Dasar tulisan review (yuti)

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Mengenal TULISAN REVIEW

Sumber: “How to write a Review Article” (Harshit JadavNIPER-Gandhinagar)

Oleh: SYAHYUTI

Workshop penulisan paper REVIEW PSEKPPertemuan pertama – 7 Februari 2017

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What is a review article?

• A critical, constructive analysis of the literature in a specific field through summary, classification, analysis, comparison.

• A scientific text relying on previously published literature or data.

• New data from the author’s experiments are not presented (with exceptions: some reviews contain new data)

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What is meant by critical?To be critical does not mean to criticise in a negative manner.

It requires you to question the information and opinions in a text and present your evaluation or judgement of the text.

To do this well, you should attempt to understand the topic from different perspectives (i.e. read related texts)

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What is meant by evaluation or judgement?

• Here you decide the strengths and weaknesses of a text.

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Purpose of a Critical ReviewThe critical review is a writing task that asks you to summarise and evaluate a text.

The critical review can be of a book, a chapter, or a journal article.

Writing the critical review usually requires you to read the selected text in detail and to also read other related texts so that you can present a fair and reasonable evaluation of the selected text.

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What is the function of a review article?

• To organize literature • To evaluate literature • To identify patterns and trends in the

literature • To synthesize literature • To identify research gaps and recommend new

research areas

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Who is the audience of review articles?

• Experts in specific research areas • Students or novice researchers • Decision-makers

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Which types of review articles exist?• Narrative review: Selected studies are compared and

summarized on the basis of the author’s experience, existing theories and models. Results are based on a qualitative rather than a quantitative level.

• Best evidence review: A focus on selected studies is combined with systematic methods of study-selection and result exploration.

• Systematic review: Findings from various individual studies are analyzed statistically by strict procedures. Meta-Analyses are used to pool the results of individual studies

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How long is a review article?

• Review articles vary considerably in length. Narrative reviews may range between 8,000 and 40,000 words (references and everything else included).

• Systematic reviews are usually shorter with less than 10,000 words.

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Sumber primer vs sekunder vs tersierPrimary Secondary Tertiary

Definition Original research or materials that have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation by a secondary party. Reports of scientific discoveries, experiments, or clinical trials. These are factual and not interpretive.

Sources that contain commentary on or a discussion about a primary source. Analyzes and interprets research results or scientific discoveries.

Information which is distillation of primary AND secondary sources

Format Conference papers, dissertations, interviews, laboratory notebooks, patents, a study reported in a journal article, technical reports, and diaries

Review articles, magazine articles, books, laws and legislation, public opinion, and social policy.

Books

Examples -Published results of research studies, clinical studies, or scientific experiments

-Proceedings of conferences or meetings

-Publications about the significance of research or experiments.

-Analysis of a clinical trial

-Review of the results of experiments or trials

Almanacs, Bibliographies, Chronologies, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, Fact Books, Guidebooks, Manuals, and Textbooks.

Specific Examples

-Einstein’s diary

-Article in a scholarly journal reporting research and methodology

-Books about Einstein’s life

-Articles or books analyzing and commenting on the results of original research

-Dictionary on the Theory of Relativity

-Bibliography of resources in a particular field

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Primary Source Secondary Source

Conference Papers

Correspondence

Dissertations

Diaries

Interviews

Lab Notebooks

Notes

Patents

Proceedings

Studies or Surveys

Technical Reports

Theses

Criticism and Interpretation

Dictionaries

Directories

Encyclopedias

Government Policy

Guide to Literature

Handbooks

Law and Legislation

Monographs

Moral and Ethical Aspects

Political Aspects

Public Opinion

Reviews

Social Policy

Tables

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Elements of a review article

Title: between eight to 12 words• Helping readers to decide whether they

should read the text or not

Abstract: Informs about the main objectives and result of the review article • usually 200 to 250 words

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Introduction:

• Provides information about the context, indicates the motivation for the review, defines the focus, the research question and explains the text structure

• Between 10% and 20% of the core text• Include a few opening sentences that

announce the author(s) and the title, and briefly explain the topic of the text. Present the aim of the text .

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Body: Main Part of the Review Article

• Methodological approaches• Models or theories• Extent of support for a

given thesis• Studies that agree with

another versus studies that disagree

• Chronological order• Geographical location• 70 to 90% of the core text

• The REVIEW should be a balanced discussion and evaluation of the strengths, weakness and notable features of the text.

• Remember to base your discussion on specific criteria.

• Good reviews also include other sources to support your evaluation (remember to reference).

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Body of the Paper:Don't Summarize!

A review paper is not simply a summary of literature you have reviewed. Be careful not to leave out your own analysis of the ideas presented in the literature. Synthesize the material from all the works—what are the connections you see, or the connections you are trying to illustrate, among your readings.

Analyze, synthesize, and interpret.

A review paper is not a pure summary of the information you read for your review. You are required to analyze, synthesize, and interpret the information you read in some meaningful way. It is not enough to simply present the material you have found, you must go beyond that and explain its relevance and significance to the topic at hand. Establish a clear thesis from the onset of your writing and examine which pieces of your reading help you in developing and supporting the ideas in your thesis.

Stay focused.

Keep your discussion focused on your topic and more importantly your thesis. Don't let tangents or extraneous material get in the way of a concise, coherent discussion. A well focused paper is crucial in getting your message across to your reader.

Organize your points.

Keeping your points organized makes it easier for the reader to follow along and make sense of your review. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that relates back to your thesis. The headings used for this guide give you some idea of how to organize the overall paper, but as far as the discussion section goes use meaningful subheadings that relate to your content to organize your points.

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1.Read the article.

2.Re-read the article. Underline important ideas. Circle key terms. Find the main point of the article. Divide the article into sections or stages of thought.

3. Note the main idea of each paragraph if the article is short.

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•Scan the text. Look for information that can be deduced from the introduction, conclusion and the title and headings. What do these tell you about the main points of the article?

•Locate the topic sentences and highlight the main points as you read.

•Reread the text and make separate notes of the main points. Examples and evidence do not need to be included at this stage. Usually they are used selectively in your critique.

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Rewrite them in your own words and in complete sentences

Use reporting verbs and phrases (eg; The author describes…, Smith argues that …).

If you include unique or specialist phrases from the text, use quotation marks.

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• If your critique is more positive than negative, then present the negative points first and the positive last.

• You could begin by stating what is good about the idea and then concede and explain how it is limited in some way. While this example shows a mixed evaluation, overall you are probably being more negative than positive.

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Conclusions• Answer the research question set in the

introduction• 5 to 10% of the core text

References• Shows interested readers how to find the

literature mentioned in the text.• A range between 50-100 references

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Preparing a review article in 18 steps

1. Narrow the topic, define a few research questions or hypotheses

2. Search for literature sources, refine topic and research questions during the search

3. Read, evaluate, classify and make notes 4. Redefine the focus and the research

questions, define the take-home message 5. Compose a preliminary title

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6. Find a structuring principle for the article (e.g. Chronological, subject matter,

experimental procedure) 7. Prepare an outline, find headings for the sections in the text body 8. Plan the content of each paragraph in the

different sections 9. Prepare tables, concept maps, figures

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10. Draft the methods section (if needed) 11. Draft the body sections 12. Draft the conclusions 13. Draft the introduction 14. Draft the abstract15. Revise drafts of different sections, abstract &

title, tables, figures & legends 16. Revise citations and references 17. Correct grammar, spelling, punctuation 18. Adjust the layout

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