Diabetic mellitus

group of metabolic diseases

person has high blood sugar

the body does not produce enough insulin

or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced

Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes:

The body's failure to produce insulin

Requires the person to inject insulin

Also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes

loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

leading to insulin deficiency

Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes

unpredictable hyperglycemias

results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly,

. (Formerly referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for short, and adult-onset diabetes.)

the specific defects are not known

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type.

At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed

medications that improve insulin sensitivity

high blood glucose level during pregnancy

It may precede development of type 2 DM

inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness

It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies

improve or disappear after delivery

Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but requires careful medical supervision throughout the pregnancy

About 20%–50% of affected women develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

untreated gestational diabetes can damage the health of the fetus

Risks to the baby include - macrosomia (high birth weight) -congenital cardiac and central nervous

system anomalies -skeletal muscle malformations -In severe cases, perinatal death

polyuria (frequent urination)

polydipsia (increased thirst )

polyphagia (increased hunger)

damage to blood vessels

the risk of cardiovascular disease

Diabetic retinopathy,

Diabetic nephropathy,

diabetes-related foot problem

(such as diabetic foot ulcers

Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections

Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics

Mechanism of insulin release in normal pancreatic beta cells.

Insulin production is more or less constant within the beta cells.

Its release is triggered by food, chiefly food containing absorbable glucose.

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells

deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.

Insulin is also the principal control signal for conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in liver and muscle cells

. Lowered glucose levels result both in the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and in the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels fall

Glycosylated hemoglobin and Glucose tolerance test

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which cannot be cured

keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal

accomplished with diet, exercise, and use of appropriate medications

(insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes

oral medications as well as possibly insulin in type 2 diabetes).

Patient education, understanding

well-managed blood sugar levels

effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.[26]

Diabetic diet

Anti-diabetic medication

Metformin is generally recommended as a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes

aspirin

Insulin therapy

Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with a combinations of regular and NPH insulin