D6.5. S-LCA model and interim report on S-LCA

D6.5.S-LCAmodelandinterimreportonS-LCA

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DISCLAIMERThe opinion stated in this report reflects the opinion of the authors and not theopinionoftheEuropeanCommission.AllintellectualpropertyrightsareownedbyAgroCycleconsortiummembersandareprotectedbytheapplicablelaws.Reproductionisnotauthorisedwithoutpriorwrittenagreement.The commercialuseof any information contained in thisdocumentmay requirealicensefromtheownerofthatinformation.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNº690142.

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DeliverableDocumentSheet ProjectAcronym AgroCycleProjectTitle Sustainable techno-economic solutions for the agricultural

valuechainGrantAgreementnumber

690142

Callidentifier H2020-WASTE-2015-two-stageTopicidentifier WASTE-7-2015

Ensuringsustainableuseofagriculturalwaste,co-productsandby-products

FundingScheme ResearchandInnovationActionProjectduration 36months(June2016–May2019)Coordinator NUIDUCD–ProfessorShaneWardWebsite www.AgroCycle.euDeliverableNo. 6.5Deliverabletitle Interim reportonmethodology framework,data inventory

andprogressofSLCAmodelforAgroCycleprojectDescription WPNo. 6Relatedtask LeadBeneficiary UCDAuthor(s) NicholasHolden,ThomasOldfield,WenhaoChen,Fionnuala

MurphyContributor(s) SotirisPatsios,AnastasiosKarabelasType ReportDisseminationLevel PublicLanguage English–GBDueDate 30.11.2017SubmissionDate 30.11.2017

Date: Action: Version: Ownership:12/11/2017 Written V.1 WenhaoChen21/11/2017 Reviewed/amended/approved V.2 NickHolden30/11/2017 Submitted via Online Portal to

FundingAgencyV.2 GerHanley

10/12/2017 Reviewed/amended/approved V.3 ThomasOldfield

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TableofContents1. Introduction..................................................................................5

2. WorkPackage2casestudy–microanaerobicdigestionofanimalmanure/slurry.....................................................................................6

3. WorkPackage3casestudy–fertiliserfromriceby-products.........8

4. WorkPackage4casestudy–valorisationoffruitprocessingwastewater........................................................................................11

5. WorkPackage5casestudy–bioplasticfrompotatopulp.............13

6. Conclusions..................................................................................15

1. IntroductionTheobjectiveofWorkPackage6(WP6)istoperformanenvironmental,economicandsocialsustainabilityassessmentsofcasestudiesdrawnfromthefourtechnicalWorkPackages(WP2toWP5)ofAgroCyclebycarryingoutaLifeCycleAssessment(LCA),LifeCycleCosting(LCC)andsocialLifeCycleAssessment(S-LCA).Deliverable6.1createdtheintegratedsustainabilityassessmentframeworkguidelinesfortheLCA,LCCandS-LCAanalysis.ThishasnowbeenpublishedontheAgroCyclewebsite(www.agrocyle.eu)andservesastherulesforhowtheanalysiswillbecarriedoutforeachofthefourcasestudiesdefinedinthisdeliverablereport.Deliverable 6.2 presented a biomass supply chain evaluation, with a fullcharacterisation of the available agricultural waste, co-products and by-products(AWCB) and their current treatment methods or uses, and related systems. Theoutcomeofthisdeliverableprovidesthereferencescenario(business-as-usual(BaU))withwhichthefourAgroCyclevalorisationsystemsarecomparedtodeterminethechangeinimpactandanypotentialbenefits.Deliverable6.3and6.4areinterimreportsondataavailabilityfortheenvironmentalLCA and LCC, respectively. To evaluate the overall sustainability performance ofAgroCycle technologies, the social impacts also need to be investigated. Thisdeliverable, D6.5, is an interim report on the methodological framework, datainventoryandprogressofsocialLCAforfourAgroCycledemonstrationcasestudies.From Work Package 2 the case study is micro anaerobic digestion of animalmanure/slurry; from Work Package 3 the case study is the valorisation of riceproduction by-products (predominantly bran) to produce fertiliser; from WorkPackage4thecasestudyisthevalorisationoffruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesingle cell protein; and fromWork Package 5 the case study is the valorisation ofpotatoprocessingby-productpulp(fibre)toproduceabioplastic.As the AgroCycle technologies are at early technology readiness (TRL 1-3), thetechnologieswill not be adopted at sectoral or factory level during the AgroCycleproject.Therefore,someofsocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCyclecasestudysupply chainsarenotavailable through surveyorvalidatednational statistics. ThisrestrictedthefeasibilityofdevelopingaprocessbasedsocialLCA.Todealwiththistechnical issue,an integratedhybridLCAmodellingapproachwasused.ThehybridLCA combined economic input-output analysiswith a process-based LCAmodel. It

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capturesboththe impacts fromtheprocess-basedLCAsystemandfromeconomicactivityupstreamanddownstreamofthetechnologyimplementation.Inaddition,weare using a multi-regional input-output database, with records of all trade andeconomicactivityamongworldregions.Therefore,thehybridsocialLCAforAgroCyclecasestudieshavecompletesystemboundariesandthesocialLCAmodelscanprovidea comprehensive estimate of the social-economic impacts of using AgroCycletechnologiesintheAgricultureandFoodsector.Thisreportprovidesdetailedinformationaboutthemethodologicalframework,dataacquisition and progress of each social LCA case study. The reference system(business-as-usual(BaU)scenario)andAgroCyclesystemanalysedforeachcasestudyisthesameasthoseassessedusingenvironmentalLCA(D6.3)andLCC(D6.4).

2. WorkPackage2casestudy–microanaerobicdigestionofanimalmanure/slurry

ThecasestudyfromWorkPackage2isthevalorisationofchickenlittertoproducebiogasandfertiliser.AmmoniumisremovedfromchickenmanureandthendigestedinadryADprocesstorecoverbiogasforelectricityandheatgeneration.Theresultingdrydigestatehasalowwatercontentandisnutrient-rich,withahighorganicmattercontent suitable for replacing synthetic fertilizer. TheBaUscenariowasdefinedasproductionofchickenwiththemostcommontreatmentofchickenlitterlandspreadasabio-fertiliserinUK(Figure1).ThisisthesamereferencescenarioasusedfortheenvironmentalLCA.

Figure1Business-as-usual–WP2

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The systemboundary for theAgroCycle scenario includes production of digestate,energyandfertilizer(Figure2).FortheAgroCyclescenario,thegeneratedenergywilldisplacegridsupplyforonfarmenergyconsumption,andsurplusenergy(ifany)canalsodisplacefossilenergyonthegrid.Thedigestateandfertilizerreplacesyntheticfertilizerusedforchickenfeedproduction.

Figure2ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP2ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle chicken production system using valorised co-product chicken litter isimprovedcomparedtoconventionalchickenproductionusingsyntheticfertilizerandfossilenergy.ThecasestudyislocatedintheUK.Thefunctionalunitis‘1kgofediblecarcassweightat the farmgate’ (definedas liveweight×kill-outpercentage).Thereferenceflowis1,000birds.TheinformationaboutfixedcostsofbothsystemsandvariablecostsfortheconventionalsystemwascollectedfromtheAgroCyclepartneratHaperAdamsUniversity (HAU), from literature, the Ecoinvent database and EUstatistics databases. Table 1 presents the elementary and cost data required todevelopthesocialLCA,notingavailabilityandsource.Atthecurrentstage,thesocialLCAforWP2isstillatthedatacollectionstage.

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Table1–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP2.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)

ADprocess

Syntheticfertiliser Available HAU/EurostatDigestate Available HAU/EurostatBiogas Available HAU/EurostatInfrastructure Available HAU

Upstreaminputsforchickenproduction

Electricitygeneration Available Database/EurostatThermalenergygeneration Available Database/EurostatFeedproduction Available Database/Eurostat

Otherinputs

Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available HAU

Labour Available HAU Subsidies/tax Available HAU

3. WorkPackage3casestudy–fertiliserfromriceby-productsThecasestudyfromWorkPackage3isthevalorisationofriceproductionby-productstoproducefertiliser.Themainby-productsfromriceproductionarericebranandricehusk,whichcanbecompostedtoproducebio-fertilisertoreplacesyntheticfertilizer(NKP)inthericeproductionsystem.TheBaUscenariowasdefinedasuseofsyntheticfertilisertoproducericeinGreece(Figure3),andisthesameasthereferencescenariofortheenvironmentalLCA.

Figure3Business-as-usual–WP3ThesystemboundaryfortheAgroCyclescenario(composting)isshowninFigure4.InBaUricebranisusedasaningredientincattlefeed.Analternativefeedingredientneeds to be defined for replacing the rice bran when it is used for bio-fertilizerproduction.Duetothehighfatcontentinricebran,themostlikelyalternativescouldbesoybean(orpalmkerneloil)assumingthefunctionofsupplyingfatcontent.Ifthebranisassumedtoprovidefibreintheanimaldiet,thenthealternativemightbeothercerealbrans,whichareminorcomponentsofmostanimaldiets.

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Figure4ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP3ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle paddy rice production system using valorised bio-fertilizer is improvedcomparedtoconventionalpaddyriceproductionwithsyntheticfertilizerandricebranusedforanimalfeed.ThecasestudyislocatedinGreece.Thefunctionalunitis‘1tofpaddyrice(sellableyieldat15%moisturecontent)’.Basedontheelementaryflowsofthe engineering processes from AgroCycle experiments, the variable costs for theAgroCyclesystemcanbedefined.Theinformationaboutfixedcostsofbothsystemsand variable costs of the conventional system was collected from the AgroCyclepartner Hellenic Agricultural Organisation (DEMETER), literature, the EcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table2presentstheelementaryandcostdatarequiredtodevelopthesocialLCA,itsavailabilityanditssource.Table2–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP3.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)

Fertilizer

Syntheticfertiliser Available DEMETER/EurostatChickenmanure Available DEMETER/ExiobaseWaterforbio-fertilizer Available DEMETER/GWIaZeolite Available DEMETERRadivit Available DEMETER

Ricehusk Replacingthermalenergy Literature/Eurostat Ricebran Replacingfatingredient Literature/indexmundi

Farmingactivitiesbymachines

Ploughing Available Database/EurostatDiskHarrow Available Database/EurostatFertiliserapplication Available Database/EurostatCultivator Available Database/EurostatLevelling Available Database/EurostatSowing Available Database/EurostatRolling Available Database/EurostatIrrigation Available Database/DEMETERHarvesting Available Database/Eurostat

Agriculturalinputs

Seed Available Literature/EUreportonricePesticide Available Literature/DEMETER

Otherinputs

Transportofbran Available Literature/EurostatRent Available DEMETERLabour Available DEMETERSubsidies/tax Available DEMETER

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ThemethodforsocialLCA,whichisbeingappliedforallcasestudies,ismodifiedfromtheExiobasematrixusingcostinformationfortheagrocyclericebranfertilizerandconventionalricesystems.Themethodisillustratedforthiscasestudybecauseitisthemostadvanced.Productioncostflowsaremappedtocorrespondingsectorsinamulti-regionalinput-outputdatabase(Exiobaseversion3).ThetechnologycoefficientmatrixfromExiobaseisaugmentedasillustratedinTable3,creatinganewtechnologycoefficientmatrix(A",$%),whichcontains4sub-matrixesforintermediatetechnologycoefficients,

A",$% =A"," A",'A'," A','

whereA",", A",', A',", A','arethe inputcoefficientswithinthesectorof interest,fromthesectorofinteresttoothersectors,fromothersectorstothesectorofinterestandtheoriginalExiobasetechnologycoefficientmatrixrespectively.ThetotaleconomicoutputcanthenbecalculatedbasedontheLeontiefmodelas:

X=(1-A)-1f=L×fWherefisthefinaldemand,whichisamixofconventionaltechnologyandAgrocycletechnology.ListheLeontiefinverse,andXisthetotaloutput,includingintermediaconsumptionandfinaloutput.Accordingtothedefinedscenario,thetotaleconomicoutputforthefinaldemandofserviceisgenerated.Whenmultipliedbygrossvalueaddedandanemploymentmultiplier,thesocialimpactsofeconomiccontributionandjobcreationcanbeestimated.CurrentlythefirstdraftofthesocialLCAfortheWP3casestudyiscompleted,anddata are being reviewed (in line with ISO standard recommendations) beforedisseminationofanyresults.

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Table3–ModificationoftechnologycoefficientmatrixofExiobase(illustratedforpaddyrice)

4. Work Package 4 case study – valorisation of fruit processingwastewater

ThecasestudychosenfortheWorkPackage4LCA/LCCwasthevalorisationoffruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesinglecellprotein,biogas,andrecycledwaterforirrigation. The products of this multi-function system will replace the relevantproductsdefinedbytheenvironmentalLCA(Figure5).

Greece Exiobase

Con

vent

iona

l pad

dy ri

ce se

ctor

Agr

ocyc

le p

addy

rice

sect

or

Sect

or 1

Sect

or 2

…

Sect

or n

Fina

l dem

and

Out

put

Gre

ece Conventional paddy rice sector ar1, r1 ar1, r2 ar1, p1 ar1, p2 … ar1, pn fr1 Xr1

Agrocycle paddy rice sector ar2, r1 ar2, r2 ar2, p1 ar2, p2 … ar2, pn fr2 Xr2

Exio

base

Sector 2 ap2, r1 ap2, r2 ap1, p1 ap1, p2 … ap1, pn fp1 Xp1 Sector 3 ap3, r1 ap3, r2 ap2, p1 ap2, p2 … ap2, pn fp2 Xp2

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

Sector n apn, r1 apn, r2 apn, p1 apn, p2 … apn, pn fpn Xpn

Soci

al Value added coefficients Var1 Var2 Vap1 Vap2 … Vapn

Employment

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Figure5Business-as-usual–WP4The proposed AgroCycle valorisation pathway scenario with multi-functions ispresentedinFigure6.

Figure6ProposedAgroCyclevalorisationpathway–WP4

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ThegoalofthesocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycleprocessestovalorisefruitprocessingwastewatertoproducesinglecellprotein (primary function)aswellasenergy, fertiliserandcleanwater is improvedcomparedtoBaU.Multiplefunctionalunitswillbeusedforthiscasestudy,thiswillinclude(i)perkgofprotein;(ii)perm3ofwastewater.ThesystemboundaryusedforeachscenariocanbeseeninFigures5and6.LifeCycleInventorydataandcostinformationarebeinggatheredfromobservedfieldand laboratorydata, complementedby literature search, in collaborationwith theLaboratory ofNatural Resources and Renewable Energies (NRRE), of the ChemicalProcess and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), of the Centre for Research &Technology-Hellas(CERTH),inThermi,Thessaloniki,Greece.BackgrounddatawillbetakenfromtheEcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table4presentstheelementaryandcostdata required todevelop the social LCA, theiravailabilityandsource.Currently,thesocialLCAforWP4isstillatthedatacollectionstage.Table4–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP4.Stage Process Availability Source(elementary/cost)Production Fruitproduction Available CERTH

ProcessingFruitprocessing Available CERTH/LiteraturePre-treatment Available CERTH/LiteratureAerobictreatment Available CERTH/Literature

ValorisationAnaerobicdigestion Available CERTHAerobicMBR Available CERTHSludgemanagement Available CERTH/Literature

Cattlefeed Soybeanproduction Available Literature/indexmundiSinglecellprotein Available CERTH

Energyproduction Gridelectricity Available Database/EurostatDieselgenerator Available Database/Eurostat

Otherinputs

Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available CERTHLabor Available CERTHSubsidies/tax Available CERTH

Themethodologydescribedinthissectionhasalreadybeenappliedforthericebranfertilizercasestudywithsomesuccess,andiscurrentlybeingappliedtothiscasestudybutisnotcomplete.

5. WorkPackage5casestudy–bioplasticfrompotatopulpThe case study fromWork Package is to evaluate the social-economic impacts ofvalorisation of potato processing by-products to produce bioplastic, whichwill becomparedwiththeimpactsofconventionalpolypropylenepackagingandlandfillofpotatopulp(Figure7).

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Figure7Business-as-usual–WP5TheproposedvalorisationpathwayforpotatopulptoproducebioplasticisshowninFigure8.

Figure8Business-as-usual–WP5ThegoalofsocialLCAistofindoutwhetherthesocial-economicperformanceoftheAgroCycle of valorisation of potato pulp (fibre) to produce a bioplastic is animprovementcomparedtoconventionalplasticproduction.Thefunctionalunitis‘1kgofplasticsuitableforpackaging’.LifeCycleInventorydataandcostinformationarebeinggatheredfromobservedfieldand laboratorydata fromexperiments carriedout byAgroCyclepartners ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,IstitutoperiProcessiChimico-Fisici(CNR-IPCF),Pisa,Italy,literature,theEcoinventdatabaseandEUstatisticsdatabases.Table5presentsthedata required to develop the social LCA, its availability and sources. Currently thesocialLCAforWP4isstillatthedatacollectionstage.

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Table5–Elementaryandcostdatarequired,availabilityandsourceforWP5.Stage Process Availability Source

Production Potatoproduction Available LiteraturePolypropyleneproduction Available Database

Processing Potatoprocessing Available Literature

Valorisation

CaCO3 Available CNR-IPCF/DatabasePLA Available CNR-IPCF/DatabasePlasticiser Notavailable TBCEnergy Available CNR-IPCF/Database

Wastemanagement Landfill Available Database

Otherinputs

Transport Available Literature/EurostatRent Available CNR-IPCFLabor Available CNR-IPCFSubsidies/tax Available CNR-IPCF

ThemethodologyforcarryingouttheSocialLCAwillalsobebasedonthehybridI-O/processbasedmethoddescribedpreviously.

6. ConclusionsTable6summarizesprogresswiththefoursocialLCAcasestudies.Table6–ProgressandfutureexpectationsforthesocialLCAoftheAgroCyclecasestudies.(X=completed;number=monthstocompletionfromNovember2017).Example Selection Goal

andScope

OutlineLCI

LCIData I-Omodelling

Draft1model

LCI/I-Orefined

Finalmodel

WP2 X X X 1 2 3 4 April2018

WP3 X X X X X 1 2 February2018

WP4 X X X X 1 2 3 March2018

WP5 X X X X 1 2 3 March2018

Inconclusion,thesocialLCAoftheAgroCyclecasestudiesisprogressingonscheduleandwillcontributethefinaldeliverableinaccordancewiththeagreedschedulefortheproject.