DJJ10013 - UPK PTSB - ptsb.edu.my

STUDENT'S POLYTECHNIC GUIDE BOOK

ENGINEERINGDRAWING VOL. 1

D J J 1 0 0 1 3

Notes And Practical Works

B Y S I T I A R F A H B I N T I A B D J A L I LM E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G D E P A R T M E N T

1 S T E D I T I O N

DJJ10013

ENGINEERING DRAWING

VOL. 1

STUDENT'S POLYTECHNIC GUIDE BOOK

SITI ARFAH B INTI ABD JALIL

E N G I N E E R I N G D R A W I N G

A l l r i g h t r e s e r v e . N o par t s o f t h i s p u b l i cat i o n may b e r e p r o d u c e o r

t ran s m i t t e d i n an y f o r m s o r an y m ean s , e l e c t r o n i c o r m e c han i ca l

i n c l u d i n g p h o t o c o p y , r e c o r d i n g o r an y i n f o r mat i o n s t o rag e an d

r e t r i e va l s y s t e m , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n i n w r i t i n g f r o m L i b rar y o f

P o l i t e k n i k T uan k u S u l tanah Bah i yah , K u l i m H i - T e c h Par k , 0 9 0 9 0 K u l i m ,

K e dah .

S I T I AR FAH B I N T I ABD JAL I L

L e c t u r e r

M e c han i ca l E n g i n e e r i n g D e par t m e n t

P o l i t e k n i k T uan k u S u l tanah Bah i yah

AUTHOR :

Copyright © 2021

ENGINEERING DRAWING | I

M e c han i ca l E n g i n e e r i n g D e par t m e n t

P o l i t e k n i k T uan k u S u l tanah Bah i yah

K u l i m H i - T e c h Par k ,

0 9 0 9 0 K u l i m ,

K e dah .

ar fah @ p t s b . e d u . m y

e I SBN 9 7 8 - 9 6 7 - 0 8 5 5 - 9 0 - 5

P R E F A C E

A l ham d u l i l lah t o A l lah S W T W i t h H i s g rac e an d m e r c y , t h e f i r s t e - b o o k

m o d u l e o f D J J 1 0 0 1 3 E n g i n e e r i n g D raw i n g has f i na l l y c o m p l e t e d . T han k

y o u t o m y fam i l y an d f r i e n d s e s p e c ia l l y P T SB e - b o o k t eam f o r b e i n g

s u p p o r t m e t o c o m p l e t e t h i s e - b o o k . I a l s o w o u l d l i k e t o t han k y o u t o m y

H ead o f M e c han i ca l E n g i n e e r i n g D e par t m e n t , E n . Az har B i n F i k r i f o r g i v i n g

t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y . As e d u cat o r , I f e e l t h e n e e d t o p r e par e a e - b o o k

m o d u l e t hat c o n s i s t o f n o t e s , s t e p b y s t e p p rac t i ca l w o r k s an d s o m e

e x e r c i s e s t hat can as s i s t t h e s t u d e n t i n t h e l ear n i n g p r o c e s s .

T h e c o n t e n t o f t h i s e - b o o k has b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d t o m e e t t h e

p o l y t e c h n i c ' s s y l lab u s r e q u i r e m e n t . S o m e c hap t e r c o n ta i n s i l l u s t rat i v e

s c r e e n s h o t s t o mat c h t h e ma i n p rac t i ca l w o r k , e n han c i n g s t u d e n t

c o m p r e h e n d i n g ab i l i t y . T h i s e - b o o k c o n ta i n s 5 c hap t e r s u c h as

I n t r o d u c t i o n T o T e c h n i ca l D raw i n g , G e o m e t r i ca l D raw i n g , O r t h o g rap h i c

P r o j e c t i o n an d I s o m e t r i c , G e o m e t r i c D i m e n s i o n i n g An d T o l e ran c e an d

S e c t i o na l V i e w .

An y p o s i t i v e f e e d bac k f r o m l e c t u r e r an d s t u d e n t ar e m o s t l y

w e l c o m e an d ap p r e c iat e d . H o p e f u l l y t h i s e - b o o k m o d u l e i s o n e o f t h e s t e p

t hat s tar t t h e l o n g j o u r n e y o f r oad t o e x c e l l e n t .

ENGINEERING DRAWING | I I

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

ENGINEERING DRAWING | I I I

D E C LARAT I O N

P R E FAC E

DECLARATIONTABL E O F C O N T E N T

C HAP T E R 1 : I N T R O D U C T I O N T O

T E C H N I CAL D RAW I N G

C HAP T E R 2 : G E O M E T R I CAL

D RAW I N G

C HAP T E R 3 : O R T H O G RAP H I C

P R O J E C T I O N & I S O M E T R I C

C HAP T E R 4 : G E O M E T R I CAL

D I M E N S I O N I N G & T O L E RAN C E

C HAP T E R 5 : S E C T I O NAL V I E W

I

II

III

1

35

63

110

133

Purpose and types of technical drawings

Engineering drawings instruments and their uses.

Basic mechanical drawing symbols.

Dimensioning symbols according to technical drawing

standard.

Learning Outcomes

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO

TECHNICAL

DRAWING

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING | I

1.1 PURPOSE OF TECHNICAL

DRAWING

INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL DRAWING | 2

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of engineering

drawings is to communicate to other

engineers, machinists, etc.

1.1.2 CATEGORIES OF

ENGINEERING DRAWING

1.1.1 MAIN PURPOSE OF

ENGINEERING DRAWING

Geometrical Drawing

Mechanical Drawing

Civil Engineering Drawing

Electrical Drawing


1.1.3 DRAWING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Drawing board and drawing table

A drawing board or drawing table with its working surface upward.

The top surface of the board is perfectly smooth and level.

A drawing board is rectangular in shape and is made of well seasoned soft wood such

as oak or pine or other is made from plastic. A straight ebony edge is fitted on the left

side on the board against which the head of the T- square moves.

Figure 1.1 Drawing board

Figure 1.2 Drawing table


T-Square

Compass

It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed rigidly at right angle to a shorter piece called head or stock.

The head also has an ebony edge which slides against the working edge of the board. T- Square is used for making

horizontal, vertical, inclined or parallel lines on the drawing sheet..

Figure 1.3 T - Square

Figure 1.4 Compass

A compass set usually contains a drawing compass and a

divider compass. There are also other accessories which

can be use with them.


Set Square

Drawing Pencil

Eraser

Figure 1.5 Set square

Set-squares are made of transparent plastic and are available in the shape of triangles,

having a French curve or simply a gap cut in the body. These are used for drawing short

straight lines, measuring and drawing certain angles. A good combination of set-squares is 30

degree x 60 degree set square with a long edge of 250 mm and a 45 degree set squares

with each edge of 200 mm.

Hard - use for construction and technical drawing

Medium - use for general use for technical drawing. the harder grades

are for instrument drawings and the softer is for sketching.

Soft - use for technical sketching and artwork but are too soft for

instrument drawing.

Figure 1.6 Drawing pencil and Erase r

An object typically a piece of soft rubber or

plastic, used to clean dirt of something written


French Curve & Flexible French Curve

Erasing Shield

In addition to French curve, the flexible curve as show in Figure 1.7 may also be use to draw

curve. It is made of flexible plastic material with lead backbone.

Figure 1.7 French curve and flexible curve

Figure 1.8 Erasing shield

A thin plate with holes usually of several sizes use to confine an erasure to a limited area.


Drafting tape

Drawing paper

Drafting tape is to help in keeping the paper well positioned. Leaving no residue behind.

Figure 1.9 Drafting tape

Figure 1.10 Standard drawing paper sizes

A paper specially prepared for the use of drawers such as draftsmen or

sketchers.


There are different types of pencils used in drawing. Usually, the hard medium and soft lead

pencils are graded as shown in Figure 1.1

1.1.4 TYPES OF PENCILS

Figure 1.1 1 Wooden pencil grades


Lettering in engineering drawing is used to document a drawing. Lettering must be done

without the use of ruler. Continuous practice in lettering will help produce nice and uniform

writing. There are two types of lettering method in engineering drawing, the standard upright

letters and the standard incline letter.

1.1.5 LETTERING AND NUMBERS

1.12 Standard upright letter and Standard incline letters


Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called full sized drawing.

It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its actual size. e.g. Buildings,

Heavy machines, machines, Bridges, Bridges, Watches, Watches, Electronic Electronic devices

devices etc.

Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at :

Definition

A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing

to the actual dimensions of the same.

Necessity

Full size

Reduced size

Enlarged size

1.1.6 SCALE

Types of Scale

•Engineers Scale : The relation between the dimension on the drawing and the actual dimension

of the object is mentioned numerically (like 10 mm = 15 m).

•Graphical Scale: Scale is drawn on the drawing itself. This takes care of the shrinkage of the

engineer’s scale when the drawing becomes old.

Recommended Scales

Intermediate scales can be used in exceptional cases where recommended scales can

not be applied for functional reasons.


1.2 TYPES OF SYMBOLS IN ENGINEERING DRAWING

WELDING SYMBOLPIPING SYMBOL MACHINE SYMBOL


1.2.1 WELDINGSYMBOLS

A weld is specified with a welding symbol and is

completed by the welder using the specified

process.


Figure 1.2.1 (b) The five basic weld joints

are the butt, lap, T, edge, and corner

weld joints.

Figure 1.2.1 (a) Object dimensions and welding symbols on a

print convey fabrication information to the welder.


Figure 1.2.1 (c) Groove welds are classified by the edge shape

of the�joint members.

Figure 1.2.1(d) Fillet welds are triangular in cross-sectional shape.

They transfer loads to joint members positioned at 90° to one

another.


Figure 1.2.1(e) Welding symbols provide standardized information regarding

welding and examination requirements.


Figure 1.2.1(f) The arrow of the welding symbol points to the location of the weld

specified.

Figure 1.2.1(g) The reference line divides the welding symbol

into the arrow side and the other side.


Figure 1.2.1(h) Weld symbols on the welding symbol indicate the type of weld

required.

Figure 1.2.1(i) Dimensions included in the welding

symbol specify weld�size and location

requirements.


Figure 1.2.1(j) Information in the tail of the welding symbol pertains to

weld specification, weld process, or other reference.


Figure 1.2.1(k)Supplementary symbols provide additional

information regarding the weld required.


1.2.2 PIPING

SYMBOLS


1Figure .2.2(a) Standard piping symbols


1Figure .2.2(b) Standard piping symbols


Figure 1.2.2 (c) Example of pipng symbols drawing


1.2.3 MACHINE

SYMBOL


Figure 1.2.3(a) Standard machine symbols


Figure 1.2.3(b) Standard machine symbols


Figure 1.2.3 (c) Example of machine symbols drawing


1.3 DIMENSIONING

SYMBOL


Figure 1.3.1 Example of dimensioning symbols drawing


Figure 1.3.2 Types of dimensioning symbols drawing


TUTORIAL

CHAPTER 1


Tutorial 1

1.1 Differentiates between Engineering drawing, and illustration.

1.2 Describe the characteristic and function of drawing equipment and material below.

i. T – Square.

i. Set Squares

iii. French curve

1.3 What is differentiating between geometrical drawing and mechanical drawing?

1.4 The part that doesn’t belong to T-square is __________

a) Working edge b) Blade c) Stock d) Ebony

1.5 The angle which we can’t make using a single Set-square is ________

a) 45o b) 60o c) 30o d) 75o

1.6 Which is not the use of divider?

a) To divide curved or straight lines into the desired number of equal parts

b) To draw circles

c) To transfer dimensions from one part of the drawing to another part

d) To set-off given distances from the scale to the drawing

1.7 _________ is used to draw curves which are not circular.

a) Compass b) Protractor c) French curves d) Pro circle

1.8 The Grade becomes ______ according to the figure placed in front of the letter B, 2B, 3B, 4B etc.

a) harder b) lighter c) darker d) softer


Exercise 2

2.1 With Figure 1.3.3 as the guide, draw an alphabet lettering and number using equipment such

as the T-square, set squares, and pencil on drawing paper (A2/A3)

Figure 1.3.3


C HAP T E R 2

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING

Learning Outcome

Basic geometrical drawing

Construct basic geometrical drawing.

- Different types of line and thickness.

- Types and the rules for lettering use on technical drawing.

- Title block according to standard required.

- Divide angle by using technical engineering drawing instruments.

- Geometrical shape using various methods.

GEOMETRICAL DRAWING | 35

In learning about geometry, graphic elements play a significant

role in producing a drawing. Graphic elements consist of point, line

and plane.

BASIC GEOMETRICALDRAWING


2.1 TYPES OF LINE AND THICKNESS

F i g u r e 2 . 1 D i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f l i n e s a n d t h e i r s t y l e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d


2.1.1 USES OF DIFFERENT OF LINES IN

ENGINEERING DRAWING

F i g u r e 2 . 2 S e v e r a l a l p h a b e t s o f l i n e s i n a n

e n g i n e e r i n g d r a w i n g


2.1.2 TYPES AND THE RULES FOR

LETTERING USE ON TECHNICAL

DRAWING S I N G L E S T R O K E L E T T E R I N G T E C H N I Q U E

U S I N G G U I D E L I N E S

Figure 2.3 Letters written in a series of single

stroke

Guide line are used to set the height of the

letters. Use the 2H pencil grade to draw the

guide lines. There is no need to erase the guide

lines after the lettering is done.

Figure 2.4 Lettering technique using guide lines


2.2 TITLE BLOCK

Figure 2.4 Sample title block according to standard required

The title block of a drawing, usually located on the bottom or lower right hand corner, contains all

the information necessary to identify the drawing and to verify its validity. A title block is divided

into several areas.

On of the areas normally found within the title block are the drawing title, the drawing number,

and lists the location, the site, or the vendor.

The drawing title and the drawing number are used for identification and filing purposes. Usually

the number is unique to the drawing and is comprised of a code that contains information about

the drawing such as the site, system, and type of drawing. The drawing number may also contain

information such as the sheet number, if the drawing is part of a series, or it may contain the

revision level. Drawings are usually filed by their drawing number because the drawing title may

be common to several prints or series of prints.


2.2.1 LINE CONSTRUCTION

i. Given a straight-line AB

ii. More than half the length of the line AB as radius draw arcs to intersect on both sides of the

line at C and D.

iii. Draw line CD

2.2.1 (a) Constructing a perpendicular line

2.2.1 (b) Constructing of parallel line

i. Draw One line AB

ii. From any two points on the line AB, two arcs with the same radius are drawn.

iii. After that a line of CDs in contact with the two arcs is drawn.

iv. Finally AB and CD are two parallel lines


2.2.1(c)Line division

i. Draw line AB

ii. Centered at A, construct arcs C and D

iii. Centered at B construct arcs as in A

iv. The line CD bisect the line AB at E

D

C

E

2.2.1(d) Drawing a line into several equal parts

i. Given the line AB

ii. From point A, draw a line incline to AB. Mark five equal parts on the line

iii. Draw a line from point 5 to B

iv. Draw lines parallel to 5B through the points 1,2,3,and 4. Mark the points on the line AB.


2.2.2 ANGLES

Two intersecting lines will form an angle. A circle includes 360° of angle while a line is at 180° angle. The

angle value is noted in degree and labelled with symbol °. Types of angle are shown in Figure 2.2.1(a)

F i g u r e 2 . 2 . 2 ( a ) T y p e s o f a n g l e s


2.2.3 CONSTRUCT AND DEVIDING

ANGLES

A ) C O N S T R U C T I N G A 6 0 ° A N G L E

B ) B I S E C T I N G A N A N G L E

Figure 2..2.3(a) Steps in constructing a 60 degree angle

Figure 2.2.3(b) Steps in constructing bisecting an angle


C ) C O N S T R U C T I N G A 9 0 ° A N G L E

(i) Take any ray OA.

(ii) With O as centre and any convenient radius, draw an arc cutting OA at B.

(iii) With B as centre and the same radius, draw a cutting the first arc at C.

(iv) With C as centre and the same radius, cut off an arc cutting again the first arc at D.

(v) With C and D as centre and radius of more than half of CD, draw two arcs cutting each

other at E, join OE.

Figure 2.2.3(c) Steps in constructing 90 degree angle


Exercise 1

Answer All Questions.

1. 1 With Figure 1 as the guide, draw border lines and title block using equipment such as the T-

square, set squares, and pencil on an A2 paper according to the measurement shown.

Figure 1

2. By using drawing paper, draw four patterns in a circle as shown in Figure 1.1 by using the tools of

compasses, angles T, angles triangle.


2.2.4 GEOMETRICAL SHAPE USING

VARIOUS METHOD

C I R C L E

T R I A N G L E

S Q UAR E

P O L Y G O N

E L L I P S E


2.2.4(i) Circle

a) Constructing a circle or an arc given three points

i) Given 3 points, A, B and C

ii) Draw lines AB and BC

iii) Bisect sides AB and BC as to intersect at O

iv) Centered at O, construct a circle or arc with

radius OA through A, B and C

b) Constructing an Inscribe circle of a triangle

i) Bisect the angle BAC

ii) Bisect the angle BCA intersecting at O

iii) Construct perpendicular line from O

to BC intersecting at M. Draw a circle with radius OM.

Figure 2.2.4(a) Steps in constructing

a circle or an arc given three points

Figure 2.2.4(b) Steps in constructing

an Inscribe circle of a triangle


c) Constructing a circumscriber circle of a triangle

i) Given triangle ABC

ii) Bisect the side AC

iii) Bisect the side of BC intersect at O

iv) Centered at O, construct circle through

A, B and C

d) Constructing an external circle of a triangle

i) Given triangle ABC

ii) Extend the sides AB and AC

iii) Bisect the angles B and C as to intersect at O

iv) Draw perpendicular line from O to AB

Intersecting at R

Figure 2.2.4(c) Circumscribe circle of triangle

Figure 2.2.4(d) An external circle of triangle


2.2.4(ii) Triangle

a) Construct a triangle given a side

i) Given the side a, b and c

ii) Draw the side of a. On the

Point P, Draw an arc with side b

iii) Construct an arc from Q

iv) Draw the lines PR and QR.

b) Constructing a triangle given two side and an angles

i) Given two side a and b and and angle

ii) Draw sides a and construct the angle

iii) Construct an arc with side b from P

iv) Draw the lines PC and QC

Figure 2.2.4(e) steps constructing

a triangle

Figure 2.2.4(f) steps constructing

a triangle given two side and an angles


c) Constructing a triangle given two base angles

i) Given the base a and base angles x° and y°

ii) Draw side a and construct angle x°

iii) Construct angle y° as to intersect at R

iv) Draw the lines PR and QR

d) Constructing a triangle given the base height and an angle

i) Draw side x

ii) Draw arcs with the radius s intersecting at

point M and N

iii) Draw the line MN. MN is parallel to AB

iv) From A, construct angle O° as to intersect at C

v) Draw the line BC

Figure 2.2.4(g) Steps constructing

a triangle given two base angles

Figure 2.2.4(h) Steps in

Constructing a triangle given the

base height and an angle


2.2.4(iii) Square

a) Constructing a square given a side

i) Draw a side

ii) Construct a perpendicular line at A

iii) Construct arcs with side at A and B as to

intersect at D

iv) Draw the square ABCD

b) Constructing a square given the diagonal

i) Given the diagonal line PR

ii) Bisect the line so as intersect at T

iii) Centred at T, construct a circle intersecting at P and R

iv) Draw the square PQRS

Figure 2.2.4(i) A square given

a side

Figure 2.2.4(j) A square given the

diagonal


c) Constructing a rectangle given the diagonal

i) Draw the diagonal line PR

ii) Bisect PR so as to insect at T

iii) Centred at T, construct a circle with radius TP.

iv) Centred at P and R, construct arcs with a side and

intersecting at Q and S

v) Draw rectangle PQRS

d) Constructing a parallelogram given two adjacent sides and included angle

i) Draw sides a and angle x° on Q

ii) Centred at P and Q, construct an arc with side a

iii) Centred at R, construct an arc with side a

intersecting at S X°

iv) Draw parallelogram PQRS

Figure 2.2.4(k) A rectangle given the diagonal

Figure 2.2.4(l) A parallelogram


2.2.4(iv) Polygon

Pentagon

Constructing a regular pentagon given a side length

i. Given side AE

ii. Draw side AE and bisect it.

iii. Draw a 45° angle and label it 4; and 60° angle with the label 6

iv. Bisect the distance between 4 and 6 and label it 5

v. Centred at 5, construct a circle through A and E and intersecting the bisector at

centred at A and E construct an arc with a side of AE intersecting at B and D

vi. Draw the pentagon ABCDE.

Figure 2.2.4(m) A pentagon


Hexagon

Constructing a regular hexagon given a side

i. Given a side

ii. Construct an arc with side a intersecting at O. Centered at O, draw a circle with radius a.

iii. Starting from B draw arcs with side a as to intersect at C,D,E and F.

iv. Connect the points on the circumference to obtain the hexagonal shape.

Constructing a regular hexagon given distance across corner

i. Given the distance across corner a

ii. Draw the distance across corners a and bisect it

iii. Centered at O, construct a circle through A and B. Construct arc with radius

AO intersecting at C, D, E and F

iv. Draw hexagon ABCDEF

Figure 2.2.4(n) A hexagon given a side

Figure 2.2.3(o) A hexagon given a distance across corner


Octagon

Construct a regular octagon given a circum circle

i. Given a circle with diameter a

ii. Draw a circle with diameter a. draw perpendicular lines at O

iii. Divide each quarter into two equal parts, forming eight equal parts.

iv. Draw the regular octagon ABCDEFG

Construct a regular octagon given a square

i. Given a square with side

ii. Draw the square ABCD. Draw diagonal lines AC and BD intersecting at M

Centered at A, B C, and D, construct arcs through M intersecting at P,Q,R,S,T,U,V and W.

iii. Draw the regular octagon PQRSTUVW

Figure 2.2.4(p) Octagon given a circumcircle

Figure 2.2.4(q) Octagon given a square

IGEOMETRICAL DRAWING | 56

2.2.3(v) Ellipse

Figure 2.2.3(r) Constructing an ellipse using concentric circle method

i. Draw two circles around the major and minor axis

ii. Divide into 12 equal parts 30° and 60° of set square

iii. Draw the horizontal line from the minor circle and vertical line from the major circle

iv. The intersection points between horizontal and vertical lines are points of an ellipse.

v. Connect the intersection points using a French curve or a flexible curve.

Figure 2.2.4(s) Constructing a parabola using the rectangle method

i. Divide the sides of the rectangle into a number of equal points as shown.

ii. Join the points on the side of the parabola to V (vertex) as shown.

iii. Project lines parallel to the axis from the points on the bottom of the curve.


CHAPTER 2


TUTORIAL

Tutorial 1


a. Construct a triangle given AB =

70mm, AC = 60mm and BAC 60°.

b. Construct a square given AB = 50mm

c. Construct a rectangle given a diagonal

PR = 60mm and side PQ = 25mm.

d. Construct a circumscribed circle of

triangle given AB = 50mm, BC = 48mm

and AC = 70mm.

e. Construct a inscribed circle of

triangle given ABC = 45mm.


f. Draw an ellipse using concentric circle method given d1 = 70mm and d2 = 100mm

g. Draw a parabola using the rectangle method based on figure below :


Tutorial 2

POLYGONS & ELLIPSE

Answer the question below.

2.1 Draw a regular pentagon given a side 70mm.

2.2 Draw a regular hexagon given a side 50mm

2.3 Draw a regular octagon given a square with side 60mm.


2.5 .A hand tool as shown below is broken. You are given the task of redrawing its design so it can

be handed to the machinist for repair. Include important information in your drawing.

Use the suitable various methods for geometric shape.

2.4 You have just installed a satellite television in your home. The satellite television dish is

parabolic in shape. Show your friends how you would draw the parabolic dish based on the

rectangle shown in Figure below.


CHAPTER 3 :

ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTION AND

ISOMETRIC

Learning Outcomes

Explain an orthographic projection

Types of orthographic projection

Construct an orthographic projection drawing according to

standard required

Explain an isometric drawing

Construct an isometric drawing according to standard

required

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND ISOMETRIC | 63

3.1 Concept and symbols of

Orthographic Projection

A method to show real shape of an object on a certain planed a little bit of body text

Every plane is perpendicular to each other

Projection Plane - plane where the object were projected

View Direction – Viewer location from the object

Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional (3D)

object in two dimensions (2D).

Plan / top view

Side ViewFront View


3.2 Types of orthographic Projection

First Angle

Third Angle


Orthographic Projection

If surface of the object are projected onto the surface of the glass

box, then a projection drawing as shown in figure 3.1 . If four glasses

boxes are arranged next to each other, four quadrants are created.

Figure 3.1


Orthographic Views

The three views when an object is projected onto the vertical , horizontal and

additional vertical planes at first and third angle projections.

Figure 3.2


Projection Symbols

These symbols are cone and circle in shapes and are usually placed

at the bottom right end of a drawing paper

Figure 3.3


Figure 3.4 Different between 1st angle and 3rd angle of

orthographic projection


Object Features

Edges are lines that represent the boundary between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or more edges.

Figure 3.5


Object Features

Surfaces - are areas that are bounded by edges or limiting element.Limiting - is a line that represents the last visibleElement - part of the curve surface.

Figure 3.6


PROJECTION OF OBJECT

The views are obtained by projecting all object features to the picture plane.

Figure 3.7


TECHNIQUES FORSPACING OUTDRAWING

Selection of the front viewSelection of the adjacent view Method to space out drawing

Things to consider :


Select a Front View

The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a width.

Figure 3.8


Select a Front View

The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a width.

Choose the view that have the fewest number of hidden lines.

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9


Select an Adjacent View

Choose the minimum number of views that can represent the major features of the object.

Figure 3.10


Select an Adjacent View

Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.Figure 3.11


Method to space out drawing

Before starting the orthographic drawing the drawing space must be divided by determining the space for front, adjacent and plan view The space can be divided as follows: (Figure 3.12)


Figure 3.12 Space out drawing formula

Figure 3.13 Views on drawing paper


The drawing space is divided into four quarters (one quarter-45 degrees line –reflection reference) (figure 3.14)The visible lines are drawn 10 mm from the dividing lines


Figure 3.14



Used as guide lines to produce the drawing Projected from one edge to another in the

Drawn at a length more than the edge of an objectIntersections of this line will produce sides of an object

• Projection lines

other view

Figure 3.15 Projection line in orthographic projection drawing


Line Types Used in an Orthographic

Projection

continuous

hidden

center

phantom

Dimension and Extension lines

There are five commonly used line types;

Some lines are more important than others. Importance is indicated by line weight or thickness.

The thicker the line, the more important it is.

Figure 3.16 lines in orthographics projection


WRITING STEPS

1. Select the necessary views

2. Layout the views.

3. Project the views.

4. Dimension the views.


3.2 How to construct an orthographicprojection

Choose a front view1.

2. We need two basic view Front and Plan (Top) to draw orthographic projection.

Figure 3.17 Drawing views setting


3. First draw the Front view with projection lines the next is Top view (Plan)

Figure 3.18 Front view drawing

Figure 3.19 Top view drawing


4. Draw a 45 degree projector off the front view.

5. Project over from the top (Plan) view and down.

Figure 3.20 Front and top view drawing with 45 degree line


5. Draw the right side view.

6. Project back from right side view if

needed. (we don't in this case)

Figure 3.21 Right side view projection

Figure 3.22 Right side view with hidden line


7. Add center line

8. Complete the orthographic

projection drawing with

dimension

Figure 3.23 Complete orthographic

projection


Exercise 1

1 Using first degree projection, project the top, front view seen from the direction of B and side

view seen from the direction of A of a bracket shown in Figure A

1.

Figure A

1.2 Using third degree projection, project the top, front view seen from the direction of A and

side view seen from the direction of B of a lever shown in Figure B

All hidden items must be shown.

Figure B


Answer

11.

1.2


3 Using first degree projection, project the top, front view seen from the direction of B and

side view seen from the direction of A of a block shown in Figure C.

1.

1.4 . Using third degree projection, project the top, front view seen from the direction of A and

side view seen from the direction of B of a guide block shown in Figure D

All hidden items must be shown.

Figure C

Figure D


3.3 ISOMETRIC

DRAWING A method for visually representing three-dimensional

objects with width, height and depth measurement in

technical and engineering drawings.


Different Orthographic projection and

Isometric view

Isometric Drawing

The representation of the object in figure 3.25 is called an isometric drawing. This is one of a

family of three-dimensional views called pictorial drawings. In an isometric drawing, the object's

vertical lines are drawn vertically, and the horizontal lines in the width and depth planes are

shown at 30 degrees to the horizontal. When drawn under these guidelines, the lines parallel to

these three axes are at their true (scale) lengths. Lines that are not parallel to these axes will

not be of their true length.

Figure 3.24 An isometric drawing

If the isometric drawing can show all details and all dimensions on one drawing, it is ideal.

However, if the object in figure 3.25 had a hole on the back side, it would not be visible using a

single isometric drawing. In order to get a more complete view of the object, an

orthographic projection may be used.


Orthographic or Multiview Drawing

Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box, as in figure

3.26.

Figure 3.25 The block suspended in a glass box

Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box

(figure 3.27) and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview"

drawing.

Figure 3.26 The creation of an orthographic multiview drawing


Figure 3.27 shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the box.

Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to describe

the object fully. For example, some objects need only two views, while others need four.

The circular object in figure 3.29 requires only two views.

Figure 3.28 An object needing only two orthogonal views


3.4 Construct an isometric drawing

according to standard required

The example below Figure 3.29 has been drawn with a 30 degree set square. Designs are always

drawn at 30 degree in isometric projection. It is vital that drawing equipment such as T - square

and 30/60 set square are use carefully.

Figure 3.29 How to draw an Isometric axis

Isometric Axes : The lines AB, AD and AE meeting at a point A and making an angle of 120° with

each other are termed ‘isometric axes’.

Isometric Lines:The lines parallel to the isometric axes are termed isometric lines. The lines CD, CB

etc are examples of isometric lines.

Non-isometric Lines:The lines which are not parallel to isometric axes are termed non- isometric

lines. The BD is an example.

Isometric Planes: The planes representing the faces of the rectangular prism as well as other

planes parallel to these planes are termed isometric planes.

Isometric scale: Isometric projection is drawn using isometric scale, which converts true lengths

into isometric lengths (foreshortened).

Figure 3.30 An Isometric axis


3.41 Box Method

The isometric projection of solids like cube, square and rectangular prisms are drawn directly

when their edges are parallel to the three isometric axes. The isometric projection of all other

types of prisms and cylinders are drawn by enclosing them in a rectangular box. This method is

called Box method.

Example :

Make an Isometric Drawing with corner A at the bottom.

Figure 3.31 Example of orthographic drawing


Solution :

Step 1

Draw a box into which the object will just

fit (Height, Depth and Width)

Step 2

Construct basic shape of object within

the box

Step 3

Add the central block

Step 4

Line the view with object line. But don't

erase the construction line.


3.42 Construction of isometric circle

using four centre method

An isometric circle drawn using the four centre method is shown in Figure 3.32. The sides of the

isometric quadrangles are diameter of the circle.

Figure 3.32

�Locate the center of an ellipse �

Construct an isometric square �

Construct a perpendicular bisector from each tangent point �

Locate the four centres �

Draw the arcs with these centers and tangent to isometric square


3.43 Example of an isometric drawing

Figure 3.33 Object has only normal surface

Figure 3.34 Object has incline surface


Figure 3.34Object has incline surface


Example 1

Construct isometric drawing based on the given directional pointer A below : 1.

Answer A

A ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND ISOMETRIC | 101

Example 2

Answer

A

A


Example 3

Answer

A

20


TUTORIAL

CHAPTER 3


TUTORIAL 1

1 Construct an isometric drawing, complete with dimensions, of one of the parts shown and

based on the given directional pointer A below.

a) b)

c) d)

A


TUTORIAL 2


ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

Answer all questions.

1. Draw three views of the following components in figure 1 with third angle projection. Show

hidden detail where necessary and fully dimensions your drawing. (mm)

ISOMETRIC DRAWING

2. Construct isometric drawing in figure 2 based on the given directional pointer O below with

scale 2 : 1. All dimensions are in mm. Show hidden detail where necessary and fully dimensions

on your drawing.

Answer

2.


1.

a) Front view (from X)

b) Top View

c) Side View

3 The pictorial of a mechanics part is given I the figure. Draw the following views :

4. Draw the isometric view of the given views.


5. Construct isometric drawings based on the given front and top directional views below. Use

point A as a guide.

A A

A

A A A

A A


CHAPTER 4

GEOMETRICGEOMETRICDIMENSIONING ANDDIMENSIONING AND

TOLERANCETOLERANCE

Geometric dimensioning fortechnical drawingThe tolerance for technicaldrawing

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING TOLERANCE| 110

Before an object can be built, complete information about both the size and shape of

the object must be available. The exact shape of an object is communicated through

orthographic drawings, which are developed following standard drawing practices. The

process of adding size information to a drawing is known as dimensioning the drawing.

Geometrics is the science of specifying and tolerancing the shapes and locations of

features on objects. Once the shape of a part is defined with an orthographic

drawings, the size information is added also in the form of dimensions. �

Dimensioning a drawing also identifies the tolerance (or accuracy) required for each

dimension.

�If a part is dimensioned properly, then the intent of the designer is clear to both the

person making the part and the inspector checking the part. �

A fully defined part has three elements: graphics, dimensions, and words (notes).

DIMENSIONING


SIZE AND LOCATION DIMENSIONS

A well dimensioned part will communicate the size and location requirements for

each feature. Communications is the fundamental purpose of dimensions.

� Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria:

� Basic size and locations of the features.

Details of a part's construction and for manufacturing.

UNIT OF MEASURE

� On a drawing used in American industry, all dimensions are in inches, unless otherwise

� Most countries outside of the United States use the metric system of measure, or the i

�The SI system is being used more in the United States because of global trade and

Occasionally, a company will used dual dimensioning, that is, both metric and English

measurements on a drawing. �

Angular dimensions are shown either in decimal degrees or in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

stated.

international system of units (SI), which is based on the meter.

multinational company affiliations.

Figure 4.1 Example unit of measure


TERMINOLOGY

Dimension is the numerical value that defines the size or geometric characteristic of a

feature.

�Basic dimension is the numerical value defining the theoretically exact size of a feature.

�Reference dimension is the numerical value enclosed in parentheses provided for

information only and is not used in the fabrication of the part.

Dimension line is the thin solid line which shows the extent and direction of a dimension. �

Arrows are placed at the ends of dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension. �

Extension line is the thin solid line perpendicular to a dimension line indicating which feature is

associated with the dimension.

Leader line is the thin solid line used to indicate the feature with which a dimension, note, or

symbol is associated. �

Tolerance is the amount a particular dimension is allowed to vary. �

Plus and minus dimensioning is the allowable positive and negative variance from the

dimension specified

Diameter symbol is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating that the

associated dimension shows the diameter of a circle. The symbol used is the Greek letter phi. �

Radius symbol is the symbol which is placed preceding a numerical value indicating that the

associated dimension shows the radius of a circle. The radius symbol used is the capital letter

R.

Datum is the theoretically exact point used as a reference for tabular dimensioning.


TERMINOLOGY

Figure 4.2 Example drawing 1


BASIC CONCEPT

�Dimensions are used to describe the size and location of features on parts for manufacture.

The basic criterion is, "What information is necessary to make the object?" Dimensions should

not be excessive, either through duplication or dimensioning a feature more than one way.

Size dimension might be the overall width of the part or the diameter of a drilled hole. �

Location dimension might be length from the edge of the object to the center of the drilled

hole

�Size dimensions �:

Location and Orientation � :

Horizontal �

Vertical �

Diameter �

Radius �

Horizontal �

Vertical �

Angle

Figure 4.3 Size and location of dimensioning


Rectangular coordinate dimensioning, a base line (or datum line) is established for each

coordinate direction, and all dimensions specified with respect to these baselines. This is

also known as datum dimensioning, or baseline dimensioning.

All dimensions are calculated as X and Y distances from an origin point, usually placed at

the lower left corner of the part.

Figure 4.4 Origin and datum surface


PLACEMENT OF DIMENSION

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE

Extension lines, leader lines should not cross dimension lines.1.

Figure 4.5 Extension and leader lines

2. Extension lines should be drawn from the nearest points to be

dimensioned.

Figure 4.6 Extension line to nearest point


3. Extension lines of internal feature can cross visible lines without leaving a gap at the

intersection point.

Figure 4.7 Extension line cross visible linet

4. Do not use object line, center line, and dimension line as an extension lines.

Figure 4.8 Example of poor and good dimensioning line


5. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines and place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them

inside improve the clarity..

Figure 4.9 Dimension line outside the view

6. Apply the dimension to the view that clearly show the shape or features of an object.

Figure 4.10 Dimension clearly view


7. Dimension lines should be lined up and grouped together as much as possible.

Figure 4.11 Dimension group together

.8. Do not repeat a dimension.

Figure 4.12 Do not repeat dimension


TOLERANCE

Tolerance is the total amount a dimension may vary and is the difference between the upper

(maximum) and lower (minimum) limits.

�Tolerances are used to control the amount of variation inherent in all manufactured parts. In

particular, tolerances are assigned to mating parts in an assembly.

Tolerances are used in production drawings to control the manufacturing process more

accurately and control the variation between parts.

What is tolerance in technical drawing?

Tolerancing and Interchangeability

An interchangeable part is simply a mass produced part (a replacement part).

A single value dimension (1.00) now becomes a range of values (.995 - 1.005).

A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted. You can choose a tolerance that

specifies a large or small variation.

Tolerance = max. size - min size

It is necessary because it is impossible to manufacture parts without some variation. The

stated limits are a form of quality control.

the design intent (end use) of the part

cost

how it is manufactured

experience

What is interchangeability?

How is a feature on an interchangeable part dimensioned?

Why do we want a part’s size to be controlled by two limits?

Choosing a tolerance for your design.

Specify a tolerance with whatever degree of accuracy that is required for the design to work

properly. Choose a tolerance that is not unnecessarily accurate or excessively inaccurate.

Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:


Tolerancing Standards

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME)

International Standards Organization (ISO).

Standards are needed ...

to make it possible to manufacture parts at different times and in different places that still

assemble properly.

establish dimensional limits for parts that are to be interchangeable.

Standard agencies

The two most common standards agencies are;

Figure 4.13 Tolerance in technical drawing


Types of tolerances

bilateral tolerances,

unilateral tolerances

limit tolerances

single limit tolerances.

There are 4 different types of tolerances .

Figure 4.14 Types of Tolerance

Limit Tolerances show both a maximum and minimum dimension allowable for the feature.

A Single Limit Tolerance only defines one limit dimension, normally either the maximum or

minimum value for a feature or dimension.

The Bilateral Tolerance shows the nominal dimension (0.212) and the allowable tolerance in

either direction + .001.

The Unilateral Tolerance shows the nominal dimension (0.212) and a tolerance in only one

direction +0.001.


GD&T SYMBOLS FOR

TOLERANCING

One of the benefits of GD&T is the usage of common symbols that are used to further tolerance

a part all of the different characteristics of a component that can be critical.

Below is a table showing the 14 standard geometric tolerance symbols used in geometric

tolerancing as defined by ASME Y14.5. These geometric tolerances fall into one of five categories –

Form, Location, Orientation, Profile & Runout.

Figure 4.1.5 Standard geometric tolerance symbols used in geometric


Additional Modifying Symbols

In addition to these geometric tolerance symbols, there a handful of other modifier

symbols that you should be familiar with, these are shown below:

Figure 4.1.6 Additional Modifying Symbol

Maximum material condition (MMC) is the condition of a part when it contains the most

amount of material. The MMC of an external feature such as a shaft is the upper limit.

The MMC of an internal feature such as a hole is the lower limit.

Least material condition (LMC) is the condition of a part when it contains the least

amount of material possible. The LMC of an external feature is the lower limit of the

part. The LMC of an internal feature is the upper limit of the part

Datum & Datum Feature

A Datum is an imaginary plane, axis, point, line or cylinder that are the origins from which the

location of geometric characteristics of features are established.

Figure 4.1.7 Datum feature


Feature Control Frame

A Feature Control Frame is a GD&T Tool that combines a Geometric Characteristic, the

tolerance allowed (Tolerance Zone shape & Tolerance Zone Size), any material modifiers,

and the datum feature references to create a geometric tolerance.

Feature Control Frames are an effective & compact method for providing clear & concise

requirements for the many different features of your design. The Feature Control Frame

can be broken down into three sections, shown here in blue.

Figure 4.1.8 Feature Control Frame

The first box or section can contain any of the 14 different standard geometric tolerance

symbols found above. In this example, the feature control frame includes a True Position

Tolerance.

The next section contains the actual tolerance for the specific feature being toleranced. In

this example, the true position tolerance is 0.25 with an additional diameter symbol to

indicate a circular tolerance zone at maximum material condition (M)

The third and final section indicate the datum references associated with the tolerance. In

this example Datum A is the primary datum, Datum B is the secondary datum, and Datum C is

the tertiary datum. This datum order is important because it standardizes the way the

part is fixtured during inspection.

Figure 4.18 An example of an engineering drawing containing all of these

elements besides the title block.


TUTORIALTUTORIAL

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4


TUTORIAL 1

Answer all question

Consider the incorrectly dimensioned object shown. There are 5 types of dimensioning mistakes.

List them and then dimension the object correctly.

a)

b)


Answer

a)

b)


2. A _______________ is defined as the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to

vary. This total amount is considered the difference between the maximum and minimum limits.

a) Dimension

b) Datum Feature

c) GD&T Symbol

d) Tolerance

3. Match the following tolerance with the correct symbol:

SORT ELEMENTS

4. A ______________ is defined as a numerical value(s) or mathematical expression in

appropriate units of measure used to define the form, size, orientation or location, of a part or

feature.

a) Tolerance

b) Feature Control Frame

c) Datum Feature

d) Dimension


5. Match the following dimension & tolerances with it’s tolerance type:


Answer

2. d) Tolerance

3.

4. d) Dimension

5.


CHAPTER 5SECTIONAL VIEW

Learning Outcomes :

Explain sectioning for technical drawing Construct a sectional view drawing according to standard

required

SECTIONAL VIEW | 133

Often there is a need to show interiors that cannot be illustrated clearly by hidden

lines.

Interiors are shown by slicing through the object resulting in a cutaway view of the

part.

Cutaway views are called sectional views, cross sections, or simply sections.

SECTION VIEWS

Figure 5.1 A model of section view


Many times the interior of an object is so complicated that it is impossible or very difficult to

represent that interior with conventional hidden lines.

This often causes confusion in reading and interpreting the drawing. Therefore, sectioning is

required in these cases.

Figure 5.2 Conventional hidden line technique and Section technique

Sectioning is a technique by which the object is sliced and the cutaway view of the part is

then drawn.

To show the construction clearly in many hollow objects, the front part is imagined to be

removed to reveal the interior surface.

Where and when this occurs the edges are represented with solid lines and the cut surface is

crosshatched or section lined.

The interior detail is now shown more clearly because the hidden lines have been replaced

with visible object lines.


VISUALIZING A SECTION VIEW

Given the object

The top view and front view are shown as a typical orthographic projections with

hidden lines.

A cutting plane is passed through the object, cutting the object.


The interior detail is now exposed and will appear as visible object lines

To clarify the section view even further, the surfaces touched by the cutting plane are

colored to distinguish between solid material and air space.

A cutting-plane line is used to indicate where the section is being cut. The arrow indicate

the direction of sight.

Crosshatching or section lining is applied to the surfaces that are in actual contact with

the cutting plane.


To produce a section view a cutting plane is passed through the part (figure a).The cutting plane is removed and the two halves are drawn apart (figure b)exposing the interior detail.

A section view obtained by passing the cutting plane fully through the object is called a full

section.

In the front view the cutting plane appears as a line called a cutting-plane line. The arrows at

the ends of the cutting-plane line indicate the direction of sight for the section view.

To obtain the section view the right half of the front view is only imagined to be removed. The

cross-hatched areas of the section view are those portions that are in actual contact with

the cutting plane.


A correct front view and section view are shown in figure (a) and figure (b). All visible

edges and contours behind the cutting plane should be shown.

Section views are used primarily to replace hidden lines so as a rule hidden lines should be

omitted in section views (figure d).

A section-lined area is always completely bounded by a visible outline, never by a hidden

line as in figure (e).

Section lines in a section view must be parallel and at the same angle and direction (figure

f).

A correct front view and section view


SECTIONING LINING

SYMBOLS

Sectioning lining symbols can be used to indicate specific materials. These symbols represent

general material types.

Because there are so many different types of materials the general purpose cast iron

symbol can be used for all materials.


The correct method of drawing section lines is shown in figure (a). Section lines are

drawn thin and at an angle of 45 degrees unless there is some advantage in using a

different angle. Section lines are spaced evenly approximately 1/16” to 1/8” or more

depending on the sectioned area. As a rule, are spaced generously as possible and yet

close enough to distinguish clearly the sectioned area.

If section lines drawn at 45 degrees would result in being parallel or

perpendicular to a visible object line the angle should be changed to 30

degrees, 60 degrees, or some other angle.


CUTTING-PLANE LINE

The cutting plane is indicated in a view adjacent to the sectional view. In this view the cutting

plane appears edgewise as a line called a cutting-plane line.

There are two styles of cutting-plane lines.

The cutting-plane line in figure (a) is composed of equal dashes approximately 1/4” long with

arrowheads indicating the direction of sight. For CAD drawings use the line type HIDDEN.

The cutting-plane line in figure (b) is composed of alternate long dashes and pairs of short

dashes plus arrowheads indicating the direction of sight. For CAD drawings use the line type

PHANTOM2.

Cutting-plane lines are drawn as thick as a visible object line or thicker. For CAD drawings set

the line weight to either 0.020 or 0.030.


Visualizing a Section:

Two views of an object to be sectioned are shown (figure a). It has a drilled and

counterbored hole. The cutting plane is assumed to pass through the horizontal center line in

the top view.

The corresponding section view shown in figure (c) is incomplete because certain visible lines

are missing.

If the section view is viewed in the direction of sight shown in figure (b) the arcs A,B,C and D will

be visible and appear as straight lines as shown in figure (d).

Correct and incorrect relations between cutting-plane lines and corresponding section views.


TYPES OF SECTIONING

If a cutting plane passes halfway through an object the result is a half section (figure a). The

half section has the advantage of showing the interior of one half of the object and the

exterior of the other half (figure b).

Note the cutting-plane line. Only one arrowhead is used to show the direction of sight.

Hidden lines should be omitted from both halves of a half section view.

A center line is used to separate the halves of the half section view.

Half Sections:

Often only a partial section of a view is needed to expose interior shapes. Such a section, limited by an

irregular break line is called a broken-out section.

Broken-Out Sections:


The shape of a cross section of an object may be shown in the longitudinal view by means of

a revolved section.

Revolved sections are made by assuming a plane perpendicular to the center line or axis of

the object and then revolving the plane 90 degrees about a center line at right angles to the

axis.

Revolved Sections:

A removed section is a section view that is not in direct projection from the view containing

the cutting plane.

Removed sections should be labeled Section A-A and Section B-B, corresponding to the

letters at the ends of the cutting-plane line.

Removed sections should be arranged in alphabetical order from left to right on the drawing

sheet

Removed Sections:


In sectioning through an irregular object it is often desirable to show features that do not lie

in a straight line by offsetting or bending the cutting plane. Such a section is called an offset

section.

The offsets or bends in the cutting plane are all 90 degrees and are never shown in the

section view.

Offset Sections:

To avoid a false impression of thickness and solidity, ribs, webs, gear teeth, and other similar

flat features are not section lined even though the cutting plane passes through the feature.

In the example the cutting plane A-A passes through the vertical rib or web but the rib or web

is not section lined (figure a).

Figure (b) is incorrect because it gives a false impression of thickness or solidity.

Ribs in Sections:


To include in a section view certain angled elements, the cutting plane may be bent to pass

through those features.

The plane and features are imagined to be revolved into the original plane.

In the example the cutting plane is bent to pass through the angled arm and then revolved to

a vertical position (aligned) from where it is projected across to the section view.

Aligned Sections:


EXAMPLE OF SECTIONAL VIEW

DRAWING

Draw sectional view A – A with complete dimension. All dimensions in mm1.

Answer


TUTORIAL

CHAPTER 5



1. Draw sectional front view of X – X cross section (Figure 1) and do the dimension as per standard.

All dimensions are in mm.

FIGURE 1

2. Draw sectional front view of A – A cross section (Figure 2) and do the dimension as per

standard. All dimensions are in mm.

FIGURE 2


3. Draw sectional front view of X – X cross section (Figure 3) and do the dimension as per


FIGURE 3

4. Draw sectional front view of A – A cross section (Figure 4) and do the dimension as per


FIGURE 4


Md. Nasir Abd Manan, 2014, Lukisan Geometri danKejuruteraan;IBS BUKU SDN BHD, Petaling Jaya

Mohd Noh bin Sarip dan Md. Nasir Abd Manan, 2007 EngineeringDrawing Form 4 KBSM ; Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, KL

https://docplayer.info/97799429-Asas-lukisan-kejuruteraan.html

1.

REFFERENCES

5.

3.

4.

2.

http://engineeringessentials.com/ege5/files/ege/dim/dim_page

0.htm

Notes : Technical Drawings & GD&T

https://www.cqeacademy.com/cqe-body-of-

knowledge/product-process-design/technical-drawings-gdt/

6. Notes pdf: Agus Arsad, Azizul Azri Mustaffa ,ENGINEERING DRAWING SKKK 1021, UTM open courseware.

Abd. Razak B. Hj. Mohd Daim M. Alif AlBakri bin Abdullah dan SH. Yaacub

bin SH Attar , J1001 LUKISAN KEJURUTERAAN MODUL POLITEKNIK

7.

https://www.slideshare.net/wilsonarlenenavarro/drawing-tools

Title : List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument

https://edengdrawing.blogspot.com/2013/02/instruments-and-

materials-of-drawing.html

8.

9.

Publisher

DJJ10013 - UPK PTSB - ptsb.edu.my

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