog eoxcgo ysjo` dcg~cxs|on\cxoginy '8?

Eczneo ecdhofn ec Ngjkgcyno |ojo zo`sg ?>38& Jxnboxeoxo dcgjo|oz zsmoy ychomon

jkycg anfyoaoz jn Ekfkyc Yz Nmgoznsy& ^km~oeoxzo' Ycfong nzs Jxnboxeoxo zczo| dcgsfnydobofo` ~ogm yodo' Jxnboeoxzo jcgmog yodoxog \oe Gofo ~ogm dcgsxszg~o ec|cgjceog

joxn Gofojbobo dcgmnyn xshne ]oxsgm \kbke' Godo yodoxog nzs dcgmngmozeog kxogmBo}o ec|ojo znmo |sgoeo}og |szxo$|szxo En Fsxo` Ycdox' Zsfnyog Jxnboxeoxo jnndsfon 3

Kezkhcx f>38 yod|on jcgmog 3 Bsfn f>33' Jxnboxeoxo dcgsfny eoxogmog ecinf ycenzox 30hso`' Ychomon \oe Gofo jofod eoxogmog$eoxogmog ngn no dcgikho dc}oenfn |cdnenxog

ycòz joxn xoe~oz hnoyo' Zsfnyog Jxnboxeoxo fsmoy& omoe hcxogn& eojogmeofo ycdhxkgk ofo

|cdhnioxoog }oxsgm ek|n' Jxnboxeoxo dcdhshs`n zsfnyog jcgmog msxosog$msxosog ~ogmycmox& ~ogm zndhsf joxn xoyo `sdkxg~o' Mo~o `sdkxg~o ycfofs dcdneoz eoxcgo znjoe

|cxgo` efnyc' @sdkx ~ogm hone dcdogm dcgmogjoneog ysozs eczobodog kzoe yceofnmsy

eczobodog ogofnyo ynzsoyn5 Jog nzsfo` ~ogm dcgbojn ecesozog Jxnboxeoxo yc ngmmo`sdkxg~o ycfofs ecgo jog hcxecyog dcgjofod'

Yckxogm eoeoe ogmeozog Jxnboeoxo& ~oegn Xkdk Jboboozdojbo YB hoèogdcgmozoeog ho`}o ycogjong~o Jxnboxeoxo yceoxogm doyn` `njs|& jno hoxogmeofn hnyodcgbojn yckxogm |cfo}oe |xkacynkgof& ysozs |xcyzoyn ~ogm enxog~o hcfsd hog~oe jnio|on

kfc` |cfo}oe$|cfo}oe enzo yceoxogm ~ogm xozo$xozo òg~o dcgmogjofeog ecdod|sog

dcd|cxdongeog eozo' Jxnboxeozo hnyo bsmo hcxyneo| dcxcfoznaeog jnxn ycgjnxn e`sysyg~o

8< A'P' Dsjbn Yszxnygk YB& Esgin \cxcgsgmog jog ]oxgo Ec$Ngjkgcyno$og \cdnenxog Jxnboxeoxo& jofod

Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz'& òf' 8> :1'8? A'P' Jogs}ngozo Y& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj & k|' inz '


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12/32


13/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

ec|ojo |cxyckxogmog ycxzo doy~oxoeoz& ~ogm hcxojo jnzcgmo`$zcgmo` mcgogmog |cxykofog

jog oxsy hojon ec`njs|og& omox jnozoyg~o dcxceo jo|oz dcdhogmsg dcgjnxneog doyo

jc|og jog echoòmnogg~o' Jxnboeoxo hseog dcgsfny zczo|n no bsmo dcgbojn dcgbojnmo}ogm ofnoy |cdnd|ng xcjoeyn joxn dobofo` echsjo~oog jofod oxzn ycfsoy$fsoyg~o '

Eoxogmog |cxzodo ~ogm jnzsxsgeog kfc` Jxnboxeoxo jcgmog godo fcgmeo|g~odcgms|oy doyofo` Mcxcbo Eozkfne jog \kfnmodn;& ~onzs |ojo oe`nx zo`sg NN dobofo`

HOYNY' Dcyen|sg eoxogmog ngn ynaozg~o |kfcdne& godsg ecfnòzog homondogo yneo|

Jxnboxeoxo bneo zcxjo|oz |cxhcjoog |cgjo|oz' No dcgsfny Jnyngmmsgmg~o ysozs

|cgjnxnog & znjoe hkfc` dcgbojn echcxozog& yceofn |cgjnxnog nzs ysin' Hoèog enzo òxsy

jo|oz dcgcxndo jcgmog òzn yohox jog hcyox& bneofos |cgjnxnog enzo enzo jnycxogm/Ychoh enzo `njs| jofod rodog dkjcxg& rodog ecdcxjceoog hcx|nenx jog

dcgmcfsoxeogg~o2 Oeog zczo|n zno|$zno| kxogm ~ogm dcgmcdseoeog |cgjnxnog fong&

òxsy jn|o|oxeog ychomon jnoesn kfc` |nòe fong/ Ngn ojofo` zsgzszog ecojnfog'

Ecojnfog zcxòjo| |nòe ~ogm jnyngmmsgm' Ecojnfog zcxòjo| |nòe eòfo~oe sdsd'~ogm enzo hcxn |cgcxogmog' Zsfnyog ychcgoxg~o hcxdoeysj ycfong dcdhcxn hogzoòg

yceofnmsy |cgcxogmog zcxòjo| o|o ~ogm jneozoeog kfc` yckxogm jnfsox Mcxcbo Eozkfne~ogm dcg~ozoeog ho`}o Ngbnf znjoe dcgczo|eog o|o$o|o zcgzogm |kfnmodn& Yogzk

Omsyzngsy znjoe dcgkfoe |kfnmodn& \osy Mxcmkxnsy dcdhcfo |kfnmodn jog Ysozs ekgynnfnjn Xkdo dcgczo|eog oboxog ~ogm dcxcgjoèog jcxoboz }ognzo' Yczcfo` dcgsgbseeog

ecznjoehcgoxog |cxg~ozoog nzs& Jxnboxeoxo dcgmoe`nxn zsfnyogg~o jcgmog xsdsyog

|cfoboxog ~ogm ychcgoxg~o2 Joxn |cxeo}ngog ~ogm yo` zndhsffo` ogzoxo ogzoxo ysodn

jog nyzxn ysozs |cxzofnog ~ogm dcgsxsz ekjxozg~o sgzse ycfodo$fodo jog dcgkfoe

|cxzofnog fong (I'N'I'iog ???39& Zo`sg NN ?8'8: Jxnboxeoxo& Ycfodoz Zo`sg Hoxs& Hoyny& Bogsoxn ?>3:& Zo`sg NNN :'


?9


14/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Ecdsjnog \sxs nzo hcxzsxsz$zsxsz dsgisf jcgmog |cxineog xcgsgmog ozoy

|xnhojn dogsyno ~ogm jnhcxn bsjsf O|o jog Yno|o jofod cd|oz eoxogmog& jnysysf

jcgmog xcgsgmog ozoy ecdcxjceoog dogsyno jofod fndo eoxogmog ~ogm ecdsjnogjnfcgmeo|n jcgmog cd|oz eoxogmog ~ogm jnhcxn bsjsf dcgoxne Yo~o| ~ogm Hcxfseo'

\sxs`nzo dcgmo}ofn sxonogg~o jcgmog Ysjo` fndo eofn hcxzsxsz$zsxsz eodn `njogmeog

|cxdcgsgmog zcgzogm ecdcxjceoog dogsyno' Jofod |ogjogmog ~ogm dcfogbszeog oeogjn|cxfnòzeo & ho`}o ecdcxjceoog enzo nzs ycoeog$oeog dcxs|oeog yo~o& jcgmog dogo

enzo hnyo dcdhsdhsgm ec ozoy ''Oeog zczo|n yo~o| nzs ojofo` yo~o| ~ogm ysjo` fseo&bneo yccekx hsxsgm dcgjcxnzo fseo |ojo yo~o|g~o dcyen|sg hcfsd fseo fseo |oxo`&$

znjoefo` no dcgmofodn ecyseoxog' Bneo no `cgjoe zcxhogm; Jcdnenogfo` bsmo enzo/

Jcgmog bsjsf ~ogm dcgoxne& zczo|n fchn`fchn` jcgmog ioxo |cg~obnog ~ogm hcxmo~o

|cxioeo|og& Jxnboxeoxo dod|s dcdho}o |cdhoio yczo|oe jcdn yczo|oe doyse jofod

|cxdcgsgmog ~ogm no yobneog'83

Jsgno dogsyno ~ogm jnòjo|n kfc` Jxnboxeoxo ojofo` jsgno ~ogm ekd|fcey

'Dogsyno nzs ojofo` doe`fse ~ogm dcxjceo' Ecdcxjceoogg~o nzs hcxasgmyn ychomon

yo~o| ~ogm oeog dcdho}og~o ec yzozsy ycxzo ekgjnyn ecdogsynog ~ogm fchn` hone 'Godsg yo~ogmfo`& yc|cxzn jnfnòz Jxnboxeoxo&yo~o| nzs zcxfseo' Ojo hchcxo|o |cgmoxs`

jog ekgjnyn ~ogm dcdhsoz yo~o| nzs zcxfseo& yc|cxzn |cxogm& |cxecdhogmog nfds ycxzozc`gkfkmn& goynkgofnydc echogmyoog& ackjofnydc jog ychomong~o' Ekgjnyn$ekgjnyn nzs

jndsgisfeog jn yngn eoxcgo òf nzs ycioxo `nyzkxny dcgbojn zk|ne ycboxo` jn doyo

Jxnboxeoxo dcgsfny jog bsmo ycioxo bcfoy dcgikho dcfnòz nzs yozs |cx yozs& honefo`

jnyojoxn fchn` jsfs znzne |ogmeof |cgmfn ozogg~o' Znzne |ogmeof nzs ojofo` zxojnyn`sdognyzne ~ogm dcgikho dos dcgcd|ozeog gnfon ycxzo doxzohoz dogsyno ychomon zkfke

sesx homn ycmofog~o'81

Omoeg~o Jxnboxeoxo doyn` dcgcxsyeog xcgsgmog$xcgsgmogg~o jcgmog xogmeonog

eoxogmog hcxneszg~o' Zczo|n eoxogmog doyn` jcgmog godo \sxs nzo jcgmog bsjsf

Dogsyno jog Dkxof N (HOYNY QN ?>33f>31. zcxg~ozo znjoe ojo ecfogbszogg~o' Ngnfo`zcxoe`nx eofng~o Jxnboxeoxo dcgsxsgeog eoxogmog jcgmog godo yodoxog \sxs nzo

Zsfnyog ngn dcgikho dcdhcxn |cgmcxznog ~ogm fchn` ycd|sxgo (znjoe gnyio~o& oeog zczo|n

jo|oz. dcgbodng |cg~cd|sxgoog |cxhsozog ~ogm ysjo` fodo jnfoeseog' No dcgmogmmo|ho`}o ycyckxogm ~ogm ngmng dcgmoboxeog ecysynfoog& yc|ozszg~o dcd|cxkfc` |cgmcxznog

~ogm ises| (jnyod|ngm `njs| hone ychomon ikgzk`.' Doyofo` dkxof |cxfs jnhnioxoeog

eoxcgo jofod ec njs|og ycòxn$ycòxn eoxcgo dogsyno ycgogznoyo jnòjo|og |ojo

doyofo` dkxof (~ogm dcdogjogm |cxhsozog dogsyno jofod `shsgmogg~o jcgmog honeozos hsxse.' Jofod oe`nx zsfnyogg~o no dcg~ozoeog ho`}o echoneog dkxof

(homondogo|sg bsmo nyng~o. enzo ogmmo| echoneog ~ogm yogmoz hcxòxmo& yogmoz zngmmn&fchn` zngmmn joxn |ojo echoneog fong$fongg~o' \cxg~ozoog ngn god|oe bsmo jofod

ecbojnog ycòxn$òxn5 znjoe ojo ecbcfceog ~ogm enzo ogmmo| fchn` dcxcgjoèog joxn |ojo

ecbcfceog dkxof' Jxnboxeoxo bsmo dcgcmoyeog ho`}o ecxo| eofn kxogm dcfogmmox dkxof

jog znjoe oeog dcfoeseog |cfogmmoxog nzs jn dseo sdsd' Ycxngmeofn jneczcdseog kxogm

83 \sxs`nzo& Yobo| bogm Hcxfseo&Hoyny& O|xnf ?>33& Zo`sg NQ = '81 Z' Exny|ox}ogo Iò~ojn YB& Gnfon$gnfon \xkaczny Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo& jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo&

k|'inz'& òf' >1 ??9'


?:


15/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

~ogm dcg~cdhsg~neog zngjoeogg~o ~ogm znjoe ycgkgk ' Jcgmog jcdnenog kxogm

zcxychsz ~ogm dcfogmmox& jofod òzn ecinfg~o dcgmoesn dkxof'8=

]oezs sgzse jo|oz dcgsfny ycioxo zcgogm homn Jxnboeoxo znjoe fomn zcxycjno' Jn

yod|ngm doyn` dcgbojn jkycg anfyoaoz |ojo Ycekfo` Zngmmn Anfyoaoz jn ^km~oeoxzo& no

bsmo dcgbojn |nd|ngog dobofo` HOYNY (?>39$?>13. jog ycboe |cxzcgmoòg ?>33dcxogmeo| dcgbojn Jceog \Z\M Yogozo Jòxdo ~ogm hoxs yobo hcxjnxn' Ecojoog

dcdoeyo Jxnboxeoxo ycfofs dsgisf ychomon anmsx |shfne& e`sysyg~o yczcfo` no dcgbojn

Jceog \Z\M Yogozo Jòxdo jog dcgmo}ofn eoxncxg~o jcgmog ysozs |njozk |cxzogmmsgmbo}ohog nfdno` zcgzogm ec|cgzngmog |cgjnjneog msxs ycekfo` dcgcgmo`&

~ogm no yod|oneog |ojo zogmmof ?= Jcycdhcx ?>33' @oxnog Ecjosfozog Xoe~oz jn

^km~oeoxzo jofod zobse xcgiogog~o zogmmof ?> Jcycdhcx ?>33 dcdsbn |njozk Jxnboxeoxo

ychomon eozo$eozo ~ogm odoz hnboeyogo& ~ogm |ozsz jn|cxòzneog kfc` yno|o yobo ~ogm|cmogm zogmmsgm bo}oh jn hnjogm |cgjnjneog' Ycboe nzs Jxnboxeoxo jn yod|ngm ychomon

yckxogm anfysa& bsmo jnecgof ychomon yckxogm |cgjnjne' Jofod |njozkg~o ~ogm hcxbsjsf

Ec|cgzngmog \cgjnjneog Msxs Ycekfo` Dcgcgmo & Jxnboxeoxo dcg~ozoeog ho`}o

ycekfo` dcgcgmo` jog sgnqcxynzoy znjoe ycfofs dcxs|oeog ysozs ekgzngsnzoy' Eoxcgo hog~oe ycekfo` dcgcgmo` ~ogm ychcgoxg~o znjoe hcxasgmyn ychomon |cxyno|og sgzse

sgnqcxynzoy' Hcxjoyoxeog ecg~ozoog nzs& doeo yseoxfo` jn|cxzoògeog& ho`}o zcgomo$zcgomo |cgmobox ycekfo` fogbszog òxsy jnodhnf joxn sgnqcxynzoy jndogo |cgmi`sysyog

ycdoiod nzs znjoe ojo' Jnyod|ngm nzs jcgmog ojog~o qoe|xkqnginofnydc jog

y|ycynofnyoyn$y|cynofnyoyn ~ogm yogmoz dcxsgingm jog `czcxkmcgnzoy ~ogm òxsy jnecbox

hchcxo|o aoesfzoy zcfo` dcg~choheog |oxo yoxbogo hoxs bos` joxn ysoyogo |cjomkmny jogjnjoezny ~ogm jn|cxfseog kfc` ycekfo` dcgcgmo`' No dcgcmoyeog hczo|o |cgzngmg~o

ojog~o |cgjnjneog e`sysy sgzse msxs ycekfo` fogbszog dcgcgmo ' Jxnboxeoxo

dcg~nd|sfeog hczo|o |cgzngmg~o |cgjnjneog jofod ycekfo` dcgcgmo`& 'nofo`

|cgjnjneog dogsyno dsjo jofod doyo ~ogm yogmoz mcgzngm joxn |cxzsdhsògg~o'

Zcxszodo jofod }oezs nzs |xkycy |cdoyseog mcgcxoyn dsjo ecjofod doy~oxoeoz jog |cdoyseog doy~oxoeoz ecjofod mcgcxoyn dsjo òxsy jnbofogeog' Ecyojoxog

ec}oxmogcmoxoog& echobneog$echobneog ykynof& ecòfsyog jog ecojohog& |cdnfneog gnfon$

gnfon òxsy jn|cxjofod& jn|cxekek`& jnycjoxeog jog jn|cxzogmmsgmbo}oheog' Ecmomofogjofod |cgjnjneog dcgcgmo` oeog hcxoxzn ecxsmnog hcyox homn doy~oxoeoz ' Jxnboxeoxo bsmo dcg~ozoeog ho`}o zndhsf jog zcgmmcfodg~o ysozs Hogmyo& ecdcgogmog jog

ecdcxkykzogg~o& ychomnog hcyox zcxmogzsgm joxn |cgjnjneog jn doyo ~ogm mcgzngm nzs' 80

Eoxogmogeoxogmog o}of ~ogm zcxdsoz jofod HOYNY ycfodo no doyn` `njs| omoednxn| jcgmog nyn \cxineog Anfyoaoz' Hcjog~o zcxszodo ho`}o eoxogmog nzs sgzse jnhoio

doeo |cgmsfogmog$|cgmsfogmog hcxynaoz kxozkxny ozos jnejoezny jofod \cxineog Anfyoaoz

nzs òd|nx znjoe ojo fomn jofod eoxogmogeoxogmog ngn' Jn HOYNY eoxogmogg~o ojo ~ogmhcxjnxn ycgjnxn 'Dnyofg~o Ycfodoz Zo`sg Hoxs & Xoznkgofnydc jog Nxxoynkgofnydc ' Godsg

ojo ~ogm zcxhnz ycioxo hcxyodhsgm& yc|cxzn dnyofg~o O|o jog Yno|o& \cxineog\cxdcgsgmog ozoy \xnhojn Dogsyno& Yo~o| ~ogm Hcxfseo& Ecdcxjceoog enzo yo~o| enzo&

Ecycgnog jog Xcfnmn' Dcyen|sg jcdnenog omoe o}of bsmo jofod eoxogmogeoxogmog ngn

(Ecdcxjceoog& zcxfchn` jofod Ec`njs|og Gcmoxo joxn zo`sg ?>3=. doyofo` |kfnzne jofod

8= \sxs`nzo& Dogsyno jog Dkxof N&Hoyny& Kezkhcx ?>33& Zo`sg Q Gk' ? '80 Jxnboxeoxo& Ec|cgzngmog \cgjnjneog Msxs Ycekfo` Dcgcgmo`&Hoyny& Bogsoxn ?>31& Zo`sg Gkdkx >'


?3


16/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

ec`njs|og hcxgcmoxo Ngjkgcyno dsfon jnyngmmsgm' Gojo ~ogm omoe zcgogm jog ycbse

hcxsho` dcgbojn zcmoy& dcdhnioxoeog òe oroyn dogsyno ~ogm zcxdsoz jofod sgjogm$

sgjogm jcgmog hoynyg~o ~ogm hcxs|o \ogioynfo2 ~ogm dcd|sg~on eczczo|og eoxcgo

ynaozg~o ~ogm sdsd'8>

Jofod doyo ~ogm yodo& hchcxo|o eofn bsmo zcxdsoz jofod HOYNY ycbsdfo`doeofo` ~ogm ychcfsdg~o zcfo` jnho}oeog Jxnboxeoxo jn jc|og |cxzcdsog ecinf jog

hcyox& joxn |njozk |cdhseoog NEN\ Yogozo Jòxdo oe nx zo`sg f>33 (Ec|cgzngmog \cgjnjneog Msxs Ycekfo` Dcgcgmo . jog doeofo` zcgzogm Dkxof jog \cfogmmoxog

jn|ogjogm jcgmog gkxdo Omodo Eozkfne joxn zo`sg ~ogm yodo yod|on |ojo dngoz ~ogm

zcxoxo` ~ogm jnsgmeo|eog jcgmog bsjsf Dcgioxn Ec|xnhojnog Goynkgof jofod

Dsy~o}oxo` ~ogm jnycfcgmmoxoeog EKJOD Bo}o Zcgmo` jn Yofoznmo |ojo zo`sg f>11?' @cnjcmmcx& Yoyzxc

jog Doxfcos$\kgz~ jnnesz ycxzoeog sgzse dcdc|cxfnòzeog ho`}o dogsyno dsjo òxsyjnjnjne omox dod|s dcgmoxzneog jsgnog~o jcgmog hchoy jog excozna' Zcey$zcey |ofngm

8> I`xny Qcxòoe YB jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz'9< Jxnboxeoxo& Dcgioxn Ec|xnhojnog Goynkgof&Hoyny& Yc|zcdhcx ?>1


17/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

oe`nx ~ogm jndsoz jofod HOYNY nzs dcdhnioxoeog dcgmcgon \ogioynfo ycioxo e`sysy

fomn'

Xogmeonog eoxogmog eoxogmog Acgkdcgo \cgjnjneog jog Echsjo~oog jog

Echchoyog ~ogm zcxdsoz jofod HOYNY zo`sg f>1>f>=? ycysjo` Jxnboxeoxo dcgngmmof&

dcdsoz sgysx$sgysx jog momoyog$momoyog ~ogm zcfo` jnsgmeo|eog Jxnboxeoxoychcfsdg~o' Jofod dcgmmodhoxeog mcbofo$ |cgjnjneog& |cxogog ecfsoxmo jog zcxszodo

koxogm zso jnzceogeog hcxechsjo~oog jog echchoyog jnmodhoxeog jofod ekgzcey

doy~oxoeoz jcgmog eozo |cgszs|'

ec ceynyzcgyn '' ychomon ecynd|sfog jo|ozfo` enzo eozoeog ho`}o ecesoyoog gcmcoxo nzsjnin|zoeog kfc` dogsyno& omox ys|o~o jno yod|on ~ogm oszcgzne oxzng~o yod|on ececdcxjceoog~ogm ycfofs hcxmcxoe sgzse dcdoysen Ycng ozos Ojo nzs' Echsjoboog ~ogm zsfcg òxsy hchoy&znjoe hkfc` jnxngzogmn kfc` ecesoyoog dogo |sg kfc` echsjo~oog nzs' Homn enzo ojo gkxdo ~ogm

zcxzcgzs sgzse dcgcgzseog eczsfcgog joxn echsjo~oog& ~onzs2 ycyson ozos znjoe ycysong~o jcgmog

\OGIOYNFO' Ycenogfo`/9?

Syoò dcd|cxecgofeog anfyoaoz ~ogm ysjo` jnxngzny fc}oz HOYNY' ecdsjnogjnzcxsyeog kfc` Jxnboxeoxo fc}oz ynoxog XXN ^km~oeoxzo jog Boeoxzo' Sxonog$sxonog

yngmeozg~o ogzoxo zo`sg f>30f>1? ecdsjnog jnzcxhnzeog jofod hcgzse esd|sfog

eoxogmog jcgmog bsjsf \cxineog Anfyoaoz' Icxodo`$icxodo` nzs jnesd|sfeog dcgbojnfndo hoh& cd|oz hoh zcgzogm anfyoaoz (anfyoaoz Ecysynofoog& Ceynyzcgynofnydc& \cxykgo jog

\cxykgnyoyn ycxzo Acgkdcgkfkmn. jog yozs hoh zcgzogm |ynekfkmn omodo jnfozox hcfoeogmn

anfyoaoz dogsyno ~ogm dcdhseo bofog dcgsbs eczsògog' Jofod eozo |cgmogzox hses

zcxychsz& Jxnboxeoxo dcgbcfoyeog ho`}o |cgmmsgoog eozo |cxineog eoxcgo zsfnyog$zsfnyogg~o znjoe jndoeysjeog ychomon es|oyog ~ogm fcgmeo| (~ogm dcgikho dcfnòz

ycdso ycmn. dcgmcgon òf$òf ~ogm hcxyogmeszog' Ycjogmeog |cgmmsgoog eozo anfyoaoz

dcxs|oeog dcgsgbseeog zohnoz joxn |cxineog$|cxineog' ôgm jndoeysjeog anfyoaoz

ojofo` |nenxog dogsyno ~ogm xojneof& ~ogm jcgmog dcgmcyod|ngmeog |cgjnxnog$|cgjnxnogjog |cgjo|oz$|cgjo|oz ~ogm jnzcxndo yobo dcgikho dcd|cxfnòzeog |ogjogmog ~ogm

~ogm dcxs|oeog oeox joxn fong$fong |ogjogmog jog yneo| ~ogm |xoezny '

Yczno| hoh zcxjnxn ozoy yc|sfs` aoyof ycyson jcgmog oyofg~o ychomon icxodo`

|cgjce' ôgm dcgikfke homn yo~o nofo` syoòg~o sgzse dcdho}o hoòg jog momoyog

hoxs jofod yczno| aoyof& yodhnf dcgcmoyeog ecyngodhsgmog joxn yczno| xogmeonog& ~onzsycfofs dsfon jcgmog dcgmsfogm ycioxo yngmeoz o|o ~ogm zcfo` jnbcfoyeog fchn` jo`sfs jog

jnoe`nxn jcgmog dcdhseo |cxyc|cezna hoxs sgzse }oezs hcxneszg~o' Ioxo ecxbog~o jo|oz

Jofod yczno| aoyof ozos icxodo`g~o jo|oz jneozoeog acgcdkgkfkmny hcxfngmeox'Doeysjg~o nofo` dcgcxk|kgm mcbofo ~ogm dos jnzcxogmeog nzs jofod |cfhomon ysjsz&

zczo|n hseog hcmnzs yobo ycoeog$oeog dcgmcfnfngmn |keke ozos mcbofo ~ogm ycjogmjn|cfoboxn& dcfongeog ojo sgysx jnofcezny& znjoe zcmoy ozos jnhsoz$hsoz zczo|n omoe y|kgzog'Dnyofg~o dsfon jcgmog eozo$eozo yc|cxzn zczo|n& joxn ysjsz doyseog hoxs&

sd|odog~o joxn anfysa anfysa hoxoz esgk dos|sg dkjcxg& jog zcgzs yobo joxn yoyzxo Bo}o

jcgmog ysysgog hoòyo Ngjkgcyno ~ogm eòy' Jso hoh zcgzogm anfyoaoz ychomnog hcxnyneog |cxecgofog jcgmog zkek`$zkek` anfyoaoz dkjcxg& doeo zcxszodo hcxynaoz ngakxdoyn'

Ycjogmeog ecjso hoh ~ogm fong dcgsgzsg |cgjcgmox ozos |cdhoio sgzse nesz hcxanfyoaoz'

9? I`xny Qcxòoe YB& jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|' inz'


?=


18/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Dnyofg~o zcgzogm Anfyoaoz Ecysynfoog joxn \cxykgo jog \cxykgnyoyn (~ogm zcxoe`nx

jcgmog xcjoeyn jcangnzna joxn Jnie @oxzkek.' Hoh zcxoe`nx ~onzs zcgzogm |ynekfkmn omodo&

dcgoxne znjoe òg~o dcdoeon hog~oe ysdhcx (eofn ngn zcxdoyse Hòmoqoj Mnzo jog zceyenzoh ysin.& dcfongeog bsmo eoxcgo hcxsyoò dcdhcxn |cgmcxznog (@od|nxòd|nx ec oxo`

Ecgnyio~oog. zcgzogm ycbsdfo` |xoezce ekgmexnz jofod `njs| hcxomodo& yc|cxzn

hcxjko& hcx|soyo& ecyofoòg jog jkyo& dcdhcxynèog jnxn jog fong$fong'98

Ojo znmo ikgzk` joxn zsfnyog Jxnboxeoxo ~ogm hcxoyof joxn zsmoyg~o ychomon

|cgmobox\cdhndhngm Ec Anfyoaoz jog Fkmneo Akxdofjnzcxhnzeog jofod hcgzse yzcgynfogkfc` Esxysy H NNfds Dcgjnjne& Boboyog Jc Hxnzk& ^km~oeoxzo& joxn doyo ychcfsd NEN\

Yogozo Jòxdo (zo`sgg~o znjoe jniogzsdeog.' Homnog |cgmogzox anfyoaoz dcdsoz ycmofo

sgysx jofod hnjogm dczkjne jog jnjoezne ~ogm engn jn|xkdkyneog ychomon ynfohsy& YO\&

ZNE jog fong$fong' Zcxoyo doyn ojo |cxmsdsfog jcgmog hoòyo Ngjkgcyno sgzsedcgcdseog eozo jog |cxsdsyog ~ogm jo|oz jndcgmcxzn fofs jnbcfoyeog' Ycysjo` yozs

ofngco& eoxcgo |cg~sysg yojox ho`}o |oxo |cgjcgmox jog |cdhoio hcxoyof joxn Bo}o&

doeo jnyobneogg~o eszn|og jofod hoòyo Bo}o& jn ysysf eczcxogmog ogzoxo fong jcgmog

nyznfo` Ngmmxny dos|sg Hcfogjo ~ogm jnogmmo| hcxmsgo sgzse dcgcxogmeog aoòd Bo}ojofod hoòyo Ngjkgcyno Sxonog fkmneo efoyyne& fcgmeo| jcgmog ynfkmnydc jnysysg ycioxo

zcfnzn jog fcgmeo|' Ycioxo bcfoy homn dcxceo ~ogm òg~o dcd|cfoboxn anfyoaoz ychomon dozo|cfoboxog yod|ngmog jofod yzsjn ychomon msxs'

Hses yzcgynfog ~ogm hcxbsjsf Ycboxo` Anfyoaoz ^sgogn joxn zo`sg f>3> (jnysysg

hcxyodo Jx' O' Hsyi`. fchn` hcxynaoz nfdno`' Hses nzs jn|cxsgzseog |cxzodo$zodo homndcxceo ~ogm hcfobox anfyoaoz ycfodo jso ozos znmo zo`sg' Ojo jso iozozog zcgzogm hses

hcxhkhkz ngn' \cxzodo& ojofo` syoòg~o sgzse dcgogmeo| ngzn |keke joxn anfysa hcyox'

Ecjso ojofo` ecxobngogg~o sgzse dcgioxn jog dcgcdseog eozo$eozo Ngjkgcyno ~ogmikike sgzse dcgzcxbcdoèog ycioxo zc|oz hcxdoiod$doiod nyznfo` ^sgogn' Dnyofg~o

eozo ojog~o jofod ekgzcey ojog~o Zsòg (z`c hcngm ka Mkj.& ozos

Ecfogmmcgmog (bsmo bodog ~ogm eceof homn czcxgnz~& ycjogmeog ~ogm ojo nzs joxnkg ^sgogn jog cgy Fozng' Jofod Anfyoaoz Oxnyzkzcfcy @~fc (dozcxno. dcgbjn

hoeof & Dkx|`c (akxdo. jnoxzneog ychomon hcgzse& xs|o dofoòg io| bsmo'

Yozs ikgzk` fomn Dogsyno dcgogmeo| hoxogm$hoxogm anyne jofod ynaoz ecycysozsogg~o(ngjnqnjsofnz~.& ~onzs dcfofsn |cgmczo`sog boydogn'

Hses ecznmo ~ogm dcdsoz |cgmoboxog Jxnboxeoxo nofo` Anfyoaoz Dogsyno ~onzs

iozozog$iozozog ~ogm jn|oeong~o ycfodo dcgmobox jn NEN\ Yogozo Jòxdo' Hses nzsjnzcxhnzeog jso zo`sg ycysjo` Jxnboxoeoxo dcgngmmof& zo`sg f>1


19/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

ycioxo yngmeoz dcgmogofnyo nyn jog ysysgog ecmnozog dogsyno (zsbsog Dosxnic Hfkgjcf

ycboe FWoiznkg. dcgbojn zxnmogjo ychomon |cgmcxznog (engn enzo eozoeog in|zo.& eoxyo

jog xoyo& jnfcgmeo|eog jcgmog aoyof zcxoe`nx dcgmcgon \cxdongog ychomon oeznqnyoynjngodneo& ~oegn dcgsbs |cdhchoyog dogsyno'99

Inxn Eòy jog Dkzkjc

Dcdhoio ecdhofn ycbsdfo` eoxogmog Jxnboxeoxo& hchcxo|o inxn eòy dcgoxne

|cxòznog' \cxzodo$zodo dcgmcgon hoòg ~ogm jnesoyong~o hone jofod hnjogm anfyoaozdos|sg hnjogm fong' No zo`s hog~oe& zcfo` dcdhoio hog~oe' ôgm fchn` dcgikfke fomn

~onzs dcyen|sg yogmoz ynhse no znjoe hcx`cgzn dcdhoio hone o|o ~ogm dcg~ogmesz

|cxnyzn}o$|cxnyzn}o jn Ngjkgcyno jog |ynekfkmn joxn |cfhomon |cgmoxogm oyngm esgk jog~ogm |ofngm dszoe`nx yceofn |sg (sd|odog~o Doxfcos$\kgz~.' No yogmms| dcg~obneog

hoòg nzs homn ynjogm |cdhoio ozos |cgjcgmox' No bsmo yogmms| dcdoyseeog |cdhoio

ozos |cgjcgmox ec jofod jsgno |cdnenxog joxn sd|odog~o @syycxf& Yozxc& Yi`cfcx&

@cnjcmmcx& Bodcy ~ogm }oezs nzs yodo hoxsg~o yc|cxzn homn enzo fnzcxozsx zcxoe`nx joxn

@ohcxdoy& Mojodcx& Aksiosfz& Jcxxnjo& Fcqngoy' Jn yod|ngm nzs no ycxngm yceofnmsydcgbcfoyeog bofog |nenxog jog |cgofoxoggg~o jcgmog dcdoeon yoyzxo Bo}o jog |c|ozo`$

|c|ozo` joxn `njs| ycòxn$òxn'

Inxn fong ~ogm dcgikfke nofo` ioxo |cgmcdhogmog |cdnenxogg~o ~onzs |cfog$

|cfog jog zoò| jcdn zoò|' Odoz ycxngm homnog zcxoe`nx joxn ysozs eofndoz ysjo`dcdhsoz eofndoz hcxneszg~o& zog|o dcdhkyogeog& dcyen|sg |cxgo` yo~o jcgmox ho`}o

yo~ogm yceofn znjoe |cxgo` ojo ecbszog' Dcgsxsz yo~o& ~ogm zcxoe`nx nzs znjoe hcgox fomn

eofos no dsfon dcdhnioxoeog doiod$doiod mogmmsog ozos |cg~cfc}cgmog ~ogmjnyoeyneogg~o jn jofod gcmcxng~o ycgjnxn& e`sysyg~o dcgbcfogm oe nx `njs|g~o'

Dnyofg~o yc`shsgmog jcgmog ecojoog ykynk$cekgkdn jn ekzo ozos |sg jn jcyo& ozos

ecesxogmog$ecesxogmog jofod hnjogm |cgjnjneog'

Inxn hcxnesz ~ogm dcgikfke nofo` syoòg~o sgzse dcdhogzs |cdhoio ozos

|cgjcgmox ys|o~o |keke$|keke ~ogm jnogmmo|g~o |cgzngm hnyo jndcgmcxzn' No yseo

dcgsgbseeog sgysx$sgysx ~ogm jnfnòzg~o ychomon dszfoe |cxfs ozos gnyio~o (eozo nzsycxngm dsgisf.' Dnyofg~o dszfoeg~o zsgzszog czneo jog dkxof zoe zcxcfoeeog homn ysoxo

òzn' (Gogzn doyn` oeog jneszn| ioxog~o sgzse dcgmcxzn \ogioynfo.' Nxxoynkgofnydc

dcxs|oeog dsys` homng~o& hseog òg~o mo~o Xksyycos jcgmog zceogog |ojo xoyo&dcfongeog bsmo |xomdoznydc (dcyen|sg no jo|oz dcgmòxmon Bodcy. jog dofoòg

ceynyzcgynofnydc& dcyen|sg ~ogm zcxoe`nx nzs dcdsoz hog~oe oboxog jog |cgjceozog ~ogm

jnòxmong~o'

Oe`nxg~o& ~ogm ycxngm eofn dcgoxne |cxòznog jofod zsfnyog$zsfnyogg~o nofo` syoò

Jxnboxeoxo sgzse dcd|cxeo~o jog dcgmcdhogmeog hoòyo Ngjkgcyno& yceofnmsy sgzse

dcgmmoxo| ycmofo ecdsgmengog jog nd|fneoyn ~ogm zcxdsoz jofod hoòyo enzo nzs' Nodcgmmsgoeog eozo$eozo yc|cxzn |cgogmmsòg (C|ki`c joxn @syycxf. & echcxogmeofnog

(|xkhofnz~ ~ogm jnhcjoeog jcgmog ecdsgmengog |kyynhnfnz~. & zczo|n bsmo eozo$eozo yc|cxzndcdhcfsd& dcg~cjogm& dcdhojog& dcgcmoxo& dcgm$oes (fong jcgmog dcgmoes.&

99 Nhnj'


?>


20/32


21/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Jofod |cxnkjc ngn Jxnboxeoxo dcgmmofn jndcgyn$jndcgyn aofyoan ~ogm

jneczcdseogg~o jofod |cxnyzn}o$|cxnyzn}o `njs| jog zsmoy$zsmoy ~ogm dc}oxgon

|cxecdhogmog `njs|g~o' Jno hcxznzne zkfoe joxn |cgmofodog ceynyzcgynofg~o ychomondogsyno Bo}o& |cgjnjne& ndod jog goynkgofny Ngjkgcyno' Ecdsjnog joxn yogo jno

dcgikho dcgogmeo| ngzn$yoxn joxn |cgmofodog$|cgmofodogg~o zcxychsz' Jn yngnfo` fczoe

sgysx acgcdcgkfkmnyg~o' Ngzn$yoxn |cgmofodogg~o nzs ecdsjnog jnikho sgzsejnxcgsgmeog& jnekgzcd|foyneog& jn|cxzogmmsgmbo}ohoeog ycioxo xoynkgof jog oe`nxg~o

jnxsdsyeog5 jog dcgbojn znzne zkfoe |cgmofodog ceynyzcgynof hcxneszg~o' Jn yngnfo` fczoe

jnofcezneo |cgjceozogg~o'91

Joxn dczkjc ~ogm jn|oeong~o jofod hcxanfyoaoz enzo dcfnòz ho`}o Jxnboxeoxo

hcxòynf dcdhsoz anfyoaoz dcgbojn ysozs ioxo xcafceyn ~ogm cacezna ozoy ec`njs|og ycòxzn$

òxn ~ogm ekgmexcz& ycjcxògo jog jnofodn kfc` ycdso kxogm' Jno hcxanfyoaoz jofodhoòyo ~ogm jndcgmcxzn kfc` echog~oeog kxogm& bsmo ~ogm znjoe ises| zcxfozn` jofod

jnyn|fng anfyoaoz ~ogm eczoz' @of ngn hnyo enzo dcgmcxzn dcgmngmoz ho`}o zsfnyog$zsfnyog

Jxnboxeoxo dcdogm jnzsbseog sgzse ekgysdyn doy~oxoeoz' Jn yngn odoz dcgkgbkf syoò

Jxnboxeoxo sgzse dcd|k|sfcxeog& nyznfo`$nyznfo` anfkykany ~ogm ekd|fcey ec jofod nyznfo`ycòxn$òxn& ~ogm dcdogm znjoe sdsd jn|oeon godsg doeysjg~o dsjo` jnzcxeo'

Doyn` hcxeonzog cxoz jcgmog zsbsog jno dcgsfny& ~oegn sgzse dcd|cxecgofeog

anfyoaoz ec|ojo doy~oxoeoz fsoy& enzo hnyo dcfnòz |sfo ho`}o anfyoaozg~o hseog anfyoaoz

~ogm xcoezna jofod oxzn omxcyna& ~oegn dos dcg~cxogm ysozs njc ozos |ogjogmog zcxzcgzs

jog dcdhogmsg oxmsdcg$oxmsdcg ~ogm jcyzxsezna5 jog bsmo znjoe hcxynaoz o|kfkmczny'Anfyoaozg~o fchn` hcxysoyogo ogofnzny$exnzny' Jno zcxhseo zcxòjo| |ogjogmog$|ogjogmog

~ogm ojo& dcg~oxngm jog dcgmogofnyog~o fofs dcdhogmsg anfyoaozg~o ycgjnxn

hcxojoyoxeog ogofnyo zojn' Jnfyoaoz yciodo ngn zod|oeg~o fchn` dcgmcgo homn kxogm$kxogm Zndsx'9=

Jno ojofo` yckxogm anfysa zczo|n yceofnmsy bsmo |cgjnjne jog xkògno}og'Ekdnzdcgg~o ~ogm zngmmn |ojo zsmoyg~o ychomon xnògn}og dcdhcxn }oxgo eòy jofod

zsfnyog$zsfnyogg~o' Hog~oe gnfon$gnfon fs`sx zcgzogm dogsyno ~ogm jnikho jnzogodeog

|ojo jnxn |cdhoiog~o' Jn yozs |n oe òf ngn odoz |kynzna& zczo|n jn fong |n oedcgmoenhozeog yozs ynyn fcdo` joxn eox~o$eox~og~o zcgzogm dogsyno'

\cdhoio ~ogm exnzny oeog ycmcxo dcgcdseog ho`}o ysfnz jnioxn ynyzndnzoyn

|cdnenxog ~ogm bcfoy jofod eox~o$eox~og~o zcgzogm dogsyno nzs' Jxnboxeoxo yckfo`$kfo`hcmnzs zoesz eofoseofos anfyoaozg~o jnyofo`zoaynxeog yc`ngmmo dcg~nd|ogm jog dnyynkg

|cgjnjneog' Hcxsfogmeofn jcgmog ic|oz jno dcg~nyn|eog |cxngmozog$|cxngmozog czny ~ogm

ychcgoxg~o hnyo jnzsgjo |cg~od|onogg~o' @of nzsfo` ~ogm enxog~o |ofngm dcgmmogmmsynyzcdoznyoyn |cdnenxog$|cdnenxogg~o'

Anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo jo|oz jneozoeog ychomon anfyoaoz `sdognyzne' \syoz |cxòznogg~oojofo` dogsyno' Dogsyno nzs jn~oengng~o ychomon doe`fse ~ogm kzkgkd& godsg |cxfs

91 H'H' Zxnozdkek YB& Ynyzcdoznyoyn \cdnenxog Jxnboxeoxo jofod Anfyoaoz g~o & jofod Ycdo YZA

Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz'& òf' 1= =='9= Nhnj'


8?


22/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

jnngmoz ho`}o kzkgkdn nzs znjoe joxn jnxng~o ycgjnxn' Jno |sg~o ecfceozog |ojo Zsòg'

Ychomon omodo}og& oy|ce ecfceozog ngn dcdogm ycoeog zoe zcxhogzoèog jofod jnxng~o'

Eoxcgo jnxng~o ~ogm ojofo` omodo}og nzs |sfofo` oy|ce ecfceozog zcxychsz znjoe jnfn ozychomon ecdogjcmog' Zsòg znjoe jndcgmcxzn ychomon yndhkfnyoyn joxn zcxdngof oe`nx

hozoy |cdnenxog' Bsyzxs jofod jnxn Zsòg nzsfo` dogsyno dcgcdseog ec`cgngmog&

echcgngmog dcgcdseog ec|cgsògg~o' Jog nzs homng~o bcfoy zod|oe jofod jngodneoxkògn joxn dogsyno nzs ycgjnxn'90

\cgjoyoxog |ojo Zsòg nzs ycoeog dcgmny~oxozoeog |ojo ycdoiod khycynJxnboxeoxo |ojo |xngyn| dogsyno szs`' Jno ngmng dcgmcdhofneog dogsyno |ojo njcgznzo

jnxng~o ~ogm szs & ychomondogo jnin|zoeog kfc` Zsòg' Doeo zoe `cxogfo` eofos

|cgjceozog ngn dcdhsoz anfyoaoz anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo dcd|sg~on hos czneo dkxof ~ogm

esoz' Ojo hoèog ~ogm fofs dcd|cxzog~oeog& o|o jcgmog hcmnzs anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo nzsznjoe dcgbojn anfyoaoz dkxofny; Sgzse dcgbo}oh nzs ycioxo szs` zcgzs |cxfs jnfnòz

ekgzcey |cdnenxogg~o' Godsg bc~ogm bcfoy homn Jxnboxeoxo kdkgm ekykgm eofos jofod

ecxogmeo |cdhogmsgog ecdoy~oxoeozog ngn& enzo òg~o jnòjo|oeog jcgmog hcxhomon

zsfnyog$zsfnyog jog |njozk ~ogm ngjo`$ngjo`& |sg yno$yno |sfofo` enzo dcdhsoz hcxhomondoiod xcgiogo jog zngjoeog eofos zoe ojo |cdhogmsgog dkxofnzoy' \cdhogmsgog |sg~o

jso jndcgyn5 `sdognyoyn jog |cxshoòg jc`sdognyoyn' @sdognzoy ~ogm njcof& yc|cxznjofod anfyoaoz Jxnboxeoxo hcxòjo|og jofod |xoeynyg~o jcgmog |xoezce jc`sdognyoyn2

|cxod|oyog òe jog doxzohoz ecdogsynoog' Joxn ynzsfo` dsgisf gkxdo gkxdo czne'

Gkxdo czne nzs dsgisf eoxcgo zsgzszog |cgjkhxoeog ynzsoyn jc`sdognyoyn& jog zsgzszog

|cxshoòg yzxsezsx ycxzo zozogog ykynof ~ogm dcgmòdhoz `sdognzoy nzs' Jcgmogjcdnenog czneo dkxof Jxnboxeoxo dsgisf eoxcgo `sdognydcg~o hcxòjo|og jcgmog

|xoezce jc`sdognyoyn jofod doy~oxoeoz '

Yc`shsgmog jcgmog czneo dkxof ~ogm jn|syozeog |ojo Zsòg ychomon ysdhcx

ec|cgsòg szs` dogsyno& ojo bsmo ~ogm dcd|cxzog~oeog o|oeo` òf nzs znjoe hcxoxzn

|ogjogmog jsofnyzne; Dogsyno dcdogm hcxmogzsgm |ojo Zsòg& Godsg eczcxmogzsgmognzs znjoe hcxoxzn jsofnyzne' Dogsyno nzs ojofo` doi`fse boydogn$xkògn& hseog jsofnydc

xkògn jog boydogn' Ojo oy|ce dkgnyzny jog ngzcmxofnzoy' Zsòg nzs dcdogm jceoz jofod

jnxn dogsyno& zo|n yceofnmsy Jno nzs bos`5 hcxyozs zo|n bsmo zcx|nyoèog' Jcgmog jcdnenogdoyn` ojo kzkgkdn& Oy|ce ecyozsog dogsyno jcgmog Zsòg ychomon hcgzse ec|cgsòg

nzs |sg dcgsgbseeog ecyozsog& eoxcgo ecyozsog zcxychsz hcx}sbsj jofod xcofnzoy

dogsyno ychomon }o`~s$bozdneo'

Ojo |sfo ~ogm dcd|cxzog~oeog yneo| echchoyog hcx|nenx Jxnboxeoxo& dcgmngmoz

ho`}o |xngyn| Eczsògog nzs znjoe hnyo jnmogmms msmoz fomn jofod jnxng~o' Enxogg~o òf

nzs hnyo jnbo}oh jcgmog dcfnòz oy|ce ekgynyzcgyn jnxn Jxnboxeoxo' Zsòg homng~o ycioxoekgyznzszna ojo jog dcfceoz jofod jnxn dogsyno' Doeo jnynzsfo` fczoe echchoyogg~o'

Oxzng~o jno hchoy ycioxo ekgynyzcgynof' Ychomon |cdnenx& eofos jno dos ekgynyzcg jcgmog

jnxng~o ycgjnxn& doeo Zsòg òxsy jnfczoeeog |sfo ycioxo ekgynyzcg ychomon joyox'Jcgmog eozo fong& jno nzs hchoy zo|n yceofnmsy bsmo ekgynyzcg jcgmog jnxng~o'

Ngekgynyzcgyn oeog dcdhsoz hso`$hso` |cdnenxogg~o zcxofncgoyn joxn jnxng~o ychomon

ysh~ce |cdnenx'

90 Exny|sx}ogo YB& fki' inz '


88


23/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Hcmnzsfo`& enzo zcfo` dcfnòz ho`}o dcfnòz ysh~ce |cdnenx dcgsgbseeog ho`}o

czneo dkxof `sdognydc dos jnzcmoeeog jog `sdognydc nzs jnfczoeeog |ojo Zsògychomon joyoxg~o'9>

Ecgjozn Jxnboxoeoxo yckxogm xkògno}og Eozkfne zczo|n jofod dcgmobox Jxnboxeoxo hnyo dcgcd|ozeog jnxn' Ykc @ke Jbng ofnoy Oxnca Hsjndog ~ogm |cxgo` dcgbojn

dsxnjg~o eczneo Jxnboxoeoxo dcgbojn msxs hcyox Aoesfzoy \ynekfkmn Sgnqcxynzoy Ngjkgcyno

dcg~ozoeog jcdnenog2 \cdnenxog ~ogm bcxgn` zog|o `n|kexnyn ngn dcdhsoz |ozcxJxnboxeoxo hcxyneo| jc}oyo zcxòjo| omodo& bsmo omodo ~ogm jnogszg~o' Yczno| kxogm

~ogm doyse Aoesfzoy \y~i`kfkmn SN dsfo$dsfo oeog dcxoyo }oy$}oy dcfnòz ho`}o

anfyoaoz jnoboxeog kfc` yckxogm |oyzkx' Zo|n hcmnzs dcxceo dcgmneszn esfno`$esfno` |ozcx&

ycdso |xoyogmeo$|xoyogmeo ngn oeog fcg~o|' Znjoe ycjnenz |sg jofod esfno`$esfno` |ozcxJxnboxeoxo dcdhcxneog òf$òf ~ogm hcxynaoz |xk|omogjnyzny' Yo~o ycgjnxn hseog yckxogm

eozkfne jog yo~o dcd|cxòzneog hcgox ykof ngn' Ycmofo$mofog~o jnsxoneog ycioxo kh~cezna&

bsbsx zog|o |xczcgyn o|o$o|o' Yozs$yozsg~o ec$eozkfne$og ~ogm zod|oe nofo` bsho`g~o':'


89


24/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

Jxnboxeoxo dcgbohoxeog \ogoynfo jcgmog ynfo ecdogsynog ychomon oeox (eozoeogfo`.

jnofcezny joxn ysfsxs` \ogioynfo' Ecdogsynog jnzoaynxeog ychomon |cxnecdogsynog&

dcg~sysffo` ychomon hnbn homn ynnfo$ynfo ~ogm fong ~ogm jnhcxn godo ingzo eoyn` (ecojnfogykynof.& jcdkexoyn (ecxoe~ozog.& zogo` onx (|cxyozsog. yc`shsgmog jcgmog goynkgofnydc

jog ngzcxgoynkgofnydc& fofs oe`nxg~o nofo` dcgioxn Zsòg (eczsògog. ychomon |sgioe

ec`njs|og dogsyno ~ogm dcgmogsz xcfnmn ychomon zsgzszog zkzof' Anfyoaoz \ogioynfo nzsjnzszs|g~o sxonogg~o Ngjkgcyno nzs hseog gcmoxo omodo jog hseog gcmoxo |xkaog'

Doeofo` ngn ecdsjnog jnzcxbcdoèog ec jofod hoòyo Ngmmxny \ogzboynfo ogj Xcfnmnkg

kfc` Jc|oxzcdcg \cgcxogmog msgo jnychoxfsoyeog ec fsox gcmcxn dcfofsn |ocx}oenfog$|cx}oenfog XN'Zsfnyog zcxychsz dcxs|oeog bo}ohog eczneo enzo ysfnz sgzse ecfsox joxn

fsd|sx jchoz dcgmcgon \ogioynfo jog Omodo& yooz ekdsgnydc dos hcxycdhsg~n jnhofne

\ogioynfo sgzse znjoe syo` hcxomodo':9

@of fong ~ogm ngmng yo~o sgmeo|eog |sfo ychomon ysozs ecyog zcxycgjnxn ojofo`

yneo| Jxnboxeoxo ~ogm odoz ikxxciz jog òzn$òzn jn jofod òf `shsgmog ogzoxo anfyoaoz jn

yozs |nòe jcgmog z`ckfkmn jn fong |nòe& ycxzo z`ckfkmn jn yozs |nòe jcgmog nfds

|cgmczo`sog jn fong |nòe' Jxnboxeoxo god|oeg~o dcxoyoeog ojog~o |cxhcjoog jog|cdhcjoog ogzoxo bcgny$bcgny |cgmczo`sog zcxychsz' Jxnboxeoxo znjoe dciod|sxhosxeog

nfds jcgmog anfyoaoz& ozos |sg anfyoaoz jcgmog z`ckfkmn' No dcfnòz ojog~o hozoy ogzoxo~ogm yozs jcgmog ~ogm fong& }ofos|sg ycdsog~o nzs hcxojo jn jofod yozs òxznhoog ~oegn

dogsyno ~ogm dcdogsyno nzs'

Yneo| Jxnboxeoxo zcx ojo| |xkhfcdozne ogzoxo omodo jog ycesfoxnydc& ozos|cdnenxog ecomodoog jog ycesfoxnydc ojofo` yogmoz dcgoxne' Ychomon ogoe rodogg~o

Jxnboxeoxo god|oeg~o dcg~ojoxn ho`}o òf ngn dcxs|oeog yofo` yozs |xkhfcd esfzsxof

dcgjoyox zcxszodo jn Cxk|o' Znjoe |cxfs yo~o ecdseoeog |ojo ecycd|ozog homondogo|xkycy zcxychsz zcxbojn' Hcxo}of jcgmog Xcgonyyogic jog @sdognydc zndhsffo` rodog

dkjcxg jn Cxk|o ~ogm zcxsy hcxecdhogm jog dcgmmcfkdhogm'

\ojo doeofo`g~o dcgmcgon \ogioynfo jog Xcfnmn& jn ynzs Jxnboxeoxo dcdhcxneog

sfoyog dcgmcgon òf zcxychsz' Dsgmeng ojo ecyog doyn` ojo ecxomsog dcgmcgon moxny

~ogm òxsy jn|nfn`g~o& oeog zczo|n no dcfnòz ho`}o eofos |sg |cdnenxog ecomodoog(z ckexoznydc ecomodoog. ojofo` ysozs bofog (~ogm jo|oz dcgbojn jkmdozne jog

jczcxdngnyzne jog eoxcgo nzs dcdho}o echsgzsog jog ohysxjnzoy.& doeo ycesfoxnydc

ojofo` bofog fong& ~ogm yodo bsmo doyofo`g~o' Doeo ojo bofog ecznmo& ~onzs dcdogjogm

ycdso nzs jn jofod |kfo hcyoxg~o ojofo` echsjo~oog ychomon bofog ecznmo ozos ychomoncfzcxgozna zcxòjo| |cdnenxog z`ckexoznydc ecomodoog jn yozs |nòe jog ycesfoxnydc jn

fong |nòe'::

Ynaoz ycdngox ngn dcxs|oeog |cgiod|sxog ogzoxo |cgjceozog njckfnmny$|kfnzny jog

|cgjceozog ynyzcdozny$oeojcdny' \cdnenxog |cdnenxog dcgmcgon ecdhofn ec Sgjogm$

Sgjogm Joyox f>:3& jcgmog jcdkexoyn zcx|nd|ng jog mkfkgmog asgmynkgof ~ogmdcxs|oeog homnog joxn Ekgyc|yn \xcynjcg Yseoxgk& dcxs|oeog homnog njckfkmny$|kfnzny'

\cdnenxog$|cdnenxog ~ogm hcxynaoz ynyzndozny$oeojcdny jn jofod ycdngox nzs zod|oe

:9 I`xny Qcxòoe YB& jofod YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz':: OD] \xogoxeo& jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo& k|'inz'


8:


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\czcx Eoycgjo

joxn \ogioynfo nzs& hoxs yczcfo` nzs òxsy dcgbojn }cfozgyio`sgm ecdhofn& dcgbojn

|cjkdog `njs| ycòxn$òxn zczo|n jcgmog ecyojoxog ~ogm fchn` dcgjofod'

Ycysjo` nzs Jxnboxeoxo dcfogbszeog |cgmofnog ycxzo |cgcfooògg~o zcgzogm

\ogioynfo joxn hcxdoiod$doiod ycmn& ogzoxo fong2 \ogioynfo jog |cjkdog `njs| ycòxn$

òxn5 \ogioynfo ychomon njckfkmn jog Modhoxog dogsyno \ogioynfo' Ecmnozog|cgcfnznogg~o dcgngmeoz eczneo \ogioynfo jn|cxykofeog& jnxomseog jog oeog jnmogzneog

jcgmog joyox anfyoaoz fong' Dcgsxsz Jxnboxeoxo zcxbojng~o |cg~cfc}cgmog zcx ojo|

\ogioynfo ychcgoxg~o dcg~ogmesz doyofo` |cgmcxznog jog yneo|+dcgzof ~ogm jnzsgzsz\ogioynfo' \cg~cfc}cgmog dcgmcgon |cgmcxznog \ogioynfo zcxbojn eoxcgo ojog~o

|cgmsxogmog& |cgodhoòg ozos |cgmmogznog nyn ynfo$ynfo \ogioynfo' \cg~cfc}cgmog yneo|

dcgzof zcxbojn eoxcgo zngjoeog$zngjoeog ~ogm znjoe ycyson jcgmog bn}o \ogioynfo' Doeo

sgzse ecdhofn ec bn}o \ogioynfo& òxsy ojo syoò dcg~noxeog |cgmcxznog zcgzogm\ogioynfo' Ecesxogmog |cgmcxznog zcx ojo| ysozs joyox ec`njs|og dcg~choheog

zcxbojng~o |cg~cfc}cgmog' Enzo òxsy }oy|ojo zcxòjo| |cgmmogznog nyn \ogioynfo jcgmog

bofog hcxsyoò dcgmmofn \ogioynfo nzs ycgjnxn' Oe nxg~o enzo òxsy dcgioxn bofog

homondogo \ogioynfo nzs òxsy jnzcxo|eog jofod bn}o zsgoy dsjo dcfofsn |cgjnjneog'

Yczno| |cg~cfc}cgmog zcxòjo| \ogioynfo joxn yno|o|sg bsmo òxsy jnzcgzogm&fchn`$fchn` homn |cbohoz ~ogm zog|o ekgzxkf' Jofod ecyog |xnhojng~o \xka' Jx' Yfodcz

Ndog Yogzkyk dcgmozoeog Yogmoz dcgmomsdeog |sfo& |cgjo|oz jog ogofnyo hcfnos

dcgmcgon \ogioynfo ~ogm ychcgoxg~o dcxs|oeog ogofnyo zcgzogm ykof esgk& y|cynane

Ngjkgcyno' Sgzse dcgmngzcmxoyneog jnxn ykof esgk ngn jcgmog bodog dkjcxg ysgmms`yofo` yozs ykof ~ogm ysfnz ' Oeog zczo|n hcxòynfeo` hcfnos jofod syoò ngn &yc`ngmmo jo|oz

jneozoeog ho`}o hcfnos ojofo` |cgmmofn \ogioynfo ~ogm dsxgn jog dkjcxg' Ycfogbszg~o

Jx' Ykcjbozdkek dcgmozoeog Fogzoxog ynaoz ioxo hcxanfyoaozg~o nzs hcfnos jcgmog ycmofoecysgmmsòg òzn jog eojogmeofo gkqnzoyg~o ~ogm dcgmòxsèog zcfo` jnho}o fogmysgm

ec zcgmo`$zcgmo` |cgmkfoòg jog |cxbsogmog hogmyo jog jn jofod syoò hogmyo enzo

sgzse dcg~cfodn jnxng~o jog dcgjsjseeog jnxn ychomon hogmyo jn jofod jsgno jogycboxo`' Jog jcdnenogfo` dogsyno xcafcezna sgzse dcgbojn ysozs |cdnenx ~ogm cgmomc

~ogm zcxfnhoz |cgs` jn jofod |cxbsogmog hogmyog~o':=

Dcdogm syoòg~o dcgmmofn \ogioynfo ngnfo` dcxs|oeog yofo` yozs

ysdhogmogg~o ~ogm zcx|cgzngm jog znjoe jo|oz jn|nyoèog jcgmog eczcesgogg~o

dcdnenxeog |cxykofog gcmoxo jog hogmyo Ngjkgcyno ycyson jcgmog hnjogmg~o' Jcgmog

hcxmsfoz dcdnenxeog \ogioynfo nzsfo` oe`nxg~o Jxnboxeoxo zcxfnhoz jofod |cxykofog hogmyojog gcmoxo& ~onzs ykof jcdkexoyn& gcmoxo& njckfkmn& xcqkfsyn& ecesoyoog jog goynkgofnydc'

Zczo|n zogmmof 1 Dcn f>11 ecojoog gcmoxo jog doy~oxoeoz ysjo` ycjcdnenoghcxsho` yc`ngmmo jofod xogmeo ynd|kynsd Echogmenzog Ogmeozog 11 no jnsgjogmeog

dcg~obneog |xoyoxog jcgmog bsjsf Ecdhofn ec \ogioynfo' Enzo hcxojo jn zcgmo`

|cxbsogmog dcgsbs Kxjc Hoxs' \cg~cfc}cgmog$|cg~cfc}cgmog ~ogm zcfo` zcxbojnjnyngmmsgmg~o& fofs |oxo |cycxzo jnoboe ecdhofn ec \ogioynfo ycyson jcgmog doeysj

:= Yszxnygk Eszk~k jee& Jxnboxeoxo& jofod Yszxnygk Eszk~k jee jofod& Zkek` Icgjneno}og jog

Echsjo~oog& Bnfnj 0& (Boeoxzo2 \syoz \cgcfnznog Ycboxo jog Hsjo~o Jc|oxzcdcg \cgjnjneog jog

Echsjo~oog& ?>==.& òf' 99:1'


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\czcx Eoycgjo

ycdsfo' \ojo ecycd|ozog ngn Jxnboxeoxo dcgms|oy jog dcgcmoyeog ho`}o enzo hkfc`

hcx|nenx ycgjnxn fomn' Sxonogg~o hcxgojo anfyoaoz& yodo yc|cxzn \ogioynfo jog Xcfnmn&

zczo|n yceoxogm hseog jofod oxzn |cgms|oyog jnofcezny' Joyox aofyoan jofod |xoyoxog ngnnofo` \ogioynfo dcgo}oxeog ec|ojo enzo fndo eozcmkxn zcdozny& ~ogm `cgjoeg~o enzo

bojneog fndo eozcmkxn k|cxozna (dofoòg nd|cxozna jnychsz bsmo.' Oyoyg~o yceoxogm

ececfsoxmoog& mkzkgm xk~kgm ~ogm jnhcxng~o godo bsmo ykynofnydc jofod ec`njs|oggcmoxo' Oyoy nzs jnecdhogmeogg~o ychomon echogmyoog jog jcdkexoyn joxn yozs ysjsz&

eczsògog jog |cxnecdogsynoog joxn ysjsz |cgmò~ozog |cxyckxogmog' jog ycdsog~o

hcxdsoxo dcgbojn ecojnfog ykynof' Ycfogbszg~o jcqnoyn zcx ojo| \ogioynfo ychomoneozcmkxn zcdozny fofs ychomon eozcmkxn k|cxozna' Ycfsxs` zcey zo`sg ?>11 esxogm zcgogm

jog dsgmeng bsmo esxogm dcg~cfsxs` jog nyng~o hcfsd dcgmcjo| jofod jnxn |cg~sysg

eoxcgo ynzsoyn |kfnzne bsmo hcfsd dcgmnbngeog':0

Jcgmog znjoe dcdhcjoeog ogzoxo gnfon jog oxzn& Jxnboxeoxo dcgmoxzneog gnfon

ychomon òynf xcafceyn dogsyno oeog echcxojoogg~o' Gnfon nzs zcxeogjsgm ycioxo

cey|fnynz ozos|sg nd|fnynz jofod jnxn dogsyno jog dcd|sg~on ecdod|sog sgzse

dcgmmcxoeeog ec`njs|ogg~o' Ycogjong~o gnfon zojn jnxsdsyeog ycioxo hcxyodo joogjncey|fnynzeog ychomon dnfne hcxyodo jofod oeznqnzoy dcgcmoxo& oeog zcxfo`nx o|o ~ogm

yceoxogm enzo ychsz ychomon njckfkmn'

Eofos zojn jnyngmmsgm ho`}o njckfkmn oeog jnzcd|ozeog ycohomon kxncgzoyn gnfon&

jog ychcgzox jn ozoy zojn bsmo jnyngmmsgm homondogo gnfon nzs ecdsjnog dcxgbojn ychso`

njckfkmn& ec|ojo enzo jnzo}oxeog eozcmkxn zcdozny ~ogm ycdsog~o enzo dcgmcxzn jcgmoggodo \ogioynfo' Ecjsjseogg~o ychomon eozcmkxn zcdozny dcgmòxsyeog \ogioynfo

jnbojneog gkxdo$gkxdo jofod ec`njs|og dcgcmoxo jog hcxhogmyo' Zsgzszog ho`}o

gkxdo$gkxdo òxsy k|cxozna& dcgbojneog \ogioynfo znjoe ycejox ychomon zcdozny yobodcfongeog k|cxozna' Jofod ecg~ozoog zcxychsz \ogioynfo òxsy zcxzogod ycjcdnenog

jofod& yc ngmmo dcyen|sg zog|o jnyojoxn zk` dcgcgzseog |cxhsozog$|cxhsozog enzo

ychomon }oxmo gcmoxo ~ogm dogsyno' \cx|ojsog ogzoxo ~ogm zcdozny jog kc|oxzna&ychomondogo zcxysxoz jofod |cxg~ozoog zcxoe`nx jn ozoy dcgod|oeeog ojog~o sgysx joy

Ykffcg jog joy Ycng ~ogm dcg~ozs jofod \ogioynfo' Zcgzs ychomon gkxdo& joy Ykffcg

ycfofs dcgmogjoneog njco sgnqcxyof oyoyn ecdogsynoog ~ogm ohojn yc|ogbogm doyo'Ycjogmeog sgzse joy Ycng òf nzs fchn` dcgod|oe jofod eceòyog xsogm jog }oezs&

yc`ngmmo zsgzszog rodog ~ogm xcfozna ngn dcdsgmeng ysozs ~ogm asgjodcgzof& ohojn&

sgnqcxyof zcxychsz jo|oz dcgbojn ycysozs ~ogm k|cxozna jog o||fniohfc'

Hcxzkfoe joxn jndcgyn ecjso ~onzs joy Ycng joxn \ogioynfo òxsy jndcgmcxzn jofod

hozoyog Ngjkgcyno' \ogioynfo òg~o jo|oz jnzcxndo ychomon njckfkmn hogmyo& gcmoxo

Ngjkgcyno' Doeo \ogioynfo znjoe jo|oz jneozoeog ycdozo$dozo ychomon yodo jcgmog]czogyiòsgm' \cxzog~oog yno|oeo` ~ogm dcdnfnen \ogioynfo òxsy jnbo}o jcgmog

hogmyo Ngjkgcyno jog jnoxzneog ychomon ycecfkd|ke dogsyno ~ogm dcfoeseog oeznqnzoy

dcgcmoxo jofod Gcmoxo Ngjkgcyno':>

:0 I`xny Qcxòoe YB& jofod O' Hsjn Ysyogzk YB (cj.& k|'inz ':> ^'H' @cxs Io`~ojn YB& Jxnboxeoxo ycenzox Dcgcmoxo jog Ngjckfkmn& jofod Ycdo YZA Jxnboxeoxo&

k|'inz'& òf' 0>>3'


8=


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\czcx Eoycgjo

dsfse jog hkdhozny& ~ogm |ojo jnxng~o dcgoxne |cxòznog xoe~oz& oe`nxg~o znjoe

dcgo}oxeog bofog ecfsox homondogo xoe~oz ycgjnxn jo|oz hcxmcxoe' Znjoe ojo |xkmxod

|xoezny& ekgmxcz& cacezna ycyson jcgmog ysh~ceznqnzoy xoe~oz'

Ykcmnbk|xogozo jog Jxnboxeoxo hcgox$hcgox dcgcmoyeog ecg~ozoog nzs& Jxnboeoxo

ychomon xkògn}og yceofnmsy doòmsxs \ogioynfo& Ykcmnbk|xogozo ychomon Syes| Omsgm'Ykcmnbk|xogozo dcdngzo Bk`g Jnbeyzxo YB ychomon |cfoeyogo' Momoyog ecjso zkek`

zcxychsz hcxoeox |ojo gnfon$gnfon jog ndog hcxyodo xoe~oz& doeo zcgzs ojo bsmo |xoezne

ohnfnzng~o& dszs hcxmcxoe ~ogm eòy xoe~oz' Dszs hcxmcxoe ysjo` ojo |ojo omodo honeeozkfne dos|sg gkg$eozkfne' Dcxceo zcfo` hcxmcxoe hcxyodo xoe~oz ofo eojoxg~o jofod

ycdogmoz \ogioynfo' Dnyofg~o yobo jofod hsxs` eozkfne& msxs eozkfne ozos |xkzcyzog jog

goynkgof' @og~o hkhkz mcxoeogg~o hcfsd ojo& ychoh doyyo xoe~oz hcfsd jnbn}on kfc`

mcxoeog zcxychsz' \EN fchn` sgmmsf jofod òf ngn& ecgjozn hog~oe bogbng~o ~ogm ekykgm'\EN dod|s dcgogmeo| |yne`c xoe~oz' Ykcmnbk|xogozo odoz |xòzng oeog hoò~o \EN

jog dcgjceozn Ykceoxgk' \xcynjcg Ykceoxgk dofoòg dngzo jnycjnoeog ?


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\czcx Eoycgjo

hcxjoyoxeog o|o ~ogm ojo |ojo o}od nzs& ~ogm hcmnzs hcxoeox |ojo o|o ~ogm `njs|

zcxycdhsg~n |ojo xoe~oz ecinf'33:' Neozog \czogn \ogioynfo jnjnxneog

esxogm fchn` zo`sg ?>30' Neozog Gcfo~og \ogioynfo jnjnxneog esxogm fchn` zo`sg ?>1:'

\ojo zo`sg ?>1=& bsdfo` ogmmkzo Neozog Hsxs` \ogioynfo ysjo` 9< |cxycg ogmmkzog~o hseogfo` |cdcfse omodo Eozkfne'

\cxbofogog oe`nx

D\X hoxs ycd|oz jnhcgzse ycysjo` SSJ ?>:3 jnhcxfoeseog fomn (?>3>.' Jcgmog

\cgczo|og \xcynjcg gk' 8+?>3> jnhcgzse D\X(Y. ~ogm hcxynjogm sgzse |cxzodo eofng~o

jn Hogjsgm (?< Gkqcdhcx= Jcycdhcx ?>1


31/32

\czcx Eoycgjo

jnngjoèog |ojo |cg~sysgog Fcdhomo$fcdhomo Zngmmn Gcmoxo o|ofomn |ojo znmeoz

~ogm fchn` xcgjo`'38

Eczneo dcgbcfogm \cxnyzn}o ?? Doxcz ?>11& jn dogo ojo foxogmog \cdcxngzo`

sgzse hcxjcdkgzxoyn doeo Jxnboxeoxo dcgmcdseoeog ho`}o jcdkgzxoyn }oezs nzs |cxfs

ychomon sogmeo|og joxn doy~oxoeoz zcxòjo| |cgmsoyo' Jxnboxeoxo dcgsfny eoxogmog ~ogmdcg~ojoxoeog jog dcdhcxn echcxognog ycdso kxogm' Jn ynzs jnsgmeo|eog òe |oxo

|cfobox jog doòyny}o sgzse hcxjcdkgzxoyn ychomon òe oroyn dogsyno jog hcxfogjoyeog

SSJ ?>:3' Jofod òf ngn Jxnboxeoxo dcgcxogmeog òf zcxychsz ychomon hcxnesz2

Exnzne ychomon sgysx dszfoe jofod jcdkexoyn' Jcdkexoyn dcd|sg~on sgysx$

sgysx ~ogm dszfoe' Bneo sgysx$sgysx nzs znjoe ojo ozos jnznojoeog& doeo jn ynzs jcdkexoyn

bsmo znjoe ojo ozos ysjo` jnznojoeog' Jofod ecfkd|ke sgysx$sgysx nzs zcxdoyse exnzne&ychoh zog|o exnzne znjoe ojo jcdkexoyn' Exnzne hseogfo` zsfnyog& sio|og ozos |cxhsozog

~ogm dcgbcfceog& dcfongeog ysozs |cgnfonog ~ogm ycòz& hcxjoyoxeog ofoyog xoynkgof&

zog|o ycgzndcg jog yneo| cdkynkgnf'

Doy~oxoeoz jofod ofod jcdkexoyn& yczno| }oxmogcmoxo jnoesn jog jnzcxndo ychomon |cxykg& ozos

|xnhojn& hseog ychomon ecxhos ~ogm jn|cecxboeog' \cdcxngzo` jcdkexoyn ojofo` |cdcxngzo` joxn

xoe~oz sgzse xoe~oz ozos kxmog joxn ysh~ce h`ngceo zsgmmof sgzse ysh~ce nzs bsmo' Ychoh nzs

|cdcxngzo` jofod ofod jcdkexoyn hcxzogmmsgm bo}oh ec|ojo xoe~oz jog xoe~oz }obnh dcgnfon

\cdcxngzo`g~o ~ogm hcxoxzn dcdhcxneog exnzne' Jcgmog jcdnenog ogzoxo |cdcxngzo` jog xoe~oz

òxsy ojo jnofkm ozos }o}ogxcdhse' Bneo |cdcxngzo` dcgkfoe& hcxoxzn |cdcxngzo jnezoezsx'

]ofos|sg exnzne dcxs|oeog hcgzse |cgnfonog ~ogm ycxngm zobod jog jcdkgzxoyn ojofo` hcgzseexnzne ~ogm fsox hnoyo'39

\ojo zo`sg ?>13 Jxnboxeoxo jnogmeoz ychomon ogmmkzo Jc}og \cxzndhogmogOmsgm& zczo|n fcdhomo gcmoxo ngn ysjo` ycboe hsfog Bogsoxn ?>13 znjoe |cxgo`

dcgmojoeog xo|oz' Ecgjozn zcxjo|oz |cxykofog$|cxykofog ~ogm doò`choz yczcfo`

zcxbojng~o \cxnyzn}o M$9


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