CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (RDA) RDA is a statutory body incorporated under the RDA Act. NO.73 of 1981 under the Ministry of Highways & Road Development and is the premiere highway authority in the country. RDA is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining and developing the National Highway network, which comes under purview of Central Government. The National Highway Network consists of 3,727 km of “A” Class Road and 7,375 km of “B” Class Roads and 4,400 bridges. The functions performed by the RDA include planning, design and construction of new highway and bridges in addition to maintaining and carrying out improvement to the existing national highway network. A Board of management appointed by the Hon. Minister of Highways & Road Development effects the management of the RDA. The board of management is responsible to the Hon. Minister for the implementation of government policy, for the development of the Network. 1.1.2 Functions and Scope of Responsibility of the RDA The functions performed by the RDA consist mainly of the maintenance and development of the roads and bridges in the National Highway Network and the planning, design and construction of new highways, bridges and expressways to augment the existing network. The RDA has a responsibility for the development of the road network to cater for the on-going overall development 1
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.1.1 ROAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (RDA)
RDA is a statutory body incorporated under the RDA Act. NO.73 of 1981 under the
Ministry of Highways & Road Development and is the premiere highway authority in the
country. RDA is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining and developing the
National Highway network, which comes under purview of Central Government. The
National Highway Network consists of 3,727 km of “A” Class Road and 7,375 km of “B”
Class Roads and 4,400 bridges. The functions performed by the RDA include planning,
design and construction of new highway and bridges in addition to maintaining and
carrying out improvement to the existing national highway network. A Board of
management appointed by the Hon. Minister of Highways & Road Development effects
the management of the RDA. The board of management is responsible to the Hon.
Minister for the implementation of government policy, for the development of the
Network.
1.1.2 Functions and Scope of Responsibility of the RDA
The functions performed by the RDA consist mainly of the maintenance and development
of the roads and bridges in the National Highway Network and the planning, design and
construction of new highways, bridges and expressways to augment the existing network.
The RDA has a responsibility for the development of the road network to cater for the on-
going overall development programme of the country. Since, Road Transport is the
primary mode of transport in the country, it is very vital that road network is adequate to
developed to promote efficient transport of people and goods. The RDA has a
responsibility to plan the future road network taking into consideration the future travel
demand and formulating project proposals to meet this demand.
The RDA being the Principal Highway Authority has a responsibility to provide a road
network to meet the social aspirations of the people in terms of mobility and safety.
Since, the people at large depend on public transport for their travel needs it is the
responsibility of the RDA to maintain the road network to a reasonable standard so that
there would be un-interrupted public transport available to them.
Since, the rehabilitation and development of the road network is undertaken with
public funds at a very high cost, it is responsibility of the RDA to ensure that the
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adequate economic returns are achieved from the investments made on highway
improvements. This is achieved by carrying out feasibility studies before major
projects are undertaken and followed by post evaluation of these projects after
completion.
The RDA is dependent on the government for the financial resources to develop
the National Road Network and the financial resources that could be derived from
the government is limited to enable the RDA to provide better road facilities. The
RDA has secured World Bank, ADB, JBIC, EDCF and Kuwait Fund Assistance
to carry out a number of road development projects.
One of the drawbacks experienced by the RDA in the recent past has been the
inadequacy of funds allocation. The government is considering the establishment
of a dedicated road fund and private sector financing to accelerate development of
highways.
Taking into consideration the available and procurable resources it is evident that
if they are properly utilized systematically it is possible to improve the utility
service rendered to the community by the RDA to improve the quality of travel
provided to the road users, minimize the damage to goods in transit and reduce
travel time. It is necessary to continuously improve our roads to ensure that they
are capable of providing for safe and fast travel. It is also possible to further
increase the utilization of locally available raw material and road construction
contractors for greater utilization of financial allocations and saving of valuable
foreign exchange.
There has been considerable resistance from parties affected by land acquisition
leading to litigation as well. In order to meet this challenge the RDA is now
offering an enhanced compensation package and is also stream lining its land
acquisition and resettlement activities.
We in the RDA should always be conscious of the threats, which could emerge and take
actions against them. It is therefore imperative that we should satisfy our
customers/consumers in the sense Road User at all times. It will help to maintain our
competitive edge in a situation where competitors may emerge. Cost reduction exercises
have to be undertaken with priority for import substitution to enable the RDA to keep
down the rising costs especially those of materials and manpower.
Further, the local road construction industry and local consultants have to be encouraged
and developed, so that they could undertake major road construction projects, presently
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undertaken by foreign contractors and consultants. Governmental policies could also be
adverse to the interests of the RDA at times. This is to be expected as the government will
ensure the best possible service to the public and it is for us to live up to the expectations
of the government at all times. The demographic changes and the migration to urban
areas too could pose problems. In view of all these matters, it will be necessary to stop the
“brain-drain” and maintain the services of trained/competent staff. Further, there is a need
to formulate contingency plans, and train our personnel and equip them to carry out their
duties and functions. It is also necessary to deal with crisis management to cope with such
occurrences as natural calamities.
Road Development Authority, which is the premier National Organization of the road
sector, to provide an adequate and efficient network of National Highways, to ensure
mobility and accessibility at an acceptable level of safety and comfort, in an environment-
friendly manner for the movement of people and goods for the socio-economic
development of the nation, having following it’s strategically components.
1.1.3 STRATEGIC DIRECT COMPONENTS--RDA
Vision of Road Development Authority
“To achieve a safer and adequate National Highway Network to meet the expectations of
all stakeholders for the speedy Socio-Economic development of the country and to make
the Road Development Authority an institution of multi disciplinary excellence in
Highway Engineering.”
Mission of Road Development Authority
“As the premier National Organization of the road sector, to provide an adequate and
efficient network of National Highways, to ensure mobility and accessibility at an
acceptable level of safety and comfort, in an environment-friendly manner for the
movement of people and goods for the socio-economic development of the nation”
Goals and Objectives of Road Development Authority
1. Achieve an adequate National Highway Network.
2. Achieve an acceptable level of mobility in the National Highway Network.
3. Provide a high mobility expressway network.
4. Maintain the National Highway Network at an acceptable condition.
5. Reduce road user cost.
6. Improve road safety in the National Highway Network.
7. Ensure efficient utilization of assets and investments.
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8. Ensure protection of the environment in all activities.
9. Promote organizational development.
10. Assist in the development of the local road construction industry
1.1.4 Organization Structure – RDA
Organization Chart for the RDA is annexed in Annexure 1.1
1.1.5 Overview of the Study
To achieve the above goals and objectives, RDA is implementing more than 100 island
wide projects funded by various foreign funding agencies and foreign banks as well as
through local national budget from the treasury. Though the projects, which are
implemented through public funds, which are accountable and all of us are answerable
when utilizing public funds, disbursement rates are not very satisfactorily up to the
expected target in accordance with the funding agency indicators. Progresses of most of
the Projects are very slow and cost overrun due to the delays, failures, massive cost
escalation claims & variation claims in implementing stage. One of the ongoing failure
Road Project, which is presently implemented to rehabilitate roads in North & East areas,
identified as CAARP project funded by Asian Development Bank. When analyzing the
causes of the failures of the each project, RDA management intends to analyze and to do
a research to find out the causes of the failure in one of the maligned area identified as
Management & Monitoring by Construction Supervision Consultants in works contracts.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
By the way of implementing following Asian Development Bank funded Conflict
Affected Area Rehabilitation Project (CAARP), the following Main Problem was
identified for this study;
What are the factors that affect achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP
Project?
SUMMARY OF CAARP PROJECT
Name of the Project : Conflict – Affected Area Rehabilitation Project (CAARP)
Effectiveness : Loan Agreement was signed on 14th January 2004
Loan Expiry : 30/06/2008
Loan Amount : US$ 46.5 Million
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Scope of Work : Rehabilitation of 240km National Highways in North –
East Province
Road List : List of Roads selected for the project with Location map is
attached
1.3 Significance of the Study
The purposes of undertaking this research paper or dissertation to study phenomena
relevant to do a research to find out the possibilities to improve Management &
Monitoring of Construction Supervision consultants, who are engaged for ADB funded
CAARP project implemented by RDA, are a group of Individuals are hired for their
individual set of skills and capabilities, and are treated as individuals throughout their
tenure with the company and to enhance the construction industry involved in
construction activities
Each individual has the ability to contribute in a meaningful way to the firm and its
clients, from community-building to recruiting to casework. As such, Monitor provides its
consultants with flexibility over the long term to carve out distinct career paths for
themselves based on their personal development goals and areas of professional interest.
Further, professional advancement opportunities and compensation are awarded on the
basis of an individual's demonstrated skills, not tenure or degree. Their Unique Culture is
distinctly a group of individuals, together we contribute to an environment of caring,
commitment and camaraderie. Our lack of formal titles, casual office dress and regular
social events are but two indicators of the relaxed and social atmosphere we will
encounter.
This is balanced by genuine intellectual curiosity and commitment to excellent work
which results in our 'work hard / play hard' mentality.
In Road Development Authority, Project Management Unit benefits for Monitor
consultants and it allows consultants to both contribute to and benefit from state of the art
intellectual capital in distinct strategic domains, and provides them with access to a broad
array of tools to most effectively serve to interest of the Employer. The group structure
also provides consultants with a range of prospective professional opportunities in areas
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of specific interest. Most consulting firms are organized as multi-nationals. Since the
project proposal must be well presented giving clear of ideas the problem focused and
content of the report and how I wish to present this proposal report. It may be useful to
follow a framework as suggested below.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The overall objective of the study is “To do a research and find out the underlying
causes preventing in achieving the Organizational Objectives & Goals and also to
find out the ways how to eliminate them?” In order To ensure that high quality
construction is achieved in time, within budget, and that all work is carried out in full
compliance with the approved engineering designs, technical specifications, agreed work
schedule, the terms and conditions of the Contract documents and as per sound
engineering practices inline with the Goals & Objectives of the Employer (RDA).
The studies involved the development of frameworks and strategies aimed at enhancing
the transparency, efficiency and accountability with which the public sector resources
(financial and human) are used, making the financing, provision and delivery of basic
public services more efficient and effective, and improving the accountability and
performance of the public service and its personnel.
Also this study has the following Objectives;
(a) Achieve sustainable maintenance, rehabilitation and construction of economically
justifiable roads in the strategic road network within the Priority Investment Plan
framework;
(b) Improve the access to district headquarters not currently served by road, and
reduce vehicle transport costs and delays in project areas;
(c) Promote more sustainable funding and more efficient public sector management of
road maintenance;
(d) Adopt and disseminate environmentally sustainable road construction and
maintenance practices; and
(e) Generate rural-employment through adoption of labor-based technologies
and long-term employment for the additional generated economic activity.
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1.5 Scope
CAARP Project, which is Rehabilitation of about 240 km of roads in the North-East
of the country to provide a reliable road network until the roads can be reconstructed
under a future large scale rehabilitation programme and Replacement or rehabilitation
of damaged bridges and other associated structures; has to be implemented very
successfully with effectively, economically & effectively to cut down all the
wastages.
The Project will improve the road sections, which is shown in the location Map
annexed in Annexure 1.5A and details of packages given in Annexure 1.5B. The
consulting service packages for the design review and construction supervision for the
list packages in Annexure 1.5B. Each of the consulting service is expected to assist
RDA supervise the Civil work contract packages as planned.
Civil works will be carried out based on the Federation Internationale des
Ingenieurs Conseils (FIDIC) contract. A Consultant Team (Pacific Consultants
International in Associated with Resources Development Consultants (Local) is
engaged for each package to perform as the Engineer. The Consultant team will
administer the construction contracts and ensure that the contractual clauses for both
quality and specifications of works are complied with and the works are constructed
in accordance with the provisions of the construction contracts. The Engineer’s
representative will be a full-time professional resident engineer in the Project area
under each package.
The Supervision Consultant while supervising construction works will make all
necessary arrangements for quality control and implementation of the works. The
Consultant in Consultation with the Project Director, RDA, will make all engineering
decisions required for the successful and timely completion of the construction
contracts, and have all the powers defined as those of the Engineer. The Engineer will
carry out a critical review the detailed design prior to the commencement of works to
identify defects or omissions that compromise on consistency of the design and
completeness of works. This review is carried out immediately after the services
commence and completed within 6 weeks. On completion of the review, the
Supervision Consultant will prepare a report, setting out all findings and
recommendations for correcting any defects or omissions identified. Notwithstanding
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these, the Supervision Consultant will immediately inform the employer of any defect
or omission that may have a substantial impact on the Project at the time the defect or
omission is uncovered.
The task of the Consultant will include but not be limited to:
ensure that the construction methods as proposed by the contractor for carrying
out the works are satisfactory, inspection of contractor’s construction equipment;
and safety of the works, property, personnel, and general public; the schedule of
mitigation measures for adverse environmental impacts;
ensure that road safety design requirements are implemented in accordance with
the contract;
establish efficient procedures for verifying contractor performance and reporting
progress and problems in a timely manner, including quality control reports,
quantity survey records, requests for variation or change orders, contractor’s
claims and invoices;
undertake project performance monitoring and evaluation in accordance with the
Project Framework and ADB's Project Performance Management System (PPMS)
Handbook including the baseline data survey and the following annual survey and
reporting up to project completion;
ensure that the contractor does not involve child labor for the execution of the
civil works contracts in accordance with the provisions of the contract agreement;
prepare and issue the following reports, the format and content of which are to be
acceptable to the employer: an inception report, a brief monthly progress report, a
detailed quarterly report, a detailed project completion report;
check that “as built” drawings are prepared for all works as construction
processes;
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carry out the following duties related to environmental mitigation with particular
reference to the technical requirements of sound environmental standards on the
basis of ADB’s Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure
Development Project (Highways & Roads) during construction:
(i) ensure that all the environmental mitigation measures required to
be implemented are incorporated into the contract documents,
(ii) supervise and monitor the implementation of environmental
mitigation measures required,
(iii) in the event of occurrence of any unexpected environmental
impacts, coordinate with the Project Management Unit (PMU) of
RDA, to provide necessary mitigation measures; and
(iv) prepare report on the implementation of the mitigation
measures for submission to RDA and ADB;
Land acquisition and resettlement:
(a) assist RDA to prepare and update the resettlement plan for each subproject
which involves land acquisition and resettlement, based on the Resettlement
Framework agreed by the RDA and ADB; and
(b) assist RDA to implement all activities outlined in the Resettlement Plan;
HIV/AIDs and Human Trafficking. Monitor that the contractors comply and carry
out required actions as provided in the respective contract documents, such as
and certifications for payment for approval of the Employer or Engineer including up to
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date cost estimates projected for construction and supervision till completion of the
project and comments on Contractor’s program.
(2) Verify and certify work done for each Interim Payment Certificate in the form
designed by the Employer as Standard IPC Processing Pro-forma in addition to the
existing practice.
k. Cooperation, Assistance and Joint Measurement
(1) Assist Employer/Engineer with interpretation of Drawings & Contract Documents,
more particularly with respect to any disputes with the Contract or other affected parties.
(2) Inform Employer/Engineer of problems or potential foreseen problems which may arise in connection with the construction contract and recommend appropriate solution(s) to overcome the same.(3) Evaluate and make recommendations for the Engineer’s actions with respect to
claims, disputes, extension of time and other changes outside the scope of work of the
Contractor. The recommendations must be supported by necessary provisions of the
contract and irrespective of acceptance or rejection of the claims by Engineer, the exact
quantification of claims. Further in case of extension of time clear recommendations
based on the actual site conditions and unambiguous appraisal of the extension of time
with further recommendations of making it conditional or otherwise must be submitted.
(4) Respond to the requests made by the Employer for application of special attention to
any area/activity or in other matter, which is deemed important by the Employer.
(5) Recommend interim request and carry out joint measurements with the Contractor for
preparing a document, which clearly and accurately describes the work done and
payments due.
(6) Participate in accepting the completed Works and prepare a Final Report testifying
and certifying the acceptability of the completion Works.
(7) Cooperate with the Employer, the Engineer and the Contractor in the use where
required of, project-vide standardized or computerized methods, formats or programs of
reporting physical or financial progress or forecasts.
(8) Prepare format required for training of the Inspectors and field officer in the
application and quantity and quality controls, work programs implementation,
construction management, contract administration etc.
(9) Advise RDA on the need for effective liaison with local authorities, police,
landowners, utility owners, the public and other organizations affected by the Works in
order to minimize or avoid unnecessary delays or disputes.
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(10) Assure that the Contractors comply with all the necessary requirements contained in
Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) and co-ordinate with other concerned
agencies/NGO’s related to the implementation of the environmental mitigation measures.
l. Settlement of Audit Para
(1) The Supervisory Consultants shall be responsible for settlement of the Audit Para
pertaining to the project without any time restriction such as completion of the project and
without any remuneration to be made separately on this account.
(2) The cooperation of the Consultants with respect to this aspect shall be adjudged for
significant contribution towards his future prequalification.
m. Deliverables
All deliverables completed in all respect shall be submitted to the Employer with
necessary verification or certifications within the construction period followed by Three
(03) months extended period for Select Staff, except for Monthly Progress Reports, which
shall of course be submitted on monthly basis. Following deliverables are required to be
provided by the Supervisory Consultants:
(1) X-Section (every 50 meters) submitted by the Contractor, checked and approved by
the Consultants/the Engineer.
(2) As-built Drawings submitted by the Contractor, after review and approval showing
remedial works proposed.
(3) Prepare and submit list of all office equipment, laboratory equipment, survey
equipment, furniture, vehicles, completed assets inventory and any other items provided
by the Contractor under the Contract, which is property of the Employer.
(4) Prepare and submit Project Completion Report giving all details of the project in
chronological order.
(5) Performance report on contractor, on completion of the defect liability period.
2.4. Source of the literature
The above Literature is discussed in the direct reference from the following available
documents & specialized source books.
1. ADB guidelines on the use of Consultants by Asian Development Bank and its
Borrowers -April 2006.(pp 01-48)
2. Agreement for Consultancy Services in between RDA and PCI in associated with
RDC for CAARP Project - August 2005 (pp01-48).
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3. Appendix –A Term of Reference for Construction Supervision Consultants
Assignment, CAARP -Nov 2003 (pp01-14)
4. General Condition of Contract /Particular Condition of Contract for Time based &
lump sum based for Consultants. (FIDIC-IV) International Federation of Consulting
Research methodology of the research study is given below under the following sub
headings for this research dissertation. It briefly includes the method of data collection,
study area and the data collection techniques and also the method of data analysis. The
Research study activity Plan in annexed in Annexure-3.
3.1 Research Design & Methodology
3.1.1 Objectives
As explained above, objectives of this research study to assess the Performance of
ongoing CAARP Project Construction Supervision Consultants and to find out the
factors affecting to achieve the Goals and Objectives of the CAARP project also
to find out the possibilities to eliminate them in order improve the situation.
3.1.2. Research Design
The design is adopted on questionnaire based method for data collection and
have three types of questionnaires to suit for the different category of the
officers, who were requested by my sample letter of request annexed in
Annexure-3.1 to collect data, views & comments among the three different staff
category in involving this CAARP project in order to perform successful this
research study.
3.1.2. Study Area
Although the ongoing CAARP project is implemented in North & East provinces,
it is limited due to the constraints in collecting data from Batticaloa & Ampara
areas to study in the following areas;
Vavuniya
Trincomalee
Pulmoddai
Kilinochchi.
3.1.3 Type of Data Collection
The data collection is based on sample surveys and based on Questionnaire
formats. Questionnaires are distributed by hand and online. The types of data is
the qualitative data, which is normal ordinal and from the primary sources.
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3.1.4 Type of Respondents
Three types of questionnaires are annexed in Annexure 3.1A, 3.1B & 3.1C based
in relevant questions to each category of samples. It was also pre-tested the
questionnaire before the survey was carried out. Details are given below.
3.1.4. A Type -1 –Questionnaire -for Contractors
Questionnaire will be based the questions to collect data from only
contractors who involved in particular CAARP project to answer the
questions enable to assess the past performance of consultants, how
consultant’s feed back and their pro-activeness to attend the problems &
issues faced and raised by Contractors? How long they have got to attend
& respond? And what are delays in consultant’s side? Whether reasonable
or not acceptable?
3.1.4. B Type -2 Questionnaires -for Consultants
Questionnaires will be based the questions to collect data from only
Consultants view to answer the actual problems in related with above
issues and how far they have avoided delays and enthusiastically &
proactively attended and what extend? What are the delays not in their side
and time taken for responding the problems whether it is reasonable or not
tolerated?
3.1.4. C Type-3 Questionnaire -for RDA PMU Staff
Questionnaire will be based the questions to collect data from RDA/PMU
staff, who are involving CAARP project in Monitoring Unit and the
Project Management unit. To assess the performance of Consultant using
various indicators and to find out the cause of the problems.
3.1.5 Method of Data Collection/Data collection Procedures
Data collected the through answering pre-tested and well designed questionnaires by hand
or online methods.
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3.2 Sampling Techniques
Under sampling techniques it is suited to go with Probability sampling in this study each
officer of the population has specifiable probability of being chosen for data collection.
Under Probability sampling Cluster sampling method is chosen from the selected areas
only. This sampling method, the population is divided into groups which are to be similar
to each other. The data are collected from each individual from the Cluster for the
detailed study.
3.3. Data Analysis
From the above research methodology, communicated with cluster samples in order to
full fill the data, which is required to get necessary information to complete the research
study.
Relevant & sufficient information have been collected by filled questionnaires from
responders and will be discussed in Chapter 4. By Data Presentation about the
information, this is really required to full fill the data collection.
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CHAPTER 4. DATA PRESENTATION & DATA ANALYSIS.
4. 1 Data Presentation & Analysis from the Contractors involved in CAARP
4. 1.1 Data Presentation from Ongoing CAARP contractors
Accordingly, samples have been collected through questionnaires from the
CAARP contractors and annexed in Annexure 4.1 A to Annexure 4.1.F and
details of their views, comments & observations for the study, are given below.
Table No.4.1.1 No of Contracts under study in Conflict areas
Details of Samples Collected in Project Area and No of ongoing CAARP Contracts in Conflict Affected Area
Project Area
SAMPLE COLLECTED Total No. of Sample
Collected
No. Of Ongoing CAARP
Contracts A B C D E F
Vavuniya √ 1 1
Trincomalee √ 1 1
Pulmoddai √ 1 1
Kilinochchi. √ √ √ √ 4 7
TOTAL 7 10
Fig. 4.1.1 No of Contracts under study in Conflict affected areas
From the Responses of the on going CAARP contractors, their views & encountered
problems are tabulated in the following table.
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Table No. 4.1.2 Problems encountered by Contractors
Encountered Problems and views from Contractors of the ongoing CAARP Projects
NO. Encounter Problems/views Collected Samples
A B C D E F1 Quantity Variance in BOQQ 2 Adequate Price Escalation Provision 3 Delays in Approval of Quality materials 4 Shortage in Quality Materials 5 Shortage in Manpower/laborers 6 Restriction in Transport facility & Mobility 7 Mobilize & Maintain of Staff & skilled labor
8Consultants are theoretical and not in practical site
9Inadequate experience Consultants not quality Consultants
10 Prevailing Situation
11Delays in approvals/arriving decisions by Consultants
12Shortcoming in identification of initial scopes
4. 1.2 Data Analysis from Ongoing CAARP contractors
By analyzing from the above data presentation, Contractor’s response in giving the
reasons and the factors affecting in not achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP
listed and summarized in the above table.
Therefore the above encountered problems and their views, Factors & underlying causes
affecting in not achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP are analyzed in details and
listed them below in point form.
Main factors or underlying causes affect the Ongoing CAARP Project in
achieving the Goal & Objectives of the Project
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1. Security situation problem prevents to mobilize & maintain Machinery, Equipment,
Technical staff, labor strength & skill workers from other art of the country.
2. Man power shortage in project areas.
3. Shortage in Machinery & Equipments in project areas.
4. Shortage in Technical staff & skill workers in project areas.
5. Difficulties due to security restrictions affecting to obtain Road building
construction materials from the limited resources available in project areas in
accordance with standard specifications.
6. Delays in Consultant’s decisions & approvals for selection of materials & methods
of works.
7. Not always happy with consultant’s attitude.
8. Frequently changing scopes will upset the progress.
9. Consultant’s experience inadequate in arriving to the decisions implies delays
10. Consultant’s most of them are on theoretical side and in practical side.
11. Considerable Quantity variance due to the fast deterioration of roads, which were
not maintained for past two decades and time lapse in implementation of
rehabilitation.
12. Provision of Price Escalation due to the prevailing situation of the country is not
adequate and affecting the profit mark-up implies slow progress.
13. Public complaints and intolerable situation restricts of work activities implies
affecting efficient works and slowdown progress.
14. Security situation imposes restriction of working hours & transportation problems in
transporting materials to sites.
4. 2. Data Presentation & Analysis from Construction Supervision Consultants
involved in CAARP
4. 2.1 Data Presentation from Construction Supervision Consultants
involved in CAARP
30
Accordingly, samples have been collected through questionnaires from the Construction
supervision Consultants and annexed in Annexure 4.2.A to Annexure 4.2.K and their
over views, comments & observations for the study, are given below.
Table No. 4.2.1.1: Table Showing the details of Samples Collected from Conflict
affected areas
Details of Samples Collected in Project Area
Samples Collected Total No.of
Sample Collected
No.Of CAARP
Contracts A B C D E F G H I J K
Vavuniya √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7 1
Trincomalee √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7 1
Pulmoddai √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 9 1
Kilinochchi. √ √ √ √ √ 5 7
Total 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 28 10
Fig. No. 4.2.1 Showing Details of Samples Collected and No.of CAARP
Projects in Conflict affected area
Chart Showing No of Samples Selected & No of CAARP ongoing Projects
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Conflict Affected Area
No
of
Sam
ple
s &
Co
ntr
acts
Total No.of Sample Collected
No.Of CAARP Contracts
Total No.of SampleCollected
7 7 9 5
No.Of CAARP Contracts 1 1 1 7
Vavuniya
Trincomalee Pulmoddai
Kilinochchi.
From the responses of the questionnaires received from the Construction Supervision
Consultants Staff, the following their summarized views, comments & observations are
given in the following table.
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Table No. 4.2.1.2 Problems/factors, which are encountered by Construction
supervision Consultants, affect in achieving goals & Objectives of
CAARP
Encountered Problems and views from the Construction Supervision Consultants of the ongoing CAARP Projects
NO. Encounter Problems/views Collected Samples
A B C D E F G H I J K
1
Scarcity of High Quality Consultant staff.
2
Shortage in Quality Materials
3
Shortage in Manpower/labourers
4
Restriction in Transport facility & Mobility
5
Mobilize & Maintain of Staff & skilled labour
6
Low Quality Construction Supervision Consultant staff
7 In-experience of contractors
8
Prevailing Situation of civil unrest
9
FIDIC condition of Contract is not conversant with most the contractors
10
Difficult in Evaluate Claims due to reluctant in providing information & lack of maintaining records
11
Shortage Machinery & Equipment in Project area
12
Shortcoming in identifications of initial scopes
13
Delays in Construction activities
4.2.2 Data Analysis from Construction Supervision Consultants
involved in CAARP
32
By analyzing from the above data presentation, Consultant’s views & reasons in not
achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP listed and summarized in the following
table.
Table No. 4.2.2 Summary of the factors & underlying causes affecting in
achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP
No.
Summary of Factor & Underlying causes affecting in achieving Goals & Objectives of CAARP
1 Scarcity of High Quality Consultant staff.
2 Shortage in Quality Materials
3
Shortage in Manpower/laborers
4Restriction in Transport facility & Mobility
5 Mobilize & Maintain of Staff & skilled labour
6 Low Quality Construction Supervision Consultant staff
7 In-experience of contractors
8Prevailing Situation of civil unrest
9FIDIC condition of Contract is not conversant with most the contractors
10
Difficult in Evaluate Claims due to reluctant in providing information & lack of maintaining records
11Shortage Machinery & Equipment in Project area
12 Shortcoming in identifications of initial scopes
13 Delays in Construction activities
Analysis of Main factors that affect Ongoing CAARP Project or underlying
causes preventing in achieving the Goal & Objectives of the Project
33
1. Main problems inevitably related to the ongoing situation of civil unrest within the
country allied to the spread of the all packages.
2. The Security situation prevents skill workers moving from south to North& East and
employing local non-skilled workers, who are not familiar in road works, gives poor
workmanship and bad quality. Because local workers are not familiar with the road
works as there had been no major road projects for past 2-3 decades.
3. Since the inexperience of Many of Contractors in this system of Road works,
consultants have to put more inputs enable them to learn the system specially in
condition of contract and the responsibilities & obligations placed on contractors.
4. Scarcity of High Quality Consultant staff.
5. FIDIC condition of Contract is not conversant with most the contractors: Contract
Obligations & responsibilities are not clearly understood by most of the contractors.
6. It was Difficult to attract and retain high quality local & expatriate staff for the
supervision services due to pertaining situation and on account of the higher salaried
being offered for alternative employment opportunities in more stable locations within
the country.
7. Goals & objectives of the CAARP are not realized this will be due to external factors
over which none of the parties to the contracts had any control.
8. The ongoing political climate has not been conducive to the achievement of the Goals
& objectives of the CAARP. The Project was intended as rebuilding the confidence of
the local people in the redevelopment of the infrastructure of the country following
cessation of hostilities between the Government and the Tamil forces.
9. The fact that most of the contracts were disrupted by the sporadic outbursts of the
violence between the Government security forces & LTTE and problems to
contractors (and hence to supervision services) as all contracts were sited in areas that
were under dispute.
10. Due to restricted traveling & harvesting local resources, high scopes of works have
been amended to suit the situation & available resources.
11. Difficult to negotiate price & Evaluate Claims, because Contractors were generally
reluctant to provide the information on which to conduct negotiations.
4.3. Data Presentation & Analysis from RDA –PMU Staff involved in CAARP
34
4.3.1 Data Presentation from RDA –PMU Staff involved in CAARP
Accordingly, samples have been collected through questionnaires from
RDA –PMU Staff and annexed in Annexure 4.3.A to Annexure 4.3.K.
These samples, which have been collected from PMU-RDA staff, covering
and representing for all packages of the CAARP project.
Table No. 4.3.1.1- Details of Samples Collected from PMU-RDA staff
No. Staff Category No of Samples Collected
1Project Director/Team Leader/Director
3
2 Deputy Director /Chief Engineer 2
3 Project Engineer/Engineer 3
Figure No.4.3.1 Figure showing collected the samples
representing the RDA- PMU staff for study
Chart showing samples representaion from RDA-PMU staff
Project Director/Team Leader/Director
37%
Deputy Director /Chief Engineer
25%
Project Engineer/Engineer 38%
From the responses, the details of their views, comments & observations
for the study, are given the following Table.
35
Table No. 4.3.1.2: Problems/factors, which are encountered by RDA-
PMU Staff, affect in achieving goals & Objectives of
CAARP
NO. Encounter Problems/views
Sample Collected from RDA-PMU Staff
A B C D E F G H
1
No specific assessment system at present to assess the performance of Consultants
2
Foreign Expatriate Team leader not visited project sites
3
Restriction of mobility of Consultants & RDA staff
4
Prevailing Situation of civil unrest giving undue advantages to Consultants & Contractors making Claims & Extensions
5
Cost Overrun
6
Low Quality Construction Supervision Consultant staff
7
Consultants attention to details in adequate
8
Consultants depend on Contractor’s information in finalizing Claims
9
Shortcoming in identifications of initial scopes
10
Unfavorable security situation
11
Mismanagement of Contractors
12
Scarcity of High Quality Consultant staff.
13
Shortage in Quality Materials
14
Shortage in Manpower/laborers
15
Shortcomings in Contract Administration
36
16
Restriction in Transport facility & Mobility
17
Mobilize & Maintain of Staff & skilled labour
18 In-experience of contractors
19
FIDIC condition of Contract is not conversant with most the contractors
20
Difficult in Evaluate Claims due to reluctant in providing information & lack of maintaining records
21
Shortage Machinery & Equipment in Project area
22
Delays in Construction activities
4.3.2 Data Analysis from RDA –PMU Staff involved in CAARP
By going through the above data presentation from the RDA-PMU staff giving their
reasons in not achieving the Goals & Objectives of CAARP. Also their views are briefly
analyzed and listed them below in point form.
Analysis of Main factors that affect Ongoing CAARP Project or underlying
causes preventing in achieving the Goal & Objectives of the Project
1. Restricts mobility of Consultants & Employer staff due to the prevailing security
situation in the area.
2. Non-availability of a standard assessment scheme, with point or similar format and
lack of appreciation by the top management for a need of such a system. A rating
procedure was suggested for a different consultancy previously, but the application of
it was not favored by RDA management, due to the fear of straining relationships.
3. As the Team Leader has not made site visits even once a month due to various
reasons, it was decided that a local Team Leader who can effectively make site visits
to be appointed.
37
4. Shortage in Machinery & Equipments, Man power & Technical staff & skill workers
in project areas.
5. Difficulties due to security restrictions affecting to obtain Road building construction
materials from the limited resources available in project areas in accordance with
standard specifications.
6. There is a considerable gap in respect of achieving the time objective. Other than
direct effects of the adverse ground situation, the general approach of RDA and the
Consultants towards extension of time has been a very relaxed one. This situation has
given an undue advantage to contractors with poor performance. The above situation
leads to additional costs of supervision and price fluctuation.
7. There are cost overruns in some contracts due to shortcomings in the initial scope
identification.
8. Problems faced by the contractors in procurement of materials necessitated relaxation
of quality standards of certain materials which eventually results in a partial
achievement of the initial quality objective.
9. Consultant not plays the role intended by the terms and conditions of the Contract
effectively, it will eventually leads to the not achievement of Client’s goals and
objectives. Proper record keeping, timely decisions and accurate judgments based on
correct interpretation of the contract documents are vital for achieving the goals.
10. Consultant’s attention to details has been found inadequate. This situation was
observed in many areas such as progress monitoring, variations, measurements,
claims and extension of time. Too much dependence on the information submitted by
the Contractors is observed. Most of the time they do not take a proactive role in
collection of information, giving judgments and decisions. Lack of competence in
decision making has resulted in delays in many important actions. This situation is
attributable to lack of competence as well as relaxed attitude of the staff.
11. Tsunami affected CAARP project implementation in increase of exorbitant material &
Labour rates and to obtain adequate numbers of skilled laborers.
38
10. The current working arrangement of Managing & Monitoring Consultants is a more
collaborative one, rather than an evaluative situation. This means, RDA Project
Management Group take a proactive role in placing the consultant’s performance in
the right track, on a continuous basis. This is carried out as follows;
(a) Checking of the Consultant’s recommendations (in respect of time, quality
and cost) for their contractual validity and accuracy. Referring the
recommendations back to the Consultants in case of shortcomings;
(b) Making alternative assessments (claims, extension etc) and providing
findings as a feedback to the Consultant’s recommendation;
(c) Maintaining contract related data for easy reference;
(d) Informal discussions with the Consultants’ staff on complicated
contractual matters.
11. Due to Inadequate experience Consultants; RDA’s involvements have been
increased.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions
39
5.1.1 The factors affect in achieving the Goals & Objectives of the CAARP
project.
1. Main problems inevitably related to the ongoing situation of civil unrest
within the country allied to the spread of the all packages.
2. Restricts mobility of Consultants & Employer staff to the project area.
3. Non-availability of a standard assessment scheme to assess Consultants
performance.
4. Security situation prevents to mobilize & maintain Machinery, Equipment,
Technical staff, labor strength & skill workers from other art of the country.
5. Shortage of Man power, Machinery & Equipments and Technical staff & skill
workers in project areas.
6. Security situation restricts to obtain quality construction materials from the
limited resources.
7. Delays in Consultant’s decisions & approvals for selection of materials &
methods of works.
8. Scarcity of High Quality Consultant staff implies Inexperience Consultants
staff.
9. Consultant’s most of them are on theoretical side and in practical side.
10. Considerable Quantity variance due to the fast deterioration of roads & due to
shortcomings in the initial scope identification.
11. Provision of Price Escalation due to the prevailing situation of the country is
not adequate and affecting the profit mark-up implies slow progress.
12. Security situation imposes restriction of working hours & transportation
problems in transporting materials to sites.
13. Non availability of skilled workers, gives poor workmanship and bad quality.
14. In-experience Contractors, and FIDIC condition of Contract is not conversant
with most the contractors: Contract Obligations & responsibilities are not
clearly understood by most of the contractors.
15. Difficult to attract and retain high quality consultant’s staff.
16. Due to restricted traveling & harvesting local resources, high scopes of works
have been amended to suit the situation & available resources.
17. Difficult in Evaluate Claims and Negotiate price because Contractors were
generally reluctant to provide the information on which to conduct