DEAMMONIFICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL: IS THAT THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY FOR YOU? DR. TING LU AND JIM FITZPATRICK June 24, 2015
DEAMMONIFICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL: IS THAT THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY FOR YOU?
DR. TING LU AND JIM FITZPATRICK
Jun
e 2
4, 2
01
5
• Introduction
• Case studies
• Conclusions
OUTLINE
2
June 24, 2015
DEAMMONIFICATION
3
• Conventional
Conventional N-removal consumes a lot of oxygen and chemicals.
CONVENTIONAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
NO2-
O2
(25%)
O2
(75%)
NO3-
AOB
N2
COD
(40%)
Heterotrophs
NH4+
NO2-
NOB
Heterotrophs
COD
(60%)
Aerobic Anoxic O2 COD
4
June 24, 2015
• Conventional
Deammonification: A two step process but occurring in one stage
DEAMMONIFICATION
NO2-
O2
(25%)
O2
(40%)
NO3-
AOB
N2
COD
(40%)
Heterotrophs
NH4+
NO2-
NOB
Heterotrophs
COD
(60%)
Aerobic Anoxic O2
N2 + NO3-
Anammox
89% 11% COD
(0%) NH4+
55%
45%
5
• Less O2 consumption (-60%)
•No COD consumption (-100%)
• Less sludge production
June 24, 2015
Total WWTP Energy Use
60 % Energy Used For Aeration
50 % Aeration For Nitrification
10-20 % N Load From Sidestream
Anammox Is 60 % More Aeration Energy Efficient
Than Conventional
MAIN DRIVERS FOR ANAMMOX TECHNOLOGY
6
Total WWTP Energy saving of approx. 2-4 %
Main Drivers for anammox are: 1. To reduce or eliminate external organic carbon 2. To reduce effluent N in a small footprint
June 24, 2015
Anammox grows very well in centrate Startup range: w/ seed: 1-2 months w/o seed: > 6 months
• Exponential growth of installations (>100 installations to date)
• Extremely slow cell growth rate (doubling time of 10 days)
• Biomass retention is critical
• Optimal temperature = 25 – 35 oC
• Various control complexity
• Timed intermittent aeration
• DO and pH feedback control
• NO2-, NO3
-, and NH3 feedback control
BACKGROUND ON THE ANAMMOX PROCESS
7
June 24, 2015
Anammox bacteria can be enriched successfully in anaerobic digester centrate
Anaerobic Digestion Centrifugation
Side Stream Treatment with Anammox
Primary Sludge
Waste Activated Sludge
June 24, 2015 8
• AOB: Aerobic process
•Anammox: Anaerobic process
Syn
the
tic
Car
rie
r W
all
June 24, 2015
SBR + Cyclone e.g. DEMON®
Media e.g. ANITA™ MOX
Granular e.g. Anammox®
REACTOR TYPES AND TECHNOLOGIES
10
Flow Through e.g. SHARON (NH3N O2 only)
SBR e.g. Cleargreen™
June 24, 2015
Aeration Blowers (coarse
bubble diffusers)
ANAMMOX TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS
11
Physical layout
Carrier media
Cyclone (granules)
Anammox sludge (fast startup)
Supplemental mixing
Decanter (SBR)
Screens (media)
June 24, 2015
Full Scale Installations
Rotterdam, NL Hattingen, DE Strass, AU
Volume 70m3 * 320m3 500m3
Loading 750 kg-N/day (10.7 kg-N/m3/day)
120 kg-N/day (0.38 kg-N/m3/day)
340 kg-N/day (0.68 kg/m3/day)
Nitrogen Removal Efficiency
80% 70% 86%
Configuration Two Stage (Upstream Partial Nitrification )
Single Stage (Nitrification/Anammox achieved by intermittent aeration)
Single Stage (Nitrification/Anammox achieved by intermittent aeration)
Biomass Granular Biofilm on Kaldnes Media
Granular
*Volume for nitritation not included
June 24, 2015
CASE STUDIES
13
• Cincinnati, OH • St. Joseph, MO • Washington DC
MILL CREEK WWTP, MSD CINCINNATI
14
MSDGC • Serves 230,000 residential
and commercial users, and 250 industrial users
Mill Creek WWTP • Peak flow: 430 mgd
through primary and final disinfection
• Secondary: up to 240 mgd design flow
• Fluid bed incineration: ~100 dry ton per day
June 24, 2015
Rumpke leachate is highly variable, and high organic and ammonia loads
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE: RUMPKE LANDFILL LEACHATE
15
Flow TCOD SCOD NH4-N pH Ca Temp
MGD (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (°C)
Regular
leachate
Avg. 0.1 4,226 1,988 650 8.5 100 25
Min 1,290 1,110 140 7.6 85 15
Max 20,600 4,900 1,460 10.6 140 29
High
strength
leachate
Avg. 0.2 65,000 60,000 1,932 6.9 3,200 30
Min 49,000 35,500 1,434 5.4 2,667 28
Max 105,000 95,000 3,500 7.1 3,570 38
June 24, 2015
Industrial Load
• highly variable
• High loads
• Very odorous
• Discharges to big interceptor
WWTP
• Instability
• Consumes energy
• Odor control
• Challenge during CSO events
• Potential new WWTP
Finding an alternative treatment for leachate is very important
CHALLENGES ON LEACHATE TREATMENT
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June 24, 2015
PILOT PROJECT OBJECTIVE
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• Whether leachate can be treated by the Deammonification technology
Treatability
• Identify inhibition from the leachate to the Deammonification process
Inhibition
• How stable/reliable the Deammonification process is
Stability/Reliability
Jan 14, 2014| Lu| Leachate Pilot Project June 24, 2015
Regular leachate:
• AnitaTM Mox
• Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
• Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
• Nitrite shunt
High strength leachate:
• Anaerobic Member Bioreactor (AnMBR)
• Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) + AnitaTM Mox
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES WE PILOTED
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June 24, 2015
Maintain the right microbial structure!
PILOT PROJECT MBBR FLOW SCHEMATICS
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Anita Mox stage
• AOB & Anammox
• Nitrogen removal
C-stage
• Heterotrophic bacteria
• COD removal
Jan 14, 2014| Lu| Leachate Pilot Project June 24, 2015
ACTUAL SYSTEM LAYOUT AT THE PLANT
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C-Stage C-Clarifier A-Clarifier Train 1 Anita-Mox Reactor
Train 2 Anita-Mox Reactor
June 24, 2015
C-STAGE AND ANITA™ MOX REACTOR
21
Jan 14, 2014| Lu| Leachate Pilot Project
*Seeded media is from Denver with AOB and Anammox to treat sidestream centarte
C-stage
Reactor
C-stage
Clarifier
Anita Mox
Reactor
Anita Mox
Clarifier
Reactor Volume, Liter 5.0 5.0 7.0 5.0
Media Volume, Liter 2.0 0 3.0 0
Media surface area, m2 1.6 0 2.4 0
pH control N/A N/A 6.7-7.3 N/A
DO target (mg/L) Mixing N/A 1-2 N/A
Return sludge flow (RAS) NA 0 NA 100% - 500% of
influent
June 24, 2015
• How does C-stage coupling with Anita Mox process work?
Expectations:
• C-stage: removes majority of biodegradable COD
• A-stage: removes majority of TIN < 100 mg/L
PROCESS EVALUATION
June 24, 2015
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
6/17 6/24 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5
CO
D C
on
cen
trat
ion
, mg/
L
MBBR Phase – COD Profiles
Feed - Total CODC-stage Eff sol. CODAnita Mox Eff sol. COD
Majority of the COD was removed by C-stage. 23
June 24, 2015
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
6/17 6/24 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5
NH
4-N
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n, m
g/L
MBBR - Ammonia Profiles
InfluentC-stage EffAnita Mox Eff
After July 7th, Anita Mox removed majority of the ammonia instead of C-stage 24
Nitritation or AOB was under control after July 7.
June 24, 2015
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
6/17 6/24 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5
Tota
l In
org
anic
Nit
roge
n C
on
cen
trat
ion
, mg
/L
MBBR - TIN Profiles
Influent
C-stage Eff
Anita Mox Eff
The majority of influent TIN was removed in the Anita Mox stage after July 9. 25
Nitritation or AOB was under control after July 7.
June 24, 2015
PILOT PROJECT CONCLUSION
26
• It can be used to treat regular landfill leachate
• Seeded media from centrate was able to adapt to treat leachate
Treatability
• There are inhibitions from leachate that leads to a lower SRR.
Inhibition
• Biofilm medium is very reliable and robust to respond to toxic conditions (i.e. nitrite build up)
Stability/Reliability
Jan 14, 2014| Lu| Leachate Pilot Project June 24, 2015
*Hollowed et al (2013) "Evaluation of the Anita-Mox Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Process for Sidestream Deammonification at the Robert W. Hite Treatment Facility, Denver Colorado". Water Environment Federatio Nutrient Removal & Removery Conference. 2013, Vancouver, Canada. **Nicholas Smal, Michael Liu, Robert Morton (2014) "Pilot-scale Evaluation of Anita Mox for Centrate nitrogen Removal at the JWPC". California Water Environment Association (CWEA) annual conference, 2014.
ANITA™ MOX DESIGN CRITERIA
27
Jan 14, 2014| Lu| Leachate Pilot Project
CINCINNATI DENVER* LA**
Feed Regular Leachate Centrate Centrate
Medium Originated from Denver
REMOVAL (%)
SRR (g/m2/day)
SRR (g/m2/day)
SRR (g/m2/day)
COD 80 15 N/A N/A
TIN 82 1.1 2.5 2
June 24, 2015
CITY OF ST. JOSEPH, MO.
28
Industrial users are key Contributors to City’s WPF
• Industrial Community is the Life Blood of the City of St. Joseph
• Changes to the NPDES permit for ammonia by MDNR have placed challenging burdens on the dedicated industrial community
• Meetings with Industries
• Key parameters include
• BOD
• Ammonia
• Flow
BACKGROUND
29
June 24, 2015
New Approaches to Save both Industrial and City Rate payers
• To assist dedicated industrial users in meeting the new limits St. Joseph Public Works has implemented a technical assistance program
• Goal of program to provide innovative approaches to allow industrial users to increase production as well as meet new regulations
• Provide opportunity for pilot of new technologies and approaches
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
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Domestic
Dedicated 1
Dedicated 2
Dedicated 3
Influent Ammonia Loading = 8000 ppd – Permit = 3800 ppd
June 24, 2015
• Connect high ammonia loads from dedicated industrial users and anaerobic digesters
• City currently has two unused secondary anaerobic digester tanks
• Existing anaerobic tanks are equipped with mixing and heating capacity.
• Provide Alkalinity addition for higher removals
FUTURE CONCEPT
31
Domestic
Dedicated 1
Dedicated 2
Dedicated 3
Permit Ammonia loading = 3800 ppd Anammox treatment – 3200 ppd Compliance can be achieved
June 24, 2015
• Anammox alternatives to consider
• ANITA-Mox Process
• DEMON® Process
• Three bench scale ANITA-Mox type MBBRs were tested:
• Reactor #1: Mixed Reactor: 45% Dedicated user 1, 45% Dedicated user 2 and 10% anaerobically digester sludge supernatant from main WWTP
• Reactor #2: Dedicated User 1 – Slaughter house processing wastewater
• Reactor #3: Dedicated User 2– tannery wastewater
ST JOSEPH ANAMMOX PILOT CASE STUDY
June 24, 2015
32
Performance determined through NH3 and Alk testing
• Reactor operational conditions:
• Pre-colonized media from NYC nit/anammox pilot = 0.25m2/reactor
• 1-2 day hydraulic retention time (2 L reactor volume)
• Single stage continuous/ intermittent aeration
• 30-35 oC
ST. JOSEPH LAB SCALE NIT/ANAMMOX MBBR PILOT CASE STUDY
33
June 24, 2015
• At an average temp of 30oC (±0.8) the reactor performed at:
• Average ammonia removal efficiency = 70% (± 23)
• Average removal rate of 1.5 g/m2-d (± 0.7)
ANAMMOX MBBR PILOT: MIXED WASTEWATER
34
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
12
/27
/12
1/6
/13
1/1
6/1
3
1/2
6/1
3
2/5
/13
2/1
5/1
3
2/2
5/1
3
Alk
alin
ity
mg
CaC
O3
/L
NH
3 C
on
cetr
atio
n ,
mgN
/L
Anammox Pilot: Mixed WW
Influent NH3 Effluent NH3 Effluent Alkalinity
June 24, 2015
• Temperature dropped to 22oC during: 1/11/13 – 1/24/13
• At an average temp of 34 oC (± 1.7) the reactor performed at:
• Average ammonia removal efficiency = 86% (±0.14)
• Average removal rate = 0.71g/m2 –d (±0.24)
ANAMMOX MBBR PILOT: DEDICTATED 1 USER WASTEWATER
35
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
12
/27
/12
1/6
/13
1/1
6/1
3
1/2
6/1
3
2/5
/13
2/1
5/1
3
2/2
5/1
3
Alk
alin
ity,
mg
CaC
O3
/L
NH
3 C
on
cetr
atio
n ,
mgN
/L
Anammox Pilot: Triumph Foods WW
Influent NH3 Effluent NH3 Effluent Alkalinity
June 24, 2015
• At an average temp of 33 oC (± 0.7) the reactor performed at:
• Average ammonia removal efficiency = 30% (± 12)
• Average removal rate of 1.1 g/m2-d (± 0.22)
ANAMMOX MBBR PILOT: DEDICATED USER 2 WASTEWATER
36
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1/2
/13
1/1
2/1
3
1/2
2/1
3
2/1
/13
2/1
1/1
3
2/2
1/1
3
Alk
alin
ity,
mg
CaC
O3
/L
NH
3 C
on
cetr
atio
n ,
mgN
/L
Anammox Pilot: NBL WW
Influent NH3 Effluent NH3 Effluent Alkalinity
June 24, 2015
SCHEMATIC FOR TREATMENT SYSTEM AT ST. JOE
37
Dedicated User 2
Dedicated User 1
Effluent
June 24, 2015
• Installed at a Dedicated industrial user
• Start up challenges (Snow)
• Initial results show 70 percent ammonia removal
DEMON FULL SCALE DEMONSTRATION
38
June 24, 2015
• Anammox initial cost range from $2 to $7 million
• Equipment cost – $8 to 10 million
• Preliminary construction cost $10 to 15 million
• Conventional MLE - $34 – 40 million
INITIAL ESTIMATED COSTS
39
PRELIMINARY ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED June 24,
2015
BLUE PLAINS WWTP WASHINGTON DC
40
B&V DESIGNING BLUE PLAINS WWTP FILTRATE TREATMENT FACILITY:
DEMON ® PROCESS
41
June 24, 2015
• Anammox installation in the US designed to:
• Treat 1 MGD from liquid stream filtrate from sludge processing facility
• Removal rate: 27,340 lb-N/day
• Schedule:
• Design to be completed by late 2013
• Final completion date in 2016
• Estimate of Probable Construction Cost
• $ 47-53 Million
BLUE PLAINS WWTP ANAMMOX: DEMON ® PROCESS
42
June 24, 2015
CONCLUSIONS
43
Regulation requirement
Influent characteristics: C:N ratio
Side stream treatment process
Space constraints
Potential toxicity or inhibition
Temperature
The aeration/mixing system
IS DEAMMONIFICATION THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY FOR YOU?
44
June 24, 2015
Dr. Ting Lu |513-609-7459
Jim Fitzpatrick|913-458-3695