D ATA AND K NOWLEDGE M ANAGEMENT. 2 M ANAGING DATA AND INFORMATION Usually too much data rather than too little in organizations How does an organization.

DATA AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

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MANAGING DATA AND INFORMATION Usually too much data rather than too little in

organizations How does an organization organize all this data and

information? Database – a collection of integrated and related files

Ebay Proquest MBNA

MBNA

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WHAT IS DATABASE TECHNOLOGY ?

A collection of related data organized in a way that makes it valuable and useful

Allows organizations to retrieve, store, and analyze information easily

Is vital to an organization’s success in running operations and making decisions

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RELATIONSHIP OF DBMS CONCEPTS TO OTHERS?

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THE HIERARCHY OF DATA

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VIEW OF A DATABASE TABLE OR FILEAttribute

(One Column)

Record(One Row)

AttributeType

Entity Attribute

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THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH

Figure 3.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management

U of L example

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THE DATABASE APPROACH

Figure 3.4: The Database Approach to Data Management

Washington hospitalhttp://www.microsoft.com/casestudies/casestudy.aspx?casestudyid=52519

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FILE PROCESSING VS. DATABASE APPROACH

File Processing Approach (Old School)• Storage Media: sequential tapes or files • Data: stored in long sequential files• Organization: redundant data in multiple files• Efficiency: data embedded to support processing• Updates: requires multiple updates in many files• Processing: slower query/faster processing

Data Base Approach (New School-TODAY)• Storage Media: Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) • Data: stored in related tables• Organization: redundant data minimized/eliminated• Efficiency: data stored only in tables• Updates: requires few or one update for a data field• Processing: faster query/slower processing

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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

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COSTS OR RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – DATA ENTRY

EnterForms

Employment Applications

(Form Entry Screen) (Form Entry Program) (Employment DB)

Example• Data is entered from paper employment

applications into a form entry screen• The entry forms are designed to match the

paper forms for ease of entry • The form data is processed by the entry

program and then stored in the employment database

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – QUERY

(Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Query)

SQL (Structured Query Language)

QBE (Query by Example)

Query – A database function that extracts and displays information from a database given selection parameters.

Example – Display applicants entered in the last 30 days

Query parameters are selected in the query request screen

The database program uses SQL to query and present the result

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DATABASE SYSTEMS ACTIVITIES – REPORT

(Query Request) (Query Program) (Employment Report)

Report Generator

Report – A database function that extracts and formats information from a database for printing and presentation

Example – Report on applicants entered in the last 30 days• Report parameters are selected in the report request screen• The database program uses SQL to query and present the result

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DESIGNING DATABASES – DATA MODEL

Example: ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)

Data Model• A map or diagram that represents entities and their

relationships• Used by Database Administrators to design tables with

their corresponding associations

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DESIGNING DATABASES – KEYS

Primary Key- Student ID

ENTITIES

Compound Primary Key- Student ID - Course ID - Sec No.- Term

SecondaryKey- Major

Entities are translated into Tables

(Students and Grades)

Entities arejoined by commonattributes

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL

• Most common type of database model used today in organizations

• Is a three-dimensional model compared to the traditional two-dimensional database models - Rows (first-dimension)

- Columns (second-dimension)

- Relationships (third-dimension)

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THE RELATIONAL MODEL - EXAMPLE

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ONLINE TRANSACTIONAL PROCESSING (OLTP)

Online Transactional Processing• The mechanism by which customers, suppliers, and employees

process business transactions for an organization • These users conduct transactions online through internal systems

and external websites for processing and storage

Example

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OPERATIONAL VS. INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS

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ORGANIZATIONAL USE OF DATABASES

DepartmentDatabases

Data Warehouse

Data Mart

Operational Informational

ExtractData

ExtractData

ExtractData

ExtractData

•Day-to-day department transactions

•Used primarily by departments

• Extracted department transactions

• Used for business analysis

• Extracted subset of a data warehouse

• Used for highly specific business analysis

Hong Kong Airport

HONG KONG AIRPORT

1. Identify three operational database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize.

2. Identify three informational uses of database applications that Hong Kong airport would utilize.

Hong Kong Airport

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DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA MINING

Data warehouse: collects business information from many sources in the enterprise

Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse

Data mining: an information-analysis tool for automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse or a data mart

Online Analytical Processing -Graphical software tools that provide complex analysis of data stored in a database

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• Data warehouses are not transaction-oriented.

• Data warehouses support online analytical processing (OLAP).

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DATA WAREHOUSES, DATA MARTS, AND DATA MINING (CONTINUED)

Figure 3.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DEFINITIONS

Knowledge AssetsAll underlying skills routines, practices, principles, formulae, methods, heuristics, and intuitions whether explicit or tacit

Tacit Knowledge

Explicit Knowledge

Knowledge ManagementThe process an organization uses to gain the greatest value from its knowledge assets

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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (KMS)

Primary ObjectiveHow to recognize, generate, store, share, manage this tacit knowledge (Best Practices) for deployment and use

TechnologyGenerally not a single technology but rather a collection of tools that include communication technologies (e.g. e-mail, groupware, instant messaging), and information storage and retrieval systems (e.g. database management system) to meet the Primary Objective

Best PracticesProcedures and processes that are widely accepted as being among the most effective and/or efficient

A NOT SO PERFECT MATCH

With the increasing power of Data mining techniques, comes ever increasing and reaching uses of this powerful technology.

Is this DNA application an application that has gone too far?

Do you agree with this statement

"There should be a familial searching policy that is constitutional and legal in the Canada”

A not so perfect match