Cyber Space, or how not to suffer from agoraphobia Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen Taiex Conference Bukarest October, 7-8, 2009 Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen.

Cyber Space,or how not to suffer from

agoraphobia

Cyber Space,or how not to suffer from

agoraphobia

Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen

Taiex Conference Bukarest

October, 7-8, 2009

Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen

Taiex Conference Bukarest

October, 7-8, 2009

TAIEX Bukarest October 7-8, 2009

Origin of InternetOrigin of Internet

• (D)ARPA from 1972 on– Demand: to maintain operability during

nuclear war– Abandon Concept of Centralised Network

with limited number of nods– Solution: Distributed Network with packet

switching– Glass fibre

• (D)ARPA from 1972 on– Demand: to maintain operability during

nuclear war– Abandon Concept of Centralised Network

with limited number of nods– Solution: Distributed Network with packet

switching– Glass fibre


The networkThe network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg


Emergence of Internet Emergence of Internet

• Until 1990: usage by scientist and military

• 1991: Introduction of WWW– Purpose: connect large quantities of

information– Web sites and web pages (Berners-Lee)– Hypertext

• General Public uses WWW

• Until 1990: usage by scientist and military

• 1991: Introduction of WWW– Purpose: connect large quantities of

information– Web sites and web pages (Berners-Lee)– Hypertext

• General Public uses WWW


Internet FeaturesInternet Features

• E-mail: 1971/1972

• Usenet: 1983 in Europe

• IRC: 1988

• IM

• FTP

• P2P

• Telnet

• E-mail: 1971/1972

• Usenet: 1983 in Europe

• IRC: 1988

• IM

• FTP

• P2P

• Telnet


Expansion of the InternetExpansion of the Internet

• IP4 (IP6)

• Golden Goose Principle (Grimm)

• IP4 (IP6)

• Golden Goose Principle (Grimm)


Communication on the InternetCommunication on the Internet

• IP-addresses (4 numbers, value 0-255)– Static– Dynamic

• DNS-servers, 13 in total– critical features

• Domain Name Management

• IP-addresses (4 numbers, value 0-255)– Static– Dynamic

• DNS-servers, 13 in total– critical features

• Domain Name Management


Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

• http://www.coe.int

• http://europa.eu– Int=Top level domain– Coe = domain name– Page or map

• User agents (web browsers)

• Search Engines

• http://www.coe.int

• http://europa.eu– Int=Top level domain– Coe = domain name– Page or map

• User agents (web browsers)

• Search Engines

http://www.coe.int/

http://europa.eu/

http://www.coe.int/

http://europa.eu/


Internet services: basic functionsInternet services: basic functions

• Interconnection of Information• E-mail• Data transfer• Web 2.0

– More and more individuals on the net– Dot.com economy– Collaps 2001– Second Stage: crowd sourcing & collective

intelligence

• Interconnection of Information• E-mail• Data transfer• Web 2.0

– More and more individuals on the net– Dot.com economy– Collaps 2001– Second Stage: crowd sourcing & collective

intelligence


Further…Further…

• Coming together Telephone Networks and Internet– Mobile Internet– Skype

• Broadcasting and other Media• Emergence of Social Networks

– Facebook, Hyves, Twitter

• Identity 2.0

• Coming together Telephone Networks and Internet– Mobile Internet– Skype

• Broadcasting and other Media• Emergence of Social Networks

– Facebook, Hyves, Twitter

• Identity 2.0


Internet is or has not…Internet is or has not…

• Central authority

• Centrally governed

• Nationality

• Commom behaviour standards

• Internet Community

• Confidentiality and Protection

• Central authority

• Centrally governed

• Nationality

• Commom behaviour standards

• Internet Community

• Confidentiality and Protection


Social Impact of InternetSocial Impact of Internet

• Globalisation (internationalisation)– (Technological) Convergence

• Organisation of Information Ressources: – Decentralised, medium independent– Freedom of Expression, exchange of ideas

• Organisation of Services, – Dissolution of classic economic organisation in

sectors and columns

…– Alternative Market Structures and Organisation of Labour

• Globalisation (internationalisation)– (Technological) Convergence

• Organisation of Information Ressources: – Decentralised, medium independent– Freedom of Expression, exchange of ideas

• Organisation of Services, – Dissolution of classic economic organisation in

sectors and columns

…– Alternative Market Structures and Organisation of Labour


Internet Economy (statistics 2003)Internet Economy (statistics 2003)

• Internet stimulates international trade• Relation between websites and growth of

export (10% vs 0,2%)(Less valid for distant countries)

• Internet leads to reduction of fixed costs which in turn stimulates export

• Increase of competition• Paradox: distance has effect on internet trade

• Internet stimulates international trade• Relation between websites and growth of

export (10% vs 0,2%)(Less valid for distant countries)

• Internet leads to reduction of fixed costs which in turn stimulates export

• Increase of competition• Paradox: distance has effect on internet trade


….but also shoule be considered:….but also shoule be considered:

– Digital Divide• Gap between First, Second and Third World

– Generation Gap• Digibetes and digital natives

– Menace to National Culture and Language?

– Digital Divide• Gap between First, Second and Third World

– Generation Gap• Digibetes and digital natives

– Menace to National Culture and Language?


StatisticsStatistics

• Internet users : in total over 1. 6 billion• Asia : 704 million• Europe : 400 • North America : 251• Latin American : 176• Africa : 66• Middle East : 48• Oceania/Aus : 21

• Internet users : in total over 1. 6 billion• Asia : 704 million• Europe : 400 • North America : 251• Latin American : 176• Africa : 66• Middle East : 48• Oceania/Aus : 21


More Statistics: Penetration RateMore Statistics: Penetration Rate

• North America : 74%• Odeania/Aus : 60• Europe : 50• Latin America : 30• Middel East : 24• Asia : 19• Africa : 7• World Average : 24,7 %

• North America : 74%• Odeania/Aus : 60• Europe : 50• Latin America : 30• Middel East : 24• Asia : 19• Africa : 7• World Average : 24,7 %


The Janus Head Nature of the InternetThe Janus Head Nature of the Internet• Openness and Participation!

– Favours freedom of expression– Enhances international trade, but:

• Reliability of information– Look for more than one source– Fake sites: who is the person behind it (WHOIS-

database)• Trust

– Serious business Parties– Reliable Payment Systems (PayPal, BLEUE, IDEAL)

• Openness and Participation!– Favours freedom of expression– Enhances international trade, but:

• Reliability of information– Look for more than one source– Fake sites: who is the person behind it (WHOIS-

database)• Trust

– Serious business Parties– Reliable Payment Systems (PayPal, BLEUE, IDEAL)


Internet & IdentityInternet & Identity


Accountable Source of a communicationAccountable Source of a communication• Provider

• Manipulation?

• International source?

• Proof?

• Litigation?

• Provider

• Manipulation?

• International source?

• Proof?

• Litigation?


Prevention: Internet SecurityPrevention: Internet Security

• Designers Internet Protocol• Software Manufacturers:alert at risks, adaptation of

software, timely distribution of security patches, information to the public (legal obligation?!), avoiding software piracy.

• Security Industry– Symantic, MaAfee

• Providers• Users• Government

• Designers Internet Protocol• Software Manufacturers:alert at risks, adaptation of

software, timely distribution of security patches, information to the public (legal obligation?!), avoiding software piracy.

• Security Industry– Symantic, MaAfee

• Providers• Users• Government


Role and Responsabilities GovernmentRole and Responsabilities Government

• Security: CERT• Awareness: informing the public about risks• Initiating Legislation

– On-line = Off Line

• Law Enforcement• Intelligence

• Security: CERT• Awareness: informing the public about risks• Initiating Legislation

– On-line = Off Line

• Law Enforcement• Intelligence


CERTCERT

• Prevention of and dealing with ICT/security incidents

• Government Body

• Advice and secuity policies

• Co-operation with Law Enforcement

• Prevention of and dealing with ICT/security incidents

• Government Body

• Advice and secuity policies

• Co-operation with Law Enforcement


Report Govcert (NL) 2009Report Govcert (NL) 2009• Internet: Serious security flaws• Increase Number Contaminated Computers• Increase Criminal Takeover Home Computers• Careless management of personal information: social

engineering attacks• New Weaknesses in Fundamental Infrastructure

Found• Becoming Out-of-date of Encryption• Increase on-line activities, increase of vulnerabilities• International co-operation and effective enforcement• Spam successfully reduced (from NL ./. 85%)

• Internet: Serious security flaws• Increase Number Contaminated Computers• Increase Criminal Takeover Home Computers• Careless management of personal information: social

engineering attacks• New Weaknesses in Fundamental Infrastructure

Found• Becoming Out-of-date of Encryption• Increase on-line activities, increase of vulnerabilities• International co-operation and effective enforcement• Spam successfully reduced (from NL ./. 85%)


Other statistics (e.g. US CCCC)Other statistics (e.g. US CCCC)

• Increase of – Internet Fraud– Defamation and other content-related crimes– Vandalism– Misuse of minors– Privacy-related misuse

• Increase of – Internet Fraud– Defamation and other content-related crimes– Vandalism– Misuse of minors– Privacy-related misuse


Example: Press Oct 1Example: Press Oct 1

Publication at a web site, yet removed, of

over 10.000 logon codes starting with letter a and b

concerning Hotmail.com, msn.com, live.com

Humor or Crime?

Publication at a web site, yet removed, of

over 10.000 logon codes starting with letter a and b

concerning Hotmail.com, msn.com, live.com

Humor or Crime?


Concluding ObservationsConcluding Observations

• Can internet be made adequately secure by itself?

– Probably not!

• All actors involved should be aware of their role and responsibilities

• Government guardian the legal order

• Can internet be made adequately secure by itself?

– Probably not!

• All actors involved should be aware of their role and responsibilities

• Government guardian the legal order

Cyber Space, or how not to suffer from agoraphobia Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen Taiex Conference Bukarest October, 7-8, 2009 Prof. Dr. Henrik W.K.Kaspersen.

Documents

taiex bukarest

network slide

emergence of internet

www slide

internet services

management slide

internet features email

origin of internet darpa