Dar al-Islam

Dar al-Islam

• literally = House of Islam• commonly refers to lands heavily

influenced by Islam or where Muslims can practice freely

• along with China, Dar al-Islam drives the history of the Post-Classical Era

MediterraneanRed SeaPersian GulfAtlantic Ocean

Arabian PeninsulaNear EastAnatoliaSahara

PersiaByzantine EmpireUmayyad EmpireAbbasid Empire

DamascusBaghdadSpainCordoba

Key TermsArab =

originally a resident of the Arabian Peninsula, then a speaker of Arabic

Bedouin =nomads of the Arabian Peninsula

Islam = “submission”monotheistic religion that grew out of Christianity & teaching of Muhammad

Muslim = “one who submits”person who practices Islam

Nomadic Life in the

Pre-Islamic Arab World

Bedouins

Center of Arab cultureTribalFilled w/ rivalry & competitionAnimistic polytheismOn periphery of civilization

Towns & Trade

Bedouin herders trade with oasis towns

Examples

Examples

Examples

The Rise of Islam

Muhammad*

Jesus*

AbrahamDavidMoses*

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Judaism – a primer

1 god = YahwehProphets: 1st= Abraham, founder= Moses

Religion of practiceBelief in covenantText = Torah (Old Testament of Bible)No clear hierarchy in leadership

Christianity – a primer

1 god = YahwehProphets: 1st= Abraham, founder= Jesus

Religion of faithStrong belief in missionary workText = Bible - Old Testament & New Testament (life of Jesus)Hierarchical leadership (Pope in Rome, Patriarch in Constantinople)

Islam – a primer

1 god = AllahProphets: 1st= Abraham, founder= Muhammad

Religion of faith & practiceStrong belief in missionary workText = Quran – believed to be exact word of godNo clear hierarchy

Islam5 Pillars

most basic customs that support Islam

1. Profession of Faith There is only 1 god, Allah, and

Muhammad is his messenger

Gulzar

Zoomorphic

Tughra

Bowl w/ Foliated Calligraphy

Qur'an

Rare illustrated version of

the “Life of the Prophet”

Marble Wall in Afghanistan

Practices: 5 Pillars

2. Prayer Pray 5 times daily at prescribed

times (dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, after sundown)

Face Mecca

The Haram (Great Mosque)

Practices: 5 Pillars

3. Charity systematic giving of 2.5% of

one's wealth each year to benefit the poor

Great Mosque of Qairawwan

Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil

Practices: 5 Pillars

4. Fasting Fast during the holy month of

Ramadan

Practices: 5 Pillars

5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) the journey to holy city of Mecca

that every adult Muslim must undertake at least once

Significance of 5 Pillars on Islam

Unity, equality, common experienceTravel, trade, exchangeBuilding of universities & centers of learningStudy of astronomy

Comparing Monotheistic Religions

Using World Civilization doc reader:Compare beliefs/attitudes toward

god & practices.1. Judaism & Old Testament (pg. 11)2. Christianity & New Testament (pg.

101)3. Islam & Koran (pg. 114)

Crisis After Muhammad’s Death

Faced Two Main Problems:1.Arabic tribes leave Muslim community2.Who should succeed Muhammad

leadership?Caliph (successor, deputy): political &

religious leaderResults:• Dispute b/t Sunni & Shia

SunniFeel that devout Muslims can be caliphs even if not related to MuhammadMake up approximately 80% of world Muslim population todaySupported Abu Bakr

Friend of Muhammad's; early convert to Islam Becomes 1st caliph

Shi'aOnly accepted caliphs who were direct descendants of MuhammadSupported Ali

Muhammad’s cousin & son-in-law

Believe rule of first three caliphs was illegitimate

Crisis After Muhammad’s Death

Result of dispute b/t Sunni & Shia:• Conflict allows the sunni Umayyad

clan to rise to power

Umayyad Empire

-Arab -Conquerors

Timeline – pt1597 = Byzantine & Persian Wars613 = Muhammad begins preaching632-661 = Early Caliphs661-750 = Umayyad Empire

Umayyad Empire stretched from Spain to central Asia

Administrative ReformsCaliph appointed governors to rule far-flung provincesGovernors ruled from strong garrison townsSpoils from victories helped finance Umayyad governmentBureaucracy & military dominated by Muslim Arab elite

Instituted a three-level tax system: 1) Muslim Arabs:

• approx 4% of population• not taxed

2) Muslim converts (non-Arab):• approx 6% of population, largest land owners • paid land tax

3) Non-Muslims & “People of the Book”:• approx 90% of population• paid land tax• paid jizya (head tax) for security• subject to own laws & courts

The Down Fall of Umayyad in 750

Revolt?Led by:• Devout Muslims upset with extravagance of

Umayyad leadership• Shias• Muslim converts (non-Arabs)

Abbasid Caliphate

Replaced Umayyad in 750Read primary docs to find out what Abbasid

Empire & its capital city (Bagdad) was likeBen Tudela was Jewish & from SpainIbn Battuta was Muslim & from Morocco

1.What was Baghdad & Abbasid leadership like according to these two travelers?2.How does the authors’ backgrounds influence their accounts?

Abbasid

-Islamic flowering -Preservers

AbbasidUmayyad

MediterraneanRed SeaPersian GulfAtlantic Ocean

Arabian PeninsulaNear EastAnatoliaSahara

PersiaByzantine EmpireUmayyad EmpireAbbasid Empire

DamascusBaghdadSpainCordoba

Timeline – pt2750-1258 = Abbasid

777-809 = strong Abbasid Era, wars of succession945 – Buyid Persians capture Baghdad1055 – Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad1096 – Crusades start1258 – Mongols overthrow Abbasid, end Caliphate

Rise of Abbasid PartyAbbasid

(the party of Abbas, tracing descent from Muhammad’s uncle)

Revolt dethroned Umayyad & captured capital

Supported by:• Devout Muslims who opposed extravagant Umayyad• Persian Muslims who resented secondary status• Shia Muslims who did not recognize Sunni caliphs

al-Abbas slaughtered Umayyad family at “Reconciliation Banquet”

Early Abbasid EraBuilt off of Umayyad precedent:

Rejected revolutionary allies (Shia) & defended Sunni

Time of:WealthLearning

But, clearly different…

Islamic Conversion

Mass conversions to Islam were encouraged throughout the empire. Most converts were won over peacefully because of appeal of Islamic beliefs and advantages they enjoyed:

- didn’t have to pay head tax- educational opportunities- jobs as traders, administrators,

judges

Abbasid Policies

Centralizing forcesMore complex bureaucracyCreated position of chief minister, wazirUsed Persian ruling concepts

Decentralizing forcesStrained leadership & succession problemsInfluence of external groupsProvinces at outer reaches broke away or failed to forward taxes

Wealth & Prosperity

Commercial boom financed art, literature, palaces

Thrones of gold & jewelsHarems

Elitism!

Thousand and One Nights

Read inset on pg. 145Answer the questions at the bottom

Reason for wealth & learning…

Agrarian Expansion &Commercial Boom

New Crops & Urban GrowthSeveral factors led to strong internal

economy1. Location2. Size of empire3. Beliefs of Islam

• Hajj• View of merchants• “People of the Book”

New Crops & Urban GrowthFostered diffusion of crops & technologies

Sugarcane, rice, eggplants, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, cottonIrrigation, fertilization, crop rotation• Impact = more planting seasons, increased food

supplies, urban growth, wealthy merchant & landlord class, slave trade

Camel, camel saddle, compass, paper, astrolabe, triangular lateen sail, dhows• Impact = formation of hemispheric trading zone

Hemispheric Trading ZoneActing as merchants on Silk RoadsActing as merchants on Trans-Sahara RoutesActing as merchants on Indian Ocean

Impact: Interconnection b/t Africa, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, China; Improved banking; New business forms that spread risksExample = Africa

Wealth & Prosperity

Commercial boom fostered urbanization

Baghdad• New capital• Richest city in the world

Era of Learning

Commercial boom financed science

After IslamReceptive to accomplishments of conquered civsTranslated & built on Greek worksReligious, legal, philosophical, scientific, & mathematic treatises flourish

(Empire of Faith: Baghdad city of scholars & science)

Review: Compare Caliphates

With a partner, create a poster of words & visuals that compares & contrasts…

the Umayyad Empire OR the Abbasid Empire

with

A classical empire of your choice.

Review: Impact of Islam on World

Timeline – pt31291 =

Last Christian Crusader state falls

1300s = Ottoman Turks enter Middle East & fill power vacuum

1453 = Ottomans conquer Constantinople, establishing a new Muslim empire in the Middle East & ending the Byzantine