Degradation Materials

7/25/2019 Degradation Materials

1/159

MKM6144

ADVANCED MATERIAL

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG


2/159

INTRODUCTION

Corrosion is a natural phenomenon and can be considered as

extractive metallurgy in reverse( Fontana).

Earth Mineral Ores Extraction/Reining Metal

(Fabrication) Components Corrosion Earth


3/159

CORROSION ENGINEER


4/159


5/159


6/159

HIGH TEMPERATURE DEGRADATION

Chlorination

OXIDATION

Carburation

Flu !a" an# #$o"it %orro"ion

Nitri#ation Sul$hi#ation


7/159


8/159


9/159

Tube Supports Escatron (Spain)

R$la%# RA&'(MA

Pr""uri)# Flui# *#*oilr +,-. Sul/ur Li!nit

Earlir Unit" 0(,+.Sul/ur

TIDD1 Vartan

RA&'(MA "u%%""/ul

Cou$on T"tin!

22 3onth" 245'62+'78F

RA('(MA 9 7,2 33

RA&'(MA 9 2,2 33


10/159


11/159


12/159


13/159


14/159


15/159


16/159

Mtal Or"

Hematite(!E) or haematite("E) is the

mineralorm o #ron(###) oxide$ (Fe%O&)$

one o several iron oxides.

Magnetiteis a errimagneticmineral'ith

#!Cname iron(II,III) oxideand 'ith

chemical ormula Fe3O4$ one o several

iron oxidesand a member o the spinelgroup.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English


17/159


18/159

PENINSULAR CRUDE AND GAS EVACUATION

GUNTONGD

SELIGI

ANGSIBEKOK

DUYONG

SCP

30"X240 km

900 mmscf/d

28" X 135 km800 mmscf/d

PM 301

PM 302

28" X 232 km

750 mmscf/d

32" X 160 km1200 mmscf/d

30" X 156 km550 mmscf/d

RESAK

Legend

Oil Fields

Gas Fields

Eis!ing Gas Pi"elineEis!ing C#ndensa!e Pi"eline

OSC

(2!!sc"#$)

OGT(%&

!!sc"#$)

G''s(2 !!sc"#$

Saes Gas)

MT$DA

ESTN*TUN*+B

L*,UT

-*S*

Not to scale

%#ng&'la

$e(ne'La)i!

*+nga Ra,aCa&e(a)ala


19/159

OFFSHORE SARA:A; CRUDE EVACUATION

M3

F6

F28

E6

F14

B11

B12

TEMANA

D35

D21

D18

BAYAN

C2

BERYL

BETTY

BOKOR

BARONIA

BARAM

BAKAU

A!NA

TUKAU!IKAU

!I"A

FATIMA

FAIRLEY BARAM

MLNG PLANT%

*INT-L-

MIRI

CENTRAL L-CONIA

M1

M4

!A#I

REBAB

LAILA

LAYAN$ELAN$

$%

CLA!TIC!

F13

E8

F23

&4

&INTAN

M5

&2

&5

K5

&ERON$

MARINE

F2'

E4

MA"AR

D2

C13

A!AM #AYA

!ERUNAI

!OM#OTAN

K4

&12

&1

TEN$$IRI

MARINE

A21 E2

$EDUK

M1 !ADERI

!ERAI

OIL FIELD

OIL PIPELINE

EXISIN! !"S P/LINE

!"S FIELD #$%&d'c()*+!"S FIELD #,& -. d..0&$.d+

!ALBIA

"( LUTON$

C (#ADI

!ELA!I

D12

BI&AN

&32

D3)

E11

COMPLEX

D51

!ALLO"

T3

*ARAM DELTA

*ALINGIAN

% . L-CONIA

$AMBAN$

#ATRICIA

K-MANG

A3

%ELAR

MARINE

F/

F12F11

F20

F22

*-NGAPELAGA

KANO.IT


20/159


21/159


22/159


23/159

Corro"ion Di"a"tr

Atlanti% Southa"t '&


24/159

FORM* OF CORRO*#O+ by Fontana

Grou$ 2

ra#il?i#nti@abl b?or#inar? i"ualBa3ination

uni/or3%orro"ion $ittin! %ri%

%orro"ion

!alani%%orro"ion

Grou$ &

3a? ruir"u$$l3ntar? 3an"o/ Ba3ination

ro"ion %orro"ion %aitation /rttin! %orro"ion intr!ranular

%orro"ion

Group 3

verification is usuallyrequired by microscopy(optical, SEM):

dealloying stress corrosion cracking corrosion fatigue

Corro"ion o/ 3atrial %an b b? a %o3binationo/3o#" #rin b? intrt=in# 3%hani"3"


25/159

FORM* OF CORRO*#O+

U N I F O R M / G E N E R A L

M a % r o 6 % o r r o " io n % l l "

G a l A a n i %

P i t t i n !

C r A i % H D $ o " i t

M i c r o c o r r o s i o n c e l l s

! " n t e r g r a n u l a r

! S t r e s s # o r r o s i o n # r a c k i n g

! S e l e c t i v e $ i s s o l u t i o n

L O C A L I S E D

C O R R O S I O N F O R M S


26/159

UNIFORM / GENERAL CORROSION

Characterised by corrosive attack proceeding evenly over

entire surface area @ large fraction area.General thinning takes place until failure. Anode and cathode

areas distributed evenly over the service by shifting.Easily measured and predicted. Measurable in mm/yr.

Affect entire metal in contact with electrolyte.Corrosion allowance is applicable.Eamples! "usting of steel in atmosphere.#reakdown of protective coating systems often leads to this

form of corrosion.$ractically controlled by cathodic protection% use of coatings

or paints% or simply by specifying a corrosion allowance.

Characterised by corrosive attack proceeding evenly over

entire surface area @ large fraction area.General thinning takes place until failure. Anode and cathode

areas distributed evenly over the service by shifting.Easily measured and predicted. Measurable in mm/yr.

Affect entire metal in contact with electrolyte.Corrosion allowance is applicable.Eamples! "usting of steel in atmosphere.#reakdown of protective coating systems often leads to this

form of corrosion.

$ractically controlled by cathodic protection% use of coatings

or paints% or simply by specifying a corrosion allowance.

, li d C iFORMS OF CORROSION:


27/159

,ocali-ed CorrosionFORMS OF CORROSION:

Sour%" o/ Lo%ali)# Corro"ion

Environmentoxygen concentrationchloride ion concentrationp

lo' rate

Materialsegregationinclusionsdierent phases

grain boundaries

Mechanical

static stressluctuating stress


28/159

%

& %.c,(&)s %. ).c.ss% &(d,(&)%.c,(&)

%.d'c,(&)%.c,(&)

O,.% %.d'c,(&)%.c,(&)s () ) c(d s&',(&) () ).',% &% -s. s&',(&)

d$,.d f%&m F(* 171 Call*ste+ %e

#F(* 171 (s f%&m :! F&),)

Co++os*o, E,-*,ee+*,- 3%d .d :c!%

;( ()c

O(d,(&) %.c,(&)

>) >) 2?

2. c(ds&',(&)

%.d'c,(&) %.c,(&)

;?;?

;2#*s+

;?

;?

;?

;?

;?

f& &f .

() ,. m.,

>) >)2++ 2e

2;+ + 2e ;2#*s+

O2 + 4;++ 4e 2;2O O2 + 2;2O + 4e

4#O;+


29/159

Corro"ion Rat EB$r""ion

Corro"ion Pntration Rat JCPRKCPR ; :DAT

; %on"tant J'(4 /or 3$?1 -5,+ 33?rK

: =i!ht lo""13!

D #n"it?1 !%3(

A Ara1in& or %3&

T ti31hr


30/159

Fara#a?" La=

Con"i#r th ra%tionF F& & 6

For r? ato3 o/ iron ra%tin!1 t=o l%tron"=ill b $ro#u%#,

On 3ol %ontain" Ao!a#ro" nu3brJ+27&(K ato3"

Th %har! on a%h l%tron i" 2,+2762


31/159

Fara#a?" La=

More accurately

2relative atomic

mass3$ but still 'ithunits g/mole

!ccording to Faraday3s ,a'$ 'hen ni moles of a given substance

react, aproportional electric charge Q passes across the electrode-electrolyte interface

(g/mole)metalo'eightatomic

(g)oxidisedmetalomass(C/mole)constantsFaraday4

atommetaleachorelectronsonumber

(C)passedcharge'here

=

=

=

=

=

=

M

mF

n

QM

nFmQ

F # L Di i# b ti


32/159

Fara#a?" La= 9 Dii# b? ti3

Fara#a?" la= thu" "tat" that th rat o/ an l%tro#ra%tion i" $ro$ortional to th 3a!nitu# o/ thl%tri%al %urrnt that %ro""" th l%tro#6l%trol?tintr/a%,


(g/s)corrosionorate

(C/mole)constantsFaraday4


(!)currentcorrosion'here

=

=

=

=

=

=

M

K

F

n

I

M

nFK

I


33/159

Fara#a?" La=

Dii# b? ara


)m(g/scorrosionorate(C/mole)constantsFaraday4


)(!/cmdensitycurrentcorrosion'here

%

%

=

=

=

=

=

=

M

kF

n

iM

nFki

Corro"ion o/ )in% in a%i#


34/159

Corro"ion o/ )in% in a%i#

n n&

&6

Rat o/ Ra%tionEl%tro%h3i%alP

otntial

2

2e

2

=&%%&s(&) P&,.),(=&%%&s(&) P&,.),(

=&%%&s(&) @,.=&%%&s(&) @,.

At th Corro"ion Potntial1 E%orr1 =

ha a "tabl 3iB# uilibriu3

At th Corro"ion Potntial1 E%orr1 =

ha a "tabl 3iB# uilibriu3

Thn th %orro"ion rat 3a?b B$r""# a" th

%orro"ion %urrnt #n"it?1 i%orr

Thn th %orro"ion rat 3a?b B$r""# a" th

%orro"ion %urrnt #n"it?1 i%orr

Currnt #n"it?i%orri%orr

E%orrE%orr


35/159


36/159

EBa3$l" o/ uilibria in th iron PourbaiB #ia!ra3Jnu3br# on th $lotK

F&&QFJ"K J$ur r#oB ra%tion 6 no $H

#$n#n%K F(QF& J$ur r#oB ra%tion 6 no $H

#$n#n%K

&F((H&OQF&O(J"K+H J$ur a%i#6ba"1 no r#oBK

&F&(H&OQF&O(J"K+H& J"lo$ 6'


37/159

Cou$on T"tin!

#i i


38/159

EB$o"ur %on#ition" t"t

;i # / C


39/159

;in#" o/ Cou$on"

$ $ C


40/159

e$e$ Coupon

Stresse$ Coupons


41/159

Stresse$ CouponsASTM G '-1 G(


42/159

Corrosion 'ro$uct on Coupons

%"ei5en %!anda(d #((#si#n #+"#n (#5 Me!al %a5"les7 A%TM 1010 5ild a(8#n s!eel7

E"#s+(e 19 Da,s

O(iginal .all T'i&ness 07066 in7

.all L#ss 070023 in7 a! !)# s+(aes : C#((#si#n Ra!e 2;70 MPin!

)on"

$ittin! %orro"ionJtran"!ranular %ra%>in!$ro$a!ation n#"hi!hr nr!?K

U"ual r!ion /or IGSCC1SCC u"uall? o%%ur" =hr

th $a""i @l3 i" rlatil?=a>

on 2

on &

Th r#u%tion $otntial o/%hro3at ion to "oli# Cr&O(

i" $o""ibl to in%ra" th%orro"ion $otntial o/ "tlinto it" $a""iation r!ionbut not /or 3ol?b#at an#


133/159

tun!"tat,

IN>IBITING -EC>*NIS- O; NIT,ITES

Th /or3ation o/ /rri% oBi#" =ith th$arti%i$ation o/ nitrit ion" ta>" $la%


134/159

a%%or#in! to th /ollo=in! ra%tion"Jo"$h t alK

For3ation o/ a lo=r oBi#

NO&6-H+ NH4&H&O < FJOHK& (F(O4+H&O+H+

&H&O &H &OH6


135/159

ra%tion it"l/ or "l%til? $r%i$itat on%atho#i% ara" to in%ra" th "ur/a%i3$#an% an# li3it th #iu"ion o/ r#u%ibl"$%i" to th" ara,

Catho#i% inhibitor" %an $roi# inhibition b?thr #irnt 3%hani"3" 2, a" %atho#i%$oi"on"] &, a" %atho#i% $r%i$itat"1 an# (,a" oB?!n "%an!r,

Volatil Corro"ionInhibitor"

Volatil %orro"ion inhibitor" JVCI"K1 al"o a$or $ha"inhibitor" JVPI"K1 ar %o3$oun#" tran"$ort# in a


136/159

%lo"# niron3nt to th "it o/ %orro"ion b?olatili)ation /ro3 a "our%, In boilr"1 olatil ba"i%%o3$oun#"1 "u%h a" 3or$holin or h?#ra)in 1 artran"$ort# =ith "ta3 to $rnt %orro"ion in%on#n%r tub" b? nutrali)in! a%i#i% %arbon #ioBi#or b? "i/tin! "ur/a% $H to=ar# l"" a%i#i% an# %orro"i

alu", In %lo"# a$or "$a%"1 "u%h a" "hi$$in! %ontainr"1olatil "oli#" "u%h a" "alt" o/ #i%?%lohB?la3in1%?%lohB?la3in1 an# hBa3th?ln a3in ar u"#,On %onta%t =ith th 3tal "ur/a%1 th a$or o/ thi""alt %on#n"" an# h?#rol?)# b? an? 3oi"tur to

librat $rot%ti ion",

Eectroc3e!ica Tests to -onitorin6in3ibitors eAecti=eness

:hil all laborator? %orro"ion t"t"ruira%%lratin! %orro"ion $ro%"""1 onl?l h i l #i l li/ h i
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/TestingBasics/Laboratory.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/TestingBasics/Laboratory.htm


137/159

l%tro%h3i%al t"t" %an #ir%tl? a3$li/? th i3$a%to/ %orro"ion $ro%""", Th 3ain ra"on" =h? thi" i"$o""ibl i" that all l%tro%h3i%al t"t" u" "o3/un#a3ntal 3o#l o/ th l%tro# >inti%"a""o%iat# =ith %orro"ion $ro%""" to uanti/?%orro"ion rat", Th a3$li@%ation o/ th l%tri%al"i!nal" !nrat# #urin! th" t"t" ha" $r3itt#r? $r%i" an# "n"iti 3a"ur3nt" to b%arri# out,

'otentio$5na!ic poariation !et3o$s Linear poariation resistance (L',)

Eectroc3e!ica i!pe$ance spectroscop5 (EIS)

Intro$uction to 'aint

Pain!s a(e 5i!+(es # 5an, (a) 5a!e(ials7 T'e 5a#(

#5"#nen!s a(e

*i d > !' ! d i l d 'i l di
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/PotPol.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/LPR.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/EIS.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/EIS.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/LPR.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/PotPol.htm


138/159

*inde( >#!'e( !e(5s +sed inl+de @e'ile 5edi+5(esin il5 #(5e(

"#l,5e(?

Pig5en! #( E!ende(7

%#l@en!7

T'e i(s! !)# #(5 !'e inal d(, "ain! il57 %#l@en! is #nl, neessa(, !# aili!a!e a""lia!i#n and

ini!ial il5 #(5a!i#n

i! lea@es !'e il5 8, e@a"#(a!i#n and an !'e(e#(e 8e

#nside(ed an

e"ensi@e )as!e "(#d+!7

Bin$ers (or J,esins) are t3e !

" i t " i t


139/159

"or!in6 co!ponents o" paint. T3e5 $eter!ine t3e c3aracteristics o"

t3e coatin6 bot3 p35sica an$

c3e!ica. 'aints are 6enera5 na!e$ a"tert3eir bin$er co!ponent (e6. Epo45paints c3orinate$ rubber paints

a75$ paints etc).

'i6!ents an$e4ten$ers Use$ in t3e "or! o" ne po9$ers 93ic3

$i $ i t t3 bi $ t


140/159

are $isperse$ into t3e bin$er to=arious partice sies.

T3ese !aterias can be $i=i$e$ into t3e"oo9in6 t5pes+

9 *nticorrosi=e pi6!ents

9 Barrier pi6!ents

9 Coourin6 pi6!ents

9 E4ten$ers

*nticorrosi=e pi6!ents

T3ese pre=ent corrosion o"

t b 3 i $


141/159

!etas b5 c3e!ica an$eectroc3e!ica !eans (c3e!icain3ibition)

9 ,e$ ea$9 inc

9 inc p3osp3ate

9 inc c3ro!ate


142/159


143/159


144/159


145/159


146/159

'rotecti=e Coatin6s # rappin6

Proi# barrir bt=n 3tal an# niron3nt,

Coatin!" 3a? a%t a" "a%ri@%ial ano# or rla""ub"tan% that inhibit %orro"i atta%> on "ub"trat


147/159

"ub"tan% that inhibit %orro"i atta%> on "ub"trat,

Mtal %oatin!"

Nobl 9 "ilr1 %o$$r1 ni%>l1 Cr1 Sn1 Pb on "tl,Shoul# b /r o/ $or"#i"%ontinuit? %o) %rat"

"3all ano#6lar! %atho# la#in! to ra$i# atta%> atth #a3a!# ara",

Sa%ri@%ial 9 n1 Al1 C# on "tl, EB$o"# "ub"trat=ill b %atho#i% =ill b $rot%t#,

A$$li%ation 9 hot #i$$in!1 Wa3 "$ra?in!1 %la##in!1l%tro$latin!1 a$or #$o"ition1 t%,

'rotecti=e -etaic Coatin6s

Mtalli% %oatin!" $roi# a la?r that

%han!" th "ur/a% $ro$rti" o/ th> i t th / th t l b i
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htm


148/159

%han!" th "ur/a% $ro$rti" o/ th=or>$i% to tho" o/ th 3tal bin!a$$li#, Th =or>$i% b%o3" a%o3$o"it 3atrial Bhibitin! $ro$rti"!nrall? not a%hiabl b? ithr3atrial i/ u"# alon,

Th %oatin!" $roi# a #urabl1%orro"ion r"i"tantla?r1 an# th %or3atrial $roi#" th loa# barin!

%a$abilit?,

-eta Ca$$in6 Th %orro"ion r"i"tan% o/ a "ub"trat %an b i3$ro#b? 3tallur!i%all? bon#in! to th "u"%$tibl %or allo?a"ur/a% la?r o/ a 3tal or an allo? =ith !oo# %orro"ionr"i"tan%, Th %la##in! i" "l%t# not onl? to ha !oo#%orro"ion r"i"tan% but al"o to b ano#i% to th %or allo?

b? about -7 to 277 3V Thu" i/ th %la##in! b%o3"# # b h i/ h ll i #
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/corralloys.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Localized/Background.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Localized/Background.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/corralloys.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htm


149/159

b? about -7 to 277 3V, Thu" i/ th %la##in! b%o3"#a3a!# b? "%rat%h"1 or i/ th %or allo? i" B$o"# at#rill# /a"tnr hol"1 th %la##in! =ill $roi#%atho#i% $rot%tionb? %orro#in! "a%ri@%iall?,

Cla##in! i" $ralntl? a$$li# at th 3ill "ta! b? th3anu/a%turr" o/ "ht1 $lat or tubin!, Cla##in! b?$r""in!1 rollin! or Btru"ion %an $ro#u% a %oatin!in=hi%h th thi%>n"" an# #i"tribution %an b %ontroll#or =i# ran!" an# th %oatin!" $ro#u%# /r o/$oro"it?, Althou!h thr i" al3o"t no $ra%ti%al li3it" to ththi%>n"" o/ %oatin!" that %an b $ro#u%# b? %la##in!1th a$$li%ation o/ th $ro%"" i" li3it# to "i3$l "ha$#arti%l" that #o not ruir 3u%h "ub"unt 3%hani%al#/or3ation,

Al+5in+5 Cladding

m&)* ,. $%()c($ 's.s %. 'm()'m cdd()* () ,. (%c%f, ()d's,% .d )d cdm('m s.,()*f&% c-.s .ds.,.d s..,s f&% %c(,.c,'% $$(c,(&)s )d c&m$&s(,. .,%'d.d ,'-.s f&% .,.c)*.%s . ,(ck).ss &f ,. cdd()* (s 's' -.,..) 2 )d 5 &f ,. ,&, s.., &% $,.,(ck).ss )d s()c. ,. cdd()* (s 's' s&f,.% )d &.% s,%.)*, & ,. $%.s.)c. &f ,.cdd()* c) &.% ,. f,(*'. s,%.)*, )d -%s(&) %.s(s,)c. &f ,. $%&d'c,

Cladding and .eld O@e(la,ing

=&m$%.d ,& c%-&) )d & s,..s c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), &s %. .$.)s(. I) m) cs.sc&%%&s(&) %.s(s,)c. (s %.A'(%.d &) &) ,. s'%fc. &f ,. m,.%( )d c%-&) &% & s,.. c) -.
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/CP/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MetalCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Principles/CControl.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Principles/CControl.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MetalCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/CP/Introduction.htm


150/159

$ $ c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,)c. (s %.A'(%.d &) &) ,. s'%fc. &f ,. m,.%( )d c%-&) &% & s,.. c) -.cd (, m&%. c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), & =dd()* c) s. '$ ,& 80 &f ,. c&s, &f 's()* s&(d&

=d m,.%(s %. (d. 's.d () ,. c.m(c $%&c.ss &ffs&%. &( $%&d'c,(&) &( %.f()()* )d..c,%(c $&.% *.).%,(&) ()d's,%(.s . 's. &f cd s,.. (s )&, ). =&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), & cds,.. s -..) (-. f&% &.% 40 .%s m&s, ) c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), s,().ss s,.. &% )(ck.& c) -. -&)d.d ,& s,.. . s,.. c) -. cd &) -&, s(d.s &% &) &). s(d. &) . &, %&

-&)d()* $%&c.ss (s 's.d ,& $%&d'c. &.% 90 &f cd $,. $%&d'c,s

In many engineering applications, it is desirable thata steel being used should have a hardened surface toresist wear and tear. At the same time it should havesoft and tough interior or core so that it is able to

%itriding


151/159

soft and tough interior or core so that it is able toabsorb any shocks (deformation, thermal etc). Thisis achieved by hardening the surface layers of thearticles while the rest of it is left as such. This typeof treatment is applied to gears, bearings, railway

wheels, etc.

These also led to the development of the types ofThermochemical treatments such as nitriding,carburizing, oriding and other processes which arebased on the Thermal activated di!usion processes

which are carried out at speci"c temperatures. #o

far, These treatments have been successfullyconducted by advanced techni$ues including plasmanitriding, ion beam nitriding and ion implantation.

EM'E,I-ENT*L ',E'*,*TION

C5C Fe6 %%

% +&

%7+8Fe6 &%


152/159

#ubstrate &aterial

AI#I ' and A*I +-

C C C+ + +

5 m

Tra$itiona 6aseoust3er!oc3e!ica treat!ents"or Sur"ace En6ineerin6 aret5pica5 carrie$ out incarbon an$#or nitro6en


153/159

# 6bearin6 6ases an$ areusua5 associate$ 9it3te!perature abo=e 81 oC.

T3e i!pro=e!ent o" 9ear

properties (an$ 3ar$ness)reies on $e=eop!ent o" aco!pun$ a5er an$ anun$er5in6 $iAusion a5erin t3e sur"ace a$@acentre6ion o" t3e sa!pe.

El%trol"" ni%>l JENK $latin! i" a %h3i%alr#u%tion $ro%"" =hi%h #$n#" u$on th%atal?ti% r#u%tion $ro%"" o/ ni%>l ion" in an

auou" "olution J%ontainin! a %h3i%al

Eectroess patin6


154/159

auou" "olution J%ontainin! a %h3i%alr#u%in! a!ntK an# th "ub"unt#$o"ition o/ ni%>l 3tal =ithout th u" o/l%tri%al nr!?, Du to it" B%$tional%orro"ion r"i"tan% an# hi!h har#n""1 th

$ro%"" @n#" =i# a$$li%ation on it3" "u%ha" al"1 $u3$ $art" t%,1 to nhan% th li/o/ %o3$onnt" B$o"# to "r %on#ition"o/ "ri% 1$arti%ularl? in th oil @l# an#3arin "%tor,

El%trol"" Platin! Du to it" uniu $ro$rti" o/ B%llnt %orro"ion r"i"tan%1 %o3bin#

=ith a hi!h =ar r"i"tan% an# uni/or3it? o/ %oatin!1 EN @n#"Btn"i a$$li%ation" in a nu3br o/ @l#", So3 o/ th $ro3inntara" o/ a$$li%ation ar 66Oi G V l t h * ll G t Pl t A #


155/159

Oi GasVal %o3$onnt"1 "u%h a" *all"1 Gat"1 Plu!" t%, An#othr %o3$onnt" "u%h a" $u3$"1 $i$ @ttin!"1 $a%>r"1 barrl" t%,

C3e!ica 'rocessin6Hat EB%han!r"1 Filtr Unit"1 $u3$ hou"in!an# i3$llr"1 3iBin! bla#" t%,

'astics Mol#" an# #i" /or inZ%tin! an# lo= an# blo= 3ol#in! o/$la"ti%" %o3$onnt"1 Btru#r"1 3a%hin $art" rollr" t%,

Te4tiePrintin! %?lin#r"1 3a%hin $art"1 "$innrtc"1 thra## !ui#"t%,

*uto!oti=eSho%> Ab"orbr"1 hat "in>"1 !ar"1 %?lin#r"1 bra>$i"ton" t%,

*=iation *erospaceSatllit an# ro%>t %o3$onnt"1 ra3"$i"ton"1 al %o3$onnt" t%,

;oo$ p3ar!aceuticaCa$"ul 3a%hinr? #i"1 %ho%olat" 3ol#"1

/oo# $ro%""in! 3a%hinr? %o3$onnt" t%,

Altration o/ Eniron3nt

T?$i%al %han!" in 3#iu3 ar

Lo=rin! t3$ratur b h


156/159

Lo=rin! t3$ratur 9 but thr ar%a"" =hr in%ra"in! T #%ra"" atta%>, E,!hot1 /r"h or "alt =atr i" rai"# to boilin! T an#r"ult in #%ra"in! O&"olubilit? =ith T,

D%ra"in! lo%it? 9 B%$tion ] 3tal" allo?" that $a""iat J,! "tainl"" "tlK !nrall?ha bttr r"i"tan% to Wo=in! 3#iu3" than"ta!nant, Aoi# r? hi!h lo%it? b%au" o/

ro"ion6%orro"ion %t",

R3oin! oB?!n or oBi#i)r" 9 ,!

boilr /#=atr =a" #arat# b? $a""in! it thru alar! 3a"" o/ "%ra$ "tl Mo#rn $ra%ti%


157/159

? $ !lar! 3a"" o/ "%ra$ "tl, Mo#rn $ra%ti% 9a%uu3 trat3nt1 inrt !a" "$ar!in!1 or thru thu" o/ oB?!n "%an!r", Ho=r1 notr%o33n## /or a%ti6$a""i 3tal" or allo?",

Th" 3atrial" ruir oBi#i)r" to /or3 $rot%tioBi# @l3",

Chan!in! %on%ntration 9 hi!hr%on%ntration o/ a%i# ha" hi!hr a3ount o/ a%ti

"$%i" JH ion"K, Ho=r1 /or 3atrial" that Bhibit$a""iit?1 %t i" nor3all? n!li!ibl,

D"i!n Do" Dont"

:all thi%>n"" 9 allo=an% to a%%o33o#at /or

%orro"ion %t,Aoi# B%""i 3%hani%al "tr""" an# "tr""


158/159

Aoi# B%""i 3%hani%al "tr""" an# "tr""%on%ntration" in %o3$onnt" B$o"# to %orro"i3#iu3", E"$ =hn u"in! 3atrial" "u"%$tibl toSCC,

Aoi# !alani% %onta%t l%tri%al %onta%t bt=n#i""i3ilar 3tal" to $rnt !alani% %orro"ion,

Aoi# "har$ bn#" in $i$in! "?"t3" =hn hi!hlo%iti" an#or "oli# in "u"$n"ion ar inol# 9

ro"ion %orro"ion, Aoi# %ri%" 9 ,! =l# rathr than rit tan>" an#

othr %ontainr"1 $ro$r tri33in! o/ !a">t1 t%,

THAN;S


159/159

Degradation Materials

Documents