Donat - leaching.pdf

8/10/2019 Donat - leaching.pdf

1/18

CHAPIER

IO

PRINCIPLES,

MECHANISMS

AND

DYNAMICS

OF CIIALCOCITE

HEAP

BIOLEACHING

JOCHEN

PETERSEN]

AND

DAVID

C.

DIXONT

Dqafln.nt

oJ

Ch?

i.at Ensinznihs.

Uni{sitr

of CaP?

To\|

'

Pi

de aas

Ronlebosch

7701

S.u1h

Alrica E

tuil:

iothen.Pete6e

@u.t.a...a

1

Deparh.nt

of

Moktiah

Ensineai

s

u ire$itt

ol

Btitish

Cotunbid

3A9

ds1

Stores

Rand

Vau)upr,

B.C.

V6T

121.

Canadd-

E

nail:

di\an@i

tcrcha\e

ub.

c4

1.

INTRODUCTION

Heap

laching

is

a

well

established

nining

technologv

thal

involves

slacking croshed

ore

inlo

piles

constructed

on

an

imperneable

layer

fitted

with a sohrtion

drainage

syslem,

;r ananged

on

a

slope

to

facilitate

drainage.

In manv

cases

the

ore

is

agglomerated

through

tumbling

with acid

and/or

inigation

solution

prior to stacking

aolution

is

ilTigated

(continuously

or

inlermittenlly)

over

the top surface

of

the

heap

and

left

1o

sep through

the

ore

bed where it

can react

with the targel

minerals

Dissolved

metals

are

then

tnnsported

wilh the flowing

solution

to the

bottom of

the heap

from

wherc

they

are

removed

via

the

drainage

sysiem

into

a

collection

pond

as

the

pregnant

leach

solulion

(PLS).

The

target

metal

js

removed

from

the

PLS

tbrough

a

suitable

lechnology

(by

solYenlextraction.

cementation

oradsorption).

and

ihe

barcn

solution

(usually

refered

to

as

the raffinate)

returned

to the

top

surface

of the

heap'

The

technology

has

been

in

use since

the 1960's

for ihe

acid

leaching

of

copper oxide

minerals,

and since

the

1970's

for the

cyanide leaching

of

gold

and

silver.

A

related

technology.

dump leaching,

is

based

on the

same

principtes

as

beap

leachi.g,

but usuatly

uses

uncrushed

run-of-mine

(ROM) mat'erial. usuallv

coniaining

sulfide mjnerals,

or

spent

residue

from leached

heaps

with

a

mineral

grade

too low

to

war-rant

further

processing.

Anv

additional

metal

liberated

in a

dump

contributes

to addilional

revenue

of

tbe

'nining

operation.

but

dump

leaching

is

rarely

the

primary

method

of

metal

extraction.

It

was in

copper

sulfide

dump

leach

operations

that

the

potential

for

bioleaching

micro-organjsns

was

first

realized

(Bierley. 1997i Olson

e,

dl,

2003). As

the

organisms

inyolved

occur

naturally,

no

extemal

intervention

is

needed

to

sustain

193

E.R.

D.ndi

a

d ll Santl

(etls.),

Miu.bkl

Pnr?s\ks

oJ Mc,a/

s,lrddr'

193

218'


2/18

l9l

rlrl1

R\trN

/\Nt)

rx\(,N

rl(

.:i,wtlr

sUt\.1tr.,Ir.).tr...rt,hi,n,.u.triljr,,li,tIr(r

\uttrt(IIrr.r.,t..r\,rt,r1Irrr)

r'


3/18

196

tlr

RS|.N

,\Nt)

txt()N

l-lh

r,,t..,r .r.r ..

I tL.itr.t

r,,.

,,n

rtn.

,,ltn.r

hrDJ.

r. \t,,u

.,r

.,.,,t{.

lr[,nd

jl,,l

.l"r

il:

,,

J(,, arii,

cnerp\

L

h,sh.r

ru,,

kr/nri

;i;.;;.,;].1';

orumJnc

acceterdrion

of

rhc reaLfion

ar

hict

t::.1,_,l;

::

;;;;;;;,i.,;

i

jii'

:l;.1,'l:;

:I;::1,l;.l,1]:1

:::l

;]

:,i;

".1:,:'T,l::rll.:'":olidation

reaclnn

rrrhd,e

been

qejr

,e,edrcheJ

(see

ror

ct

ot..

2006\.

The

o\)gen

required

ror

rhi.

reacrron

.ome,

rrom

heap

aerarion.

rhe

,equired

Jcrd.

on rhe

orher

han,l.

,^,

t"

*rpr"a

.iii.,

"i

i,

the

feed

sorurion,

or

else

rhrough

the

bio_oxidarion

of py.i

.

"a;i;;;i

i;if*,

'.,

(4)

2FeS,

+

I50,

+2H.O

+

2Fe2(SOr)r

+2H,SO

(s)

2so

+3or

+2H:o

+

2H:soi

-1l,l"lgl

ln:

l":,",*:oncernins

rhe

kinerrL\

or

bioreachins

r\

e\ren\,\e,

mosr

w,

n

,u\,

rncu.m

on

lant

ler(hing

pror

esc,

mrrnrained

under

con.lanr

condilrons.

:l

i,Xp

"i,,Tc.on.rhe

orher

hdnd

man)

pdrdmerer.,uch

J,

remperarure,

oH.

ll"

r,

llg

(9.

","11, ,tiry

dre

nor

wel.onrr.led

.,nd

may

in

ra.r

ri,nr,

.ii"l,.

:::,:)1":,1*

y.o

r rre.

rundJmenrar

nuJy

hr,

been

Jirecied

dr

aer".min,ng

uio-

o\roafton

rrnetrc.

under

hedf

cond

,on.

rOtumu

//

a/. 2000,

3.

FUNDAMENTAL

PRINCIPI,ES

OF

HIJAP

BIOLEACHING

l"lTj

5:t

].ll

n,*

:ppeffs

ro

be

a

\eo

,impre

proce*

,n

concep,.

rhe

.ub-

prc'esses

riKrng

price

u ilhi

rhe

ore

bed

a, the

,oturion

rnckles

rhrougii

rre

rarher

::ll lin9

rh:rr

Tteraclions

not

yerrully

undersro"a.

o**,

ai",i,gii,h;i*;.;

processes

ranging

from

the

maffo-

to

the

mn.

ioi-*

a

p"i,*i',

zooi;."

-*

"

*

"'c

nxlro-scale

as

is

illustfared

in

Fisure

I

Ar

rhe

macro

scale,

i.e.

at the

scate

of

the

enlire

heap.

teaching

is

govened

primarily

hy

rrirnspon

,,r

muss

und

enerc i

"..,,,..

rvi-.

"p..i,i."ri,';**

,;:,;,j:'"

'|nro'

rhrough.

dnd

ou,

or

rhe

herp

.

Soluriun

flow.

tn

uhflurared.

coJr.et)

granut:r

pdrted

hed,,oturion

senera

v

,,ow\

J,ong

lonuou.

pJthsr)

\

but

remrins:rrgninr

i, p*-

"",t.*, ".,i."*,

Jni.lr,- Thi\

,trong\

rnfluen,es

heap

[,ertormrnce

rn

lerm.

otrex enr detircrv

ano

pro,luct

remo al

fiom

the

reicrion.ires

w

hjn

lhe

ore

pafliclej

.

Hearfllu:He

ot reJcrion.uhrchr.rgnrticJnrin.Ulrrdcteaching.isrr.rn.ported

Ihroutsh

rhe

heap

dotr

nward

asen,ibte-hear

*

rrh

rh. no*i,s,,lrii._

_a ,,,"*,.i

d.

larenr

hezr

\ irh

rhe

.,,s

ot

humid

Jrr.

D.p*.,,g

";;tr;;

,;;;;".i;;;

i"_,i)

h""p.

.r,

,*rr.

.enarn

rempemrure

rror.ire..

""a,"a"i,r.

."rirrl,i;""

u|flc\e

vrflrnre\

ma)

e\en

alloq

a reflain

degree,,tc,,ntrot.

.

Ga,flos.

qtthourh

gi\

flowi.u,uJjtl

qe

drrlbured

inaerrredheno,.en{,nn,

anprc .uppr)

.t

o\)gen

rhruuchi,ut.

rhe.

ppjy

or

CO ,nJy

hr

r,iri,"a,,,.r.i

:crra]n

c?nrlrron\

rn un.rerxr.J

h

.rp.

o

x xrrrhitrr

Iiry,i,,,

r,"

r,,,i,."r.,,,.r

lrr\

or\nrhulr,n

t.rltrrn\,

L

(r

nfl(1

tl N(

lt11\

ol

rr,\rr

{n

lll lll l,lrli)l

r

]\(

rrrN(l t


4/18

l9li

t,l:t t,kst,N

,\Nl)

t)tx()N

.

Brr(Trnl

f,t'$rh.

I{op.rrJIi,

,,nJ

,,\rJ.,lru

Ihr\

rIr, nDJ\.(\

rhr.

(.,,mnt,.

inrerJ.

rror

or

dr,Terenr

r)pc\

or ,nic,o-o,sini\m\

, ,;.-iiil

;;,

;"]:]li;l

mrner l

,urid.e

tr

inrlude.

lhe

gro\^

lh

beh",,"r,

"r

"r.h

,,;,tr..:,';;,;;;',;

temperaiure

and

concentrarion

of

dissotved

constitu"r,"

(".t,r,

i.;";.;;;";;

':":

o:.9

,'

cdrbon.ourLe.

erc.r.

nd

Jn)

.ynersre,

berqee,

;.,;

"-";;;;

onc.m

rnl

rron

ind,uliur

o\idation

rercrion\.

.

Irlrr

anJ

inter-p

rcte

dillu,ion

Drtru\ron

r\ the

main

m,,de

oI Ian.nnrr ,,r

drs,,t\cJ

cohr,uen

.

rrom

and

ro

he mor

ing,ot;;.;,;i";;;.

;";;:

;fi

.;

articles, and inro cracks

and

rissures

within

panicle,

rr,.

"n""

.r p.."

a;ii""i."

on ovemll

kinetics

is

deremined

by

rhe

tengrh

of.th.

,tiff*i.,

p";L_

;;i;il;;

_

b."

\i nilicrnr

tor ,].rem.

$rrh

po,;.otufu,n

di\lrihurion

AI

rhe

]evel

ot

a

qhote

or.

panrcje.

ronoto,ricrt

ettecls

presenr

Jnother

degne

ot

tomple\ny

Topotog)

,ere^

ro

rte

,^ay

in

"ircn

m,nerat

sra,n\

(or.

mure

D,eci,er\

lT.r1:ullfeslTe

re,.,rin

r

sinsre

ore

fann.re.

an,

,";

;.;

.".;.;;;:,il::,.;:.

u,

erenr

fanrcle

\rze\.

Mineral

qrains

mav

h,s,,ry

;"

;;-.p;"

;,,ill,i;;IJ:::

i;H;l

:il,iili

;::I"r;,.:11;.,;

l::1,"1.,9:.,'l_0.ir0,,."

and

aLce.,ihii,,)

"r,r,,,

p,"r.r-.,

a"l.irr

a.*,"i,,"..,i.

me

rJrger

mrmrdl.

Funhemore.

in

to$ grdde

ores

the

mrnerrtoov

u,

'

e

alngue

maro\

L

at,o

ot

\ome

,ignrficance.

r,

ir

can rnterferc

uirh

min;;i

IedLhrnts

rnJ

biotogtrrj

phenomenu.

.

Findlly.

ar

rhe

Ie\et

,,t

a

\intste

mrn(rat

tsrain

te

ching

i,

so erned

h\

rhe

chemi.dt

dnd

(tecr,ochcm,cdl

;ni.ru.r,on,

orln.

g.ri" .,n'"."

i;;;;:;l;.,:i:

generally

leach

by

rhe

oxidative

action

of ferric

ions

t"

".lr,t;-;;;

;;;;;

ineiics

is

a tincrion

pnmarily

of

remperaure

(as

cr,"."",..r,"a

il,i"

"ct-t*ii",

::..-,lr l,""d

,,n.

c,,ncenrrarion

i,i

remc

rJnd,ome,ime\

at\,,

,...,,,

;;:.

;"

,,,,1,pd,

rrccnanr\m\

ot

\uch

redcrion\.re

selt

unde^rood.

e\cepr

perhap:

lor

hJlLop)

r ire.

bul

e\rct

vatu.,

ol rhe

crilrcrl

parrmeler,

tor eJch

\pecrfrc

cd,e

rcmrin

\ubJ(cl

lo

me \uremenl

t-unher

Lompticatii,n

mJy

di.e

when

,tiUe,enr

minirJi,

re

salvanrcd

)

roupjed.

J\

,.

rhe

ca\e

wirh

ptri*

u.rrg

rr*"r,

i"

rn"ry'U*.

l:l1j :llT::':l:

?

":,

brorngiczr

inrera(lron.

w;rh

erpo,ea

.i*,,r

.,;;..,

;,

r,pura,eo

rn

rhe

conlJcr

lea.hing

mcchanr\m

I

Sd[d,

r

al..

]u0

rl

ar.

rto

imoonanr,r

rhFlevel.Jlrhoughrh,r\iBnrricrn(ernheapbioter.r,r;("4.;;;,;;;"#;:;l;::

leachrng

in

rrnk\)hr\

nor

1er

been

esrabti,ieo_

The many sub

processes

tend

ro interact

with

each

olherin

palems

which

in

most

:::.:^,1:_:":".t,",

r,,

unraler

inruirr\ery.

e"r

*.

",

,r,.

*r.p,

"...,.,.,,.",r

u(utrr(

ovc,arr

rare

conlloli

g

under

cenirn

circum,rrnce,.

ira

c,,nrr,t

.an

$

irch

lrom

onc

domarn

ro

dnother

rn

lhe

couhe

,,r

"r.

pra,.r;",

;.".;,

,.,,"rii,'

Y',1

-,:*,

hy \

or

compte ly.

d,dsno,ing

rhe

"n".,.,,,

",",,,,

r,,i"ni.

on

ovrrat,

heap

pertormrncc

becomc.

,nualv

rmpo:nbh.wirhor,

".,,ph,,;,;;;;

rodeling

looi.

.

Herp

hJ(

h modet.

hrle

been,le etoperl

ovcr

rh(

yedr\

r,

rh( rechn,,ti,")

(.\,,j\r.J.

nrcr

n,cuscd

lo dciJ

teaching,

rhcn

cvnnrdt

te..t

::,:t

.:i ::Itr ti

xi.J;,

;t,til:liii:

xi,.iit:1,

+;.,. :tt,lillit'.

:

r,t;:

l,:

rx{(.rr

nr{.,'nr,n,r,,url

intrr..\1r

t.t,c

lt...,t,s,r,

r,,,,,t.r

,r.,..r,1_.,,,,1

,i,...,,,,i,,",

l,t{tNr

ll,l

I

\

I rl

I

llr\l

(

(r

I

I

li

lll,\l'

lrl(n.lr]\l

lllNli

(PelcN.tr &

l)ix,,lr.

-ll)o

lh.

ll)l)6ri

l)iron

&

l'clcrscn

20olr

OgbonM

"/ 'rl'

20()5)

i"r.".

;,. r".*,

{ll

lhc

vlrn

s

sub-processcs

llnd

comPlexiries

oullined

abovc

;";i-ilki,s

any

asrnnption

d

rtrioti

as

to

which

nre

rrle

detemining'

A

''*ii.,

alr,,.

",

-rnrr."rrv

i.

repre'enrea

nv

rhe

PhelPt

Do'lBe

C"pPer

sroclpile

;:;i ;'.,;i

),

"i..

n(':l

lizupsim

h,' betn

pprre'r

in

Ih(

moftrints

oi

i.l"-ii"ilir,i""

"r

.r,,rcocrr"

lorion

&

Pere''en'

20u'u

)

sphdlerrrc

rDiton

&

i;",I^." roiu.E,.*"

a

Di\on.

z0oobl

p)rirc {BourrJrJ'

2001I

and

r


5/18

11

t{\t

N

ANt,

t)t\oN

,,/ri

/

(

,t,

trr

tr.nt

.\t,.rrnrtrl\,rtrn,r(..d

I ll\r'

(tr

llr llrAl

lrl(n

l i\( lllNr;

0 20

.10

60 80

time on siron

ldaysj

/

afid

2.

Cu exirtrction

LJ.

tinre

for colunnr of diffeEnl

length

-lr)l

lrir'll

(1

Lrhn;

Sinlld

Conrnn

shnded

Tall

Colunrn

L.N

lir

&

(.o-

4

Coluhn

Ratfiide

sotui;;

53.57.

47.2%

,;5;*i;;*;i#xi::r

;,"*

Iiil

j

jl

lr

j;nlil

H

:;x[i

;lfl

'ffi

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;,;;;,;;t"illLlt-""-^"";i:il':L***#t::',f

:'".,,'.ti

i{ffir*fffin';ila$,5ffi

4.2.

Chalcocite

Leaching

In

Standard

Laboratory

Cotumns

:J::::ilL:l;.';i.1,#:",1

',:f,,-."i:,,.,

*

tuyr

nandird

crpenmen.

,n

a,,

*+$.-*fi***

rffi15*+#*+ffi*-

bul

rapidly

i,creases

to net

Fe

prodoction

once

the solution

potential

begins

to

increase.

This

is a slrong

indication

ihat

some

pyrite

leaching occurs

in

parallel wilh

chrlcocite lclching. F

rther

evidence can be

tbund in

the

declining

pH

at

the later

(ages

oflhe expcrimcnt.

rpFoaching the feed

pH

of

1.2. Although

there

is not

net

acid

generntion.

this trend

is nonelhcless

a

clear indication thai

acid

is produced

in

the

column,

couDter

balancing

the

bio-oxidation reaciion

(l).

which

consumes

acid

at

all tincs.

This acid

is either

generared

tiom

secondary

oxidation

of

elenental

sulfu

(produced

from the stage 2

chalcocite reaciion

(3)).

or from

pyrile

oxidation,

or both.

All other standard

column

experimenls

exhibited similar behavior,

with

pH

;D

some

cases eventually

falling

belo$, thc

feed

level.

The

8

column slaDdard

experimeni

was sei up specifically to

investigate

the

prosression of dissolved constiluents

(acid,

Fe(II), Fe(III)

xnd

micro-ors:rnism, in

the solutjon as

it

flows

down

the

column lhrcugh analyzing

samples

in lhe

interim

cups. The

profiles

ofpH.

solution

potential

(vs.

Ag/AgCI) and

microbial counis are

shown

ir Figure

,l.

The

expe ment was slopped after

21 days.

just

as

the wave

of

chaDges

in

solution

potential

began

1o break

ihrough

(he

last column, io

allow

analysis

of

the

solid

residues.

The

pH

profiles

clearly show two

waves. oDe

early

peak

moving through ihe

columns

duriDg

dals

I 7 and

onc nuch brcader wave

passing

through belween days

8 and 20.

with peak levels increasing

film column io column

(pH

1.4 in column I

to

2.5 in

column

8).

In

ea.h.olunrn,

v,lution potentixls linger

al

low

levels around

380

rnv

,r.

Ag/AgCI

li,

somc

rimc hcforo rnpidly rising 1() very high

levels around

700

mV r. Ag/AgCl.

This

polLarli.l

rise

prcgresses in a wave lhrough

the columns

rt r mr. of

rhout

:10 cnr

(i.e

(n)c

colunrn)

cvcry 2 dals.

Baclerial counts

aiso

indicnlc thLrl

lhc

nri.($irl p()tnrhli(nr

progrrssc

lhft)ugh lhc cohmns

in

n Iiont.

rilh h,r.rL]iul nnnrb.rs r;sirrr

ro l.vrlt.r,rsi(lcr.(l

rhrivins

(>10/

crivc cells/nL)

in llr

rt)t).r

(ohrnnrs

lirsl

h.lin. ll

v

t)r(r.r(l

lil

lhc,

(,own


6/18

202

PBTERSEN

AND

DIXON

5

I

b)

t

a

g

*

3.5

1.0

2,5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.s

0_0

800

7@

600

s00

400

300-

20

@

120

20

@

\20

3.0

2.5

2.0

1_0

0.5

0,0

60

100

5''Ji'iJH.mf'

"""ad

6,"e

exlerimor

a)

Fe cotrenidioD.

b)

lorurion

po.ntiar.

d

PRINCIPT,US Or

(,ll^tr'(X'lTll

IIEAP B|OI-UACIINO

2t)3

\

Figzr. 4.

Rdtrlls

fron 8{olumn shd,rd .xp.riment )

pH prcgEsion:

b)

solutio.

pol.ntial

prcsEssion;

c)

prosrsion

of

mimbial counts

in

slution

t

e

s

*

5

?

,*.*

E

E

'.oE+06

E


7/18

2t0

?

a

150

E

.:

90

+

Brcnrirl

brm(rJn

ongh

1+-

micrubiat

btorhtroustr

.rl ),t

tlirNrllr\i,l

r

rl,\lr

rr lll lllrAl'lr(,llA(lllN{i

llll.tistN

/\N,)

tn\(

)N

,.iA,ap

5,

Mictubjar.

rH

and

poEnrixl

progression

nr

erpen,ne

25

.

The

progrc..Jon

or

tH.

porenllJl

drd

micro

orSJni\m\

are

cleJrt\

ret:Icd.

Ficu,r 5

pto,,

rh(

prosresinn

u irh

Jep,h

Jnd

ume

or rh;

n.ak

;H

;i;;,,.:;;;;:,"".

ih"

points

where

the

solution

pore,tiar

exceeds

s00

mV;..

eiagCr.

_a

ir,"

o";..,

*i,.."

the

bncrerial

poputation

in

solulion

exceeds

ro,

*rr,lir_.-rr,.

pi,i-"[,.r,

"i_*

hat

the

firee phenomena

prog.ess

rhrough

the

cotum""

",

*.r.,,.1.",

;;;;;;.

4.f,.

Discussion

of

Standard

Expriments

Appro\imrret)

t5

r0

.

ol

rhe

(opper

r

rh.

m.,reriJt

re|ofl,

a.

rcrJ \ot

ble

br,,chrnrire

I

pon

agrlonrrdrion

"ui,

".,a,t,,

r,

rrpr.ltr

di,,oJred

r,.,r...,,,.

olurron

or

rhe

d,, romerdre

m ,erill

o, r-.,

*"o,rr',"i,r,i.

,.,p;;;,;i;,.i

*"'

(6)

CurSOr(OHL

+3H,SO]

+

4cusor+6Hro

Yll,li-"li.lI

*o *l,n

recJ .orurion.

rhe

a(,J

.orubrr

copFr

r.

.rnpr]

flu.hed

,u,,,

,ne

corunn

dr

i

rdre

L.,nnr,,n,urJre

$irh

rhe

rrnn,,io,

ol.

"na,orur

or.,n^.

:. :h{::rull.

on,: rh. .orubre

fopper,,

ru,heo,,",,h.

h.,i.

"iii;;;,:;.,

,

c

rtd

ontjnJle.

lrorn,,\,JJlron

ot

thJJc,,crlr.

^:jl:::;:1:1"-"::l:nr(

ilon

reJchins

,,i

(hJrco(

ire

p,occed,

in

rwn \rds(,

rn

,

r

.,,iuJro

cnrumn

e\pe,rmenr\

J rcni

un

proJu(ed

by

rhe

bJ(reriJ

r

r;ri1

v

(

{ured

during

firsr-stage.h:tlcocile

leaching.

rr,r.."J,u

;-s. i,rii'ir,li"i

r..rr.

i

.

n

i,

Lor.umed

J.

.o,,n

:r, rt

i, gencrJtcd

A.

a

Jnn*qucr(e.

;

,.f..;;

.;;

,'l

",.,"

,l'"

,orunon

xnd

rh(

,edo\

pore,rr,at

,.",u,n,

q,,i.

r,,"

"

o,

"."

,,,.

,(n

t'.r..nlril

ol .hrt.oL,te

r:,pfro\imJrej)

1/U

mV r\

Ag/ASCLa,;..;,;

i;

1.1,tr.

ln,

Ihr.et'te.ti.orrenmi,t,ten..inrrrJi.","rori^_,",,,"","i.^,;;,.'.

rlrhough

in

ticl

thc

oppositc

is

true.

.l'Ic

rLrtr

.l

rvhich

rtri.

iron

js

ge

crrtcd

during

this

pcrio(t

is

govcmcd

hy

rhe

,rle

nl

whi(fi

rhr hrctcria

(

oxidizc,i.irtrrs

iRnr..I,his

in

1"",

ir_inlf"c

.(t;;

"

1n

,.

trurrhcr

(,1

l

.(tn\.

n(lt:h

l(rrrl)orlurc'

nulticnl

Ird

suhslilrlc

coDcerrlrxti(nrs'

,,.',,,u,ir',r.,r

'+\|].',:'rrlt(,..,I,

Lrrh('lrrhl'u't

irlurnrr

(\l\rtrrr''rr'

rlr''

r"lr

rirn,,,,-'r,i.,,

'

,'

ir,.

.','1r1

,

'(rl

r"

rhc

ttr(ri"n

\rrJ\'

AJr'{Jitrt'r"

lqu

rn'n

(l)

ir,"

"-;'a"i,.

,,r r"*""r',i,

le'ric

iron

requitcs

acid'

However'

bec'luse

the

first

slage

,,i'cIra;;.i.

i;.g

p-duces

no elementar

sulfur.

and

because

pvrite

leaching

is

,

"r,ii""J

.,

.,.

r, lo$

;olu'ion

purenrial'

rhe onl)

$ur'e

or

acid

dunns

rhr"rdse

i.

Ihe le

d.olurron.

Thu'.

bdcre'ra

\'tnrrnu'

ro

"\idr/P

lerr"u'

lo

lenrc

rron

onl\

;";ii',il

,,,

,',,

ol

acrd.

dnd rhs

re'ulrs

in

rhe

rir.r

nage

"r

chrl'ocrre

leJ\hing

;;;,;"i,"

i; ,

"""."

bJntl

be)ond

qhrch

Ihe

'olurton

conEin'

\itrudll)

no

irid'

I"i"l,.^|.i.^*

,r,.

*r,mn

or

iigtr

pH

ro""ntrrmed

b)

rhe

dara

in l-rgure'la)'

---i"

,i.

*"r"

"r

,t'"

ii."t

srage

Jaliocire

leaching

fiont'

leaching

of

the.second

',;"

'.;'.ii;i.

,na

ptnre..irrn'e'

since

borh

or

rhe'e

reirrion'

are

rerdrrrer)

.i"""

"

".0r.",

*,"p.tr,rres

lhe

rale

ol lemc

cun'umplron

i' now

mu'

h lo$er'

.n'l

ii.

,"r,ui""

pr*,lir.ri-ts

to

higher

levels

(600 1l)

700

mv

rs

Ag/Ascl)

here

i*iJ"r

"-1j"i"".

**

rimited

btlow

fenous

concentralions'

can

meet

fie

reduced

i..""J

r-

r""r.

non.

This

explains

the

relativelv

rapid

increase

in

potential as

"i.*'Ji,

tt..-p.r-"nts.

The

reaction

proceeds

more

or less

homogeneouslv

."".-,t"

".i."

nrt,f,

"f,ne

column.

md

during

second-stage

chalcocite

leaching

il

";;;,ii;'"

of-copper

exrraction

is

soverned

bv

mineral

kinetics

ralher

than

rerpent limrrari,,ns.

-?'gr'.

ilro'.",..

J

'lishr

''lump

in rhe

cu

lerch

(une

ror

rhe tall

column

"'n"i,menr

,rround

dav

J0

Thi'

phen"men"n

can

be

e\pllined

wirh

lhe [iFr-

'r"i*.'rt"r"*1"

lercrr

ironr

etfect

Erpe"menr'l

eviJence

'uggen'

rhar

l-ir'r-srrge

.ii.,","

r",.r,i"c

*.*'

o'e,

no

mor"

rhan

rhe

lenslh

"l

ru"

'olumn'

rno

cm)

,,,,"'

"".,i..,ii*rr.

t).

ln

rhe

o

m co'umn

rhr'

uould

a'counr

ror

onlv

z

'mJll

",',,,i"

li in"

s.a'm,',

arrer

dcrd

rrn'rns

onlv

the

lop

laler

''

acrtve

iniridll)'

*t"."u.

rtre

Ie't

ot

rhe

\olumn

i' idle

lor

ldck

ol

Jcrtl'

Consequ'nrly

rhe

o\emll

.." .i

"."""i.,

f*rr,i,e

to

the

whole

column

charge)

becomes

verv

small'

As

,fr"

J"f*.i

"

front

moves

further

down.

'covellire'

and

pyrite

are

lerchin

in

i;;;k;.

; as

this

zone

increases

in size.

so

does

the overall

potion of

the

;;.;;.;,;it

reachrns.

the

overrrr

rare

ote\rrdcriun

rhus

rnctea'e'

rurther'

once

;;;'.i;.",1.

rronr

ireur'.

rrrrouerr.

rhe enrire

heap

r'

in

r'

ond''raPe

reahns

^ri

ii. *-"I

rate

of

copper

extraction

corresponds

ro

that

of

the 'coveilite'

'"

""l,ir

zs,.

*".".r

copper

errrrcrion

stJdurllv de'line'

rFrPUre

2r'

Thr'

i'

*en

r'

. ropologn

al eriecr.

u

here lhe

e\p'Fed

'urldce

area

ul

lhe

copFr

nuneral'

;;il.d;

rvil,

ti.".

e.t.o,

the

leaching

of

mineral

grains

embedded

within

;."

;;il.b'

may

be

limiied

bv

the

diffusion

of

reagents

and reaction

products

,r,-,i*r,

*."*

r].*"

*a

cracks,

or

prvented

altosether

bv

occlusion

(explaining

-r,"

io

more

ttan

S:c"

of

copper

has

ever

been

extracted

from

anv

colomn)

Fe

i,,i'""

",1""".',,,'"""ircriiir.

on

rhe"rher

hund'

d"conunue

rn

rlle\penminrs

ii,.'',.",

i.

i ri''

I.

*

r,'4,.

"ru'n

ir,.,r

r'r.,',rid,r,or''crrtir)r"hirrrnPro$rrd'p)rire

i.,ir'"t""t'"lrr(r't'+'(\'tn'h''hl)'h'1"'tr{JrrnrNrrlrirnl^ti(nhironlromrhc

cofpcr

soll

es

is

subsr[nirllv

(liNi

ishcd'

t0

12

il


8/18

l0i,

4.4-

tIllltsl,N

ANt)

t)tx()N

Chalcocitc

Lcaching

Undcr

COr-Limirins

Conditions

(

llAl(

rx

lllr lll

Al'lil()l

I

(

lllN(i

.t0 /

1n

lir.

how.v.r.

llt(

(

()

cotrlcrrl

is

only

trhoul

O.lT{'

ol ll)xl

('l

()'

(15{)

fl)Dr

(

()'

vs.2l'1,

o,l.

llr[s,

il

ll

CO]

treeds

ro bc

ir(lv)rb.d

lnnn

lhe irir.

rhc

trir

sulPlv

nrte

needs

t(,

b considerahly

lister tlran

what

is

requncd

to

srtisly

thc

oxygc'r

{tcmnod

fbr the

same

applicattun.

Contnt

iog to

xbove

cal'nlrtion

on tlris

hlsis

Nsuming an

average

carbon

yield o10.035

mol C/mol

Or and

allowing

ld cornllcrc

CO,

uriization

-

would

requnc

a minimum

air

supplv ralc

of 0933

Nnr'/nrr/lr

or;bout

4.5

limes

the

rate estimaled

for

the

necessary

oxvgen

supplv

Hencc

ir

is

reasonable

1()

suspecl

that in

heap

leach

applications

with

I

low

aerrlioo

rulcs

the supply

of COr

may

in

fact be overau

rale

limiting

if

there

'ue no

carbon:rlcs

This

is suppoded

funher

by the

results

of

an

experiment

in

a

second

6

Dr

hll

columD

on ihe

orc

material

used

in

this studv.

The second

column

was

run ur)(lcr

identical

conditions

to

the one

described

above,

except

thai

the aerxtion

rarc wr\

0.25

Nmr/mr,ftr

(without

any

enrichment

with

cor

corresponding

lo

whnr

is

sed at

the industrial

site. and

what,

xccording

to

above

calculation'

would

h(

sufiicient

for

oxygen

supply).

Rsults

from

the

leaching

experiments

are

shown

in

Figure

6.

As FiguLe

6

indicarcs,

copper

exlraction

fiom

bolh

columns

proceeds at

D(trc

or

less

the

irlentical

pace

until

about

day

35 when

thev

begin

to divcrge'

ln

th'

column

run under

standait

condilions

this

coincides

with the

day

when thc

polcnli'l

rapidly

rises

ard

noticeable

quanlilies of micro-organisms

are

found

in

thc

elllucDr'

As

discussed

above.

this

is

indicative

of

the

narrow,

acid-limited

chalcocirc

lionl'

which

is

travelirg

through

the

column,

breaking

through'

However'

neithcr

ol lhcs'

effects

is obseNed

in the

columr

run on

low aeration'

Microbi'tl

bre'rklhrouglt

occurs

m ch

later

(around

day

60) and

the

potential

in the

cftluent

ncver rises

rho (

500

mV

throughout

lhe

experiment.

Although

copper exlractior

follows

siDril

r

trends to

those

of

the

standard

expe

ment.

it

continues

to

lag behind

by ahoul

0l

20

days.

This

column

also

produced a

consistently

lower effluent

pH.

and

Fc

l' cl\

in

the

effluent

were

consistently

below

the

2

g/l- in

the feed'

The discrepancy

between

the

cxperiments

is explained

as

followc

Thc lirsl

lo'l

of

copper

extraction

resulled

from

flushing

ol acid-soluble

copper

rnd

wtrs

nor

atfectid

by

aeration

rare

orCOr.

This is fouowed

bv

the stage

I

phase

durnrg

whi'lr

leaching

ofchalcocite

olcurs

in

a

rel ivelv

narrow band

and

is

governed

friDcil)trllv

by

the

iate

of

acitl supply-

Howevcr.

in lhe

low

aeration

column

Cor

suPPlv

is

piobably

not

sufficicnt

to sust

in the

growlh

necessarv

io consumc

all

rviil

blc

;cid.

as eftluenr

pH

in

this

column

st.tvs

low.

The band

would

thus

be

narowcr

rn(l

lravel

at

r

slower

prce,

c(,nmensurutc

wilh

CO:

rvtrilabilitv.

as

is

wiltrcsscd

bv lhc

delayed

brcakthrough

of

tnicro-organisns

in

lhc

cftlucDr'

Mie()bi'l

sn'wlh

itr llr(

wrke

of

thc l'ront

will

be

trtlc.lcd

even

more

hy

n

hclt

o{ CO' trs

lhis

ronc

gr)$s

l(,ogcr.

tlclcc

coppcr

froduclion

l.lls

bchind

iD thc

low ticrrii(nr

colunnr

whik

thc.tag.'

I

zorrc

is sl,wly

l,rlclirU

lh(trrgh lhc

coltrrno

(hcc

lhis

hrcrks lhRnr|h

(rrou

(l(hy

6{)) lhc

rrlc

(,1

co|Pcr

lc

.hiDg

hce(nncs

sirnihr

rgrirr

in holl

(rnIn'ns

(ls

in(l(irlNl

hy lh(

\lo|cs

irr

lrifu .

{rr).

in(li(

lin8

ll.t lI(

rrl'

rn \lUc I lcr(hin1f

ir

()v(rirll

ril.

(l(l( rrrinirr

llk

r^irlili(nr

I'l pliilc

rrr(l

{rllrrr

r'rrrrirs rll"l(11

A\

$

d\

ourtinerl

abore.

(h t.ocire

hrJp

bioter.hrng

u.ua

y

ernptuy\

turccJ

irruriurr

sirh

derauon

rdre.

in

rndusrriat

heap.

rJnring

r.om

O.rjS

ro,:

n

,;:;;;.1;.

ollo$inB

catcutirion

demon,rrare\

rirur

rhi,

uoutd

be,uificienr

ro,,nol,

:

;.

\ygcn

nceded

for

rhe

conver.ion,

rypi(Jlt)

achreved

in

chslcocne

hej.,.,

A\sume

a

chrtcoc

e

ore,

onrrrning

0.8q

Cu

z.

(

u-S

ind

1%

I

eS

lheore,.

heap.bioreached

in

d r0

m

he"p

"ris00

kgrn

*.i.j;;,t,r.

,,o

:

iil:i.;

o achieve

80"/o

Cu exraction after

t2

montts.

rrle

pyrlr"

.;;,;;;;;;;;

time

is

esrimared

at

20qd.

The

fottowing

overall

reaOons

apply,

.

(7a)

CurS

+4Fer+

+

2cur++4Fer++ao

(7b)

FeSr

+

l4Fer+

+

SHrO

+

lsFer++2soi

+l6H+

It

is

funher

assumed

rhar

a

Fer+

is

generared

by

bio_oxidation

according

ro

(7.)

4Fe2

|

+

o.

1411+

*

4p.]+

n

2,r,

u

Grven

.rhe

teed

grJde\.

rhe

in

iJt

chat..ocrre

toncenrrdrrorr

rmouflrj

ro 0.061

mol4g

and

rhe

plnte

concenrrarion

to

u.JJ

moy(g.

olcr

one

vear

the

larseted

convenion

rare

woutd

come

,.

u0.o;;;;;,;;,'.#i:,i.:;

and

0.0667

mol*s/a

for

pyrite.

The

rohl

{remand

for

.",f;;;;-;;;

:::1:^:_'I :f^:1'*r-s

(7a)

and

(7b)

is

rhen

I

r35

."r

F",.;;;;

;;;;

quatron

(7c).

0.284

mol

O.^e/,

il l1"".ll_"1i",fr.,.r,

"nj

pai*,ng

aen.iry.

ar rorar

or

r5.000

ks

o,e

wourd

be

pra(eo

per

m

ur

heup

irea,

lnd

henLe a ror3t

t

"q";.a

A, i,;;;;g.,;ffi

i:il::ilif,:1"::1,,1,,"1

i;'jl#'"Jff

rareot

Jbour

450

Nm

/m

/d,,r0.05

Nm

/rn)h.

n,,lrng

rhfl

.n,,rmrl

cundir.n.

a.

indi..areJ

b)

fie

cdpldt

lr

ror

ga,e.

,.r..

ro

itC,na

I

",,

;;;

1i:::11:l

:".':''

lhti

zs+.oxfgen

''

,'',

i;,;';;.'

';

;;i.t;',:

i,i:;nor;*

mJrErn,,r

crrery.

rhi\

uourir,ussen

an

aerarr,,n

rrre

nr

o.2

his

cafcufation

would

stipulare

that

aeration

industriar

operational

praclice

suffices

ro..*.

ut*t

lower

erd

of

lhe

range

of

h""p

H.**.,,

;;;;;;;;

il

ffi;;":iJi-}

::,,,,,i:JH,?.,J.T*i1f

:"J:

upply.

Autorrophic

bacteria

common

ro

bioleaching

"ly

*

CO.

;"

il;;;

.rbon

source

ror growrb.

rhis

is

either

&awn

froln

;.b;*"

.t;;;ls

il;";.:

::l Ti'".1"1'.1r,.f.d

rrum

rhe

,urroundins

,".

tu*,i.

",,Ii.,

,,r

.,.;:,;;:;

l;:l::1.11::

g-,i"*"

b\

r4|o\riithn

and

A.idithnbd,ilt

,.e",.,.,

,.r,,,;i.,l

;;

r rrerJlure

rndrare

r

cdrbon

)ietd

oiUo,.2

ro

ni

rnol

C/rn,,io_,n,,i,

t,,,,,,.

\un

Sche,pen/eei.

Iqo6l

BrecJ

,r d/.

to,,,):

Br,.e,t

& xn\t,,r,t.

Iu,,r/.

.{

;r

;,rjr.r

wo'ds.

thc:rnrounl

ot

C(),

Dccd..t

is

rbour:.2

()

5Z

,,f

,f,".***

,,r:ii,

,",1,,;,.:A


9/18

llrlN(

ll

lrs

(,lr(ll^l(

(x

llr

llrr\l'lr(r.rA(llIN(i

10,)

,,,"

*

"i,-

ro,,r

.,,

F(

/f

Sck.kd

to{h\oliheCo

J,mired

rdulllumn

h

,

,

,,,,obiJr

,oun,

, , ,.r",,,

".

H,p"

".,.,,.,;,.

"-,,:l

; .:

ll-

"if.,".,^,,

"

h,

..rtr,n

tr

n,.tsn,,Jr.

aem,,on

rchh,oo2s

Nhih

4

.:

il;

;;it;;,i;l'h,

i

r J,

4

-,h,J,i,,

o'..r

itr

lhc

[,w

rcr ri,)r rolunrll as l(cslcd k, hy lhc

highcr

tll

(i.c

less

oxidali(nr

ol'clonrcnllll

or

fyritic

sultu, rnd

ihc k,wcr iron

lcvels

ir rhe

ellluent

(iar)site

precipit.rtn)n

nrste

d

of

surplus iron

generation

tiom

py

lc

oxidntion).

Threfore

it is

possible

that the

lack

of CO:

afiecls

primarily

rhc

rapid

hn

oxidalion

of nage

I chalccite leaching

when bio-oxidalion can bccomc

tutc-

limiting.

The slower oxidation of

second

stage chalcocite

remains controlle.l

by its

slow m ineral

oxidation kinelics. Unfortunately theexpenmeni

is not

tully

cooclusivc

in

this

regard,

since the rate

of

air suppty

;n the low

aeration

column was also

close

to that

required

for

oxygen demand

at

the

given

rate

of

leaching

(but

w.rs

not

limiting

as il would

have

been

for COz

demard). Nonetheless.

the study

crD

be taken

as

an indicalor

thal

low

aeration

rates

practiced

in

some heap

opcrrln)ns

may

be limiting the

overall

rate

of

leaching

more

than

necessary

and should

hc

4.5.

Chalcorir Laching In

High Salinity Process

Solution

All

standard column experimenis

were

run

with a microbial culture

grown

in

the laboratory under

optimal

Srowrh

conditio.s

before

introducing these inlo thc

columns,

and

the feed

solution

contained

only

rcid

and iron.

In

real

heap operaiions.

however,

conditions

are

generally quite

far

removed

from

such an

ideal

situatio[.

and thus

microbial

suryival

and

efiiciency

are more seriously

challenged

(carcir

"1dr.

1998).

Feed and effluent soluiion

(raffina.e

and PI-S)

samples

were obtained

from

lhc

industrial

site

fiom which lhe

ore

material

had

been

sourced.

Microbial aclivily

was low in rhe

PLS

and viriually

nil

in

the

raffinate.

The

chemial composirn,r

of

the

raffinate

(which

is

the same

as

the PLS

except

that most oI the

coppcr

has been

removed)

is given

in Table 2.

The

concentrations

of

dissolved

salts

[c

exceptionally

high, with magnesium

and aiuminium alone

accounting

for

aboul

959.

of the lotal

dissolved

salts

(TDS)

at

148

g/L.

Such

concenlralions far

excecd

7,r/. 2. Anlly7ed

conrposllion ofthe ralfimtc ar rhe indunnal olnrn)n (only

componenh

>10 m /1,

Elemenr

Concentrarion

t.dl-l

Mg

K

l:.100

lt6

2]l

CI

I

231

tll

)l(r


10/18

I'l

t{sr

N l\Nt)

tn\0N

k,lcrrncc

lcvcls

klDrlc(t

ir)

lhc

Iilcr

urc

ti)r

i|1nr

(,xi(tj1iIA

lrk.r()

itr

rrinra:

l]tirl,r

andRrrllh

(2{)0.1)

indicrrc

a i,nDedi,r.

tive

lbrd

dcct,,"

;

*;,*,;1,,i;;;,

,;;;,

;l;_

N.rrSOr

soturion.

tnd.

nr

an

exrension

ofthis

sludy,

Srri",.

")1.

lZxrS;,"1r,",,

ir.

e.manenr

retardation

of

growrh

rate

ar

lhis

concentration

.t ru",Sit..,

r,)u";,,.,

er

dl

(1971)

repori

an

adveBe

effect

of Al

concenlrarions

exceeding

r,i

glr_

",

ir,"

growih

of

ar unspecified

(A.idi.)thiobacillus

srrarl..

,

Furihermore,

the

chtoride

concentration

of

L3 g,4_

is

aiso

of

some

conccm.

Lawson

e.

dl

(1995)

report

on

adverse

erTects

on

microbiat

growrh

of

chloride

troncenrarions

e\ceedrng

I g/L

$

rth

comptetc

rnhihiuon

,

Z

"rf

.

Sf,i.^

"

rliinni,

::Y

l'll1l

1":'*1."

,r

gr,,s

rh

rsre

r

ts/L

and

r

c/L

\Jcr.

bur

",rr,

ro,e

r..;

trerery

rnruugh

dJ

prarion.

Jnd

permdnenr

rerardatiun

ar

higher

concenrrartn,.

rne

nrdh

Larron

concenlration\

re,utl

fium

rhe

errduzl

Jj*otution

ol ,iti(ate

ii:r:^: lil.lll

rin

rhe

prc.enr

ra,e prima,ry

chr,rrrre.

biorire

,,d

pr,g,,;i;;;

LdmDerg.

tee/

r

dId

the

tacr

lhdt

lhe enlrre

\ntulion

iru.nrory

i,.onr,nroriy

r..i.-

culated,

wilh

onty

copper

removed

in solvent

exrrac,;.,

_a ,"

p*g..

ffr".,frf_ia"

concenrration

relates

primarity

..

the

dissoturion

of

",,"".t,"

iC,Arc,ii;;i,i

chloride-conraining

copper

oxide

minerar

which

**."

i,

tl,"

,* ;i,

i.#

A

mrLrubidl

culrure

ur\

erJdua

)

enrnhed

ind

mdinrarned

in

rh...i.,i-,r

u,,ditured

rJriin,e

,n

I

\h.rter-incubrrlr

ar

rs0

rpm

ar

i0";.';;;.

_;,

i;:

;l:.':

inoculare

a

4,cotumn

experimenr

which

was

run

with

th.

.,ffira..

,.

f".,t

,;;ii";:

but underotherwise

idenricat

conditions

to ihe

standr.,t

._p"rt."r,.

..;"rJ;;;;.

The

r.ulr,

tr,,m

rhe

rw,, 4-c,,tumn

exleflmenr,

rre

,

omtred

in

Figure

/

.

rrBure

,a

\how:

lhe

copper

e\lraction

r,.

rrne.

tn

b,,rh

erperiinenr.

rhe

trrrr

lU'.

or

copper

exrructiol.

retre\entrng

,he

rin\ing

o,

*U

*frf,f.

,

"pp"r.

,. ,"pi,jfi

nu.hed

lrom

rhe

(olumns.

Orer

rhe

nexr

looa

ol

c,,pper

errrdcrn,n.

,irgr,r,

."..*

,prnding

lo,tcg(

I

ierchrnts.

lh(

t$o

e\prrimenl.

ditler,ipniticrr,ly:

t" r;".H;d;;

e\Penmenr

rhr\

pha\e

i.

neirjy

comptete

with,n

25

dr)..

"t.".",,f,..rp.ri..r,

rlh

n

rve cutture

dnd

rdlfinare

\oJIrron

requirc\..t0

J,ry,.

Leachrnp

rren,ti. rre,..,r

n0%

clrac,ion

rre. hosever.

rerl

,imir.rr

in

borh

er;;;;:.

'"

"''*'-*,-

,":,,r",:; il

"il

l: lT-

rh.

prosre*;on

,,r

pH

anj

.orurion

po,cnriar\

ajons

rhe

'(

arIr

or

Ine

\ePmenled

column\

Ihe

cur\e,

ret

ing

ro

rhe

\rdnddrd.t-cotumn

:.l:.iln:no

,h"y

Gimirar

ro

Figure

4a)

chalcocire

(low

potenriarl

i"".r*g-i,

"

anow

zone

movins

down

rhe

column.

folrowed

by r,igr,

poiemior

,rug.

z

r#r,;ngl

In

lhe rallinatc

expcrimenl the

{age

I

zone

rs,ritj

obsenrd.

br,.i,

p.";;;:,.,

much

more ,towty.

dnJ

lhe

rran,ilion

irom va:e

r ro

,rage

:

fe,,

hrng i,

m,j

.or.,

gradual.

Only

some

of

rhe

available

acid

js

insumed,

and

the

pH

remains

more

or

Ie*

nrble

$irtr

ont)

tr

mrn^r

pe,,[

aruund

day

)U. $hen

lhi f""

p.,",,,,"f

,.ri

fliil'

,l.".lgn

.1,,

I

i,

cied

rhfl

.,rse

I reach,ns

flocred.

,hrousi,

,r,.

,,,ri,","

corumn

wrthrn

r broad

band

rrrher

thrn

d

nan

,cra

'uppt1

".

opp".e,t

r;;il:;;il;.il;:;:L

Tone

anJ

r'

n"r

c"nrroled

hv

The

ca

,e,,l

rhe,e

Ji\Lrepan(ie,

heLome.

ct(rr

tronr

figurr

\.

pt,,fi

,

rl(.

rumber

ofbacEria

counted

in

sohtion

as

I

function

.f,i..

_Ai"p,r,

i,,,r"..,,i,,,"

shows

counts

lowerby

an

order

of

mrgn

ilude

iD

thc

c.r,r,

",

*iir,

",,rtr"

r,*:r",i,,

tl|N( l,

S

(X

,||

E{o

riDt0riun

drrsl

Fis,,.

Z

Sulccted rcnr16

.t

dr.4 colu'nn

le$

under

(rnd{d

con

ir6n:

({d.)

rnd wirh

'rllirrlc

url

ntuve

ricn

oqrni{ns

t

i) tr) com$cxtncrn)n:

b)

elflue

DIIi.)

pr) r.*n,r

ol n'luron

por.trrrl

in iodrndll rrl,in.te

rs

crnnpared k)

the

srandr cr)lunnr

(lrboftrnny

rullurc

in

(nl

rnd

i'on only).

Ncve(hclcss.

bolh

scts

ol

drra

sl()w

lhc

samc

frligrrssi(trr

lrcnds.

wilh

nnrnhcrs nr)vin8

down lhc

colurntrs in.

tr)wi[g

wlvc . llc

pr('pxrrli(nr

rntc,,1

llis wrv..oircsponds

to

llxt

()l

th( hi8h

l)oicnliirl

wrvr i tlc wrkc ol


11/18

}l

t,t

:RSt

N

ANl,

t)t\()N

|lllNr

1l1l

s

()l

(ll,\lrrI

lll

lllAl

lrlr)ll]\(lllN(]

s

E

l.mE+o?

3

t 00E+06

E

I

nut*05

Fis,/.

&

Bact rilt

counr

oler

the

lengrh

oi rhe

cotunn

i. experiDenrs

25

and 28

Iarlc

J.

Crowrh

rate

and final yield

or

srcwrh

experimenrs

tr.((,1r,,'\.irr'{r\

ll'rrl'5rrrr

'r

"'rrrtrrlt'rr'r\r

rrrtrlr'hrrr'rrr''l

'l'\rl"l'11

h\ rlI

I,;h,,,

,1,,.,',

.\

l,,v{,

.\'rx,':

I'rrrn{rrr''

''

'.rl"

ri,'rar'

$ r

LrIl'l')'11

'llf

."",'"ir

,,t(,4"r

eonrhir'(\

xrr rrl ccliur

dillusrnr

nxxl0l

n) ttecortrr

lirr

rrntrsl)orl

('l

",rr".

ii,,,rel,

,h"

L"q,,trxl

k,

rrtircrdl

sitcs

in

rhc

(nt

wirh

n

ruhi

rcllcri('rr

nx(lel

;,h.

;i"Jl

sirc

i,rco,'r,rtrrirg

s.rs

adsorPlion'

microbitrl

stouh

nd

orid'lrnrrr'

"rJ.i,,"."ir"""r,;rg

,r,'"nsh

app;prirle

kincdc

rcms

Additn

rl

ttLiturcs

includc

an

indeDrnderrl

heulh(rl

hrhnJ

xnd

J

gJ' Ina"brlur'('

-

i*"',^*.',,il.."del

are

t'l

prrrrculJr intetr'\r

rrr

lhe

(i'nr(ir.l

rh

Pr(r\'rr

ar..,*,.":

rr,.

fir't,rldre'

Io the

$r) rn

$hith

hull

\rlurrun llow

i' rn'{l(l\l

iil'ls."In.J

it'"

*ut.n

flows

throush discrete

channels

in the

ore

bed

which

,."-i.

.""i*r

\vi

rt

"

a"ster

of ore

material

containing

an

aqucous

phase

lhc

form ofstagnant

moisture.

Thus

flow

is

the

predominant

mode

of

mass

lranspotl

rtr

,fr.".

"r,"r,r'.f",

*fr-*"

*ithin

the ore

cluslers

it

is bv

molecular

diffusion

lhroush

ii"-",""",i

,or

",,..

ne

drnution

lens$

Rri'e'

Ihe

'adiu'

or

lhe clu\r(

i''

.i",".L','ir.

,"aa

prrJmeter

The

larset

rhe

'lu'rer

i''

rh'

lurrher

rexg(nr'

rhl

.""",,-

*"a*,'

tt,ve

ro

artir'e

lhrough

\lagnr'nl

'olulron'

ln n

rro$

rulurnrh'

'J

r'

,1..a

in thr'

'rudv.

R

c.n be

raken

ro

be

clo\e

ro

lhe

pipc radtut

{8r)"

"i

ruai"'

r1*

been

fo.rni

to

be a

goo{t

value'

ie

4 cm

in

the

present case)

lD

un""nii*a

r,*p"

irrlgrr"d

bv

&ip

emitten

it

is likelv

b be

much

larger'

ck)ser

t(l

tr'.-r,"ii

iit"".'"

t"*"*

two

drip

poinls' This

has

been

discussed

in

some

derlil

,na oarrirllr

conrirmed

rhroutsh

er|enmenls

b)

Perer\en

and

Di\on

(2001)

-

-n;;i;;,

"'p..,

rerare'

r"

microurot

o\idarron

shrch I'

rnodeleJ

rhr"urr'

lai.U.ri"l{*t*

tin.ti"s.

combining

micrcbial

growth

with

ferrous

iron

oxd

rrnr

,;u tfr"

pi.t

"quutio,

(p"t"rsen &

Dixon

20Mi

Ojumu

eldl

'

2006)'

Thelbaudur

'';.

":;.i.1

in rhi'

approdch

is

rhe

,primum

microbiul

srosrh

rare

(

'

r.rr(rr

''l"r

refened

ro d'

1r,..

,

\^hrch

I' m"Jrtreil

b)

Monod

and re\i\larrce

rerm\

('r

'tr('{urr

t-,i"

"ii""

"r'iil'u",o.

"oncentrarions.

temperaturc,

c'c'

Tvpicxl

values

fi'

t

lin

"

tr.r'ltfry-rrt-"..y

*r,rre

and

a

native

culiure

stressed

by

high

concenlratnnr\

ol

Mc rnd

Al

'ullJre'J'$ell

a\chl

rde\

are

reflecreJ

inT

ble l'

'''ir,i.,r",

'r,.

.""a"a

,{olumn

:rnd

Irll column

re\r'

di'cu-etl

dbn\(

$cr'

rr'('l

.

.urii*,"

,r',.

U*pslln

.odel.

This

is

a

some

hat cumbeNome

process

describc(l

i.

In"*

a""

elsewhere

(Dixon

&

Petersen.

2004:

Pete$en

&

Dixon

20o6h)

O.""

"rriUt""a,

,h(}

-.ael

can

then

be used

to

simulate

other

column

expcrinrcrtts

Jrrriir.r,,*i*

,r,.

*levanr

operrrionrl

pJrrmerer'

r'uch J' rlos

rr're'

e"lrtttur

i"iJii.

iJ.a

.","'r"-i,i-.

",.)

b 't ieat ins lhe

inrrinnc

prrJmerer'

de\

ribrnr

rn,rrrrl

,,i.i.-il,i

r,""1.'

""d

ma',

r,on'rei

p'r''m'rer'

unchrnseJ

ln

rhi'

r'r'hi"n

rln

4-cotumn

experimenl

has been

simulated.

as

is sho$rn

in

lcrms

of

coppcr

exlrrcl(n'

'"i;"r..

o.

-a

't.

,,,,,r,he

Lxperimenraldrl

r i'

vet)

8o"'l'

Sirnili

lv

f''\l'inrrt}'

rions-r.rnrtrchier


12/18

tinE

on

slream

tdaisl

ll r,?

9.

SiDrtlrions

oI

.1

cotuDn.

s-.oluro

xnd

hti

cot,trnn:lrndurd

erpernrenrr

'

r \r'

'

tr

ll

]ll

l\l'lrlo

r1( rrrNri

.7lr.rr,Iil)ttrr\t,itr|rr,

ll'

t(rr,,,r.,rrl

sl,(\\.(l

hr(l(rrr(/,. 0l).1 h

)

llrs

eo,rcst)(nrlr

lr'

lltr ,trlu,rl

()ttr

rrlrll

L(relili(ns I

llc

rrrirr.

sil..l lhc lirrr.,)l lltr'

.

70 cnr

drippcr

s|r.ins

(/(

=

.10

cnr)

.nd

ltrllhy brclcril

((

=

(l.l

h

).

.

50

cnr

dritpcr slrcnrs

(R

=

20

crn)

aDd

suessed

bacleria

((*

=

0.02

h

).

rr(l

.

50

cnr

drippcr

spacing

(R

=

20

cm)

and

hcrlthy b.rctefitr

(lL

=

().1

h

).

H.re.

nrcsscd bacteria

referc

to

the

combined eftects

of

high srliDity

rDd

txncrr

rially

limitcd

CO: supply

on

mic.ohinl

growth.

These

efiacts

int

at

ptclcnl lor

described

tbc

model

explicitly. but accounlcd

for

ihrough

a

reduction

ol

thc

laluc

of the microbial

growth

constaot

t".

-or

all

simularions the

heap

was taken

ar l0 m height,

lhe lied

rute

at I0

L/rDr/h.

and the

aeration

rale

at

0.25

mr/mr/h.

Feed conposition

included 2.0

g/L

ol

ir(nr.

Also,

the model

was

adjusted

to

the

geo-climatic condirions of

the heap

localnnr

rn{l

lemperature

was

left to

self-adjust

(as

opposed

to

imposed isothermal

coDdilnnrs

when modeling column

experiments).

Modeling

the

hexp under aclual operating

conditions

(long

drippet

sp

cing,

stressed

bacteria)

predicis

approximately

757.

copper

extmction

wilhin 400

(lirys

(13

monihs), which coresponds

well with

reponed

producft)n figures al thc

linre

(Garcia

"/

a1.. 1999).

At the

srmc

time

this

is

considerably

longcr lhrn rrry

(n

tbe

labomtory

experiments

rcporied above.

The

primary

rcason is thal lhe h.gc

stagnani

clusters between

solurhn

channels

enforce a long diffnsion

prih

1()l

th(

delivery

of one

key reagent

the

rcid needed

for the

bio oxidation

teaclnn)

(l).

Petersen and

Dixon

(2003a) have

shown thxt,

as

a

consequence.

tho

zoDc

$i c

.halcociie

leaching

described nbove

proceeds

'sidewayi

in he|ps.

awry li,,r)l

the

solution

channels into

the stagnant

cluslers.

as opposed

to

dowDwnrd\

rs

irr

tr. ,,r.

7,

Snnuhtu.

of.1coltrm.

N&dard

md.l

cotuD.

rull,nare

experimehrs

insteJd

,,t

2.U

g/L

rn

rhc

srlnd

rd experjmenA

I

or

rhe

r,rrr

col,per

errncr,";-::;il ;;;";;tile

2'

rhc re'ur'

ae.,,,

in,e.r.

dira.

A8,,,.

rhe

,noder

r,,.

rhe

..r";#:;.'

I0'

roserher

$rrh

rher\penmenrri

cr'J,5 (ap,uk.

,r,e

,e,J,d',on

,;

:;;:,1"'"

uerr

over

In'^r

ur

rhc

ru.

nd

Pe,


13/18

A\rl,(,,rt,rr

\

n,rtrrr,,,,\.tr,w,tt,,,r

,.,.

,,q,,

.,

r,,

d,

xc,r,",,

.,,:l

i.t"lii'l'

"J;l:l:.il:

:il,l:liilll,;:i]i}

nJn(r.

r\

d,,e\

rhe

u{e

or

J

heJllhv;r.

rht'ruo.rlecr\

.

,i,

r.',,

,,,1,

*"i',,i,,,,;

'"li't

e"r"'n"'e'r'

rhi{

inrhJr"'

rh,,l

-

rre

b,',h

rure-r;mirins

;,

;,;:;i

;"#l'

::f

''i'

and'erJrd(d

mrcrobur

p,,'wrh

e'renr.

Re,rucet

an1pei.r,.,,;;;;;;1*'

ernJcrron

r.

appro\imarerv

rhe

.JmF

,"

n.,.".

"".n,iJ.i",i;i'

:il"

il:H

:T,l,li:,::ffi."1HJ":ilii,ff:

As

Fi8ure

tj

indicares.

more

sipnjfi.,

micr,,biJr

hedrrh

',,,,.

r,.-

*,,,i,?j'i-'"';'r

improvement

courd

be

m,,de

if

rhe

or

*ri"""'*-'r'i"li;l

;:il

;l;ilXi'"

9'

reducins

rhe

rever\

or vts

and

pe,e^en

h

s \hoqn,hJ,

s.,..;,;;;

;;;:I";l's':''rron

t

npubri\hed

,.u

uoir

r,u

*,,,,cr

',,.',n,,,i.d

,"rii;;,.':'",',,",j;

'i:

'n:

*)n.

oreirhcr

Msso,

Ar

rso

)

,,e\

o,

,hc

n*,ve,,,,;;;;;;;:::.

ill

o"nl

jna'

imro\eJ

microbirt

groJrh

h,,qcve,.

rhr

*h,.,,,c

.*|;;;,.,;;,"1

"

'':':'oi

2-3

r,

i'

,.rno$redse,r.

1ay

in

racr

be,

nprrcrica,:,

;r;:,"il,::,,,,il1:i,:::J;:,::,;jI",;,;:l#

rne

rndDstrjat

opemlon

L,,rt,t

U",lno,or"a,

or in

e\ce\.

or

su,

j

.^

i,r,ir.r",",l'""

"'t'chieve

80'

in

a'

hrrle

J'

250

d:r)..

6.

CONCLUSIONS

Herp

biuje

chinS

ot chrjcoc;te

ore\

r\

wide

'sn,rrcJn,

,ndu,rndt

a.pj;carion

or

oa".,.r'l

t'":l':.0

and

rhu'

bv

lrr

rhe

mo\r

p-..*

''

q,;r.

.o,prii.

;;1,,,;

:;:

"

'e

Arrhoush

ir

"ppea,'

\imnre.

,hF

,rhro

organ^m,.

ctu.re^

or

pon,,

t.,

ur.t ,r,"

,t"t' 'l

lhe

'rale\

ot

mineral

grarn..

""y,rrr,ia,"

n,,r:,r*q,,r;.ii,;,;i;';;,X;;**,\

auh,re.

rhich

can,n,e,J.,,n

modcr,ns

,,,or.

',.h

;,

il.:rit;.

;.

i;;'""'on

drone

and

requrre

a

comprehen'i,e

,n,enar

hr'

\houn,ha,

u;;l

;

.;,il:#

lh'

rorumn'ru'r)

on,)pi.

rr

o,c

he

dchievabh

,,,,n1

rr.,^

"',rr,,

"

i.*

r'"'rrlron'

hiSh

copper

e\rrucrn,n5

.hnurd

rd,r

,har

much

r.."

.,,,"",,,,,".,

,;:,ii'.,:l

,,

amb,cnr

remperarure.

rhe

d,lerm,qed

b)

,""

,,i,

,,.,.^

f;;,;

;J:"

reJri')

rn

in'ru'rrrdr

operar,,'n'

i.

u

rrhin

rhe

herp

due

ro

ro.";;;

;",,J;,'JT::ii

tinrihurion

re'pe(iJiv

or

J,

'd)

mL

obJi

.ri\,)

o..

-r,,,,'.,ir.'."r,,^fl..L-"iiii..iilL]:l,llll,,il.l?,"

5uPpl)

could

al\o

porenria

y

rerard mrcrobiz

concru\rtetl

denron\rri(eo

'

growrh' bur

lhi'

ha'

n"l

yet

been

L

{

nod(irng.

nudy

u.jng

lhc

Heapsim

root

hi.

\hu$n

thit

lhe.e

lw,,

e|leil'

Jve

an

overdtt

r.l,e

timilng


14/18

I

l11

PlillI{sIN

ANr) r,rrr )N

l-.nrb.ry

P

t997

Visi(

kr Zrtdiv

Cu,nnrc.

Otrr)ku,nN

Rese.el.

(ioo

tr tyrrrt t.

lntrrhri

Rqrorr

97003

GAL,Ti oub(uinpu.

Fintrnd.

30

Janu

y

(untubtishc{l)

Lawso.EN,NicholasCr,PetlatH.1995.Theroxiceliecrofchtand.onsanThiobttillust"r

btnLn\

l1

Jere/l.A.V

rtul

loledoH.Wirn/r\

rit. Rinhy.

romerrlrdrg(dtprc....ins.

prn.


15/18

Microbial

Processing

of Metal

Sulfides

edited by

Edgardo R. Donati

Unhtersity

of

h

Plata,

Arqentino

and.

Wolfgang Sand

Unbercity

ol Duisburq-Essen,

Cermany

A

Springer


16/18

A

(

I

l'

i

rLrl,,rrtr.

'r(o',1

r,tr

tltr\

ho.l

l\ ny.rilrh[. I'or' rl'

I ih

y.l

(itrr|'.s

ISBN

978-r-,1020-5538 r

(HB)

ISBN

978-l-.1020-5589 8

(e

btuk)

Published

by

Springer.

PO. Bo\

17.3300

AA

Doidre.hr.

The

Nerherl,nd\

PantJ,

h u.nl.lit.

rqt'

AII

Righrs

R.s$eed

O

2007

spri.ger

No

nrn

ol

this

work

mry

h.

rqmxl ..d,

srored

in

I

rctricvil \yie'n, orhn$nnled

nr rtry lnnn

or

hy ny ,nc trs.

clc.troni.. nrc.h nicrl, phonroDyin .

nri.nn,lrni.E_ r.co

irg

or.rlr.ruisc.

wirlroururilrcn

|trrirsi(D

li\rn rlr. Ptrhli\h0': wilh

rlr

cx.{rnrn

I ntry flr(cirl

nrl)dit,l sNcil]crlly

lnr

rl[

NryN

ol

hci']s.trlcml

xn,l.x..trl.n

otr

..nIUr.r

sy:r.nr. l(r .xrlNire

tr\. hy

rtrc tr(t'xs ol

ltr

q.rk

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

l'rcfuce

scclion

I

Fundamentals,

microorganisms

and mechanisms

I Microorganisms

involved in

bioleaching

and

nucleic acid

based

molecular

me.hods for their identitication and

quantificatio,

Arel

Schippex

2.

Mechanisms and

biochemical fundamentals

of

bacterial

metal

sulfide oxidation

Thorc

Roh||erder

dnd

wolfgang

Sand

l. Electrochemical

techniques used

to sludy bacterial-metal sulfides

interactions

in

acidic environments

D?nis. Retilaqua,

Heloisd A. Acciori,

Assis V. Benedetti

a|d

Oswaldo

Cd":ix Jr

.1.

Catalytic role

of

silver

and

other ions

on

the

mechanism

ofchemical and

biologicd

leachiDg

'77

Anto

h

Ballester, Marid Luisa Bld.qut.,

Felisa

Co

.tile.

x

.l

Jesns

A.

Iluiio.

5. Rccovcry

of

zinc. nickel.

cobah and

other

metals by biolcnchirg

103

llurisd Vietu,

Crinnu

Pogliot.

Elsd lo Do oti

6.

lliolcaching ol

nrcl.lh in

ncrtrrl Id

slighlly

rltrlitu

ctrvironnrcnt lzl

Al.kut

dRt Sklt\h\*a t

nl lttlru|n

Mt htk\$kn

t5

5,]

l\rrl rn

r

0Nll

Nrs


17/18

S.( lrtir

ll

lli(r.itrl(nsrrkl llkn'er|\

/. lli,,lc

chirrg

()l

sollidc

rriDcrxls

in

.oDliDuous

(iRd

t.uls

Lx)tittitttk lI(ttri

Ro ('

Mori

l]r

t:t:l

193

2t9

221

253

265

261

)t\'7

'lll

8.

Bi(rcactndcsigD fuldrnretrtals

nd

then application

10

gokl

mining l5l

Fer'ldndo At?wdo dn.l Judn

Catk,s G.tlti

a

9. Airlift reactors: characterization and rpplications

in

biohydrometallurgy

Alejondrd

Gtuve o, lnurd lntdll,

Patticia

Chidcchiari

i

atd

Edgatdo

Do xti

10.

Principles.

mechanisms

and dynamics of chalcocile heap

bioleaching

Jochen Petetse

0 d

Doti4 G. Di\o

Section lIl

-

Cenetics

and Molecular Biology

I

l.

The

use

of

bioinformatics and

genome

biology to

xdvance

our

under{:rnding ol

h

leJ(hinE mrcroorganism:

Raquel

Quatrin|

Jorse

Vdldes, EuRenia

Je(llicki

.t d

D.t|i.l

S.

Holules

12.

Protcomics

and

metaproteomics

applied to

biomintug

microorganisms

Ca

os A.

Jerc.

l3-

Cell

cell

communication

in

bacleria: A

r,m,,iritry

net|

aproach

to

inprcve

bioleachinq

ellicienq l

Susa,la Wllet.uela, Alwto Ro

deras,

Carh^

A.

kre. .i|d Ni.okts

Cuilia

i

Seclion

IV

Other Applications

14.

Biollolation

nnd

bioflocculrlion of relevoce

to

minerals

bioprocessing

K-

HdnDM

thn

Rao

u'td S.

Sub,dnrntiot

I5.

Hydrcgcn

snllidc

rcnn)val liom grseous

etfluents

.lo /

Mtit(lGtnN.

ol l)tr i,tlo Cankkj

t69

241

LIST

OF CONTRIBUTORS

ll(ft)isa

A. Acciari

Universidade

Esradual

paulisla,

Insliruto

de

eunnictl.

I).pfl1lrnento

de

Bioquimica e

Tecnologir

Quimica,

AJaraquara,Sp,

Brxzit.

l,rDando

Aceyedo

School

of Biochemical

Engineering.

ponlifical

Cathotic

I

rniveftity

of

Valparaiso.

Valparaiso.

Chile.

,\ntonio

Ballester Depanamenlo

de Ciencia

de

Matedales

e Inseniclir

Mcralirgica,

Facultad

de Ciencias

Quimicas,

UDiversidad Complutense

de

Madri(I.

\'hdrid.

Spain.

,\ssis

V. Benedetti

Universidade

Estaduai

paulista,

Instirulo

de

euimira.

I

).plr,rmento

de

Fisico,Quimica, Araraquara-Sp, Brazit.

Nlaria

Luisa

Bldzquez

Deparramento

de

Ciencia

de

Mareriales

e

hgenicrir

Nlclahrgica,

Facultad de

Ciencias

Quimicas.

Universidad

Complutense

de

Mndri(t,

i h.I

id.

Spain.

r\lvnroDanderas

Unit olBaclerial

Cell Communicalion.

Laboratorv

ofMotecutxr

\4i.

r,'hrolop)

and

Brorechnol,,g).

Depdnmenr

ot Brotopy.

Facutrj

ui

S.i

((,.

lrriveNity

of

Chile, Santiago,

Chile.

I)crise

Bevilaqua

UniveNidade

Estaduat

paulisla.

lnstiruto de

euirnica.

l).parl

nento

de Bioquimica

e

Tecnologia

euimic ,

Araraquara

Sp, Brazil

l)omingo

Cantero

Universidad

de

Ciidiz.

Crdiz,

Spain.

l'rtricia

Chiacchiarini

Faculiad

de

tngenieria.

Universidad

Nacionnt

dct

(

(nnrhue.

Neuquan,

Argenrina.

l)nvid

C.

Dixon

Department

of

Marerinls Engineclins.

University

of Bri(ish

1 i)lunrbia.

Vancouver

Cxn.dr

lr(l,anrdo

Donati

Cir)dcl'i

(CoNl(

lll tlNI-1,).

U[ivcrsidrd

Nlcxn

t

dc

r_r

Ptnri,

L

lrl

rx.

Ar8cnli

r.


18/18

r

r\l

ol

(r)Nll{lll(

lolrs

Os\rlkt('

(;rrruit

.Ir.

tJrriv.rsnltrd(

lsr

llnrl

l''ulin

'

lrrsriruro

dc

Quirnicx'

DcparrrllrcnrLr

dc

BnxlLrirnictr

c'lccnologi'

Qun

icr'

Arttrtqrrtrtu

SI'

Brtuil'

Juan

Crrlos

Gentina

School

of

Biochcrnicli

Etrgireerit)g

Pontilical

Crtholic

Univemity

of

valpataiso,

valparaiso,

Chil'

Alejandra

Giaveno

Faculiad

de

Ingenieria'

llnivcrsidad

Nacional

del

Comahue'

Neuqu6n,

Argenlinn.

Nicolas

Guiliani

Unit

of

Bacieri'tl

Ceu

Cornmuniadon

Laboratory

of

Molecular

Microbnrlogy

md

Biotechnologv

DeprimeDl

of

Biologv

Frcuhy

of

Sciences'

University

of

Chile.

Sanliago'

Chile'

Jose

Manuel

G6mez

Monles

de

Oca

Univenidad

de

Cddiz

Cadiz'

Spain'

tretisa

Gonzakz

Departamenio

de

Ciencia

de Malerialcs

e

Ingenieria

Melalirgic'r'

u,."uJ

u"

ao..o'

q.imicas.

Uniaersidad

Complutense

de

Madrid

Madrid'

Sprin.

I(.

Hanumantha

Rro

Division

of

Mineral

Processing'

Lulei

Universilv

of

Technology,

Lulei.

Sweden'

David

S.

Holmes

Center

of

Bioinformatics

anit

Genome

Biologv

Andr6s

Bello

U^t"-ui"tUaeul,

rna

Science

Foundation

ard

Millennium

IDstitute

of

Funda-

mental

md

Applied

Biologv,

Sanliago

Chilc'

Eugenia

Jedlicki

Progam

of Cellular

and

Molecuhr

Bi(nogv

I

C

B'M

Faculiv

of

Medicine.

Universily

ofchile

Sanliago

Chile

Carlos

A,

Jerez

Lrboralory

of

Molec'rlar

Microbiobgv

and

Biotechnologv'

,"p"n,r*rt

.f

gt","ty

faculiv

of Sciences

UuiveNitv

of

Chilc

Saniiago

Chile'

Laura

Laralle

Facultd

de

lngenieria,

Uriversidad

Nacional

del

Comahrc'

NeuqLEn.

Argentina.

Renata

Matlakowska

warsaw

Universiiy'

Facuhy

of Biology

warsaw'

Poland'

Do

inique

Henli

Roger

Morin

BRGM'

Orldans

France'

JesisA,Munoz

Depa

amenlo

dc

Ciemiade

Mrlcrialcs

e

tngcDicriir

Melalnrgicr'

i"J,"i

* ct",",""

O

nnicrs.

uoiv'tsidxd

corrflurctrsc

dc

Mt r

'

Midrid'

Sl

irr.

.lx,h(tr

l'rlrrsctr l)ct)xrlrtrlrlol( ln.Irr Ilin in..rin .tlnilcrsilyol(rt^-

li)wn.

(

\'isliDa

lhslinDi Cirxlcli

((

ONl(

li l

UNLP).

UnivcNidrd

Nlcn,ral

dc I-n

I'1.t..

Ir

l'hlr.

Ar' enliIl.

Rx(tutl

Qualrini

Center

of Bioirtbrmatics

and Genome

Biology.

Andr6s

Belk)

I

rvcrsily

([JNAB).

LiL

Science

Fdmdation

and Millennium Institute

of

IruDd

,,tr,,rr1

rtrl ,Applicd Bn)l()gy. Sanlirgo.

Chile.

lhorc liohwcrdcr

UniveNity of Duisburg-Essen,

Bioiilm Cenire, Aqr lic

lr

i'r..hnology.

DuisbuB. Gemany.

\\,nlsnng

Snnd

UDivcrsity ofDuisbnrg

Esscn,

Biofilm

Centre,

Aquatic

Biot.ch

,i,

(),rr.

I)uisburg.

Cermrny.

\\rl

S(hiDpcrs

Geonricrobiology.

Federal

Institute for

Geosciences and

Nrturl

ll.\irccs.

Hlnnover.

Gennany.

\l(.lsnrtdra

Sklodowska

WaNaw

Univeriiy, Faculty

of Biology,

warslw.

I

t\t

ot

(

')Nrxlll

r(n{s

s.

srbflrmanian

Dep nment

of

Meratlugy, Indian Inst

ute

of Scicncc.

l,rrlle

Vald6s

Center

of

Bioinformatics

and

Genome

Biology. Andrs

Bcllo

r,i,\drlry (UNAB),

Litt Scicn.c

l'oundation

and Millennium Institut.

ol

L,rliLr)clrxl

:rnd Applicd Bnrogy, S.rnliago. Chilc.

s"sxDn

Valcnzuela

Uoit

of Brcterial

Cell

Communicntion.

Lnboraiory ol

Nl,'ltall:r

Microbiology rnd Biolechoology.

Depafmenl

of

Biology, Facully ol

';,

x

rr..\.

tlDivcr ity

of

Chile. Santiago.

Chile.

rhri\x Virrn

Cindcli

(CONICET

UNLP).

Universidad Nacional

de

li

Plat.

Donat - leaching.pdf

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