Design Thinking

1

Anita M. Hsieh

Design Thinking | Spring 2012

SUBCULTURE INCUBATOR

the inverted forumforum

2

1

table of contents

1 introduction: graffiti

2 concept

3 program proposal

4 site documentation

5 precedent analysis

6 bibliography

7 image citations

3

14

28

26

64

82

84

Washington University in St. LouisSam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts

Graduate School of Architecture

Ben Fehrmann Design Thinking Professor

Gina Gage Design Thinking Teaching Assistant

2

GRAFFITI

3introduction:

4

Prehistoric cave sketchesLascaux, France

15,000 BC

5Graffiti is a universal mechanism for communication, with the purpose to disseminate information to an indeterminate amount of people. Graffiti’s purpose to record, ellicit emotional and physical response goes as far back as the cavemen and the days of Pompeii. There is graffiti that acts as a “tattoo,” a type of memorial, as an act of declaring one’s relationship to another, remembering someone’s death, etc. There are also types that hold a political agenda, such as those protesting wars and political figures, or voicing opinions about the government. And then there are “generic” types of graffiti that most are familiar with, which relate to gang tags and murals of hip hop culture, that act to claim a territory, a presence.

Collectively, graffiti acts as an informal platform where those whose voices aren’t normally heard, are given chances of recognition; a means of communicating and self expression. Learning from graffiti, a building or public space can itself become an effective tool of dialogue, where the communicator and the receivers are in constant interaction.

Graffiti

to scratchto write

graffiato (italian)graphire (latin)

gruh•fee•tee

writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place *

Dictionary.com*

introduction

6

79 AD 19th Century AD

Graffiti in PompeiiPompeii, Italy

Visitor etchings at Abu SimbelAswan, Egypt

7The earliest evidence of art, or rather graffiti, was found in the caves in Lascaux, France. The cave, discovered in 1940, was full of paintings of animals, human figures, and abstract signs. The paintings were a way of documentation of livestock, hunting records, and threatening predators.

In Pompeii, graffiti was used in many ways as a way of communication, whether it be for praise, slander, or of a sexual nature. In the left image, graffiti for a political campaign is exhibited on an exterior wall of a building.

In ancient Egypt, heiroglyphs, stratchings in rock, were the formal means of communication of the empire. Years later, in the 1800s, rock tombs in Aswan were discovered. Those who claimed discovery etched their names in stone as a way of claiming and recording their time there as for those after them to observe and acknowledge.

Graffiti of the Past

introduction

8

2008 2012

Work by Dr. HofmannBarcelona, Spain

Flood WallSt. Louis, Missouri

9The most “generic,” obvious type of graffiti comes in the form of letters and tags, tattoos of the urban realm. A gang can leave their tag on a wall as a claim of territory; other tags could be declarations of love, or a declaration of memoriam (“RIP Blaze”). These forms of communication are usually one-dimensional, one-message interpretations.

Other forms of graffiti take on a more political and emotional role, especially in areas involved in conflict of some kind. In much of stencil art, political figures and other objects are ironically juxtaposed to form a charged message, either of protest or of simply whimsy. In both ways, the message is being posted and is being communicated through its medium.

Graffiti of the Present

introduction

10

To most people, graffiti is just background scenery, urban wallpaper... to those who write it, however, it is a secret sign language.

There’s conversations between people who haven’t met, through writing.Nancy Macdonald, 2001

“

”

11

graffiti & movement

Graffiti is activated through movement. When graffiti is viewed, it has already been painted on a wall, static. The life of graffiti lies in the application itself. Graffiti is a transient art; usually charged through impulse and drive to leave one’s trace behind.

Graffiti is also a movement itself, a call for action due to a belief, as well as a representation of select groups of people in society. Graffiti is a type of subcultural movement and activity, usually associated with the underground realm of the city.

mobilityspontaneity

(Refering to Sociology)the cultural values and behavioral patterns distinctive of a particular group in a society

a group having social, economic, ethnic, or other traits distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society

(n)•

subculture[suhb•kuhl•cher]

introduction

12

Computer simulation of growth of bacteria James Matthews

13

(v)•

(Refering to Bacteriology)to inoculate onto another medium; to cultivate (a bacterial strain) again on a new medium

graffiti as bacteria

Graffiti can also be interpreted as bacteria. Graffiti acts as the baterial spore that is applied to a medium, much like a bacterial culture is applied to a petri dish. In the physical sense, a wall starts bare; someone tags the wall overnight; the tag is viewed and acknowledged; the wall is covered with tags by the end of the week. In a psychological sense, graffiti is bacterial because there is no rationale as to why it is, how it appears, and how it spreads; it is all up to dictation of the artist (graffiti) and nature (bacteria).

Not all bacteria is bad, as is the case with graffiti. In fact, the “good” bacteria is vital in maintaining balance within nature. Also, bacteria can grow, spread and evolve itself depending on the medium it is injected into. In a similar way, graffiti can be interpreted as a type of bacterial subculture, a means of communication that is injected into the urban landscape in a way to interpret and spread information and evolve its surroundings.

growthcultivation

subculture[suhb•kuhl•cher]

introduction

14

15concept research

Graffiti

stimuli

medium

tattoo

platform

mechanism receptor catalyst

Proj

ectio

n at

Tiju

ana

Cultu

ral C

ente

r, Kr

zysz

tof W

odic

zko

(198

8)

16

messenger stimuli receptor

incubatestimulatetransmitmaterialize

17

graffiti as communicator

Graffiti is a medium of communication, where the messenger is the artist, whose main purpose is to put something on display for an indeterminate-size audience. The messenger uses a medium to convey a message, and through the medium, the information is seen by the audience, who act as receptors.

Graffiti is a temporal art --- it can be taken down as fast as it is put up. This type of art thrives in its own transience, as these visual pieces are constantly changing, usually without prior notice. Graffiti is transient also because of its mobility to be anywhere, to appear at any time, and to be created by anyone.

A modern forum can be created to allow for public interaction and display of temporary, liminal art.

The roman forum, rectangular plaza surrounded by ruins; the center of Roman public life. site of processions, elections, speeches, trials, gladiatoral matches, etc.

[roman]forum

concept research

18

The roman forum was located in the heart of the city. No event was ever permanently fixed; the space was used for many different events, such as marketplaces, parades, political debates, and even executions.

Open flexible event space at Platoon Kunstalle, in Seoul, Korea. Events are constantly rotating; seen above, the space has been used to host a flea market.

19

not lasting, enduring, or permanent; transitory. Staying only a short time.

a person or thing that is transient, such as a temporary guest, boarder, laborer, or the like.

(Refering to Electricity)a sudden pulse of voltage or current.

the condition of being on a threshold or at the beginning of a process.

> latin root limen

(Referring to Medical Term limen)the threshold of a physiological or psychological response.

The external opening of a canal; an entrance.

transient[tran•zee•uhnt]

liminality[lim•uh•nal•i•tee]

(adj)•

(n)•

(n)•

•

•

•

characteristics of [graffiti] communication

concept research

20

incubatestimulatetransmitmaterializematerialize / discover

Abandoned buildings provide a canvas for those looking to express themselves or to find place of shelter. There are certain groups of people that are drawn to places like this: graffiti artists, the homeless, urban spelunkers, to name a few.

Those discoverers feel like an outsider looking in, but soon claim the space as their own.

21

concept research

Krzysztof Wodiczko. Guests, video projection installation.Polish Pavilion at the 53rd International Art Exhibition in Venice

22

incubatestimulatetransmitmaterializepaint / communicate

It starts with a subversive act of painting abandoned buildings. In some cases of street art, what was once seen as illegal activity is now a permitted act. Also, it is not limited to street art -- communication can happen with projections, light installations, etc.

23

concept research

“Facade printer.” Software-controlled inkjet printer that creates images at an architectural scale. Like a magic pen, the facade printer is a large scale

communication tool.

Source: Design Boom

24

incubatestimulatetransmitmaterializecollect / stimulate

Abandoned, gritty places and graffiti make for spaces that draws in a unique crowd of people, such as homeless people, discoverers/ recreationalists (students, fishers, bikers, etc.), and of course expressors ( graffiti artists, etc.)

These places with applied stimulation act as a collector of people, drawing people to the place.

25

concept research

“Yarn-bombing”. Also called guerilla knitting, it is a type of street art that employs colorful displays of knitted yarn. This type of graffiti was initally

about reclaiming and personalizing public spaces.

26

incubatestimulatetransmitmaterializerecreate / incubate

Through taking advantage of the environment that graffiti creates in an abandoned place, there lies opportunity to recreate a space that takes advantage of the unharnessed creativity that exists there.

This place will be a collective where creative minds and various groups of subcultures can feed off one anothers’ creative energy.

27

concept research

28

art

gra�ti artists

cinema fashion

culture

communication

graphicdesign

politicalactivists

club culture

29program proposal

A gathering of like minds work together at the intersection of art, culture and communication. The program will allow for subcultural interactions and interventions between a variety of different groups in the creative industry.

While in the past these groups would have worked independently, being able to work in an intersected environment can take creative juices to the next level.

inverted forum

30

who wants to be here?

31

32

street art

fashion

music

club culture

graphicdesign

inversedforum

““cinema

politicalactivism

33

program proposal

art

exhibition space

performance stage

night club

workshops workshops

culture

communication

studios / residences cafe / bar

34

FORUM

35

FORUM program proposal

36CHOUTEAU’S LANDING

site research 37

Orig

inal

Imag

e co

urte

sy o

f Goo

gle.

CHOUTEAU’S LANDING

The edifice should be both an incubator where graffiti writers can express themselves freely as well as a theater where people can watch graffiti be created. Through this medium, spaces and places can be transformed from a former use to something completely different.

38

industrial decay creates environments of subcultural survival

site research

39

graffiti is one of the byproducts of these abandoned environments

40

St. Louis Arch Grounds

Laclede’s Landing

Choteau’s Landing

41

HIST

ORI

C

ICO

NIC

ABAN

DONE

D

42 Busch Stadium

Soulard Market

Paint Louis Flood Wall

St. Louis Arch

Keiner Plaza

Citygarden

Laclede’s Landing

Choteau’s Landing

43

I-55

I-64

Poplar Street Bridge

MacArthur Bridge

44

Powell Square Building

Busch Stadium

45

Jefferson Expansion Memorial Park

1000’

scale: 1” = 2000’

46

scale: 1” = 2000’ scale: 1” = 1000’

47

infiltration + reconnectionreconnect to the Arch grounds

Connect to the Mississippi RiverPowell Square Building

site

site?

site?

48

infiltration + reconnectionreconnect to the Arch grounds

Connect to the Mississippi RiverPowell Square Building

site

site?

site?

49

50

Powell Square BuildingOnce home to an electric company factory, the Powell Square building has stood vacant for at least forty years. Standing five stories, the structure consists of poured concrete slabs and concrete columns. Its visual prominence at the intersection between Interstate 64 and 55 have made the Powell Square Building one of the most infamous abandoned buildings in Saint Louis.

Many have claimed it the worst eyesore in the city, and many have tried to find ways in which this building can be rehabilitated. In the early 2000’s, the land was acquired, and plans were made in 2009 to transform the building into an arts center, and was called Chouteau’s Landing Art Center (CLAC). Since then, the radar has been quiet and no word has been said on why there is a standstill on the project. For now, it will continue to be a place of refuge for the homeless and a painting grounds for graffiti artists.

site research

51

Interior view of Powell building

1000’

52

Rooms with a view

View towards St. Louis ArchView towards Busch Stadium

53

View looking to adjacent railway

54

Eastern end of site, looking at garageArea behind garage

55

56

site research

57

View from Roof of Powell Building, looking north

scale: 1” = 100’

350’-6”site extents

mississippi river

RT 55

Southwestern Railway

S. 2

nd S

tree

t

S. 1s

t Str

eet

S. L

eono

r K S

ulliv

an B

lvd

58

scale: 1” = 100’

350’-6”site extents

mississippi river

RT 55

Southwestern Railway

S. 2

nd S

tree

t

S. 1s

t Str

eet

S. L

eono

r K S

ulliv

an B

lvd

site research

59

scale: 1” = 100’

60

61

scale: 1” = 100’

Gross Square Footage

Lot 55817 SF

Building 26921 SF

62

scale: 1” = 32’

site research

63

64

precedent studiesadaptive reuse

atmosphere

65

SESC Pompeia Cultural Complex, Sao Paolo, Brazil

66

SESC Pompeia sao paolo, brazil

Founded in 1946, SESC (Servico Social do Comercio, Social Service of Commerce) is a non-profit institution acting throughout Brazil with the purpose of promoting culture and good-living among workers and traders and their families. From 1977 to 1986, Lina Bo Bardi transformed an old steel barrel factory into a “culture factory.” She turned old brick sheds into a place for events, workshops, exhibition spaces, and a library. SESC Pompeia also features an 800-seat theater as well as a “choperia” (cafeteria) which

is popular with the locals. In addition to renovating the sheds, Bo Bardi also built two new buildings that served as a gymnasium connected by footbridges. The spaces created are intended to spark activities that involve music, dance, cinema, theater, seminars, debates, etc. The inclusion of sports facilities is part of the organization’s aim of promoting health among the community.

67

68

69

DogA | Jensen + Skodvinoslo, norway

The Norwegian Design and Architecture Center decided to inhabit an old transformatin station in 2003. The building, which faced additions and alterations from 1860 to 1980, held a particular character that the firm wanted to maintain and display.

Their theory of restoration and preservation was that the more architectural extraction that they could do, the more they would come close to a complex, more “natural” beauty. New additions inside are constructed an a very simple geometry and construction as a clear juxtaposition with the old building ruins.

70 Chelsea Marketnew york city, new york

In the 1890’s, what is now Chelsea Market was part of a block-long West Chelsea structure known as the National Biscuit Company, which made Animal Crackers, Oreos, Fig Newtons, to name a few. The Biscuit Company is long gone: in 1958, its complex of twenty-two structures with two-million square feet, was sold to investor Louis J. Glickman. Although the factory is gone, the culinary appeal has stayed; it is now home to the Food Network and is surrounded by high-end restaurants.

The combination of glass and brick and the juxtaposition of new and old have made Chelsea Market an attractive venue for tourists and locals alike to eat and shop. Many remnants of the factories are left, such as old floors, mosaics, and brick.

71

...in keeping with the theme of industrial archeology that runs through his project, he wanted to showcase the damage, not conceal it.

Christopher Gray, NY Times on investor Irwin B. Cohen

“”

72

precedent studiesadaptive reuse

atmosphere

73

74

platoon berlin, germany

Source: Archdaily.com

precedent studies

75

Created from 5 ISO cargo containers, Platoon Berlin is the main headquarters, where retruitment takes place. Founded in 2000, Platoon is an interesting concept - a global network of creative talent, a community of creative professionals working transnationally.

networking and flexible spaces provide a relevent and engaging way for creative minds to collaborate. The flexible space can be used for events, exhibitions, workshop, and discussion. The stacked containers can be rebuilt and recycled anywhere.

76

platoon kunsthalle platoon + graft architects

seoul, korea

Created from 28 ISO cargo containers, Platoon Kunsthalle represents flexible architecture in globalized culture. Opened in 2009, its program is simply a “space for subculture in Asia.” Located in the upscale neighborhood of Cheongdam, it confronts subculture in a neighborhood of high-end designer

Source: Archdaily.com

houses, creating tension between two worlds. Program elements revolve around different formats such as exhibitions, movie nights, concerts and multimedia performances, workshops, discussion panels, and special events.

77

main open event space

precedent studies

78

crown fountain jaume plensa

chicago, illinoisSource: Archdaily.com

79

precedent studies

Designed by Spanish srtist Jaume Plensa, the Crown Fountain in Millennium Park is a major addition to the city’s art collection. The fountain is comprised of two 50-foot glass block towers at either end of a shallow reflecting pool. The

glass block towers project video images of 1,000 of Chicago’s citizens’ faces on LED screens. Referencing mythological gargoyles, the projected faces at times give the illusion of water spouting from their mouths.

80

graffiti research lab (G.R.L)interactive architecture

Graffiti Research Lab (GRL) is a collective of graffiti artists that use open source techniques to convey another dimension of public graffiti art. Through open source codes on their website, they say that anyone

Photo Sources: Flickr

can create digital graffiti. In these examples, laser technology is combined with computer code to generate paint-like tags and artwork. Here, the message is made, but the tag remains a temporary projection.

Photo Sources: Flickr

81

free avone, NYC laser tag (2008)

When graffiti artist AVONE was incarcerated on charges of vandalism, digital graffiti was created here to raise money for his bail.

Using a laptop, projector, cameras, and lasers, interactive graffiti projections were cast upon buildings. This was past of the GRL Rotterdam tour ‘L.A.S.E.R. TAG’ which lasted 60 weeks.

precedent studies

Photo Sources: Flickr

82

bibliography Bru, Edward,e t al. Metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture: city technology, and society in the information age. Actar, 2003.

Franck, Karen & Stevens, Quentin (eds.) Loose Space: Possibility and diversity in urban life. London; New York: Routledge, 2007.

Macdonald, Nancy. The Graffiti Subculture: Youth, Masculinity, and Identity in London and New York. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print.

Manco, Tristan, Lost Art, & Neelon, Caleb. Graffiti Brasil. New York: Thames & Hudson Inc., 2005. Mathieson, Eleanor. Street Art and the War on Terror. London: Rebellion Books, 2007.

Sommer, Robert. Social Design: Creating Buildings with People in Mind. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1983. Print.

print

83

“An inside look: Powell Square.” Documenting the LifeSTyLe. December 10, 2010. Web. http://we-are-the-city.blogspot.com/2010/12/inside-look-powell-square.html

Campos, Cristian. 1,000 Ideas for Graffiti and Street Art: Murals, Tags, and More from Artists around the World. Rockport Publishers, 2011.

DogA / JSA. Archdaily. April 1, 2009. Web. http://www.archdaily.com/18245/doga-jsa/Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The meaning of style. London; New York: Routledge, 1991. electronic.

“Eye heart STL!!” Vimeo.com. April 18, 2010. http://vimeo.com/11060792

Geobrand. “Berlin: Bottom-up urban regeneration - with a little help from the top.” Inpolis.com. October, 24, 2011. Web. http://blog.inpolis.com/2011/10/24/berlin-bottom-up-urban-regeneration-with-a-little-help-from-the-top/

Gray, Christopher. “From Oreos to Mallomars to today’s Chelsea Market.” The New York Times. August 7, 2005. Web. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/07/realestate/07scaphtml?pagewanted=all.

“Locals only: Peat Wollaeger - stencil graffiti artist.” The St. Louis Egotist. September 15, 2011. Web. http://www.thestlouisegotist.com/editorial/2011/september/15/locals-only-peat-wollaeger-stencil-graffiti-artist

Ohison, Kristin. Reading the writing on Pompeii’s walls. Smithsonian.com. July 27, 2010. Web.http://www.mithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Reading-the-Writing-on-Pompeiis-Walls.html#ixzz0vSFKVJrZ

“Paint Louis.” n.d. http://www.peeniewallie.com/videos/paint_louis.swf

Pedersen, Samo. “Social Container Architecture.” August 15, 2011. Web. http://popupcity.net/2011/08/social-container-architecture/

Powell Square. Built St. Louis: the industrial city. n.d. Web. http://www.builtstlouis.net/industrial/powell-square.html

Russell, Stefene. “Mississippi river subcultures: riverfront mysteries.” St. Louis Magazine. May 2011. Web. February 14, 2012. http://www.stlmag.com/St-Louis-Magazine/May-2011/Mississippi-River-Subcultures-Riverfront-Mysteries/#

Screwed Arts Collective. http://www.screwedarts.com/

SESC Pompeia. Study Tour Brazil. n.d. Web. http://studytourbrazil.wordpress.com/sao-paulo/sesc-pompeia/

“St. Louis flood wall graffiti.” Doobybrain.com. April 30, 2011. http://www.doobybrain.com/2011/04/30/st-louis-flood-wall-graffiti/

digital / web

84

image citations

Koes. Bassano del Grappa, ItalyCampos, Cristian. 1,000 Ideas for Graffiti and Street Art: Murals, Tags, and More from Artists around the World. Rockport Publishers, 2011. Page 14

Banksy, Lascaux Power washinghttp://supercubed.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/banksy-cave-painting.jpg

Graffiti Pie Charthttp://albotas.com/post/3067121959

Cave drawings, Lascaux, Francehttp://theshavedape.blogspot.com/2012/02/cave-of-forgotten-dreams.html

Pompeii graffitihttp://www.smithsonianmag.com/multimedia/photos/?c=y&articleID=99324199

Aswan, EgyptPersonal Photo

Dr. Hofman, Barcelona, SpainCampos, Cristian. ibid. Page 240

Flood wall, St. LouisPersonal Photo

Abandoned Summer “Kamp”http://www.saatyphotography.com/galleries/scenic-photography/arizona/

Computer simulation of bacteria growthhttp://www.generation5.org/content/2007/bacteria.asp

Krzysztof Wodiczko, Tijuanahttp://popartmachine.com/art/2009-MCAS.010CS005/Krzysztof+Wodiczko+Projection+On+The+Tijuana+Cultural+Center%2C+Tijuana%2C+Mexi

Roman forumhttp://mammamiaitalia.blogspot.com/2010/11/los-mercados-de-trajan-fueron.html

cover

18

21

18

23

25

27

30

page description

contents

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Platoon Kunsthalle, flea markethttp://www.travelandleisureasia.com/interests/interest_art/968610/platoon_kunsthalle_seoul.html

Krzysztof Wodiczko, Guests, Venicehttp://www.re-title.com/artists/Krzysztof-Wodiczko.asp

Façade printerhttp://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/8/view/10048/facade-printer.html

Yarn bombinghttp://www.spearmintdecor.com/2011/06/yarnbombing/

Yarn bombinghttp://unearthingthespud.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/yarn-bomb1.jpg

Dance club interiorhttp://lorioross.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/DanceClub-3.jpg

Gallery opening gatheringhttp://www.ethertongallery.com/exhibitions/outofaclearbluesky/images/EthertonGalleryOpening.jpg

Runway model, Balmain Spring 2012 Collectionhttp://data.whicdn.com/images/15508153/001-balmain-rtw-spring2012-runway-002_13553932000-530x795_large.jpg

DJhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/61001751@N07/5565976264/sizes/l/in/photostream/

spray painterhttp://www.graffnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/photo-spray-painta.jpg

Jonathan Borofsky, studiohttp://www.percontra.net/Artists%20studio%20with%20Human%20Structures.jpg

85

30 41

42-45

48-49

50

51

52

53

31

31+33

34

35

36+37

39

40

41

Musicianhttp://thethreewisemonkeys.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1kun.jpg

Marina Abramovic Performance Arthttp://ikono.org/ikonotv/wp-content/uploads/MoMA+Celebrates+Marina+Abramovic+Artist+Present+LA35ZvWEDm6l.jpg

Krzysztof Wodiczko, Tijuanahttp://www.pbs.org/art21/files/images/wodiczko-video-009.jpg

Tech Conferencehttp://dpimg.ospos.net/contents/dd/seoul/dd_seoul.jpg

Women activistshttp://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/11546460-femen-topless-activists-face-jail-over-desecration-of-indian-flag

Conference, Berlin Cut & Pastehttp://www.wix.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/1808704801_84dcb8a504.jpg

Forum in Pompeiihttp://templerome.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/dsc02209.jpg

Powell Square Interior, collagehttp://www.ryanrarcher.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=26&p=2&a=0&at=0

Street view, Powell Square and ArchGoogle Earth Street view (original image)

collagehttp://thewallshaveteeth.net/topic/2244-st-louis-southwester-cotton-belt-freight-depot/

Aerial siteBing Maps

Laclede’s Landinghttp://media.connectingstlouis.com/500/lacledes-landing-st-louis-mo-014.jpg

Laclede’s Landing - view to archhttp://www.soulofamerica.com/content/images/265f508c4e700a3d318473180f0f3b70.jpg

Laclede’s Landing - horse carriagehttp://lacledeslanding.com/wp-content/uploads/lacledes-landing-horse-carriage-rides-sm.jpg

Arch grounds, parkhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/kmevans/447851607/sizes/z/in/photostream/

Aerial, arch groundshttp://aslathedirt.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/gatewayarch.jpg

Crowd in St Louis Downtown, Obama speechhttp://images.publicradio.org/content/2008/10/18/20081018_large_crowds_in_st_louis_33.jpg

Aerial site photosBing Maps

Aerial site photosGoogle Maps

Powell Square, view from highwayhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/11581147@N06/4420353179/

Powell Square, interiorhttp://www.ryanrarcher.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=27&p=2&a=0&at=0

Powell Square, view to Busch StadiumPersonal Photo

Powell Square, view to archPersonal Photo

Powell Square, view to railPersonal Photo

86

54

55

56-57

64

65

66

67

68-69

70

71

72

74

75

76+77

78

79

80

81

84

Powell Square, exteriorPersonal Photo

Powell Square, exteriorPersonal Photo

Powell Square, interiorPersonal Photo

Powell Square, rooftop panoramaPersonal Photo

SESC Pompeia, concerthttp://www.flickr.com/photos/barretorodrigo/6995442347/

SESC Pompeia, caféhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/kuk/3356140979/

SESC Pompeiahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/stankuns/355072945/

http://centrefortheaestheticrevolution.blogspot.com/2011/12/lina-bo-bardi-sesc-pompeia-and-olafur.html

SESC Pompeiahttp://farm6.staticflickr.com/5217/5510960976_e83d165dbf_z.jpg

DogA Jensen + Skodvinhttp://www.archdaily.com/18245/doga-jsa/

Chelsea market, interiorhttp://www.z-mation.com/phpbb/files/ny_chelsea_market_4_136.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/javicon/319308068/in/gallery-marketing-fabrik-72157624592984562/

Chelsea Market, exteriorhttp://www.placematters.net/files/places/Chelsea%20Market%2066403634086411296169.jpg

Graffiti Tunnelhttp://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Film/Pix/pictures/2010/3/1/1267453241316/Banksys-film-tunnel-in-Wa-001.jpg

Platoon, Berlin, exteriorhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/22935041@N08/5296643124

Platoon, Berlin, exteriorhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/41094142@N06/4168472379/in/pool-1536886@N23

Platoon, Berlin, exterior, viewing lawnhttp://www.milldev.com/clubs/platoon/platoon_b.jpg

Platoon Kunsthallehttp://www.archdaily.com/27386/platoon-kunsthalle-graft-architects/

Crown Fountain, Chicagohttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/_oFmRdF5L9J0/TJe3-gHg7OI/AAAAAAAADe8/r27xya9MoeU/s1600/fountain1.jpg

Crown Fountain, Chicagohttp://www.ganzelgroup.com/media/ph13.jpg

graffiti research lab - interactive architecturehttp://www.graffitiresearchlab.com/blog/interactive-architecture/

graffiti research lab - free avonehttp://www.graffitiresearchlab.com/blog/projects/free-avone/#video

graffiti research lab - laser taghttp://www.graffitiresearchlab.com/blog/projects/laser-tag/#video

Banksy, girl with balloonshttp://www.dogguie.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/pintura-edificios-23.jpg

page description

image citations [cont’d]

87