Daftar Pustaka Kruithof, CJ , Bromate Formation by Ozonation and andvaced Oxidation and Potential Treatment Option in Dringking Water Treatment, Kiwa N.V. Research and Consultancy, Nieuwegein, Netherlands Hammes., Frederik,Salhi,koster,von Gunten, (2006), Mechanisthic and kinetic evaluation of Organic Disinfection by-Product and Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) formation during ozonitation of Drinking Water, Water Research.40,2275-2286. Porter., Philip, (2003),A comparison of ozonitation system with respect to desinfection by-product formation and microbial inactivation, Civil Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto. Krasner SW dalam Porter,(1993), Testing Biologicaly Active Filter for Removing Aldehydes Formed During Ozonation, Journal of American Water Works Association, 85:5,62-71. Schechter., DS, Singer., PC dalam Kemp, (1993), Comparative Formation of Ozonation by Product in Real and Model Water. Proc Ozone World Congress, San Fransisco, S5.1-S5.13. Paode dalam Porter, (1997), Predicting the Formation of Aldehydes and BOM, Journal of American Water Works Association,89:6,79-92. Roosmini Dwina. 1991, Pembentukan Senyawa Trihalometan dalam Air Permukaan, Tesis Magister, Departemen Teknik Lingkungan ITB, Bandung. J Hoigne., Badder.(1994),Characterization of Water Quality Criteria For Ozonation Processes Part II:Life time of Added Ozone, Ozone science and engineering, 16, 121-134. von Gunten., U dan J Hoigne dalam Porter, 1994, Bromate Formation during Ozonation of Bromate Containing Water: Interaction of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical Reactions, Environmental Science and Technology. von Gunten., Urs, (2003), Ozonation of Dringking Water: Part I. Oxidation Kinetics and Product Formation, Water Research 37, 1443-1467. Beltrand, J Fernando, (1995), Ozone reaction kinetic for water and wastewater system, CRC Press company, Washington DC. Acero,Juan L.,Von Gunten, Urs, (2000), Influence of carbonate on the ozone/hydrogen peroxide based advanced oxidation process for drinking water treatment, Ozone science and engineering, 22,305-328. Shon,H kyong., Erdei,Laszlo.,Kim,Jong-Ho,(2006), Constituent of natural organic matter (NOM) and its effect in water, Journal korean Ind, engineering, chemical,17,119-124. Bose,Pernendu.,Reckhow,David., (2007), The effect of ozonation on natural organic matter removal by alum coagulation, Water Research,41,1516-1524. Westerhoff , Aiken,Amy,Debrux. (1999), Relationships between the structure of natural organic matter and its reactivity towards molecular ozone and hydroxyl radicals, Water Research, 33, 2265-2276 Thurman E. M. dalam Wasterhoff, (1985) Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Martinus Nijho./Dr. Junk Publishers, Dordecht Siddiqui, Amy, Murphy. (1997)., Ozone enhanced removal of natural organic matter 70
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Daftar Pustaka
Kruithof, CJ , Bromate Formation by Ozonation and andvaced Oxidation and Potential Treatment Option in Dringking Water Treatment, Kiwa N.V. Research and Consultancy, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
Hammes., Frederik,Salhi,koster,von Gunten, (2006), Mechanisthic and kinetic evaluation of Organic Disinfection by-Product and Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) formation during ozonitation of Drinking Water, Water Research.40,2275-2286.
Porter., Philip, (2003),A comparison of ozonitation system with respect to desinfection by-product formation and microbial inactivation, Civil Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto.
Krasner SW dalam Porter,(1993), Testing Biologicaly Active Filter for Removing Aldehydes Formed During Ozonation, Journal of American Water Works Association, 85:5,62-71.
Schechter., DS, Singer., PC dalam Kemp, (1993), Comparative Formation of Ozonation by Product in Real and Model Water. Proc Ozone World Congress, San Fransisco, S5.1-S5.13.
Paode dalam Porter, (1997), Predicting the Formation of Aldehydes and BOM, Journal of American Water Works Association,89:6,79-92.
Roosmini Dwina. 1991, Pembentukan Senyawa Trihalometan dalam Air Permukaan, Tesis Magister, Departemen Teknik Lingkungan ITB, Bandung.
J Hoigne., Badder.(1994),Characterization of Water Quality Criteria For Ozonation Processes Part II:Life time of Added Ozone, Ozone science and engineering, 16, 121-134.
von Gunten., U dan J Hoigne dalam Porter, 1994, Bromate Formation during Ozonation of Bromate Containing Water: Interaction of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical Reactions, Environmental Science and Technology.
von Gunten., Urs, (2003), Ozonation of Dringking Water: Part I. Oxidation Kinetics and Product Formation, Water Research 37, 1443-1467.
Beltrand, J Fernando, (1995), Ozone reaction kinetic for water and wastewater system, CRC Press company, Washington DC.
Acero,Juan L.,Von Gunten, Urs, (2000), Influence of carbonate on the ozone/hydrogen peroxide based advanced oxidation process for drinking water treatment, Ozone science and engineering, 22,305-328.
Shon,H kyong., Erdei,Laszlo.,Kim,Jong-Ho,(2006), Constituent of natural organic matter (NOM) and its effect in water, Journal korean Ind, engineering, chemical,17,119-124.
Bose,Pernendu.,Reckhow,David., (2007), The effect of ozonation on natural organic matter removal by alum coagulation, Water Research,41,1516-1524.
Westerhoff , Aiken,Amy,Debrux. (1999), Relationships between the structure of natural organic matter and its reactivity towards molecular ozone and hydroxyl radicals, Water Research, 33, 2265-2276
Thurman E. M. dalam Wasterhoff, (1985) Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Martinus Nijho./Dr. Junk Publishers, Dordecht
from drinking water sources., Water Research, 31,3098-3106. Schechter., DS, Singer., (1994), Formation of Aldehydes During Ozonation, Ozone
Science & Engineering, 17, 53-69 Richardson,Thrusthon,Chen. (1999)., Identification of New Ozone Disinfection
Byproducts in Drinking Water, Environmental Science Technology, 33,3368-3377.
Chow., The impact of natural organic matter on disinfection demand- a tool to improve disinfection control, Australian water quality centre.
Yunzheng., Shumacher.,Jakel, (2005)., Decomposition of aqueous ozone in the presence of aromatic organic solutes, Water Research 39, 83-88
Nawrocki .,Swietlic., Dąbrowska., Ilecki, (2002)., Influence of ozonation condition on aldehyde and carboxylic acid formation, Ozone:Science & Engineering, 25:1, 53 - 62
Hoigne , Bader., (1983)., Rate constants of reaction of ozone with organic and inorganic compound in water-I non- dissociating organic compounds, WaterResearch, 17,173-183.
Kleiser , Frimmel., (2000)., Removal of precursors for disinfection by-products differences between ozone-and OH radical-induced oxidation., The Science of the Total Environment ,256,1-9.
K. Bancroft., Chrostowki., Wright,Suffet., (1984), Ozonation and oxidation competion value, relationship to disinfection and microorganisms regrowth, Water Research 18, 473-478.
Finch., Gordon., (1988), Dose-response of Esherichia coli in ozone demand-free phosphate buffer, Water Research 22, 1563-1570.
APHA.,AWWA.,(1998), Standard methode for the examination of water and waste water 21th edition, American water works association.
USEPA, (1999), Alternative disinfectants and oxidants guidance manual, EPA, 815-R- 99-014
Irsyad., Damanhuri.,Tripadmi,(2007) Modul praktikum laboratorium lingkungan KTL- 3103, Program studi teknik lingkungan ITB.
J.,donald johnson, (1975), Desinfection water and wastewater, ann arbor science. Fessenden.,(1982), Kimia Organik, Erlangga, Jakarta Capucino,James.,Sherman.,(1983), Microbiology a laboratory manual, Addision-wesley
Publishing company. Alaerts,G.,Simestri,Sri., (1984), Metode Penelitian air, Usaha nasional,Surabaya. Fearing, D.A., Goslan, E.H., Banks, J., Wilson, D., Hillis, P., Campbell., dalam Bose.,
(2004). Staged coagulation for treatment of refractory organics. J. Environ. Eng., ASCE 130, 975–982.
Kim, H.C., Yu, M.J., dalam Bose.,(2005). Characterization of natural organic matter in conventional water treatment processes for selection of treatment processes focused on DBPs control. Water Reearchs. 39, 4779–4789.
Chow, C.W.K., Fabris, R., Drikas, M., Holmes, M., dalam Bose,(2005). A case study of treatment performance and organic character. J. Water Supply Res. Technol.-AQUA 54, 385–395.
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LAMPIRAN A
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi sebelum ozonisasi
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi sebelum ozonisasi
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 5 menit ozonisasi
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 5 menit ozonisasi
72
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 10 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 10 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH basa
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH basa
73
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 10 menit ozonisasi,pH netral
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 10 menit ozonisasi, pH netral
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 3 menit ozonisasi,pH netral
74
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 3menit ozonisasi,pH Asam
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 10 menit ozonisasi,pH Asam
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 3menit ozonisasi, pH basa
75
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 10menit ozonisasi, pH basa
Hasil Pengukuran GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 3 menit ozonisasi, pH basa
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 3 menit ozonisasi,pH netral
76
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 3 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH basa
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 10 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
77
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit filtrasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH asam
Hasil GC-MS sampel air dari unit prasedimentasi 5 menit ozonisasi, pH basa
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LAMPIRAN B. KALIBRASI B.1. Data Kalibrasi Pengukuran Konsentrasi Sisa Ozon Indigo ke KRK Perhitungan rata-rata hasil pengukuran konsentrasi sisa ozon dengan Indigo Colorimetric
Methode (ICM) dari standar methode 4500-O3 terhadap indigo merek KRK. Dapat dilihat
pada table dibawah ini:
Tabel Komparasi Konsentrasi Sisa Ozon Antara ICM (indigo 2) dan KRK