Facoltà di Ingegneria Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions” 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium, Thon Hotel EU Integrated cycle for the production of fresh water, minerals and energy Andrea Cipollina [email protected]
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Facoltà di Ingegneria
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica
Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”
19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium, Thon Hotel EU
Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Main facts
Project acronym: Reverse Electrodialysis for Alternative Power production
Cooperative project financed through the FP7 programme
Starting date: 1 October 2010
Closing date: 30 September 2014
The REAPower project
15
Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
CATHODE
ANODE
e-
e-
ELECTRODE RINSE
C D C
+ + - -
I, J+
The Reverse Electrodialysis technology
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
To produce energy from salinity gradients generated by ultra-concentrated brines
and sea- or brackish-water
The REAPower project
The idea . . .
Technological benefits for the SGP-RE process
New potentials for the exploitation of brines
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
i) Seawater (≈30-35 g/lt) in the LOW conc. compartment and concentrated brine (≈ 300 g/lt) in the HIGH conc. compartment dramatically reduce the electrical resistance in all battery compartments
ii) As a result: an ultra-low overall internal resistance within the SGP-RE battery cell-pairs can be achieved . . . especially with the introduction of thinner membranes
iii) Thus, the ultra-low internal resistance will significantly promote a higher power density of the SGP-RE battery.
The REAPower project
Technological basic concepts . . .
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Technological barriers . . .
The REAPower project
Effect of salinity on permselectivity
Solution strategy Improve IEMs
formulation/preparation
High fouling and scaling potentials
Solution strategy Adequate pre-treatments for seawater and brine
Still low power density
Solution strategy Thin IEMs & Membrane
Integrated Spacer
Limited quantity of brine
Solution strategy Increase “fuel efficiency”
and regeneration strategies
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Solutions so far proposed can be:
Novel and low-impact brine disposal strategies to be implemented;
Re-use and exploitation of brines as a non-conventional source of minerals and energy.
Which brines for the SGP-RE process?
Environmental issues related to brine discharge have become more and more crucial in a number of
different situations such as:
Desalination plants
Salt industry
Mining activities
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Direct access to both saturated brine and seawater from open channels
Installation place within an old, restructured WINDMILL
Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Achievements and perspectives
Power density output: effect of IEMs properties
52.0% 39.6% 32.0% 26.9% 20.4%
13.0% 9.5% 7.6% 6.3% 4.8%
24.6%
35.7%
42.4%
46.9%
52.6%
10.4%
15.1%
17.9%
19.8%
22.3%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
20 40 60 80 120
Are
al R
esi
stan
ce [x
10
-4Ω∙m
2]
IEM thickness [mm]
AEM
CEM
brine
seawater
Simulation of a 1000 cells stack assuming a linear decreasing of IEMs resistance with IEMs thickness. aAEM =
0.65, aCEM = 0.90. Spacer thickness of seawater/brine compartments d = 200 mm.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140M
ean
Po
we
r D
en
sity
[W/m
2]
IEM thickness [μm]
αAEM
IEMs resistance
First goal
Final goal
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Achievements and perspectives
Power density output: effect of stack geometry
Gross and Net power output
Simulation of a 50-cells stack with 200 mm spacers; rectangular distributor/collector with thickness s= 0.2 – 0.5 – 1.0 mm; external load is assumed equal to stack resistance
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
Site features
- Seawater availability: unlimited;
- Brine availability: 10-15 m3/h (much larger with feed-recycle);
- Brine concentration: variable between 250 and 320 gr/lt.
Prototype installation: plant specifications
Achievements and perspectives
Prototype features
-Total cell pair surface: ≈ 60 m2;
-Expected power density: > 5 W/m2;
-Expected power output: > 300W
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Workshop on “Water and Power: Challenges and solutions”, 19-20 November 2012, Brussels, Belgium
REAPower project is funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), Future Emerging Technologies for Energy Applications (FET) (Project No FP7-256736). The sole responsibility for the content of this presentation lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. The European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica