Digital Systems 2 V1.3

Digital Systems 2M.Sc. Manuel Toledano

04.08.09

I. Introduction

INTRODUCTION

The First Transistor

New York Times

“A device called a transistor, which has several applications in radio where a vacuum tube ordinarily is employed, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 West Street, where it was invented.”

23rd December 1947

The First Integrated Circuit

1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical engineer at Texas Instruments, figured out how to put all the circuit elements-transistors, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting wiring-into a single piece of germanium.

His rough prototype was a thin piece of germanium about one-half inch long containing five separate components linked together by tiny wires.

…INTRODUCTION

The Microprocessor

4004: Intel’s first microprocessor

The speed of this 1971 device is estimated at 0.06 MIPS.

The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz & contained 2300 transistors

…INTRODUCTION

Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC

1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor

A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the IBM PC.

This was followed in 1982 by the 80286, on which was based the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) computer.

…INTRODUCTION

Intel 80386 and 80486

The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained 275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was capable of ‘multi-tasking’.

The ‘486 (1989, shown) was significantly more powerful, and was the first to offer a built-in math. co-processor, greatly speeding up transcendental functions.

…INTRODUCTION

Intel Pentium

The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 - it was designed to allow computers to handle “real-world” data such as speech, sound and images.

The Pentium II (1997) contains 7.5 million transistors and is packaged in a unique format.

…INTRODUCTION

Moore's law describes a trend in the history of computer hardware: that the number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every two years

…INTRODUCTION

Computer

Memory I/O

BUS

CPU

…INTRODUCTION

Main parts of a personal computer

Masked ROM

• Read Only Memory

• Recorded in fabrication process

• Really large series

Memories

…INTRODUCTION

Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

Retains its data when its power supply is switched off

Easily recognizable by the transparent fused quartz window

Writing process is achieved from a physical device PC-controlled

EPROM

…INTRODUCTION

It is programmed once by the user using the same process as the EEPROM memory

After that, it can’t be erased.

Low cost

Final prototyping and small production series

OTP

…INTRODUCTION

Writting process similar to OTP & EEPROM

Erased electrically

1,000,000 write/erase cycles

Long programming time with highenergy consumption

…INTRODUCTION

EEPROM

Intimately related to EEPROM memory

Doesn’t requires high voltages

Higher capacity

Faster

Bulk erased

FLASH

…INTRODUCTION

Random Access Memory

Fast

Commonly called “Main memory”

Refreshable

RAM

…INTRODUCTION

Unit which controls the whole communication with the external parts of the PC.

I/O Tasks

Common I/O to all devices

Peripheral

InOutIn/Out

Input/Output

…INTRODUCTION

Subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between devices

Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together.

Early computer buses were literally parallel electrical buses with multiple connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus.

Three types of buses

DataDirectionsControl

BUS

…INTRODUCTION

1. Define: Data, Directions and Control Buses2. Problems related to parallel bus: Timing skew and crosstalk3. Give 5 examples of buses on microcontrollers and explain two of them

Format:______________________________________________________________

Student: Last name, Name Universidad Autónoma de QuerétaroHW #: 1 Facultad de IngenieríaDate: Digital Systems 2______________________________________________________________

Homework 1

Notes:1. English written2. Please follow the format

…Basic Concepts

II. Basic concepts

High scale integrated circuit (LSI)

Includes Fip-flops, counters, registers, decoders etc.

Same silicon case

Can be considered as a logical device of general purpose

Two main parts

Hardware

Software

Basic Concepts

Microcontroller Software

Each one of the instructions which can process

Action Code

AND 00

OR 01

NAND 10

XOR 11

Microcontroller hardware

- Logic gates- Multiplexer

…Basic Concepts

Why do you think a Microprocessor is considered as an Open System and a microcontroller as a Closed System?

Microcontroller: Closed system

Microprocessor: Open system

…Basic Concepts

Microcontroller Peripherals

…Basic Concepts

What this really means for you is that you have a very powerful device that has many useful built in modules e.g.

* EEPROM

* PWM

* Analogue to digital converters

* UART

Even with just these four modules (note these are just example modules - there are more) you can make up many projects e.g.:

…Basic Concepts

* Frequency counter - using the internal timers and reporting through UART (RS232) or output to LCD.

* Event timer - using internal timers.

* Event data logger -capturing analogue data using an internal ADC and using the internal EEPROM for storing data (using an external I2C for high data storage capacity.

* Servo controller (Control through UART) - using the internal PWM module or using a software created PWM.

…Basic Concepts

E.g.: Internal peripherals of the PIC12F675

* Two timers.

* One 10bit ADC with 4 selectable inputs.

* An internal oscillator (or you can use an external crystal).

* An analogue comparator.

* 1024 words of program memory.

* 64 Bytes of RAM.

* 128 Bytes of EEPROM memory.

* External interrupt (as well as interrupts from internal peripherals).

* External crystal can go up to 20MHz.

* ICSP : PIC standard programming interface.

…Basic Concepts

• Microprocessor :

• Requires ‘external’ support hardware• E.g., External RAM, ROM, Peripherals.

• Microcontroller :

• Very little external support hardware.• Most RAM, ROM and peripherals on chip.• “Computer on a chip”, or “System on chip” (SOC)• E.g., PIC = Peripheral Interface Controller

…Basic Concepts

Von-Neuman Architecture

⌫Used in: 80X86 (PCs), 8051, 68HC11, etc.)

⌫Only one bus between CPU and memory

⌫RAM and program memory share the same bus and the same memory, and so must have the same bit width

⌫Bottleneck: Getting instructions interferes with accessing RAM

CPU8

Memory

(Program & Data)

…Basic Concepts

Microcontrollers PIC use the Harvard Architecture

⌫Used mostly in RISC CPUs

⌫Separate program bus and data bus: can be different widths!

⌫For example, PICs use:

– Data memory (RAM): a small number of 8 bit registers

– Program memory (ROM): 12bit, 14bit or 16bit wide (in EPROM, FLASH, or ROM)

CPU 121416

Memory(Data) 8

Memory(Program)

…Basic Concepts

Traditionally, CPUs are “CISC”

⌫Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

⌫Used in: 80X86, 8051, 68HC11, etc.

⌫Many instructions (usually > 100)

⌫Many, many addressing modes

⌫Usually takes more than 1 internal clock cycle (Tcyc) to execute

…Basic Concepts

PICs and most Harvard chips are “RISC”

⌫Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

⌫Used in: Atmel AVR, PICs, etc.

⌫Few instructions (usually < 50)

⌫Only a few addressing modes

⌫Executes 1 instruction in 1 internal clock cycle (Tcyc)

⌫Example:

PIC16CXXX: MOVLW 0x551 word, 1 cycle

1100XX 01010101

…Basic Concepts

ADDLW ADD Literal to W

Syntax ADDLW k

Words, Clock Cycles 1, 1

Operation W + k -> W

Status Bits C, DC, Z

Description Adds W to k, and stores the result in W

ANDLW AND Literal and W

Syntax ANDLW k

Words, Clock Cycles 1, 1

Operation W AND k -> W

Status Bits Z

Description Logical AND between W and k, stores it in W

…Basic Concepts

The PIC Family: Cores

PICs come with 1 of 4 CPU ‘cores’:

⌫12bit cores with 33 instructions: 12C50x, 16C5x

⌫14bit cores with 35 instructions: 12C67x,16Cxxx

⌫16bit cores with 58 instructions: 17C4x,17C7xx

⌫ ‘Enhanced’ 16bit cores with 77 instructions: 18Cxxx

…Basic Concepts

The PIC Family: Packages

PICs come in a huge variety of packages:

8 pin DIPs, SOICs: 12C50x (12bit) and 12C67x (14bit)

18pin DIPs, SOICs: 16C5X (12bit), 16Cxxx (14bit)

28pin DIPs, SOICs: 16C5X (12bit), 16Cxxx (14bit)

40pin DIPs, SOICs: 16Cxxx (14bit), 17C4x (16bit)

44 - 68pin PLCCs*: 16Cxxx (14bit), 17C4x / 17Cxxx (16bit)

* also TQFPs, etc.

…Basic Concepts

The PIC Family: Program Memory

PIC program space is different for each chip.

Some examples are:

12C508 512 12bit instructions

16C71C 1024 (1k) 14bit instructions

16F877 8192 (8k) 14bit instructions

17C766 16384 (16k) 16bit instructions

…Basic Concepts

• MCU’s 8 bits

• rfPIC’s 8 bits

• dsPIC 16 bits

• MCU’s 24 bits

• PIC 32 bits

Currently

…Basic Concepts

PIC MCUs - Extreme Low Power Microcontrollers.

Benefits of nanoWatt XLP Technology include:■ Sleep / Power-down current down to 20 nA.■ Brown-out Reset down to 45 nA.■ Watch-dog Timer down to 400 nA.■ Real-time Clock/Calendar down to 500 nA.

…Basic Concepts

rfPIC’s - Radio FrequencyInclude the 2.4 GHz IEEE std. 802.15.4 radio transceiver that is the basis for ZigBee®, MiWi™, and MiWi P2P solutions and the sub-GHz rfPIC®transmitter, receiver, and transceiver solutions in the 300-900 MHz frequency range.

IrDA - Infrared DesignMicrochip offers products to support infrared wireless communication. With the explosive growth of mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and other handheld electronic devices, the need for a simple, low cost wireless communication method has grown as well.

…Basic Concepts

KEELOQ - KEELOQ® Authentication

Secure, wireless remote control systems can only be implemented if two conditions are met: A large number of possible combinations must be available and the system may never respond twice to the same transmitted code.

…Basic Concepts

PIC32

…Basic Concepts

dsPIC – Digital Signal Controllers.

General Purpose Peripherals & device features:● Real-time Clock & Calendar● Cyclic Redundancy Check● USB● 10 & 10/12-bit A/D Converters● Comparator● 10-bit & 16-bit D/A Converter● Direct Memory Access● Parallel Master Port

Motor Control, Lighting & 3-phase Energy Metering Application Peripherals:● Motor Control PWM● Quadrature Encoder Interface● 10/12-bit A/D Converter

…Basic Concepts

Texas Instruments

C2000 devices are 32-bit microcontrollers with high performance integrated peripherals designed for real-time control applications. Its optimized core can run multiple complex control algorithms at speeds necessary for demanding control applications. Powerful integrated peripherals combined with the SPI, UART, I2C, CAN, and McBSPcommunication peripherals.

ATMEL

Easy to Use Touchscreen Controller Solution for Single Layer Sensor Implementations. The QT4120 IC provides standard solutions for super thin, high performance, single touch capacitive touchscreens. The IC is based on Atmel's patented QField™ touchscreen technology and is part of a system approach designed to accelerate the development process.

…Basic Concepts

Freescale

Freescale offers a wide range of ARM microprocessors for consumer, automotive, industrial, and general embedded applications. The industry's leading provider of 32-bit embedded RISC microprocessors, ARM processors are based on a common architecture and deliver high performance together with low power consumption and system cost.

…Basic Concepts

1. Find a scientific article (most likely) related to applications of microcontrollers to solve a task related to mechatronics, wireless or robotics2. Summarize the article

Format:______________________________________________________________

Student: Last name, Name Universidad Autónoma de QuerétaroHW #: 2 Facultad de IngenieríaDate: Digital Systems 2______________________________________________________________

Homework 2