Document Swan

Changing models of scholarly communication

and the geography of authorship

Changing models of scholarly communication

and the geography of authorship

Key Perspectives Ltd

Published sciencePublished science

Sources:

• ISI Science Citation Index

• United Nations population statistics

• World Bank economic indicators databases

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ISI Science Citation IndexISI Science Citation Index

• Peer-reviewed journals

• English language abstracts and keywords

• Authors from multiple countries

• So… certain national or regional journals are excluded

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Total database records (SCI)Total database records (SCI)

• 1983: 672,417

• 1993: 754,305

• 2003: 1,111,397

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‘Western’ science output‘Western’ science output

Publications from North America and Western Europe account for:

• 1983: 75% of total records

• 1993: 70% of total records

• 2003: 50% of total records

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Percentage of total papers 2003Percentage of total papers 2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30%

of

tota

l p

ap

ers

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North East Asia: papers published 2003

North East Asia: papers published 2003

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Num

ber

of

paper

s

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North East Asia: Number of papers published 1983/2003

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Nu

mb

er

of

pa

pe

rs

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North East Asia: % increase in papers published 1983-2003

North East Asia: % increase in papers published 1983-2003

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

% in

cre

as

e in

pa

pe

rs

19

83

-20

03

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Regions and subregions: % papers published 1983-1993-2003

Regions and subregions: % papers published 1983-1993-2003

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

% o

f to

tal p

ap

ers

198319932003

Growth in science output1983-2003

Growth in science output1983-2003

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

% increase in papers

published 1983-2003

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Focus on selected regions and countries

Focus on selected regions and countries

• Bolivia

• Costa Rica

• Cuba

• Nepal

• Pakistan

• Sri Lanka

• Vietnam

• Latin America

• South Asia

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Science output 1983-1993-2003Science output 1983-1993-2003

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Papers published: 1983; 1993;

2003

Growth in science output 1983-2003

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

% growth in papers

published 1983-2003

Bol

ivia

Cos

ta R

ica

Cub

a

Nep

al

Pak

ista

n

Sri

Lan

ka

Vie

tnam

Aus

tral

ia

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Science productivity per capitaScience productivity per capita

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Papers published per

100,000 people

Bol

ivia

Cos

ta R

ica

Cub

a

Nep

al

Pak

ista

n

Sri

Lan

ka

Vie

tnam

Aus

tral

ia

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Science productivity by GDPScience productivity by GDP

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Papers published per

per capita GDP

Bol

ivia

Cos

ta R

ica

Cub

a

Nep

al

Pak

ista

n

Sri

Lan

ka

Vie

tnam

Aus

tral

ia

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What is being published and whereWhat is being published and where

Bolivia Environmental Sciences (10%)

American Journal of Human Biology

Costa Rica Biology (23%) Revista de Biologia Tropical

Cuba Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Sci (13.4%)

Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science

Nepal Tropical medicine (9.4%) Journal of Nutrition

Pakistan Plant sciences (12.6%) Pakistan J. Botany

Sri Lanka Agronomy (8.1%) Current Science

Vietnam Condensed matter physics (13.5%)

Physica B – Condensed matter

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South Asia: Patterns of publishingSouth Asia: Patterns of publishing1983: Plant sciences (16%)

Medicine, general (8%)

Public health (6%)

Organic chemistry (4%)

Tropical medicine (4%)

1993: Plant sciences (13%)

Chemistry (10%)

Public health (6%)

Tropical medicine (5%)

Agronomy (5%)

2003: Plant sciences (10%)

Public health (5%)

Environmental sciences (5%)

Pharmacology & pharmacy (5%)

Chemistry (5%)

1983: Bangladesh J. Botany

Pakistan J. Botany

Lancet

BMJ

Hadronic Journal

1993: J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan

Bangladesh J. Botany

Pakistan J. Botany

Lancet

Acta Paediatrica

2003: Pakistan J. Botany

J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan

Bangladesh J. Botany

Natural Product Research

Lancet

Spanish-speaking Latin America: patterns of publishing

Spanish-speaking Latin America: patterns of publishing

1983: Medicine, general (28%)Biology (18%)Medicine, experimental (18%)Biochem & Molec. biology (5%)Pharmacology & pharmacy (3%)

1993: Urology & nephrology (6%)Biochem & molec biology (5%)Medicine, general (5%)Chemistry, physical (4%)Astronomy & astrophysics (4%)

2003: Biochem & molec biol (5%)Genetics & heredity (5%)Medicine, general (4%)Chemistry, physical (3%)Astronomy & astrophysics (3%)

Arch. Biologia & Medicina ExperimentalesActa Physiologica LatinoamericanaRevista Medica de ChileMedicina – Buenos AiresPrensa Medica Argentina

Kidney InternationalRevista Medica de ChileBloodArthritis & RheumatismMedicina – Buenos Aires

American J. Human GeneticsArthritis & RheumatismRevista Medica de ChileEuropean Heart JournalInvest. Ophthalmology & Visual Science

Spanish-speaking Latin America:origin and destiny of papers

Spanish-speaking Latin America:origin and destiny of papers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

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South Asia (less India): origin and destiny of papers 1983-2003

South Asia (less India): origin and destiny of papers 1983-2003

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% papers in S.Asian journals

Number of non S.Asian instns

% papers from non S.Asian instns

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The impact of science from the developing world

The impact of science from the developing world

• The amount of published science from the developing world is increasing

• What is required now is increasing visibility for that published science and better access to science from more developed countries

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Some specific initiatives to increase access to scientific information

Some specific initiatives to increase access to scientific information

• Programme for the Enhancement of Research information

• African Journals Online• HINARI• SciELo• Highwire Press• Freemedicaljournals.com• SciDev.net• Electronic Publishing Trust for

DevelopmentKey Perspectives Ltd

Factors that will increase both access and visibility

Factors that will increase both access and visibility

• The Internet

• Open access to the scholarly literature

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Open AccessOpen Access

There are 2 ways in which a scientist can provide open access:

• Publish in an open access journal where appropriate

• Self-archive papers (e-prints) in an open archive (an institutional or subject-based archive)

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Open access journalsOpen access journals

• Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) from Lund University:

• 1332 journals

• 60818 articles

• 328 journals now searchable at individual article level

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Institutional archive networkInstitutional archive network

Archive 1

Archive 2

Archive 3

Service Providers’ databases

User 1

User 2

User 3

Metadata harvested into

large databases

Users search and retrieve

articles

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Institutional archives:those containing e-prints worldwide

Institutional archives:those containing e-prints worldwide

• United States (58)• United Kingdom (33)• Canada (19)• Germany (15)• France (15)• Sweden (13)• Netherlands (12)• Italy (11)• Australia (9)• Denmark (5)• Hungary (4)• Brazil (4)• India (4)• China (4)• South Africa (3)

• Portugal (2)• Ireland (2)• Mexico (2)• Japan (2)• Austria (2)• Belgium (2)• Finland (1)• Colombia (1)• Slovenia (1)• Israel (1)• Peru (1)• Switzerland (1)• Croatia (1)• Norway (1)• Spain (1)

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ResourcesResources• List of resources about open

access in the handout, covering:– Open access journals (‘OA

publishing’)– Institutional archives (‘self-

archiving’)– Impact of open access research– Discussion forums on open

access

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