Derry Castle Grave Site, Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Heritage Assessment.

Heritage Assessment

Derry Castle Grave Site NZAA Site No. AU/7

Enderby Island Auckland Islands, New Zealand

Peter Petchey

Southern Archaeology Ltd 2015

Derry Castle Heritage Assessment

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Cover Photo: Wreck of ship "Derry Castle" on Enderby Island, Auckland Islands. De Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negatives. Ref: 1/2-038208-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22458246 Note that despite the formal title, this image shows the grave of the victims of the Derry Castle wreck, with the ship’s figurehead set up as a grave marker. Peer review statement Assessment prepared by Peter Petchey, Southern Archaeology Ltd., Dunedin Date: 2015 Assessment reviewed by Neville Ritchie, Archaeologist/Historic Technical Advisor, Department of Conservation, Hamilton. Date: 11 March 2015


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Table of Contents

1.0 Site Overview ................................................................................................................ 4 2.0 Setting ............................................................................................................................ 6 3.0 History of the Wreck of the Derry Castle. .................................................................... 8 Sources .............................................................................................................................. 8 Background History ........................................................................................................... 9 The Derry Castle ............................................................................................................. 10 The Identities of the Survivors & the Bodies in the Grave ............................................. 13 Chronology of the Derry Castle Events .......................................................................... 16 4.0 Physical Description .................................................................................................... 18 Derry Castle Wreck Site .................................................................................................. 18 Derry Castle Grave .......................................................................................................... 19 Stella Hut & Castaway Camp Site ................................................................................... 21 Monckton Farmhouse/Castaway Depot .......................................................................... 24 5.0 Museum Collections .................................................................................................... 26 National Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa) ................................................................. 26 Southland Museum & Art Gallery .................................................................................. 26 Canterbury Museum ........................................................................................................ 27 Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington ........................................................................ 27 Department of Conservation ............................................................................................ 28 6.0 Cultural Connections ................................................................................................... 29 7.0 Contextual Analysis .................................................................................................... 33 8.0 Assessment of Significance ......................................................................................... 36 8.1 Historic Significance .................................................................................................. 36 8.2 Physical Significance ................................................................................................. 37 8.3 Cultural Significance .................................................................................................. 38 9.0 Comparative Analysis ................................................................................................. 39 10.0 Sources & reports ............................................................................................... 43


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1.0 Site Overview The wreck of the Derry Castle, the graves of the victims and the various sites associated with the surviving members of the crew are located on Enderby Island and the northern end of Auckland Island, both in the Auckland Islands group of New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands. The barque Derry Castle was wrecked in March 1887, and only eight of the 23 men aboard survived to be rescued four months later. The story is one of a number of Auckland Island castaway tales, of which the General Grant and Grafton events are the best known. The Derry Castle wreck can be considered to be in the second phase of castaway stories, when official government supply depots were in place to assist shipwrecked sailors: unfortunately the Derry Castle survivors found the depot on Enderby Island to have been robbed of its contents. In response they built a punt from timbers from the wreck, and crossed to the depot at Erebus Cove on the main Auckland Island. Their punt survives in the collection of the Southland Museum and Art Gallery. This Heritage Assessment is specifically focussed on the grave site on Enderby Island where five of the victims were buried in 1887, but also considers the wider landscape context and the other places associated with wreck and survivors. The Auckland Islands are managed by the Department of Conservation as a National Nature Reserve under the Reserves Act (1977), and are part of the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands World Heritage Area. Because of the sensitive ecological values entry to the islands is by permit only. There are tourism operators who have permits to take a total of 600 tourists each year to specific locations in the islands. The waters around the island group are a marine reserve, protected under the Marine Reserves Act (1971), with particular provisions for shipwrecks. It is an offence to disturb any archaeological site (including all shipwrecks) or historic building of any age in the Auckland Islands without a permit from the Minister of Conservation under the Reserves Act. The Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 makes it unlawful for anyone to destroy, damage or modify any pre-1900 or gazetted archaeological site, including shipwrecks, without an Archaeological Authority. Uplifting and removal of artefacts and other movable objects are also prohibited, and export or trade of some items may be restricted by the Protected Objects Act (1975).

• The wreck site of the Derry Castle, the graves of the victims, the Stella hut and the Erebus Cove depot site are situated within the Auckland Island Group National Nature Reserve, which includes an area of 57,102.9 hectares. The Auckland Islands were declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986.

• The Derry Castle wreck and grave sites, the Stella hut and the site of the Erebus Cove depot are recorded as archaeological sites on the New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Record File (Table 1): Derry Castle wreck site AU/6, grave site AU/7; Stella hut AU/1; Erebus Cove depot AU/24. Additional hut sites around the Stella Hut (that might be the remains of the Derry Castle huts) are recorded as AU/122. The punt built by the Derry Castle survivors was also recorded as an archaeological site, AU/10, although it is a portable artefact and is now in the Southland Museum & Art Gallery in Invercargill.

• The Derry Castle grave site, Stella hut and Erebus Cove depot site are actively conserved historic places managed by the Department of Conservation. The grave site is listed as locally significant, and the hut and depot sites are listed as nationally significant. (Conservation Management Strategy, Southland Murihiku 2014-2024, Draft June 2013: Appendix 10). A detailed conservation plan for the Stella Hut has been prepared (Egerton 2006).


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• Visitor numbers to the defined Subantarctic visitor areas are limited. The Enderby Island circuit that includes the Derry Castle grave site is limited to 600 visitors per year, with a daily maximum of 50. The Sandy Bay area that includes the Stella Hut is limited to 1100/year, 100/day. The Hardwicke area that includes the Erebus Cove depot site is limited to 400/year, 100/day (Conservation Management Strategy, Southland Murihiku 2014-2024, Draft June 2013: Table 2.1).

• The New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands, including the Auckland Islands, were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1998 due to their ecological values (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/877)

The draft Conservation Management Strategy 2014-2024 states: The Department is responsible for managing an array of historic sites within this Place (the Subantarctic Islands). These sites represent a broad range of history and culture, from utilisation by Maori, early European sealing and settlement, through to the dramatic stories of ship wrecks, New Zealand’s southernmost sheep farm, and the coastwatch era of World War II. There are 21 actively conserved historic sites within this Place, a number of which straddle the land-sea boundary. Table 1 Recorded archaeological sites associated with the Derry Castle events. Site No. Site Description AU/1 Stella Hut AU/6 Derry Castle wreck site AU/7 Derry Castle grave site AU/10 Derry castle punt (portable artefact, now in Southland Museum) AU/24 Erebus Cove depot AU/27 Enderby/Hardwicke Cemetery AU/122 Hut sites around Stella Hut


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2.0 Setting The following is largely taken from Dingwell et al (2009): The Auckland Islands are Located some 450 km south of the South Island of New Zealand (Figure 1), and are one of five subantarctic island groups lying in the Southern Ocean between the New Zealand mainland and the Antarctic continent. Although the islands have an interesting human history, today they are uninhabited and protected as nature reserves harbouring important indigenous communities of plants and animals, including countless numbers of seabirds.

Figure 1 The location of the Derry Castle wreck and associated sites in the Auckland Islands.

The Auckland Islands group is an archipelago comprising the main Auckland Island (50,990 hectares), together with five other islands, of which Adams Island (10,119 hectares) and Enderby Island (710 hectares) are the largest, and many islets. The total area is 62,564 hectares. The islands rise to 705 metres, and are the remains of two coalescing shield volcanoes formed between 25 and 10 million years ago, centred respectively around Musgrave Peninsula in Carnley Harbour and Disappointment Island. Carnley Harbour is formed from the sea-filled crater area of the southern volcano. Coastal erosion has removed much of the western sector of the volcanoes, particularly the northern one, forming a line of cliffs up to 400 metres high along the western coast of Auckland Island. Cloudy, windy and wet weather predominates. Wind, often gale force, is persistent and generally from the west. The mean annual temperature is 8°C, with an annual rainfall of 1000-1500mm. There are light snowfalls in the winter but the snow does not sit for long, and there is no permanent snow or ice. Peaty soils up to 8m thick are widespread. Isolation of the islands over a long period has produced a biota with many species that are endemic, some of which are specially adapted to their oceanic island setting. A narrow fringing coastal forest extending to 50 metres altitude is the southernmost forest in the New Zealand region. It is dominated by southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata), accompanied in


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some sheltered places by the world’s southernmost tree fern (Cyathea smithii) and the tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata). Upslope this forest cover grades into a dense shrubland. The wreck of the Derry Castle occurred at the northern tip of Enderby Island, on a reef that now bears the name of the ship. The Stella Hut castaway depot is located at Sandy Bay, on the south coast of the island. Erebus Cove is located on the western shore of Port Ross, at the northern end of the main Auckland Island.

Figure 2 Actively managed sites and visitor areas on Enderby Island and around Port Ross on

Auckland Island, showing the locations of the Derry Castle graves, Stella Hut and Erebus Cove depot (Southland Murihiku CMS 2014-2024 Draft: Map 5.10.2).


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3.0 History of the Wreck of the Derry Castle. Sources Several accounts of the wreck of the Derry Castle and the experiences of the castaways were published in newspapers soon after the survivors were rescued. The most detailed of these were in Australian papers, as the Derry Castle had departed from Geelong and the survivors were returned to Melbourne, and the official inquiry into the loss of the ship was held there. The first-hand account of the only passenger aboard, James McGhie, was published in the Bendigo Advertiser (23 September 1887: 4), and the official enquiry into the wreck was held in Melbourne and published in The Australasian (1 October 1887: 28). In New Zealand a detailed account was published in the Otago Daily Times for 1 October 1887 (page 3) and reprinted in the Otago Witness for 7 October 1887 (page 16). A first-hand account supposedly written by one of more of the survivors was published in the Otago Daily Times for 22 October 1887 (page 4). The degree to which several of these narratives had been rewritten by the newspaper editors is not known, but they are sufficiently similar to give some confidence in their accuracy. The story has subsequently been recounted in a number of secondary sources, such as Carrick (1892), Eden (1955) and Egerton et al (2009). The photographer William Dougall visited the Auckland Islands in 1888 and photographed many of the sites associated with the Derry Castle and other events, and his images not only support the stories of the castaways, but also provide valuable information for the archaeological interpretation of the sites today.


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Background History Early Maori or Polynesian explorers made the first known landfall at the Auckland Islands around 1300AD, but no evidence has been found for more than a fleeting presence there (Anderson in Dingwell et al 2009: 35). The European discovery and naming of the Auckland Islands was made in 1806 by Captain Abraham Bristow of the whaler Ocean. In 1842 a group of Maori and Moriori from the Chatham Islands settled in Port Ross, and they were followed in 1849-1852 by the unsuccessful Enderby Settlement of the Southern Whale Fishery Company. This settlement had its main township of Hardwicke at Erebus Cove, and there were outlying farmhouses at Lindley Point and on Enderby Island. At its height in 1851 Hardwicke had some 30 buildings and 200 residents, but the poor soils, inhospitable climate and poor whale catches soon led to the failure of the enterprise. All of the buildings except one house were dismantled and removed and the settlement abandoned in mid 1852, although some of the Maori inhabitants of the area stayed until 1866 (Dingwall & Jones 2009: 59-62, 83). In 1873 another attempt was made at farming at Port Ross, when Francis Alexander Monckton of Invercargill was granted a farming lease for a period of 21 years. He was expected to erect a substantial house and either reside on the island or maintain a manager there. He was also expected to construct a jetty, provide a boat, build castaway depots and keep them provisioned and provide transport and communications with the mainland, in return for which he would receive a £200 annual grant. In 1874 the farm manager, Frederick Nelson and his wife, together with timber to build a house and sheep for the farm were landed at Erebus Cove, the site of the failed Hardwicke settlement of 20 years earlier. The house was built, but the venture proved a failure, and Nelson and his wife left in 1877, and the lease was cancelled in 1879 (Dingwall 2009: 107). Prior to the widespread replacement of sail by steam power the Auckland Islands lay on the commonly used Great Circle shipping route between Australia and Britain through the southern ocean, and a number of ships were wrecked on the rocky shores; mostly on the hostile and barren west coast. These included the Grafton (1864), Invercauld (1864), General Grant (1866), Derry Castle (1887), Compadre (1891), Anjou (1905) and Dundonald (1907) (Allen 1997; Druett 2007; Egerton et al 2009: 126-151). There were also an unknown number of other unidentified wrecks that left no survivors. For example in 1833 a large amount of wreckage was found on shore without survivors or bodies and at the time the ship was not confidently identified (Ingram 1984: 8), but is now thought to be the Rifleman that was lost after leaving Hobart bound for London (McCrystal et al 2012). Debris from a nearly new ship that was discovered in 1895 was thought to be from either the Stoneleigh or Mary Alice (Egerton et al 2009: 125). The two most famous of these wrecks were the Grafton (1864) and the General Grant (1866). The Grafton story is one of the Auckland Island’s great success stories, as the whole crew of five survived the foundering of the ship, constructed a hut (that they named ‘Epigwaitt’) and lived there for one and a half years. They were rescued after they extended the ship’s boat and three of them sailed back to Stewart Island. The General Grant was wrecked on the unforgiving west coast of Auckland Island, and only 15 people survived the wreck. The survivors at first took refuge in the last (partially collapsed) house at Hardwicke, and later some stayed for a while in Musgrave’s ‘Epigwaitt’ and others moved to Enderby Island where they built a hut. Four of the castaways had attempted to sail back to New Zealand in the ship’s boat, as the Grafton crew had done, but they were never seen again, one man died on the island, and the remaining 10 survivors were rescued by the Amherst in 1867 (Egerton et al 2009: 137; Eunson 1979; Sydney Morning Herald, 24 January 1868: 2). The gold in the cargo of the General Grant has ensured that the wreck has continued to be of interest up to the present day (eg Allen & Scadden 2009), but arguably the more important


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legacy of these two wrecks was the impetus they gave to the setting up and maintenance of castaway depots on the Subantarctic Islands. After the rescue of the General Grant survivors, Paddy Gilroy of the Amherst was engaged by the New Zealand authorities in 1868 to return to the Auckland Islands as well as Campbell Island and the Antipodes Islands to establish the first of the castaway depots in these places, in order to provide essential supplies for any future shipwreck victims (Rowley 2006: 105). The early Auckland Island castaway depots simply reused some of the huts already constructed by wreck survivors, including Epigwaitt and one of the General Grant huts on Enderby Island. Initially the servicing of these depots was infrequent, but from about 1876 when the government steamer Stella became available their inspection and maintenance began to improve and new depots were established. The situation was further improved when the Hinemoa and Kekeno were also provided for official visits from 1881. In 1877 the old Monckton farmhouse at Erebus Cove was stocked as a castaway depot, and continued to serve until 1906 when a new depot of standardised design was erected nearby. In 1880 the old General Grant survivors’ hut at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island was burnt down, and Captain McKersie of the Stella had his crew built a new A-frame hut in the same area (Egerton et al 2009: 138, 162). Despite the increasing regularity of official visits to the castaway depots, the theft of supplies from the depots in the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island was an ongoing problem, and was generally blamed on sealers (Greig 1882, quoted in Kerr 1976: 52). The Derry Castle The Derry Castle was an iron barque of 1317 tons (alternatively given as 1367 tons), and was the property of Spaight & Co. of Limerick. She had been built by Messrs. Dobbie & Co. of Glasgow in 1883, was 239 feet 8 inches long, 36 feet beam and 21 feet 4 inches depth of hold (Otago Daily Times 24 September 1887: 4). On 12th March 1887 the Derry Castle departed Geelong in Australia under the command of Captain Goffe (alt. Goffee or Gaff), fully laden with 17,300 bags of grain bound for Falmouth in the United Kingdom. There was a crew of 22 officers and men and one passenger on board. During a storm in the early hours of March 20th the Derry Castle struck the reef that now bears its name, off the northern coast of Enderby Island. The ship quickly broke up and the ship’s boats were all smashed. Only eight of the 23 people on board got to shore,1 and the captain and 14 officers and crew were drowned. The last man to leave the wreck, the sailmaker, had clung to the mizzen mast of the wreck until morning, but when he tried to swim to shore he was swept away. Five bodies that washed ashore, three at the time of the wreck and another two a month later, were buried by the survivors on the coastal terrace above the reef (Eden 1955: 40-41; Egerton et al 2009: 139-143; Ingram 1990: 229-230; Otago Daily Times 28 September 1887: 4; 22 October 1887: 4; Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16). The eight survivors found the A-frame castaway depot that had been built at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island by Captain McKersie and the crew of the Stella in 1880, but it had been looted of all its contents apart from a bottle of salt. They constructed four beehive-shaped huts close to the Stella Hut, as shown in a photograph taken by Dougall when he visited the site in 1888 (Figure 3, and see Dougall 1888: 8). After 10 days they managed to light a fire using a revolver cartridge, and they survived by eating grain that had been washed ashore

1 According to survivor James McGhie’s first-hand account, the second mate Rasmussen may also have got to shore alive, but then died in a fall from rocks in the early morning darkness (Bendigo Advertiser 23 September 1887: 4).


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from the wreck, seal flesh and rabbits (Bendigo Advertiser 23 September 1887: 4; McCraw 1999: 128; Otago Daily Times 28 September 1887: 4; Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16).

Figure 3 The Stella Hut and Derry Castle survivors’ grass huts, in about 1888 by William Dougall

(Te Papa, C.010532).

Figure 4 The Derry Castle punt at Erebus Cove, with the old Monckton farmhouse in the

background, in about 1888 by William Dougall (Te Papa, C010531). The castaways found an old discarded axe head, sharpened it and began to construct a punt from timbers washed ashore from the wreck. The intention was to cross to the castaway depot


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in the old Monckton farmhouse at Erebus Cove on the main Auckland Island. The punt was described as being 6 feet long and 2 ½ feet wide (Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16). On 9th June 1887 Daniel Sullivan and William Rennie crossed Port Ross in the punt and to their considerable relief found the depot there to still be stocked with clothing, food, tea, sugar, salt, matches tools etc (Otago Daily Times 22 October 1887: 4). The other survivors were then ferried across one by one. Before he left, James McGhie inscribed a message on the boards of the Stella Hut (Dougall 1888):

‘B’que Derry Castle, Limerick, lost north side island March 22, ’87, 8 survivors gone to depot other side harbour – matches inside, 18 June, ’87, J. McGhie, passenger.’

The men then remained at Erebus Cove until they were rescued in July 1887 by Captain Drew of the Awarua. The survivors were taken to Melbourne rather than the much closer Stewart Island because Awarua had been hunting seals out of season and for obvious reasons did not want to land at a New Zealand port. Ironically, Captain Drew was charged for poaching seals after the attention that his rescue of the survivors attracted, and he was convicted in Invercargill in December 1887 (Otago Daily Times 2 November 1887; 6; 7 December 1887: 2). In common with other castaway stories such as the Grafton and General Grant of 20 years earlier the Derry Castle events were widely reported in the newspapers in both Australia and New Zealand. Subsequent visitors to the Auckland Islands visited the places associated with the survivors, and a number of photographs and descriptions exist that corroborate many aspects of the published accounts. William Dougall was one of these visitors, and his series of full-plate images taken in 1888 provide an exceptionally detailed record of these sites, including the tussock huts that the survivors built around the Stella Hut and the punt pulled up on the shore near the Monckton farmhouse depot (Figures 3 & 4). Another visitor, Captain Fairchild of the Stella, placed the figurehead of the Derry Castle at the grave of the victims (Otago Witness 9 November 1888: 11), and this image was captured by a number of subsequent photographers (Figure 5).

Figure 5 The Derry Castle grave as illustrated in the Auckland Weekly News, 30th January 1908 (Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, AWNS-19080130-14-3).


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As a result of the experiences of the Derry Castle survivors, in 1888 a boatshed and boat were placed on Enderby Island, to allow any future castaways to reach the depot at Erebus Cove, and it is likely that the Stella Hut depot ceased to be serviced at this time (Egerton 2006:11; Egerton et al 2009: 170). The Monckton farmhouse depot at Erebus Cove again served its purpose in 1891 when it was used by the crew of the Compadre, and yet again by the crew of the Dundonald, by which time a new depot building (1906) and boatshed had also been built there (Egerton et al 2009: 144, 148). The wreck of the Dundonald marked the end of the ‘shipwreck era’ on the Auckland Islands. As shipping technology improved, and especially after 1914 when the Panama Canal opened and reduced the traffic on the Great Circle route, the need for castaway depots on the Auckland Islands declined. The government servicing of the depots finally ceased about 1929. Several efforts at pastoral farming on the Auckland Islands had failed. With few official visits, the opportunities for other visitors also disappeared, and it was not until the Second World War that the islands were again the focus of official attention. Two coastwatch bases were set up in 1941 (Tagua base in Carnley Harbour, and Ranui Base in Port Ross) to keep a watch on these harbours in case enemy shipping tried to make use of them (a third base was established on Campbell Island). Each base was equipped with radio equipment, and kept in contact with the mainland. The personnel who manned these bases also carried out survey and other research work, and visited many of the historic sites around the islands. They dismantled the old Monckton farmhouse at Erebus Cove and used some of the recovered materials at Ranui Base (Bagley et al 2009; Dingwall 2009). They also removed the Derry Castle figurehead and took it to New Zealand, and erected a new headboard at the grave site (Eden 1955: 43). Over the years many visitors moved or removed items relating to the various shipwreck events and castaway experiences, and some of these have found their way into public museums. As noted above, it was Captain Fairchild who placed the figurehead of the Derry Castle at the victims’ grave in 1888, having found it amongst the wreck debris on the shore. This figurehead remained there until the Second World War, when it was removed by the coastwatchers and is now in the Canterbury Museum collection. At the Stella Hut some boards that had inscriptions from the Derry Castle survivors were removed in 1943 and taken to New Zealand. The punt built by the Derry Castle survivors was moved to the Rose Island boatshed some time prior to 1896, and then was moved again to the Erebus Cove boatshed in 1973. Finally, in the 1990s, it was removed to the Southland Museum and Art Gallery in Invercargill, where it was conserved and is now on display (Egerton et al 2009: 140-143). Details of items held in various museum collections are given below. The Identities of the Survivors & the Bodies in the Grave It is known that the Derry Castle had a crew of 22 and one passenger, of whom the one passenger and seven crew members survived. The bodies of five victims were found and buried, three straight after the wreck and two a month later. From the various written accounts, it is known that the bodies of the captain, one of the officers and an able seaman were those found immediately (eg Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16). A month after the wreck two more bodies washed ashore, but these were badly decomposed (one was little more than a skeleton) and could not be identified (Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16). During the Second World War one of the coastwatchers who was visiting the wreck site found a human skull amongst the wreckage that was then still present, although it is not recorded what became of this skull (Eden 1955: 43). It is possible that it belonged to a victim of another wreck in the vicinity, but it is most likely to have belonged to a Derry Castle victim.


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A full list of the victims and survivors of the Derry Castle wreck was published in The Argus (Melbourne, Victoria) on Friday September 23rd (page 6), after enquires had determined that three sailors named on the customs list had not been aboard at the time of the wreck (two had been injured on the previous voyage and one had deserted). The names of the Captain and crew are spelled variously in different published (incomplete) lists (for example, the captain’s name is variously given in different accounts as Gaff, Goffee and Goffe) (Otago Daily Times 28 September 1887: 4; 22 October 1887: 4; Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16), but the Argus list is given preference here as it was compiled from official sources and is likely to be the most accurate. Extra details from the official enquiry as published in The Australasian (1 October 1887: 28) are also included. Survivors: Crew: Alex Nyberg (Note that all of the surviving crew were seamen)

H. Logan (Hugh) Nicholas Wallace William Rennie John Husband F. Jarnwall Daniel Sullivan

Passenger: James McGhie Died in wreck:

James Goffe (Captain) Joseph T. Robbins (chief mate) N.W. Rasmussen (second mate) J.D. Crane (steward) Carlson (carpenter) W. Olson (sailmaker) Charles Williams (boatswain) A. Quinn (seaman) Anton Mantz (seaman) H. McGill (seaman) (in signing the articles he assumed the name of Gilbert) W. Scannell (seaman) Reynolds (seaman) Peterson (seaman) Edward Reid (seaman) H. Veitheer (cook)

Men Buried on Enderby Island Only two men are confidently identified as being amongst those buried on Enderby Island, these being the captain, James Goffe, and the second mate, Rasmussen. Several accounts state that it was first officer (first mate) that was buried (ie Joseph Robbins) (eg Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16), but James McGhie’s first-hand account specifically named Rasmussen (Bendigo Advertiser 23 September 1887: 4) and is therefore given precedence here. The last two bodies to be buried were beyond recognition. That only leaves the body of the seaman buried with the Captain and mate to be identified. Possible contenders are Peterson or McGill, as they were mentioned individually in some accounts (eg Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16), but this is a tenuous conclusion at best.


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The five men in the grave on Enderby Island are therefore:

Captain James Goffe N.W. Rasmussen (second mate) Seaman (possibly Peterson or McGill) Unknown Unknown


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Chronology of the Derry Castle Events 1877 Monckton’s farmhouse at Erebus Cove, Port Ross, is abandoned by the farm

manager, and is converted to a castaway depot. 1880 Captain McKersie of the Stella builds an A-frame castaway depot at Sandy Beach,

Enderby Island, to replace an earlier castaway-built hut that had been burnt down. 1887 (March 12) The Derry Castle departs Geelong for Falmouth. 1887 (March 20) The Derry Castle strikes a reef on Enderby Island. Eight men survive.

Three bodies are buried, these being Captain Goffe, the second mate Rasmussen and a seaman. The survivors find the Stella Hut, but it has been looted and no supplies remain.

1887 (March) Derry Castle survivors manage to light a fire on about March 30th. 1887 (March-April-May) The castaways build four tussock huts close to the Stella Hut.

They find an axe head, and begin to build a punt using timber from the wreck to reach the castaway depot on the main Auckland Island.

1887 (April) Two more bodies are washed ashore and are buried. They were

unrecognisable. 1887 (June 9) Daniel Sullivan and William Rennie paddle across Port Ross and reach the

castaway depot in the old Monckton farmhouse. Over the next few days all of the survivors are safely transferred from Enderby Island.

1887 (July 20) The survivors are rescued by Captain Drew of the Awarua, who was

engaged on an illegal sealing expedition. He is later prosecuted as a result of the publicity from rescuing the survivors.

1888 (October) Captain Fairchild of the Stella erects the figurehead and broken wheel of

the Derry Castle as markers on the grave. 1888 William Dougall visits the Auckland Islands, and photographs the Stella Hut, the

Derry Castle huts, and the Monckton farmhouse with the Derry Castle punt pulled up nearby.

(?) The Derry Castle punt is moved to the Rose Island boatshed. 1943 Allan Eden and Les Clifton (WW2 coastwatchers) carve a new wooden grave marker

for the Derry Castle grave. The Derry Castle figurehead is removed and placed in the Canterbury Museum.

1944 The Monckton farmhouse used by the Derry Castle castaways is dismantled by the

WW2 coastwatchers. 1973 The Derry Castle punt is moved to the Erebus Cove boatshed after the Rose Island

boatshed collapsed. The Derry Castle grave marker (made in 1943) is replaced by a tantalised timber marker with aluminium electroplate sheet.


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1990s The Derry Castle Punt is moved to the Southland Museum and Art Galley for conservation treatment and display, where it remains today.

1996 The 1973 grave marker is replaced by a granite marker by Rodney Russ of Southern

Heritage Expeditions. 2003 Auckland Islands Archaeological & Historical Expedition visits Derry Castle grave

site, Stella Hut and Erebus Cove castaway depot site. 2014 Heritage Assessment commissioned by Department of Conservation.


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4.0 Physical Description There are four main sites associated with the Derry Castle wreck and survivors: the wreck site on the Derry Castle Reef, the nearby grave of the victims, the Stella Hut and its surroundings where the survivors camped, and the Monckton farmhouse that served as the government castaway depot when the Derry Castle survivors managed to sail across Port Ross to reach it. The first three of these sites are on Enderby Island, and the last is on Auckland Island. This heritage assessment is specifically focussed on the grave site, but also considers the associated sites as they provide the context for the entire story of the Derry Castle survivors. Derry Castle Wreck Site The Derry Castle was wrecked at the northern tip of Enderby Island on what was subsequently named the Derry Castle Reef. After running aground the ship rapidly broke up, and contemporary photographs show timber debris washed up on the boulder field below the grave site. The exact location of the wreck is not recorded, and there is no record of anyone having attempted to find it. Most of the wreck diving carried out in the Auckland Islands has been focussed on attempting to find the General Grant, and other wreck sites that have been located have been incidental during that search (Allen & Scadden 2009). The Anjou (wrecked in 1905) has been identified in this way. Based on the speed with which the Derry Castle broke up, its exposed location and the rough seas in the area, it is likely that none of the hull remains even partially intact. However, as the ship had an iron hull, and would have been equipped with heavy iron fittings such as anchors and winches, there are likely to still be some identifiable debris on the sea floor in the area. As an example of what does survive from wrecks around the Auckland Islands coast, four anchors and a windlass from the Anjou were found in 1975, although it was not until 1986 that their origin was identified (Allen & Scadden 2009:135, 141). A great deal of debris from the wreck washed ashore, and this supplied the materials for the survivors to build their punt. Contemporary photographs show an extensive scatter of timbers on the shore. In the 1940s both Eden (1947: 290) and Turbott (2002: 27) mentioned timbers still being present, and Turbott described them as ‘weathered teak.’ In 2003 the site was inspected by the Auckland Islands Historical Expedition:

‘The wreckage-strewn area is now clear of any sign of timbers, and is covered instead with a thin sward of grasses. In 2003 we observed several timbers along the north-east coast east of the Derry Castle wreck site, including all manner of cuts of timber from many different tree species. Some were modern and must have travelled from at least as far away as the New Zealand mainland, if not further, because they included bridge bearers and tanalised fence posts. The presence of such modern and non-maritime timbers throws into question the provenance of any timbers that might be found here, even those which are well above the foreshore. Accordingly, there seemed to be little value in recording them unless they could be definitely attributed to a sailing ship, and even then it is not possible to confirm the specific wreck with which they might be associated or even if they related directly to the Auckland Islands. Timbers that were recorded were about 250 metres from the marble memorial plaque of the burial. In the bed of a very shallow stream channel sloping down towards the flat, broad isthmus behind the reef the following timbers were observed:

• 1.83m long and 140 x 140mm in dimension with an iron nail in it.


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• 1m long and 100 x 40mm • 2.6m long (no dimensions taken).

A further 83 metres away on a terrace was a 1.2m length of timber 175 x 50mm dimension. Further to the northeast a round timber, 2.7m long and 300mm diameter, with two large spikes in it was found. It was thought to be a ship’s timber.’

The upshot of this is that as well as causing the wreck of the Derry Castle, the northern tip of Enderby Island also collects drifting timbers, and it is not possible to determine whether any timber found in the area actually came from the Derry Castle. Even ship’s timbers could have come from other wrecks around the north coast of the island group. The underwater maritime archaeological potential of the site probably survives, but is as yet untested. The main extant feature that can still be confidently associated with the wreck of the Derry Castle is the adjacent grave of the five men who were buried in 1887. Derry Castle Grave The grave for the five bodies recovered after the wreck is located on the northern coast of Enderby Island, on the slightly higher ground adjacent to the low-lying boulder field where the debris of the ship washed up. The original grave was dug with knives, as these were all that the survivors had to use, and would have been quite shallow. The Derry Castle figurehead, broken ship’s wheel, a nameboard and two sets of wooden steps are shown in photographs of the site taken soon after the survivors were rescued. The figurehead was removed in the 1940s and is now in the collection of Canterbury Museum. All of the rest of the material placed around the grave has either decayed away or been removed, and the stones placed around the graves have largely sunk into the peat. The site is now marked by a wooden post above the engraved granite plaque set into the ground that was placed there by Rodney Russ in 1996. This plaque repeats the wording of earlier markers, and states that 15 people are buried there: this is incorrect, and as already discussed above it is known that only five bodies were recovered and buried, while the other ten men were lost at sea. Only Captain James Goffe and second mate N.W. Rasmussen can be identified amongst the five men interred here. It should also be noted that other human remains may exist in the wider area, particularly within the area of the debris field from the wreck described above. As already described above, in the 1940s coastwatchers visiting the site found a human skull (Eden 1955: 43).


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Figure 6 The Derry Castle grave, in an image taken by the photographer David De Maus (De Maus Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New ZealandNo.

1/2-038208-G).

Figure 7 The general location of the Derry Castle grave in 2003. The wooden post marks the head

of the grave, approximately where the Derry Castle figurehead stood (Department of Conservation).


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Figure 8 The Derry Castle grave marker in 2003.

Note that only five people are actually buried here (Department of Conservation). Stella Hut & Castaway Camp Site The Stella Hut is located at Sandy Bay, on the southern shore of Enderby Island. The hut still stands, and has recently been described in detail by Rachael Egerton in the ‘Stella Hut Conservation Plan’ (Egerton 2006), and the general site is also described in the results of the 2003 Auckland Islands Historical Expedition (Egerton et al 2009: 163, see also Dingwall 2009: 81 in the same volume). The general area at Sandy Bay includes the standing Stella hut, archaeological evidence of the Derry Castle huts, the standing Sandy Bay Boatshed, the site of the Enderby Settlement farmhouse, and possible evidence of the General Grant castaways’ hut. The two latter sites respectively post-date and pre-date the Derry Castle events, and so while they form part of the historical/archaeological landscape context, they are not directly related to those events.


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Figure 9 Map of the archaeological features around the Stella Hut at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island

(Dingwall & Jones 2009: Fig. 4.19). The following description of the Stella hut is from Egerton et al (2009: 163):

The hut, constructed in A-frame form of timber and weatherboards, is approximately 1.9m long (orientated north to south), 1.75m wide along the south wall (original width), and 1.9m wide along the northern wall (splayed by collapse). Today it is set in regenerating rata forest, and bounded by a post and rail fence constructed to keep sea lions away from it. Framing timbers, base plates and a 3.87m tall post at the northern end, which once supported a sign explaining the purpose of the depot, are all 100 x 75mm (4in by 3in). At the northern end there is a small opening 488mm wide and 490mm high. This is barely large enough for a person to crawl through, and, given the size of the overall structure, suggests the hut was intended for the storage of supplies rather than for providing shelter. The original timbers are probably New Zealand native. The weatherboards are 6in by 1in, the standard for the time of construction. Three weatherboards from the east side bearing inscriptions made by the survivors of the Derry Castle have been


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replaced, the originals now being in the collections of Canterbury Museum. These timbers were removed on behalf of Robert Falla in 1943 by coastwatchers. A further three pieces of tanalised timber have been used to replace missing boards or sections of board. In 1989 internal bracing timbers (tanalised pine) of 3in by 2in were fitted to prevent the structure from collapsing. The hut has a floor of bricks, mostly 225 x 100mm, of three different types: red terracotta with no markings; grey-white fire bricks marked ‘COWEN’ and yellow/rust coloured bricks with a distinctive frog on one side. In 2003 the structure appeared to be sound and stable, but workers on Enderby Island in the summer of 2004/05 reported that the front (northern) wall had collapsed on to the surrounding fence. The building has since been repaired, with a new supporting framework put inside, and the whole treated with timber preservative in 2006.

Figure 10 (left) The front of the Stella Hut on Enderby Island in 2003.

Figure 11 (right) The rear of the Stella Hut on Enderby Island in 2003. Of the thatched huts that the castaways built, and were photographed by William Dougall, little could be expected to remain because of their lightweight construction. Dougall described them as ‘completely built of tussock, several of them being bound with things of sea lion hides’ (Dougall 1888: 8). The 2003 site inspection found a circular depression lined with stones about 20 metres north-west of the Stella Hut (Figure 9), and this was interpreted as a possible hut outline (Egerton et al 2009: 141). The area is now quite overgrown with regenerating scrub, making a detailed ground search difficult. In addition, no substantial artefact scatter associated with the castaways could be expected, as they were marooned largely without supplies and found the depot to have been emptied. Any artefactual material found in the areas is more likely to be associated with other visitors to the site.


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Monckton Farmhouse/Castaway Depot The Monckton farmhouse site is at Erebus Cove in Port Ross, Auckland Island. This general area has seen some of the most intense most human activity on the Auckland Islands, as it was the most favoured northern anchorage in the island group (Dingwall & Jones 2009: 83). It was the location of the Enderby Settlement, the Monckton farm, the Erebus Cove depot and the Erebus Cove boatshed, and has been occupied by survivors of the Derry Castle, Compadre, and Dundonald. The main Hardwicke township was in the next bay to the south (unofficially names Davis Cove), and as well as being the main settlement, the last remaining house was later utilised by survivors from the Invercauld and General Grant. The Erebus Cove cemetery, located to the west of the Monckton house site, contains the burial of John Mahoney of the Invercauld, David McClellan of the General Grant and Jabez Peters of the Dundonald, and at least three other individuals.

Figure 12 Plan of the Monckton farmhouse site, Erebus Cove depot and Erebus Cove boatshed

(Dingwall 2009: Fig. 6.7). Of all of these places, the one directly associated with the Derry Castle castaways is the site of the Monckton farmhouse, as by 1887 the Hardwicke settlement had long been abandoned and the Erebus Cove depot and boatshed building had yet to be built. The 2003 Auckland Islands Historical Expedition recorded and mapped the site, and based on the visible archaeological evidence and the numerous photographs of the house, determined its most likely location (Figure 12). As already discussed, the house remained standing albeit


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increasingly decrepit until the 1940s, when it was dismantled by the coastwatchers and any useable materials were taken back to Ranui Base. Some discarded timbers were still on site in the 1980s (see Figure 6.6 in Dingwall 2009), but these have since been removed. What remains now is described in Dingwall (2009: 112):

Monckton’s house site is located about 25 metres from the shore, 12 metres south of the Erebus Cove castaway depot as shown in the plan of 2003 (Figure 12). From contemporary photos, the house is estimated to have been 6 metres by 3 metres in plan and 4 metres high. Monckton’s lease required him to build a house with dimensions no less than 18 feet by 8 feet (5.5m by 2.4m). The front wall facing the sea had a central door with a small window on either side of it. A lean-to was attached at the back and a brick chimney stood at the eastern end. The house site was located in a 1982 archaeological survey (Hurst 1986: 187) but was not recorded in detail, and was incorrectly ascribed to the Enderby Settlement. Today, the site is not easy to interpret, especially given the cover of Dracophyllum and re-growth rata forest. No standing structures remain, and no subsurface excavations were conducted during our 2003 survey. The only surface evidence of the house are bricks from the collapsed chimney and a few rotted timbers, two of which look like remnants of piles. Assuming the bricks collapsed in situ, they indicate where the house was situated, as the chimney was attached to its eastern end. Behind and a little westward of the bricks is a shallow 7 metre by 5 metre rectangular depression. This may be the actual site of the house, or otherwise it may mark the site of the rear lean-to and yard. A little further to the west are a rectangular terrace and a depression, both small, whose origins and association, if any, with the house are unknown.

The 2003 expedition also recorded the later depot and boatshed. The former was then in a deteriorating condition, with iron missing from the walls, while the boatshed was still in good condition (Egerton et al 2009: 168, 176-178). It is not possible to associate any particular feature or evidence at the Monckton farmhouse site with the Derry Castle survivors, due to the natural decay of the relevant features over time and the many different groups that have used the site. The Derry Castle survivors are not recorded as having carried out any particular modifications or constructions there, unlike the later castaways from the Dundonald who built a jetty in front of the house, although nothing visible of this survives. As already discussed, the major artefact associated with the Derry Castle that was once at the Monckton farmhouse was the punt built by the survivors, and this is now housed in the Southland Museum & Art Gallery in Invercargill.


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5.0 Museum Collections Over the years many items have been removed from the Derry Castle wreck and the Erebus Cove depot site (as well as the other Auckland Island historic sites), and a number of these have found their way into museum collections. The National Museum (Te Papa) and the Southland Museum and Art Gallery hold the main collections, and the Canterbury Museum has a good photographic record as well as a number of related Auckland Islands items. Images are also available online from the Otago Witness and other sources on www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa) Photographs: The National Museum holds a number of Dougall’s 1888 photographs, which have been made available online: (http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search?searchTerm=derry+castle&scope=all)

• "Derry Castle" Punt Depot, Auckland Islands. Dougall, William (photographer), circa 1888, Auckland Islands, Burton Brothers (photography studio), New Zealand. C.010531.

• Enderby Island, with Stella Hut & castaway huts. Dougall, William (photographer), circa 1888, Auckland Islands, Burton Brothers (photography studio), New Zealand. C.010532.

• "Derry Castle" Signal. Enderby Island. Dougall, William (photographer), circa 1888, Auckland Islands. Burton Brothers (photography studio), New Zealand. C.010530.

• Cemetery, Enderby Island. Dougall, William (photographer), circa 1888, Auckland Islands, Burton Brothers (photography studio), New Zealand. C.015015.

• "Derry Castle" Reef, Enderby Island. Dougall, William (photographer), circa 1888, Auckland Islands, Burton Brothers (photography studio), New Zealand. C.015265.

• Ship - "Derry Castle." Figurehead; Burton Brothers. B.011005. Southland Museum & Art Gallery List supplied by David Dudfield, Southland Museum. Artefacts:

• Wooden marker placed on graves in 1943, replaced in 1973. • Derry Castle castaways’ punt. Recovered from Auckland Islands during 1990s

(0000.571). On display. • Axe (86.114) Auckland Islands. Found by donor in the remains of a hut floor on the

main island, just south of Hardwick Town. Found by RA Falla. Photographs:

• Rocky beach with the remains of wreck. Ladder, figurehead of woman (2001.1291). • Memorial Marker, Enderby Island. Cairn with a marker which reads 'This marks the

burial place of fifteen persons lost when the barque "Derry Castle" was wrecked on this coast 20 March 1887' (2001.1405).


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• Memorial Marker, Enderby Island (2001.1406). • Printed on front in white "North coast, Enderby Island. Scene of 'Derry Castle',

wreck" (2001.1447) Canterbury Museum Artefacts:

• Figurehead, ‘Derry Castle.’ Figurehead, in shape of woman, ca. 1887. Accession No. 1941.30.1.

Figure 13 The Derry Castle Figurehead in the Canterbury Museum.

Photographs:

• (William Dougall Album (1880s)) • Derry Castle huts, Dougall Album p.19. Accession No. 1982.86.2. • Derry Castle shipwreck, graves and figurehead, Burton Bros. Accession No.

1982.183.1. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington Photographs:

• Wreck of ship "Derry Castle" on Enderby Island, Auckland Islands. De Maus, David Alexander, 1847-1925 :Shipping negatives. Ref: 1/2-038208-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22458246


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Department of Conservation The Invercargill office of the Department of Conservation holds a large collection of photographs of all Auckland Islands historic sites, derived from many visits over the years by Department staff, and particularly from the 2003 Auckland Islands Historical Expedition.


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6.0 Cultural Connections The cultural significance of a place is not a static and easily defined concept, and can mean different things to different people. Cultural significance of a place can be considered with regard to one or more specific cultural groups, and/or with regard to its importance to the wider present population. A very good recent example of this is the management of the Christchurch Cathedral in the wake of the Canterbury earthquakes; the wider community has expressed considerable interest in the building as a cultural symbol of the city, resulting in enormous resistance to the Anglican Church’s decision to deconstruct the building. The building has strong and variable meaning to different groups. The Derry Castle, Stella hut and Erebus Cove depot sites can be regarded in a number of ways: as historic shipwreck and castaway sites that represents human suffering and endurance; as important Subantarctic Islands historic castaway depots; as a place for guided tourists to visit in the Auckland Islands. Grave sites have particular cultural importance, especially to any descendants of those who died in the wreck. Each of these attributes is of interest to different groups today. Many of these values overlap considerably with each other and with archaeological and historical values. Not a great deal is recorded about the origins of the crew of the Derry Castle, and it must be remembered that it was an Irish-registered ship en route from Australia to Britain, and that the survivors were taken straight back to Melbourne. The ship therefore had no direct association with New Zealand, other than colliding with Enderby Island. The Melbourne Argus (23 September 1887: 6) and the Bendigo Advertiser (23 September 1887: 4) did contain a few details about the crew:

• Captain James Goffe was a married man who left a young widow in England. • The first mate, Joseph Robbins, was 26 years old and a native of Limerick, Ireland. • The second mate, N.W. Rasmussen, was about 40 years old and was Danish. • The seaman McGill was from the Isle of Man, and left a widow and large family in

Liverpool. • James McGhie, the passenger who survived the wreck, was English. • W. Olson, the sailmaker, was a Swede.

In this period many crews were extremely cosmopolitan, and would constantly change as men signed on and off (or simply deserted) at different stops. From the available evidence, and the recorded surnames of the crew, it is likely that most of the crew were of British and European extraction. Archives in Melbourne or Geelong possibly hold more information about the crew, particularly if the original port and customs documents survive. The National Archives of Australia lists various collections of shipping and customs documents from Geelong for the appropriate period (http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au), but these were not searched as part of this assessment. All of the Auckland Island castaway accounts made for good newspaper stories and tales of survival against the odds and/or tragedy. In an age where sea voyaging was the only means of international transport, sail was still more common than steam, and the loss of ships far more common than today, the horror of shipwreck was a real and immediate concern. Castaway stories with a happy ending (such as the case of the Grafton’s crew, all of whom survived) were far less common than those where many died (such as the Invercauld or General Grant), where no-one survived (such as the tentatively identified Rifleman and Stoneleigh/Mary Alice) or where the ship simply disappeared at sea. The Derry Castle events


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fell into about the middle of these experiences, as eight of the 23 men aboard got ashore alive, and were rescued four months later having suffered severe hardships but having lost no more men (the significance of the survival of all those who got ashore is discussed further below). Shipwrecks on the mainland could be terrifying enough (see Collins 1995; Ingram 1984; McLean 2007); those in the remote and wild southern ocean were worse. Discoveries of skeletons such as that of James Mahoney (of the Invercauld) only added poignancy to such stories. The 1860s newspaper accounts of the experiences of the crews of the Grafton, General Grant and Invercauld attracted much interest, and prompted an official response from the authorities. The first official actions were taken in 1865 when the Australian and New Zealand authorities respectively despatched H.M.C.S. Victoria and P.S. Southland to search for more castaways, and in 1868 the brig Amherst was sent on an other search and to establish the first castaway depots. Later the British Navy also took part in the maintenance of the official depots and regular searches for castaways (Egerton 2006: 9). It was the official castaway depots that saved the lives of many subsequent shipwrecked sailors, including the crews of the Derry Castle, Anjou and Dundonald on the Auckland Islands and the President Felix Faure on Antipodes Island (Egerton et al 2009; Taylor 2006: 163). As well as these official responses, the published accounts of the Auckland Island castaways also gripped the public imagination. Recent research has shown how the published account of the Grafton castaways’ experiences by Francois Raynal (1869, 1874) directly influenced a number of Jules Verne’s works (Mortelier 2003: 246-256). The Derry Castle events did not have such a great impact, but did influence at least one notable literary figure; the Australian writer and poet Henry Lawson. In 1887 Lawson (1867-1922) published the poem ‘The Wreck of the Derry Castle,’ initially in The Bulletin, and later in the book In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses.

Day of ending for beginnings! Ocean hath another innings, Ocean hath another score; ��And the surges sing his winnings, ��And the surges shout his winnings, And the surges shriek his winnings, All along the sullen shore. ��Sing another dirge in wailing, ��For another vessel sailing With the shadow-ships at sea; ��Shadow-ships for ever sinking – Shadow-ships whose pumps are clinking, And whose thirsty holds are drinking Pledges to Eternity. Pray for souls of ghastly, sodden Corpses, floating round untrodden Cliffs, where nought but sea-drift strays; ��Souls of dead men, in whose faces ��Of humanity no trace is – Not a mark to show their races – ��Floating round for days and days. Ocean's salty tongues are licking Round the faces of the drowned,


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And a cruel blade seems sticking Through my heart and turning round. Heaven! shall HIS ghastly, sodden Corpse float round for days and days? Shall it dash 'neath cliffs untrodden, Rocks where nought but sea-drift strays? �� God in heaven! hide the floating, Falling, rising, face from me; ��God in heaven! stay the gloating, Mocking singing of the sea! God in heaven! hide the floating, Falling, rising, face from me; God in heaven! stay the gloating, Mocking singing of the sea!

While the horrors of shipwreck and the sight of drowned seamen being washed up with the sea surge would have been far more familiar then than now, the accounts in the contemporary newspapers of the bodies of the drowned men from the Derry Castle with their heads beaten in on the rocks, eyes pecked out by skua, and unrecognisable after weeks at sea, may also have directly influenced Lawson in this poem. The second verse certainly makes it clear that the Derry Castle was just one of many vessels lost in similar circumstances. Henry Lawson was one of Australia’s most notable poets and short story writers, and ‘The Wreck of the Derry Castle’ was only his second published poem. He is most famous for later works, including While the Billy Boils and the Joe Wilson quartet of linked, longer stories. Unfortunately, despite his literary abilities, he led a troubled life that was plagued by deafness, bad luck, drinking and the break down of his marriage. He died of a cerebral haemorrhage in 1922, but such was his note that he was given a state funeral. Amongst other tributes to Lawson a statue of him by George Lambert was erected in the Sydney Domain in 1931, and the first post-decimalisation $10 banknote of 1966 featured his image (Australian Dictionary of Biography; Reserve Bank of Australia, Museum of Australian Currency Notes). Lawson also spent some time in New Zealand on two occasions: he worked as a telegraph linesman here in 1894; and in 1897 returned to live with his wife, Bertha, at Mangamaunu in the South Island for a short period. The Derry Castle events were therefore a notable influence in this important Australian literary figure’s early work. In the modern world, the stories of the Auckland Island shipwrecks are not so well known, but do appear reasonably regularly in published works (eg Dingwall et at 2009; Druett 2007). Of all the stories, the General Grant wreck has remained most firmly in the public eye largely because of the gold this ship was reputed to carry and the many (failed) salvage attempts (Allen & Scadden 2009; Eunson 1974). The recent publication of Druett’s (2007) Island of the Lost and Mortelier’s 2003 reprint (with commentary) of Wrecked on a Reef have reintroduced the Grafton and Invercauld stories to a new generation. The Listener (29 May 2004: 66) ran a story on the Grafton and Mortelier’s work, which was followed by a Spectrum radio programme on the subject (National Radio, Sunday 6 May 2004). Druett’s book was also published in America, and Mortelier is presently working on a new book, which will be published in French (C. Mortelier, pers. comm. 2014), widening the international audience. An interesting aspect to the Derry Castle story is a consideration of how it fits into the survival and leadership narrative of the Auckland Islands. Although 15 men died when the


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Derry Castle sank, all of the eight men who got ashore survived to be rescued, making it a costly wreck but a successful castaway survival story. When all of the Auckland Island castaway events are considered (see Egerton et al 2009: Table 7.1), it can be seen that most of those who got ashore from a wreck were actually rescued. The main exceptions to this was the Invercauld, where only three of the 19 ashore survived (Allen 1997; Druett 2007), and the General Grant where although only one man died ashore, four were lost in an unsuccessful attempt to sail a small boat to New Zealand (Allen & Scadden 2009). The circumstances of each wreck dictated to a certain extent the fortunes of the survivors: the Grafton was driven ashore and the crew had all of her supplies, tools and resources; the General Grant survivors had two boats; and later survivors had access to castaway depots. However, the Derry Castle survivors had no boat or tools, only wreckage from the ship, and the Stella Hut castaway depot had been looted of all its supplies. In addition, no officers survived, all of the castaways being seamen plus the one passenger aboard. Nevertheless, they co-operated to light a fire (they had no matches and only a single revolver cartridge), find food, construct shelter, construct a punt from the wreckage and cross Port Ross to reach the (still-intact) castaway depot there. This contrasts with the Grafton story, where the narratives strongly credit the leadership of the Captain and first mate (Musgrave and Raynal) with the survival of the whole group, and contrasts very strongly indeed with the Invercauld story where the captain and officers provided little or no leadership and most of the castaways that got ashore died (some being left to die alone). The General Grant castaways credited their survival the leadership qualities of James Teer (Eunson 1974: 112), one of the passengers, despite the survival of one of the ship’s officers who was later lost in the unsuccessful attempt to sail to New Zealand. The construction of small boats by castaways was also a common theme, and the Derry Castle punt was paralleled by the Dundonald coracle and Invercauld boat (Allen 1997: 170-171; Egerton et al 2009: 148). Overall, the Derry Castle story is one of resilience and resourcefulness on the part of the survivors, but possibly because they were only ashore for the relatively short time of four months, no books were written at the time about their experiences, and their very success lacked the visceral tragedy of the Invercauld events, the Derry Castle events are not as famous as other castaway stories in the Subantarctic Islands.


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7.0 Contextual Analysis The immediate geographical and historical context of the wreck of the Derry Castle is within the Auckland Islands and this group’s history of shipwrecks and castaways. Despite the emphasis on natural ecological values in the status and management of the Auckland Islands, they also have a significant human history and concomitant archaeological potential. This history is made more poignant by the suffering and deprivation that has accompanied many of the inhabitants’ experiences. The history and archaeology of the Auckland Islands has recently been thoroughly addressed in Dingwell et al (2009) In Care of the Southern Ocean, An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands, which was based on both a thorough review of preceding publications and research together with the results of the Auckland Islands Archaeological and Historical Expedition from January to March 2003. Chapter 7, ‘The Auckland Islands Shipwreck Era’ (Egerton et al 2009) dealt specifically with the Derry Castle, and all of the other known shipwrecks and castaway experiences. The other chapters in the volume that dealt with prehistoric occupation, sealing, the Enderby settlement, pastoral farming attempts, various scientific expeditions and the World War Two coastwatchers, should also be read to gain an understanding of the overall historical and archaeological landscape. Rowley Taylor’s book Straight Through From London (2006) describes the human and natural histories of the Antipodes and Bounty Islands, and Kerr’s Campbell Island, A History (1976) provides an account of that island, and together these add to the understanding of the human history of the Subantarctic Islands. The first human inhabitants of the Auckland Islands were Maori in the 13th or 14th centuries AD, who only stayed for a short time and exploited mainly the coastal fringe and rocky shore food sources (Anderson 2009: 34-35). As Anderson commented (ibid): ‘the relative scarcity of both sub-tidal shellfish and forest birds in the midden remains suggests a certain and understandable reluctance to get wet, either in the sea or under the dripping forest.’ While these first inhabitants undoubtedly got extremely wet both getting to and going from the Auckland Islands, Anderson’s point underlines an important issue when considering all human occupation of the islands: the weather is generally terrible. All attempts at permanent habitation have failed, and the most successful occupation was arguably by the World War Two coastwatchers as they completely fulfilled their expectations by denying the enemy the use of the islands (Bagley et al 2009: 191, 220), which ironically was an attempt to deny the use of the resources of the islands rather than exploit them. The only successful exploitation attempt was by the sealers, who quickly denuded the seal population. All attempts at farming have failed, with the (relatively nearby) Campbell Island enterprise from 1894 until 1931 being the longest lasting. The last feral sheep were eliminated from that island in 1992 (www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/southland/subantarctic-islands/campbell-island/). Within this environmental context, the experiences of the various castaways on the Auckland Islands can be understood as trying at best, fatal at worst. Of the approximately 203 people known to have been shipwrecked in the islands (certainly a large under-estimate), approximately 106 got ashore alive, of whom 79 were rescued (Egerton et al 2009: Table 7.1). It is known that the Auckland Islands were plotted incorrectly on the chart published by James Imray in 1851, being shown some 35 miles south of their true position (Allen 1997: 54; Egerton 2006: 5). Even though this mistake was known at the time, such inaccurate charts continued to be used, and Captain Drew of the Awarua thought that it was likely that the Captain of the Derry Castle was navigating using just such a map, which was the direct cause of the sinking (Otago Witness 7 October 1887: 16). How many ship losses at the Auckland Islands were due to these cartographic errors, and how many were simply to weather


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conditions making navigational fixes impossible, will never be known, nor will be the true number of lives lost on the islands. The immediate geographical context of the Derry Castle events are Enderby Island and Erebus Cove, and the physical sites in these two places have been described above. These places both had prior and subsequent roles in the human drama of the Auckland Islands; Enderby Island was one of the outlying farms of the Enderby settlement, was occupied by the General Grant survivors, and was the location of a castaway boatshed that still stands; while Erebus Cove was the location of part of the Enderby settlement (including the cemetery), the Monckton farm, a later castaway depot and boatshed, and was occupied at different times by survivors of the General Grant, Invercauld, Compadre and Dundonald. The historical landscape is therefore a palimpsest, with many different events linked through time by common circumstances and location. Within the much wider context of shipwrecks and castaway episodes both in New Zealand and worldwide, there is a vast literature, covering the subject from contemporary, historical and archaeological perspectives (eg Collins 1995; Clark n.d.; Ingram 1984; Layton 1997; McLean 2007; Throckmorton 1996). Several shipwrecks have received enormous attention due to their historical significance, the Titanic and the Mary Rose being good examples (Ballard 1985; Rule 1983). As already noted, when international travel was by wooden sailing ship, shipwrecks and disasters at sea were common. Even just in New Zealand there are hundreds of examples; one count puts the number of wrecks at more than 2,300 since the 1790s, and the discovery of Maori canoe fragments in places such as Mason Bay in Stewart Island adds an unknown number of prehistoric victims (Gillies & Skerret 1996; Te Ara). The first European settlement in New Zealand was the result of the East Indiaman Endeavour being condemned in Facile Harbour in Fiordland in 1795: not quite a shipwreck, but castaways nonetheless (Duggan 1997). Across the Tasman Connah (1993: 12) has observed wryly ‘the earliest European visitors to leave substantial archaeological traces in Australia had no choice in the matter, they hit it accidentally.’ During the 17th and 18th centuries at least four Dutch ships and one English ship were wrecked on the Western Australian coast. One of these, the Dutch East Indiaman Batavia, was wrecked in 1629 and subsequent events amongst the survivors, when some of the crew mutinied and 125 people were massacred, has become one of the worst horror stories of maritime history (Connah 1993: 16; Throckmorton 1996: 168). In the Pacific Ocean, on the island of Ulong in Palau, the East India Packet Antelope was wrecked in 1783, and the well-organised crew under Captain Wilson constructed the schooner Oroolong from material from the wreck, and successfully sailed away (Clark n.d.). The Batavia incident stands in stark contrast to the experience of the survivors of Derry Castle crew (who successfully worked together to survive their time ashore), but when both are considered alongside other castaway stories such as the Invercauld and Antelope they show how varied the experiences of castaways could be, depending on an infinite number of variables. The site of the Grafton survivors’ Epigwaitt hut in Carnley Harbour is one of the few places where a castaway-built hut can still be firmly identified in the Auckland Islands. The general location of the Derry Castle huts at Sandy Bay, General Grant huts on Enderby Island, Compadre and Anjou huts at Camp Cove and Dundonald huts on Disappointment Island are all known, but none of the specific sites could be identified during the 2003 archaeological survey, although there are features around the Stella Hut at Sandy Bay that could well be the Derry Castle huts (Egerton et al 2009). Archaeological investigation has the potential to provide more information about these sites, but this is unlikely to be undertaken for both practical and conservation reasons within the protected Auckland Islands. Excavation of castaway sites can be very rewarding: excavations by Clark on Ulong Island in Palau found extensive evidence of the activities of the crew of the East India Packet Antelope that was wrecked there in 1783 (Clark n.d.); and investigations at the 1629 Batavia site not only found


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remains of the victims of the post-wreck massacre, but also a stone portico façade that was being carried in the ship to Batavia in Indonesia (Throckmorton 1996: 168). All of the Auckland Islands castaway hut sites will contain sub-surface archaeological information, and in common with overseas sites that have been investigated, these sites will contain valuable information about the ways that castaways adapted to survive their unintended sojourn ashore.


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8.0 Assessment of Significance Most historic places in New Zealand are assessed using a recognised heritage values system. DOC uses the significance assessment criteria contained within the Historic Places Act 1993 (recently replaced by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014). Heritage New Zealand (previously the New Zealand Historic Places Trust) is the national authority in the assessment of the significance of historic places. The current Heritage New Zealand assessment criteria are used in its List (previously the NZHPT Register) proposal guidelines (www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/-/media/8c1c89c0ef5d48a19821975d1eef68de.ashx). These criteria are: Historical, cultural, aesthetic, archaeological, architectural, scientific, social, spiritual, technological and traditional significance or value. Section 66 (3) of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 further describes these criteria for heritage sites to be included in the New Zealand Heritage List. For the purposes of this report these criteria have been amalgamated under three headings: Historical (historical, social); Physical (archaeological, architectural, scientific, technological); and Cultural (aesthetic, spiritual, traditional). There are overlaps between these categories, and so some of the three main sections below consider similar values from slightly different perspectives. The Department of Conservation’s ‘Southland Historic Resource Management Plan 1993’ has already assessed the Derry Castle grave site as being locally significant. The associated Stella Hut and Erebus Cove complex (boatshed, depot, Victoria Tree and Amherst Spar) are assessed as nationally significant. It must be noted that while the discussion below concentrates on the specific site of the Derry Castle grave, and generally finds it to be of moderate significance, the grave must be considered as an integral element of the overall Auckland Islands historic/archaeological landscape which is of high national significance.

8.1 Historic Significance The historical significance of the Derry Castle grave site is moderately high nationally. The site meets a number of the Section 66 (3) criteria particularly (c) the potential of the place to provide knowledge of New Zealand History and (k) the extent to which the place forms part of a wider historical and cultural area. Both of these themes (history and the heritage landscape) were key considerations in the 2003 Auckland Islands Expedition (Dingwall et al 2009). As a small island in a large ocean, maritime history is an important element in New Zealand’s human history: from the first Polynesian settlers that arrived by canoe, to Tasman and Cook who were exploring the Pacific in small sailing ships, to the thousands of immigrants who came in sailing and steam ships, the sea has always played an important role. Shipwrecks were the unwelcome corollary of this dominance of the ocean. The fact that the Great Circle Route of the 19th century trading ships passed though the wild ocean to the south of New Zealand added an international traffic that did not necessarily have any direct associations with New Zealand; most of the ships wrecked on the Auckland Islands had no intention to either make landfall there or in New Zealand. However, it fell upon the New Zealand authorities to patrol these hazardous waters, and the establishment and maintenance


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of the castaway depots saved the lives of many shipwrecked sailors. This means that the events surrounding and subsequent to the Derry Castle sinking are not just part of New Zealand’s maritime history, but part of the wider history of international shipping in the nineteenth century. That the Derry Castle departed from Australia, the survivors were returned directly to Melbourne, and the enquiry into the wreck was held there, provide a strong Australian association with the events. The Subantarctic Islands form a scattered historical and archaeological landscape, within which the wreck sites, castaway huts and camps and castaway depots are an important element. A number of the depots and the finger post signs still exist, and are significant heritage sites. While shipwrecks were common in the nineteenth century, it was the cases where survivors were marooned in adverse conditions for considerable periods of time before their rescue that created the greatest interest: ships lost with no survivors meant that there was no-one to tell the story, and loss and drama made for good newspaper stories. The Grafton wreck and subsequent survival of all the crew in 1864-65, followed by the published accounts of the captain (Musgrave 1866) and first mate (Raynal 1892), was widely reported and was followed by the more tragic events surrounding the Invercauld and General Grant wrecks. The Derry Castle wreck was a continuation of this series of similar events, and once again the story was published widely in the Australian and New Zealand newspapers. All of these shipwrecks and survival stories emphasised the need to establish and maintain castaway depots, which was carried out by the New Zealand and Australian authorities with some assistance from the Royal Navy. Egerton (2006) has stated that the Stella Hut is of national historical significance, as it represents early government response to the plight of shipwreck victims in Subantarctic waters and the beginnings of socially responsible government in New Zealand, is regionally significant as the oldest surviving wooden building on Conservation Land in Southland Conservancy, and as an example of improvisation in isolation. The only people to use the Stella Hut for the purpose for which it was built were the Derry Castle castaways, and they found it to have been looted. However, as Egerton (2006: 22) has pointed out, its presence gave the survivors hope that they would be rescued.

8.2 Physical Significance The physical significance of the Derry Castle grave site is moderate nationally. The site meets a number of the Section 66 (3) criteria particularly (k) the extent to which the place forms part of a wider historical and cultural area, and (h) the symbolic or commemorative value of the place. The grave is one of the few readily-identifiable physical remnants of shipwreck castaways’ time ashore (bearing in mind that features such as fingerposts and castaway depots are evidence of the official response to the castaways’ experiences). The other main castaway-made feature in the Islands is the Epigwaitt/Grafton site in Carnley Harbour, while the graves of Mahony, McClellan and Peters at Erebus Cove do not actually mark the wreck or camp sites, but rather are where these men were finally buried. The possible hut sites around the Stella Hut have yet to be confirmed as products of the Derry Castle survivors. The grave of the victims of the Derry Castle wreck stands as a memorial to the 15 men who lost their lives on the 20th of March 1887, although only two of the five men actually buried there are known by name.


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8.3 Cultural Significance The cultural significance of the Derry Castle grave site is moderate, both nationally and internationally. The site meets a number of the Section 66 (3) criteria particularly (k) the extent to which the place forms part of a wider historical and cultural area, and (h) the symbolic or commemorative value of the place. As far as can determined, the crew of the Derry Castle were largely British and European, and the ship had departed an Australian port bound for Britain. Only two of the men buried in the Derry Castle grave are identified, these being the English captain James Goffe and the Danish officer N.W. Rasmussen. The survivors were returned to Australia, where the enquiry into the wreck was held. The poem ‘The Wreck of the Derry Castle’ by the notable Australian writer Henry Lawson strengthens the Australian cultural associations with the Derry Castle events and places. The Derry Castle events therefore have relevance to Australia and Britain as well as New Zealand. Other wrecks on the Auckland Islands were of ships using the Great Circle Route from Australia to Europe, and as such the shipwreck narrative of the islands was an international one. The Derry Castle grave is also one of only two places on the Auckland Islands where those that died there are commemorated. The only other marked graves are in the Erebus Cove cemetery, which includes the graves of the castaways John Mahoney, David McClellan and Jabez Peters. Madelene Ferguson Allen (the great-granddaughter of Invercauld survivor Robert Holding) has commented on the lack of any memorials to the many people that died on the islands (Allen 1997), although given that the only two known burial sites are already marked there is little more that could be done, and a general conservation approach that minimises intrusive new signage is appropriate in the Auckland Islands context. With regard to the associated Stella Hut, around which the Derry Castle survivors camped for three months, Egerton (2006: 22) has stated:

During the ten years that the Stella Hut was maintained as a provision depot it was a symbol of salvation for anyone that might be unfortunate enough to be wrecked in the subantarctic. Although the Islands are isolated and few people ever visited them during this period there was a popular awareness about the threat they presented to seafarers because the harrowing experiences of shipwreck victims were published at length in newspapers. The plight of the castaway touched almost everyone in an era when sail ships were the only means of transport around the globe back to the ‘home country’. In the present day the Stella Hut is an evocative place for visitors, representing a colourful era of subantarctic history, and is valued by the small community, spread around the world, interested in the islands and their history. It is also valued by the descendants of wreck survivors and those who were involved in the castaway provisioning.


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9.0 Comparative Analysis The Derry Castle grave site can be compared to other sites in two ways; as part of a shipwreck and castaway narrative; and as a small remote cemetery. The first approach places the site within the Auckland Islands and wider international maritime castaway narrative that has already been extensively discussed above. The second approach places the site with the collection of numerous small cemeteries that are scattered throughout New Zealand and the outlying islands. Shipwreck and castaway sites are not necessarily unique items/places, as there are many other recorded sites in the Auckland Islands and around the world. However, this in no way diminishes the harshness of the experiences of the individuals who were stranded after shipwreck, and the experiences of those wrecked on the Auckland Islands were consistently amongst the most extreme. Within the Auckland Islands context comparisons can be drawn between the Derry Castle and most of the other castaway events: for example the co-operation and survival of the Grafton crew, and the construction of a small boat and transfer to the depot at Erebus Cove by the Dundonald crew. In essence, for any group to survive in the Auckland Islands co-operation and resourcefulness was required. The example of the Invercauld, where only three of the 19 ashore survived illustrated the implications of the failure to work together effectively in such a challenging environment. On the New Zealand mainland the most significant castaway location is at Facile Harbour in Fiordland, the site of one of New Zealand’s first European settlements, where the East Indiaman Endeavour was condemned in 1795. The crew, passengers and stowaways lived in Facile Harbour and on Anchor Island while they completed a small schooner that had been built by sealers two years earlier, and converted the Endeavour’s longboat into a deep sea boat (Duggan 1997). The sites of both the Endeavour settlement and Anchor Island shipbuilding cove were the subjects of archaeological investigations in the 1990s (Smith & Gillies 1998). Internationally there are many shipwreck and castaway accounts and sites, and the literature is vast. Many parallels with the Auckland Islands sites can be identified, such as the importance of good leadership and the co-operation of all survivors to ensure their collective survival. The Batavia events of 1629 graphically illustrate what could go wrong ashore. Small remote cemeteries are common throughout New Zealand, as before modern transport networks became established during the twentieth century it was usual for deceased persons to be buried close to where they died. Many small rural cemeteries still serve local communities that are now much smaller than they were when the cemeteries were established, or survive where their community has now disappeared. The most immediately comparable example of such cemeteries is the Enderby Cemetery at Erebus Cove where both Enderby settlement and castaway burials were placed. Back on the mainland of New Zealand good examples of small cemeteries exist throughout the Otago goldfields, such as the Macraes Flat, Moa Creek (Figure 15) and Skippers cemeteries. It must also be remembered that the relative isolation of places has changed over time; when most long-distance communication was by coastal shipping, many inland places were more isolated than coastal communities. For example, for a short period Preservation Inlet in Fiordland was the location of a number of gold mines and a sawmill, and two settlements (Te Oneroa and Cromarty) existed. So long as coastal shipping visits were regular, these were not particularly isolated communities. Two cemeteries exist in Preservation Inlet; the lone grave of prospector William Docherty on Cemetery Island (Figure 16), and the small cemetery at the Puysegur Point lighthouse landing (Figure 17) where a number of men who drowned in boating accidents are buried (Begg & Begg 1973: 255, 261, 279-80). Further around the coast at


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Martins Bay the cemetery at Jamestown (Figure 18) served a small community that failed because of its isolation, as the expected ship visits proved to be far less regular than anticipated. There are also graves around the country in both large and small cemeteries that are associated with single tragic incidents, examples being the mass grave for 65 miners killed in the Brunner mine disaster of 1896 (Smith 2001: 136-37), and the graves in Dunedin’s Southern Cemetery of the victims of the sinking of the ferry Pride of the Yarra in Otago Harbour in 1863 (McCraw 2001: 38). The Derry Castle grave therefore fits neatly into this collection of scattered cemeteries. The fact that such grave sites are relatively common (we all must die and leave a corpse somewhere) does not reduce the value of each individual site, as each has a different story to tell. Added to this is the general reverence that society places on burial places (seen most clearly in the impeccably-tended Commonwealth war cemeteries overseas), which ensures that graves such as the Derry Castle grave and the Enderby Cemetery remain important cultural heritage sites.

Figure 14 The Derry Castle grave site in 2003 (Department of Conservation).


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Figure 15 The Moa Creek Cemetery in Central Otago in 2014. This still serves a scattered rural

community.

Figure 16 The grave of William Dougherty on Cemetery Island, Preservation Inlet, in the 1970s (Begg & Begg 1973).


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Figure 17 The Puysegur Cemetery in Preservation Inlet, Fiordland, in 2008. Most of those buried

here drowned in boating accidents.

Figure 18 The Jamestown Cemetery at Jamestown, Martins Bay, South Westland, in 2008.


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10.0 Sources & reports Allen, M.F. (1997) Wake of the Invercauld. Exisle Publishing, Auckland. Allen, M.F., Scadden, K. (2009) The General Grant’s Gold. Shipwreck and greed in the Southern Ocean. Exisle Publishing Ltd., Auckland. Anderson, A. (2009) ‘Prehistoric Archaeology in the Auckland Islands.’ In, In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. P.R. Dingwell, K.L. Jones, R. Egerton (eds.), New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27. The Argus (newspaper, Sydney) Accessed through http://trove.nla.gov.au The Australasian (newspaper Melbourne) Accessed through http://trove.nla.gov.au Bagley, S., Jones, K.L., Dingwell, P.R., Edkins, C. (2009) ‘The Erlangen incident and the Cape Expedition of World War II.’ In, In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. P.R. Dingwell, K.L. Jones, R. Egerton (eds.), New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27. Ballard, R.D. (1985) ‘How We Found Titanic.’ National Geographic, 168 (6): 696-718. Begg, A.C. & Begg, N.C. (1973) Port Preservation. Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd., Christchurch. Bendigo Advertiser (newspaper, Bendigo) Accessed through http://trove.nla.gov.au Bradley, K. & Egerton, R. (1996) ‘Grafton Wreck, Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands. Conservation Plan.’ Invercargill, Department of Conservation. Carter, M. (2012) ‘People, Place and Space: an archaeological survey of the maritime cultural landscapes of Otago Harbour, New Zealand. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 30, 14-23. Clark, G. (n.d.) ‘Rediscovery of Captain Wilson’s 1783 Camp on Ulong Island, Republic of Palau.’ Unpublished report, University of Otago. Collins, B.E. (1995) Rocks, Reefs and Sandbars. A History of Otago Shipwrecks. Otago Heritage Books, Dunedin. Colonist (newspaper, Nelson) 12 September 1865: 7. Connah, G. (1993) The Archaeology of Australia’s History. Cambridge University Press. First published 1988 as Of the Hut I Builded. Dingwall, P.R., Jones, K.L., Egerton, R. (eds.) (2009), In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27. Dingwall, P.R. (2009) ‘Pastoral Farming at the Auckland Islands.’ In, Dingwall, P.R., Jones, K.L., Egerton, R. (eds.), In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27.


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Dingwall, P.R. & Jones, K.L. (2009) ‘The Enderby Settlement.’ In, Dingwall, P.R., Jones, K.L., Egerton, R. (eds.), In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27. Dougall, W. (nd) Far South: Stewart Island, The Snares, Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes and Bounty Islands. Southland Times, Invercargill. Held in the Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 68. Victoria University of Wellington Library, Wellington (http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout68-t14-body-d1-d1.html). Druett, J. (2007) Island of the Lost. Allen & Unwin, NSW. Duggan, B. (1997) Incidental History. The author, Taradale. Eden, A.W. (1955) Islands of Despair: Being an account of a survey expedition to the Sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand. Andrew Melrsoe, London. Egerton, R. (2006) ‘Stella Hut Castaway Depot, Enderby Island, Auckland Islands Nature Reserve. Conservation Plan.’ Department of Conservation. Egerton, R., Burgess, S., Petchey, P. Dingwall, P.R. (2009) ‘The Auckland Islands Shipwreck Era.’ In, In care of the Southern Ocean: An archaeological and historical survey of the Auckland Islands. P.R. Dingwall, K.L. Jones, R. Egerton (eds.), New Zealand Archaeological Association Monograph 27. Eunson, K. (1974) The Wreck of the General Grant. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington. Gillies, K., Skerret, M. (1996) ‘A Maori Canoe Prow From Stewart Island, New Zealand.’ New Zealand Journal of Archaeology, 18: 125-143. Ingram, C.W.N. (1984) New Zealand Shipwrecks 1795-1982. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington. Kerr, I.S. (1976) Campbell Island, A History. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington. Lawson, H. (1887) In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses. Accessed on www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/lawson-henry/the-wreck-of-the-derry-castle-0002023 Layton, T.N. (1997) The Voyage of the Frolic. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Listener (Magazine, Wellington) 29 May 2004. Locker-Lampson, S., Francis, I. (1994) The Wreck Book. Rediscovered New Zealand Shipwrecks. Halcyon Press, Auckland. Locker-Lampson, S. (1995) New Zealand Treasure Wrecks. Halcyon Press, Auckland. McCraw, J (1999) Coastmaster. The Story of Captain James B. Greig. Hamilton, Silverdale Publications. McCraw, J. (2001) Harbour Horror. Square One Press, Dunedin. McCrystal, J., Day, W., Fry, J. (2012) The Riddle of the Rifleman. Marttime Archaeological Association of New Zealand.


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McLean, G. (2007) Full Astern! An illustrated history of New Zealand shipwrecks. Grantham House Publishing, Wellington. McNab, R. (1909) Murihiku: A History of the South Island of New Zealand and the Islands Adjacent and Lying to the South, from 1642 to 1835. Whitcombe & Tombs, Wellington. Mortelier, C. (2003) ‘Commentaries,’ in 2003 reprint of Wrecked on a Reef by F. Raynal, originally publiched in 1880. Steele Roberts Ltd., Wellington. Musgrave, Capt. T. (1866) Castaway on the Auckland Isles. London, Lockwood & Co. Otago Daily Times (newspaper, Dunedin). Accessed on www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz Otago Witness (newspaper, Dunedin). Accessed on www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz Palmer, J., Turney, C., Hogg, A., Hilliam, No., Watson, M., Van Sebille, E., Cowie, W., Jones, R., Petchey, F. (2013) The discovery of New Zealand’s oldest shipwreck – possible evidence of further Dutch exploration of the South Pacific, Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 435-441. Petchey, P.G. (2002) ‘’Epigwaitt’ and the Wreck of the Grafton.’ Unpublished report for the Department of Conservation, Southern Archaeology Ltd. Copy lodged in Hocken Library, Dunedin, New Zealand. Pettit, J. (2008) Treasure Below. The Halcyon Press, Auckland. Raynel, F.E, (1869) ‘Les Naufragés des Auckland Iles’ in, Le Tour du Monde, Paris. Raynal, F.E. (1874) Wrecked on a Reef. London, T. Nelson & Sons. Rule, M. (1983) ‘The Search for Mary Rose.’ National Geographic, 163 (5): 654-675. Sikes, K. (2004) Governor Stone: Analysis of an 1877 Two-masted Schooner from the Gulf of Mexico. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 33 (2): 297-314. Smith, I.W.G. & Gillies, K. (1998) “Archaeological Investigations at Facile Harbour, Dusky Sound, February 1998.” Report to the New Zealand Historic Places Trust and Department of Conservation. Smith, N. (2001) Heritage of Industry. Reed, Auckland. Sydney Morning Herald (Newspaper, Sydney). Accessed on: www.trove.nla.gov.au Taylor, R. (2006) Straight Through from London. The Antiopdes and Bounty Islands, New Zealand. Heritage Expeditions New Zealand Ltd., Christchurch. Throckmorton, P. (ed) (1996) The Sea Remembers, Shipwrecks and Archaeology. Chancellor Press, London. Turbott, G. (2002) Year Away; Wartime Coastwatching on the Auckland Islands, 1944. Department of Conservation, Wellington.


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Online Resources Australian Dictionary of Biography (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lawson-henry-7118 Reserve Bank of Australia, Museum of Australian Currency Notes www.rba.gov.au/Museum/Displays/1960_1988_rba_and_reform_of_the_currency/australias_first_decimal_currency_notes.html Te Area Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shipwrecks Wreck of Grafton, Epigwaitt, Auckland Islands, circa 1888, Auckland Islands, by William Dougall, Burton Brothers. Purchased 1943. Te Papa (C.010536) (http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/19841) Accessed 12 July 2014. The wreck of the 'Grafton' on the Auckland Islands. Ref: 1/2-098189-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23191033. Accessed 10 July 2014. www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=29&with_photo_id=107505207&order=date_desc&user=7330120 www.collections.tepapa.govt.nz www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/lawson-henry/the-wreck-of-the-derry-castle-0002023 http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lawson-henry-7118 http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au

Derry Castle Grave Site, Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Heritage Assessment.

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