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Chapter 19.2China Limits European Contacts

Ming Dynasty1368-1644

• China becomes dominant power in Asia under Ming– 14th-17th Centuries

• Vassal State: States dependent and loyal to another more powerful state.– Common forms of payment: military

assistance and tribute payments– China expected Europeans to pay for contact

Rise of Ming• Hongwu drives out Mongols (1368)• Becomes first Ming ruler• Reforms agriculture

– Increases rice production– Improves irrigation techniques– Encourages commercial crops: fish, cotton, sugar cane

• Erases Mongol past, promotes China’s power• Encourages return to Confucian morals• Later becomes tyrant: paranoid of overthrow• Yonglo – son takes over

– Launches first voyages of exploration - before Euros– Reason: show off China’s power and expand tribute system

Zheng He• Admiral: Muslim and Mongol• Leads all voyages (under Yonglo)• Voyage characteristics

– Long distances– Large fleets (40-300)– Large ships (400 feet) for treasure– Distribution of gifts which increases tributes

• After 7th voyage, China withdraws into isolation

Ming and Foreign Nations• Only government conducted trade

– Three coastal ports: Canton, Macao, and Ningbo• Demand for Chinese products increase• China’s industrial woes:

– “Commerce” offended Confucian beliefs– Agriculture traditional economy

• Christianity– Missionaries accompany Euros– Matteo Ricci – Jesuit gains favor with Ming

introducing trigonometry, and astronomy

Ming Decline

• Decline due to:– Ineffective rulers– Corrupt officials– No money– High agricultural taxes and bad harvests =

starvation

Manchus

• Manchuria located northeast of Great Wall

• Manchus invade China and Ming collapses

• Manchus take Chinese name – Qing as their dynasty

• Kangxi first ruler• Rule for 260 years

– Expands borders: Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet

China Under Qing• Chinese resist rule of

Manchus– Manchus not Chinese

• Manchus uphold Confucian beliefs and gain respect

• Kangxi– Reduces gov. expenses,

lowers taxes– Patron of arts

• Qian-Long: grandson rules and increases China’s size and prosperity– Expands Euro

missionaries and merchants

Isolation Continues

• Chinese rules must be followed by Euros– Special ports and paying tributes

• Dutch pay tributes and accept rules– Become trading partners

• British refuse rules• China is self-sufficient and does not need

British

Korea under Manchu

• Vassal state of Manchus• Korea

– Govt. under Confucian principles– Adopt Chinese tech, culture, and isolation

policy• Manchu invasion and Japanese attack

prompt nationalism– Evident in art (Korean scenes)

Life in Ming and Qing• Agriculture under Qing

– Irrigation and fertilizer increases– Rice and new crops (corn and sweet

potatoes)– Food increase = population explosion

• Favored sons over daughters– Only sons perform religious rituals– Raise his family under parents’ roof– Females not valued – Many babies killed

• Female responsibilities:– Field work– Education of children– Family finances

Cultural Developments

• Based mainly on traditional forms

• Technique valued over creativity

• Drama popular– Helped unify society

(nationalism)