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INTRODUCERE
Cursul Maritime English for Nautical Students (COURSEBOOK, 2nd
year of study) este structurat in zece capitole/uniti dup cum
urmeaz: Anchoring, Mooring, Towing, Taking a Pilot Aboard, Medical
Inspection of the Ship, Examining the Ship by the Customs,
Reception of Cargo, Delivery of Cargo, Buying Provisions, Passing
Through Narrows and Canals. Textele selectate precum i extrasele
din Cartea Pilotului (Pilot Book) au ca scop familiarizarea
studenilor cu limbajul maritim standard (SMCP) utilizat la bordul
navei (On Board Communication) i cu autoritile portuare (External
Communications) precum si formarea competentelor lingvistice in
conformitate cu recomandarile IMO si STCW 95 (AI/II).
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CUPRINS Unit. 1 ANCHORING
1. Reading 2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Reading comprehension 5.
Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMPC) 5.1. Going to anchor
5.2. Leaving the anchorage 6. SMCP in context 6.1.Standard Phrases
used in the text 7. Excerpts from the Pilot Book related to
anchoring 8. GRAMMAR. Future 9. Grammar Progres Test 10. Progress
Test Answer-key
Unit.2 MOORING
1.Reading 2.Speaking 3.Vocabulary 4.Reading comprehension
5.Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMPC) 5.1. Berthing 5.2.
Unberthing 6. SMCP in context 6.1. Vocabulary used in the text 7.
Excerpta from the Pilot Book related to Mooring 8. GRAMMAR. Modal
verbs-general 9. Grammar.Progress Test 10. Progress test
Answer-key
Unit.3 TOWING
1.Reading 2.Speaking 3.Vocabulary 4.Reading comprehension
5.Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMPC) 6. SMCP in context
6.1. Preparation for Towing 6.2. Connecting the Tow 6.3. Commencing
Towing 6.4. Vocabulary used in the text 7. GRAMMAR. Verb + -ing or
infinitive(I) 8. Grammar. Progress Test 9. Progress Test Answer
key
Unit.4 TAKING A PILOT ABOARD
1. Reading 2. Speaking
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3. Vocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5. SMCP 5.1. Propulsion
System 5.2. Embarking/disembarking pilot 6. Excerpts from the Pilot
Book related to pilotage. 7. GRAMMAR. Infinitive and Gerund
(II)
Unit.5 MEDICAL INSPECTION OF THE SHIP
1. Reading 2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5.
Maritime Declaration of Health 6. Excerpts from the Pilot Book on
health regulations 7. GRAMMAR.Word order 8. Grammar. Progress Test
9. Progress Test answer key
Unit.6 EXAMINING THE SHIP BY THE CUSTOMS
1. 1.Reading 2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Reading comprehension
5. GRAMMAR. Reported Speech 6. Grammar Progress Test 7. Progress
Test Answer key
Unit.7 RECEPTION OF CARGO (LOADING)
1. Reading 2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Reading comprehension 5.
GRAMMAR. The Passive 6. Grammar Progress Test 7. Progress Test
Answer key
Unit.8 DELIVERY OF CARGO (DISCHARGING)
I. Reading 2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Reading comprehension 5.
SMCP related to cargo handling 6. GRAMMAR. Conditionals 7. Grammar
Progress Test 8. Progress Test Answer key Unit.9 BUYING
PROVISIONS
1.Reading 2. Speaking
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3. Vocabulary 4. Reading Comprehension 5.
GRAMMAR.Prepositions(I) 6. Grammar.Progress Test 7. Progress Test
Answer key Unit.10 PASSING THROUGH NARROWS AND CHANNELS 1.Reading
2. Speaking 3. Vocabulary 4. Regulations for preventing Collisions
at sea 4.1. Steering and sailing rules 4.1.1. Rule 9. Narrow
Channels 4.2. Section II. Conduct of vessels in sight of one
another. 4.3. Section I. Conduct of vessels in restricted
visibility 5. Reading Comprehension 6. GRAMMAR.Prepositions(II) 7.
Grammar.Progress Test 8. Progress Test Answer key
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Unit 1.
ANCHORING 1. Read the following text and try to guess the
meaning of the new words and phrases from the
context Ships may anchor either in the open roadstead or in the
inner harbour. To bring the ship to anchor, it is necessary to
slacken speed and stop the engine at the proper time. Both anchors
must be ready to let go. The ship may ride to one or two anchors.
If there is a strong wind, it is necessary to bring her head up
into the wind. In case there is a strong tidal stream or current
the ship should be stem on to the current. When the ship is near
her intended place, she is given a little sternway with the engine
(if there is no wind or current) and one anchor is dropped, then
the anchor chain is paid out, and, if necessary, the other anchor
is let go. When the chain is brought up, that is when the vessel
has come to rest in water, the brake is set as tight as possible.
The scope of chain to be paid out depends on many factors, such as
the size of the ship, the weather and tide conditions, the quality
of the holding ground. It is the captain or the officer of the
watch (OOW) who must determine how much of chain is to be paid out
in each case. Usually, a length of chain equal to about five times
the depth of water is sufficient. When the ship has been anchored,
the watch officer takes the anchorage bearings. He also sees that
the soundings are taken at the anchorage and enters into the log
book both the bearings and soundings. Then he marks the ships
position on the chart. When the vessel is at anchor at night one or
more men are posted on anchor watch. It is their duty under the
officer of the watch to see to the security of the ship, to see
that there is sufficient room for the vessel to swing with the tide
without striking another vessel. 2.Role-play the following
dialogues and then work out and perform dialogues of your own. 2.1.
Dialogue 1 P = Pilot; C = Captain P: In an hours time we will
approach the port. As its ebb time now we shall have to wait for
the tide in the outer roadstead. The depths in the entrance to port
are not sufficient for our draft. C: How long shall we wait for the
tide? P: We will have to wait until sunset. C: Shall we have to
anchor or may we make fast to the mooring buoys there? P: There are
no mooring buoys there; well have to anchor half a mile off-shore.
C: What landmarks will we have there for the anchorage? P: There is
a conspicuous water tower on the coast, which should be kept on
bearing 36 and the lighthouse at the port entrance, which should
bear 78. C. What are the depths at the anchorage? P: The bottom is
quite even; there are no rocks or shoals. C: What is the nature of
the ground there? P: There is good holding ground; soft mud with
few patches of sand. C: Is there enough room at the anchorage for
swinging? P: Oh, there is plenty of room for several ships.
2.2.Dialogue 2. P: In half an hour we shall be at the anchorage.
Its time to notify the engine room and to get the anchors ready. C:
Thats right. Which anchor are we going to use? P: Well use the
starboard anchor. C: How much chain shall we need?
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P: I think four shackles will do. C: All right. Ive ordered a
deck-hand to start taking soundings. P: Thats very good. You see
that red tower over there? We must steer for that tower till the
port lighthouse opens to southward. C: Well, what then? P: Then we
must alter the course 40 to starboard and steer for the lighthouse
till we are a mile off-shore. That is our berth. C: Oh. I see. The
depths are beginning to decrease. 2.3..Dialogue 3. P: Soon well be
underway and proceed into port. C: Fine! I have already given
orders to stand by to weigh anchor. We have just got a radiogram
from our agent. He has arranged to berth the ship at Berth No.7. P:
Very good, Sir. This is a very convenient berth. C: How shall we
proceed from here? P: We shall steer for the port lighthouse,
keeping in the green sector of the light till we come to the
entrance. Then we shall keep two red leading lights in line till we
pass through the entrance. After that we shall keep the bright
light ashore in line with the molehead light. This will bring us
straight to the wharf. C: All right, thats clear. Shall we heave
the anchor up? 3. VOCABULARY Words and expressions Road/roadstead =
rad Berth = dan To pay out = a fila (parm, lan) Tidal stream =
curent de maree Current = curent To let go/cast/drop anchor = a
mola, a fundarisi Anchor is clear of the bottom = ancora s-a smuls
de fund Foul anchor = ancor angajat/agat Dragging anchor = ancor
care derapeaz Dredging anchor = ancor care grapeaz Ebb = reflux To
approach = a se apropia Off-shore = la larg de coast Landmark =
reper costier Anchorage = ancoraj Bearing = relevment Entrance =
intrare To shelter = a adposti High land = mal, coast nalt Bottom =
fund Ground = fund Good-holding ground= care ine bine (Un)tenable
ground = care ine/nu ine Deck-hand = marinar de punte To steer for
= a guverna pe To heave up = a vira, a recupera To bring the ship
to anchor = a aduce nava la ancoraj To slacken speed = a reduce
viteza To ride/lie/be at anchor = a sta la ancor The ship rides to
one anchor = nava are o singur ancor fundarisit To bring the ships
head up into the wind = a aduce prova in vnt
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To bring up = a ancora To drop anchor = a fundarisi ancora To be
stem on to the current = a sta cu prova n vnt To give a ship the
sternway with the engine = a deplasa nava napoi folosind maina To
swing at anchor = a gira la ancor To weigh anchor = a vira, a
ridica ancora To keep in line = a menine un aliniament To alter the
course = a schimba de drum To take bearings on = a lua relevmente
la To make fast = a volta, a se lega la Mooring buoy = baliz de
amarare Landmark = reper costier Conspicuous vizibil Even bottom =
fund nivelat, fr asperiti Shoals = banc de nisip Soft mud = ml
moale Patches of sand = ntinsur, poriuni de nisip Clay = argil,
argilos (despre natura fundului) Shell= scoic, fund de scoici Chalk
= calcar, fund calcaros To avoid a sweptm wreck = a evita o epav la
o adncime dem 4. Reading comprehension. 4.1. Read the text again
and answer the following questions: 1. Where may ships anchor? 2.
Should only one anchor be ready when anchoring? 3. May the ships
ride to one anchor only? 4. How is the ships head brought up in a
strong wind? 5. How is the ship brought up if there is a strong
current? 6. Are both anchors let go at the same time? 7. Who is to
determine how much of chain should be paid out? 8. What length of
chain is usually sufficient? 9. What bearings should the watch
officer take after anchoring? 10. What information should he enter
into the log book? 11. Where should the ships position be marked?
12. Why should a ship have sufficient room at the anchorage? 4.2.
Read the dialogues again and answer the following questions. 4.2.1.
Dialogue 1. 1. When should they approach the port according to the
pilot? 2. Why did they have to wait for the tide? 3. Till what time
did they have to wait? 4. What did the pilot say about the mooring
buoys? 5. What did the pilot say about the landmarks? 6. On what
bearing should they keep the water tower? 7. What did the pilot say
about the nature of the ground? 8. Was there enough room for
swinging?
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4.2.2. Dialogue 2. 1. Which anchor were they going to use? 2.
How many shackles of chain were needed? 3. Who did the captain tell
to take soundings? 4. For what landmark was the captain to steer?
5. Till what moment was he to steer for the water tower? 6. How
many degrees was he to alter the course when the lighthouse opened?
7. How far off-shore was that anchorage? 4.2.3. Dialogue 3. 1. When
were they going to get underway? 2. What orders had the captain
given? 3. What did he say about a radiogramme? 4. At which berth
did the agent arrange for the ship to berth? 5. Was that berth
convenient? 5.Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) 5.1.
Going to anchor Is/are the anchor(s) ready for dropping? =
Este/sunt ancorele gata pentru fundarisire? We are going to an
anchorage = Ne ndreptm spre un loc de ancoraj Have
(port/starboard/both) anchor(s) ready. = Pregtii ancora/ancorele
din babord/tribord/ambele. We will drop ( port/starboard/both)
anchor(s) = Vom lsa (fundarisi) ancora/ancorele din
babord/tribord/ambele Putshackles in the water = Lsai ..chei de lan
n ap Put shackles in the pipe. = Lsai chei de lan in nar Put
shackles on deck = Lsaichei de lan pe punte. Walk back
(port/starboard/both) anchor(s) one/one and a half shackle(s) =
Filai ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele o cheie/ o cheie de
lan i jumtate. We will let go ( port/starboard/both)
anchor(s)shackle(s) and dredge it/them = Vom mola (fundarisi)
ancora/ancorele din babord/tribord/ambele/cu..chei(e) de lan i o/le
vom grapa. Drop port/starboard/both) anchor(s) = Funda
ancora/ancorele/ din babord/tribord ambele. Pay out the cable(s) =
Fila lanul/lanurile de ancor Check the cable (s) = Controleaza
lanul/lanurile de ancor Hold on (port/starboard/both cable(s) = ine
lanul/lanurile de ancor/din babord/tribord/ambele. How is the cable
leading? = Cum ntinde lanul o nava? The cable(s) is/are leading
(ahead/astern/to port/to starboard/round the bow up and down) =
Lanul/lanurile de ancora ntind(e)/nainte/napoi/spre stnga/dreapta/
dublnd prova/ la pic. Is/are the anchor(s) holding? = in(e)
ancora/ancorele? Are you brought up? = Eti ancorat/oprit prin
ancorare? Switch on anchor light(s) = Aprindei lumina/luminile de
ancoraj Switch off anchor light(s) = Stingei lumina/luminile de
ancoraj Hoist anchor ball = Arborai bula neagr Lower anchor ball =
Cobori bula neagra Check the anchor position by bearings =
Verificai pozitia de ancoraj cu relevmente 5.2. Leaving the
anchorage How much cable is out? = Ct lan de ancor este deasupra
ancorei? Stand by to heave up = Pregtii-v pentru virat Put the
windlass in gear = Cuplati vinciul de ancor. Heave up the (
port/starboard/both) cable(s) = Virai lanul/lanurile din
babord/tribord/ambele
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How much weight is on the cable? = Ct este de solicitat/virat
lanul de ancor? Much weight is on the cable= Lanul de ancor este
solicitat (virat) mult Too much weight is on the cable = Lanul de
ancor este solicitat (virat) prea mult. No weight is on the cable =
Lanul de ancor nu este solicitat (virat). Stop heaving = Oprii
virarea How many shackles are left to come in ? = Cte chei de lan
mai sunt de adus la post? There is a turn in the cable(s) =
Lanul/lanurile prezint o rsucire Anchor(s) aweigh/clear of the
bottom = Ancora/ancorele s-a/s-au desprins de fund Anchor(s) is/are
clear of the water = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt liber/libere/a/au
ieit din ap Anchor(s) is/are home = Ancora/ancorele este/sunt la
post Anchor(s) is/are foul = Ancora/ancorele
este/sunt/agate/prins/prinse Anchor(s) secured = S-a/s-au asigurat
ancora/ancorele la post 6. SMCP in context.
Role -play the following anchoring scenario, then imagine and
role-play an anchoring scenario of your own.
The Pastoria is approaching the anchorage. The Chief Officer is
making preparations for a standing moor. He is on the forecastle
head with the carpenter, Grey and other hands. Chief Officer: Take
the covers off the spurling gates and unplug them, Chippy.
Carpenter: Yes, Sir. Chief Officer: Grey, take the lashings from
the cables and ease back the compressors. Grey: Lashings off.
Compressors eased back, Sir. Chief Officer: Chippy! Put the gipsy
of the port anchor in gear and lower the anchor out of the
hawse-pipe. Carpenter: Yes, SirAnchor clear of the hawse-pipe, Sir.
Chief Officer: Good. Same for the starboard anchor now. Carpenter:
Yes, Sir. Starboard anchor clear of the hawse-pipe, Sir. We are all
ready now to make a standing moor. The ship is travelling against
the tide towards her intended anchorage. On the bridge the Captain
is watching the situation closely. He says to the helmsman:
Captain: You see that white tower one point to starboard, Jenkins?
Jenkins: Yes, Sir. Captain: Steer for it. Jenkins: Yes, Sir
Captain: Very well. Stop her. 3rd.Officer: Stop her, SirEngine
stopped, Sir. Now that the way is off the ship, she is taken away
by the tide and begins to come astern. As she does so, the Chief
Officer on the forecastle head waits for the Captains signal before
giving orders. Chief Officer: Let go port anchor. Carpenter: Let go
port, Sir. Chief Officer: One shackletwothree. Check her.
Fourfivesix shackles, Sir.
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Six shackles of cable have been veered. This now lies in a
straight line on the sea bed. The Pastoria has been brought up and
the starboard anchor is now let go underfoot. Chief Officer: Let go
starboard anchor. Carpenter: Let go starboard, Sir. On the bridge,
the Captain will ease the strain on the port anchor by going ahead.
Captain: Dead slow ahead. 3rd Officer: Dead slow ahead , Sir.
Captain: Keep the white tower ahead, Jenkins. Jenkins: Ay, ay, Sir.
As the ship begins to move forward, the Chief Officer says: Chief
Officer: Heave in the port cable, Chippy. Grey, slack out the
starboard cable, easy. Carpenter: Heave in port cable. Grey: Slack
out starboard cable. Chief Officer: Twothree shackles. Avast
heaving. Thats enough. Make all fast. Grey and Carpenter: Ay ,ay,
Sir. Make all fast. 6.1. Standard phrases used in the text above: A
standing moor = Ancorare cu dou ancore cu maina oprit. Spurling
gates = nri de ancor To unplug = A degaja (nrile de ancor) To take
the lashings from = A dezarma (lanurile) To ease back the
compressors = A slbi stopele To put the gipsy/windlass in gear = A
cupla vinciul de ancor Hawse-pipe = Manon al nrii de ancor One
point to starboard = Un cart la dreapta Now that the way is off the
ship = Acum, pentru c nava a fost stopat Six shackles have been
veered = S-au filat ase chei de lan To ease the strain on the
port/starboard anchor = A reduce solicitarea ancorei babord/tribord
Avast heaving = Stop virarea Make all fast = Volta peste tot 7.
Read and study the following excerpts from the Pilot Book related
to anchoring. Notice how the vocabulary is used and then discuss
what information you can derive from these excerpts. Have in mind
the quality and the nature of the holding ground, location of
anchorages, recommendations and warnings. 3.21
There is anchorage about 2 miles S of the harbour entrance in
depths from 5.5 m to 7.3m, stiff blue clay. This anchorage is
considerably sheltered and the sea is kept down by The Owers
(5040N, 040W), which acts as a natural breakwater during W and WSW
winds. Small craft awaiting the tide to enter the harbour can
anchor nearer the entrance E or W of the leading line according to
the wind.
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3.48 There is anchorage off Shoreham harbour in any convenient
depth from 4m, sand over clay and chalk, about 3 cables off the
entrance to 9m, sand and shingle with patches of chalk, 2 miles
offshore. The pilots consider the best holding ground, sand and
gravel over chalk and clay, is 1 miles off the entrance, in a depth
of 7m, with High Lighthouse bearing 000. 3.84 Good anchorage, in
offshore or E winds, can be found in a depth of 7.5m in Seaford
Road, 1 miles ESE of the breakwater head, with Beachy Head Old
Lighthouse in line with the foot of Seaford Cliff, bearing 109, and
Seaford church, bearing 055. This anchorage is clear of the track
of cross-channel ferries to and from Newhaven, and provides good
shelter with winds from E by S, through N, to WNW. 4.17 Anchorage
off Folkstone harbour is much exposed and is only used by vessels
waiting for the tide to enter harbour. The best holding ground is
in depth from 12m to 18m, clay and sand. A good berth is with Copt
Point in line with Folkstone Breakwater Light, bearing 025, the
latter distant 2 cables. Vessels anchored 7 cables S of the
breakwater have reported dragging their anchors over apparently
rocky bottom. 4.40 Vessels whose draft permits, proposing to anchor
in Outer harbour, must do so within the anchorage area indicated on
the chart, which lies parallel with, and between 2 and 3 cables NW
of Southern Breakwater. The area has been dredged to a depth of
6.5m. The W and N corners of the anchorage area are marked by C and
D Light-buoys (special) and buoys (special) mark the NW limit. The
area of Outer Harbour NW of the dredged anchorage area is reserved
for yachts and pleasure craft. The E limit of this anchorage is
marked by three buoys (special). The holding ground in the
anchorage area is fairly good, but caution is advisable during
strong winds. Strong gales between SW and W raise considerable
scend at about HW, which renders berths alongside Prince of Wales
Pier and Easter Arm untenable. In east gales smooth water may be
found under the lee of eastern Arm. Foul area. It is dangerous to
navigate or anchor within the foul area in the NE corner of Outer
Harbour, indicated on the chart, between Pier B and Castle Jetty.
4.58 No vessel shall anchor in the approach to the E or W entrance
to the harbour in such a position as to obstruct the free passage
of any other vessel through either of these entrances. No vessels
without the permission of the Harbour Master are allowed to anchor
in the fairway. Vessels shall moor or anchor in accordance with the
direction of the Harbour Master, and when any such vessels have
been moored or anchored, they shall not be moved therefrom without
the permission of the Harbour Master except in case of
emergency.
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4.84 Holding ground is not good in parts of The Downs,
particularly S of Goodwin Fork Light-buoy (5113,2N, 127.2E). The
best anchor berth on the W side of the charted anchorage for large
vessels is in a depth of 12.5m, with South Foreland lighthouse in
line with the beacon on the HW line in Oldstairs Bay, bearing 208,
and Deal Castle bearing 290. There is good anchorage farther S, in
a depth of 12.5m, with Walmer Castle (5112N, 124E) bearing about
295, distant 11 cables. With NE winds it is better to anchor in
Trinity Bay, in a depth of 21m, with Deal Castle bearing 280,
distant 3 miles. Vessels drawing up to 5m can anchor in The Small
Downs, as indicated on the chart, 1 1/4miles NE of Deal Pier. This
anchorage is better for small vessels than that in The Downs, as it
is more sheltered and the holding ground is better. Care must be
taken to avoid a swept 4.4m wreck, in the SE part of the anchorage
area and a 2.6m shoal, 4 cables N of the wreck. This shoal forms
part of a small sandwave area extending S from the S end of Brake.
5.23 The recommended outer anchorage is within a circle radius 5
cables, centered 12 cables W of Jetee Nord Light, in depths from
10m to 16m (33 to 53ft), sand and shell, bad holding ground. The
anchorage is exposed to winds from SW, through N, to NE. the sea
rises very rapidly and vessels should only anchor here in fine
weather. The best anchorage is reported to be on the edge of the
above area in a depth of 10m (3.3ft), with Jetee Sud light-tower
bearing 085, distant 7 cables. The mooring of fishing gear within
1000m of Jetee Sud Light-tower is prohibited and anchoring in this
area is not advised. 5.40 There is anchorage for vessels awaiting
the tide to enter harbour in depth from 7m to 9m (23ft to 30ft),
mud, off the entrance. This anchorage is only tenable in calm
weather, or during winds from between SE and S. 5.76 This area lies
within a radius of about 1 miles of D1 light-buoy, with depths from
6m to 12m. The bottom is sand and shingle or sand and shells; the
holding ground is good. The anchorage is exposed to winds from W,
through N to NE. In bad weather from the W, the swell runs round
Point dAilly and breaks on the beach. In bad weather from between
NW and NE, the sea is very high at the entrance to the harbour
during the out-going tidal stream, and the swell is felt in
avant-port. Prohibited area. Anchoring and fishing are prohibited
in the triangular area, indicated on the chart, extending 5 cables
from the harbour entrance. 8. GRAMMAR : FUTURE 8.1. Will 8.1.1.
Form will + infinitive without to contractions : ll= will ; wont =
will not We use will with all persons. We can also use shall
instead of will with I and We eg. I/We shall work ( but in every
day speech, we normally use contractions Ill and Well.)
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8.1.2. Use 8.1.2.1. We can use will to predict the future e.g..
Tomorrow will be another cold day in all parts of the country. In
the future, machines will do many of the jobs that people do
today.
Who do you think will win the football match on Sunday? We wont
arrive home before midnight tonight.
When we predict the future, we often use will with the following
verbs and expressions: Think expect believe be sure be afraid
hope
e.g. I expect theyll be here at around 10 oclock tomorrow
morning. Im sure youll enjoy the film if you go and see it.
We also se will in this way with adverbs of probability, e.g.
probably, perhaps, certainly
e.g. Martin will probably phone us this evening. Perhaps Ill see
you tomorrow.
8.1.2.2. We also use will when we decide to do something at the
moment of speaking.
e.g. Would you like something to drink? Oh., thank you. Ill have
some orange juice. Theres someone at the door. Is there? Oh, Ill
see who it is. Im going out shopping. Oh, are you? Ill come with
you, then. I need to get some things myself.
8.2. Going to 8.2.1. Form be+going to+infinitive e.g. I am going
to work Are you going to work? I am not going to work. 8.2.2. Use
Sentences with going to connect the future and the present 8.2.2.1.
We use going to to talk about something in the future which we can
see as a result of something in the present.
e.g. Look at those black clouds in the sky. Its going to rain.
Those people are going to get wet. Hurry up! Its getting late.
Youre going to miss your train. Look out! That ladder is going to
fall
For this reason, sentences with going to are often about the
near future. 8.2.2.2. We also use going to to talk about what we
intend to do in the future. We use going to when we have already
decided to do something.
e.g. Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room? Im
going to clean the carpet Lynne has just sold her car. Is she going
to buy a new one?
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8.3. Will and Going to 8.3.1.We use both will and going to in
predictions about the future, but there is a difference: We use
will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the
future. e.g. That boat doesnt look very safe. Itll sink in that
heavy sea. Dont climb that tree. Youll fall and hurt yourself. We
use going to to talk about something in the future which we can see
as a result of something in the
present. e.g. Look at that boat! Its going to sink. Look out!
Youre going to fall! 8.3.2. We use both will and going to to talk
about what we intend to do, but there is a difference here: We use
will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking. e.g.
Oh dear! Ive spilt some wine on my jacket. Dont worry. Ill clean it
for you. What shall I do tomorrow? I know! Ill paint the kitchen.
We use going to when we have already decided to do something.
e.g. Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room? Im
going to clean the carpet. Why are you putting on those old
clothes? Im going to paint the kitchen.
8.4. Present continuous for the future
We use the present continuous to talk about something that we
have already arranged or planned to do in the future.
e.g. What are you doing on Saturday evening? Im meeting Sarah
Sarah is taking an exam on Monday. Were visiting some friends in
Scotland next weekend.
When we use the present continuous in this way, we often give
the future time (e.g. on Saturday evening, on Monday, this
afternoon, next weekend)
8.4.1. Present continuous and going to 8.4.1.1. When we talk
about things we have already arranged to do or planned to do in the
future, we can use the present continuous or going to. e.g. Im
having lunch with Lynne tomorrow. Im going to have lunch with Lynne
tomorrow. 8.4.1.2. When we make predictions about the future, we
can use going to (or will), but not the present continuous. e.g.
Its going to rain tomorrow. (Its raining tomorrow is not
possible)
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8.5. Present simple for the future We use the present simple to
talk about future events which are part of a fixed timetable or
fixed programme.
e.g. What time does the tennis start tomorrow? At 6.15. Next
summer the school holidays begin on July 25th and end on September
10th. The film starts at 7.10 and finishes at 9.00. What time does
your plane leave tomorrow?
We use the present simple in this way when we think of something
in the future as a fact, or as an arrangement or plan which cannot
change. 8.5.1. Present simple for the future after when, if, etc.
We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time
and condition after when while, as soon as, after, before, until,
if, unless, as/so long as and provided/providing (that). Will/wont
present simple Ill buy a newspaper when I go out. We wont go out
until it stops raining. Well go to the beach if the weather is
nice. Ill go to the party provided you go too. 8.6. Future
continuous: will be+-ing 8.6.1. Form will be+ing
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will be working (affirmative)
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not be working(negative) Will
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they be working ?(interrogative)
This form is sometimes called the future progressive
CONTRACTIONS: ll =will ; wont = will not We can use shall instead
of will with I and We e.g. I/We shall be working(but , in every day
speech , we normally use the contractions Ill and Well). The
negative of shall is shall not (contraction: shant). 8.6.2. Use
8.6.2.1. We use will be+-ing to talk about something which will be
in progress at a time in the future. e.g. Ill be having dinner at
7.00. Dont phone me at 8.00. Ill be doing my homework then. What
will you be doing this time next week?
8.6.2.2. We also use will be+-ing to talk about things in the
future which are already planned, or which are part of a regular
routine. e.g. Ill be driving into town later on. Do you want a
lift?
Would you like me to give peter a message for you? Oh, I dont
want to trouble you. its no trouble, really. Ill be seeing Peter
tomorrow anyway.
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We often use will be+-ing as a polite way of asking about
someones plans, especially when we want someone to do something for
us.
e.g. Will you be going out this morning? Yes, why? Oh, could you
get me a newspaper? Will you be using your camera at the weekend? I
wondered if I could borrow it.
When we use will be+-ing form in this way, it often suggests
that we do not want to change the other persons plans. 8.7. Future
perfect: will have+past participle 8.7.1. Form will have + past
participle I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will have finished/gone
(affirmative) I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they will not have
finished/gone (negative) Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they have
finished/gone? (interrogative) CONTRACTIONS: ll = will ; wont =
will not
We can use shall instead of will with I and We e.g. I/we shall
have finished ( but, in everyday speech, we normally use the
contractions Ill and well). The negative of shall is shall not (
contraction: shant), 8.7.2. Use We can use will have + past
participle to talk about something that will be completed by (not
later than) a certain time in the future. When we use this
structure, we think of a future time and look back from that future
time to say that something will be completed. e.g. Ill have
finished dinner by 8.00. Ill have worked here for a year next
September. 8.8. Future in the past: was/were going to We can use
was/were going to + infinitive to say that something was planned
for the future at a past time. e.g. They were going to get married,
but in the end they changed their minds Note that when we use this
structure, it often means that the planned future action did not
happen. e.g. I was going to stay at home last night, but I decided
to go out instead.
We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it was full,
so we ate somewhere else. 9.Grammar-Progress Test I. Complete the
sentences. Use will or going to and the verbs in the box. Teach
lend live bite take look have buy meet rain
1. Would you like to come to come to the cinema with us? All
right. Iyou at 7.00. 2. Look at those black clouds. It
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3. I cant find my umbrella. Dont worry. Iyou mine. 4. Have you
seen my tennis racket? No. I havent.. Just a minute. Iin the
cupboard. 5. I cant play chess. Iyou if you like. 6. Why are you
putting on your coat? Ithe dog for a walk. 7. Why are you selling
your house? Wein the country. 8. Dont go near that dog! Ityou. 9.
Im going to buy Sally a Walkman for her birthday. Shes already got
one. Has she? Well,
Iher a new sweater. 10. Have you heard the news? Mrs Greens
pregnant again. Sheanother baby.
II. There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Which
sentences have mistakes in them?
1. Were going to see a film this evening. 2. The weather
forecast says its snowing tomorrow. 3. What are you doing next
weekend? 4. I think England are winning the soccer match tonight.
5. Im staying at home this evening. 6. Do you think Sarah is
passing her exams this summer?
III. Choose the correct answer-A or B.
1. Well go for a picnic tomorrow if the weathernice. A will be B
is
2. Simon will get a ticket for the U2 concert, providing heall
night. A will queue B queues 3. If you go to Moscow, youRed Square.
A will see B see 4. Sue will give me some money when she paid. A
will get B gets 5. Ill phone Mike as soon as I any news. A will
hear B hear 6. Unless you work hard, youyour exams. A will fail B
fail IV. Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow. Here is their
timetable for tomorrow morning:
7.30-8.30 Drive to the airport 8.30 Check-in at the airport
10.00-11.00 Flight to Paris 11.15-11.45 taxi to the hotel 1.00
Lunch at the hotel
Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate. Put the verbs into
the future continuous or future perfect.
1. At 8.00 they(leave) home and they ---(drive) to the airport.
2. At 8.00 they (arrive) at the airport and they(check-in). 3. At
10.15 they(fly) to Paris. 4. At 11.30 they(arrive) in Paris and
they(drive) to their hotel. 5. At 1.10 they(have) lunch at the
hotel.
V. Make sentences with was/were going to
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Example: I/take/the dog for a walk/it/start/to rain I was going
to take the dog for a walk but, it started to rain. 1
Robert/watch/the film on TV/he/fall asleep 2.I/visit/you/I/not
have/enough time 3. Sarah/change/some travellers cheques/the
bank/be/closed 4. we/go/to the concert/it/be/cancelled 5.
I/finish/work early/my boss/ask/me to work late 6. my parents/fly
to Scotland/they/decide/to go by train
10.Progress test-Answer-key I. 1. ll meet, 2. s going to rain,
3. ll lend, 4.ll look, 5.ll teach, 6.m going to take, 7. re going
to live, 8. ll bite, 9. ll buy, 10.s going to have. II. 1.Right, 2.
its snowing is a mistake, 3.Right.4. are winning is a mistake,
5.Right, 6.is passing is a mistake. III. 1.B, 2.B, 3.A, 4.B, 5.B,
6.A IV 1. ll have left, ll be driving, 2. ll have arrived, ll be
checking-in, 3. ll be flying, 4. ll have arrived, ll be driving, 5.
ll be having, V. 1. Robert was going to watch the film on TV but he
fell asleep. 2. I was going to visit you but I did not have enough
time. 3.Sarah was going to change some travellers cheques but the
bank was closed. 4.We were going to go to the concert but it was
concelled. 5. I was going to finish work early but my boss asked me
to work late. 6.My parents were going to fly to Scotland but they
decided to go by train.
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Unit 2.
MOORING 1. Read the text and try to guess the new words and
phrases from the context Ships make fast to a wharf either
alongside or stern to. When approaching a berth ships must proceed
at slow speed. On deck, heaving lines and mooring ropes, as well we
fenders, should be ready for use. The anchors must be ready to let
go.
At an appropriate distance from the berth the engine is stopped
and the ships headway is used to bring her alongside the wharf.
This headway should be just enough to keep the ship moving ahead
without losing steerage way.
If a ship has too much headway, it should be stopped by backing
the ship with the engine or by letting the anchor go. As a matter
of fact, only the off-shore anchor is dropped and then a heaving
line is passed ashore. A head-rope, a bow spring and two breast
lines are run out from the ship and secured to bollards ashore.
Working on these lines, as well as on the stern rope and stern
spring which are also run out in due time, the ship is hove into
her berth and made fast.
After the ship is secured in her berth, rat-guards should be
placed on all the lines. For permanent moorings wire ropes are
preferred to ordinary fibre ropes.
All the mooring lines should be constantly watched, as the
change of weather or rise and fall of tide can make the lines
either too taut or too slack and this will necessitate from time to
time veering them in or out. In stormy weather the ships secured in
their berths usually have to double up fore and aft.
2. Role-play the following dialogues and then work out and
perform dialogues of your own.
2.1. Dialogue 1 C = Captain ; P = Pilot C: Is taking a tug
compulsory here? P: No, it is not compulsory, but it is advisable,
and I shall tell you why. There are several strong currents in the
harbour and as there is a lot of traffic now, it is pretty
difficult to manoeuvre in congested waters. C: Will the tug take us
only into the port or will she bring the ship alongside the wharf?
P: Yes, the tug will work the ship into her berth. C: At what berth
shall we moor? P: We shall moor at berth No. 17 C: We will need a
15 ton crane to discharge heavy-lifts. P: Your agent must have been
informed about it as there is a 15ton crane at the berth. C: Thats
good. Which side shall we make a landing? P: We will make a
starboard side landing. 2.2.Dialogue 2 C: So, where are we going to
berth? P: Do you see. Sir, a vacant place between the two big
tankers tied up stern to? C: Do you mean those two big tankers over
there with streamlined funnels? P: Yes, thats what I mean, and
thats where we should now steer for. C: There isnt too much space
there anyhow, but still enough to get the ship moored alongside.
What is the depth alongside the berth? P: The depth is five
fathoms, Sir. C: Is the bottom even there? P: No, there must be a
little hump some 30 yards from the wharf, as the bottom was
recently dredged.
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C: Which side shall we go alongside? P: We will go along
starboard side. C: Shall we drop an anchor? P: Yes, Sir. We shall
drop the port anchor. 2.3. Dialogue 3 P: The ship has too much
headway. Sir, I think its time to back her. C: Slow astern! Helm
a-port! You know, she swings her bow to starboard on backing. P: I
see. Now, Sir, give her a little swing to port. Steady so! Is your
port anchor ready? C: The port anchor is ready. Stand by the port
anchor. P: Let go the port anchor, Sir. C: Let go the port anchor!
Veer out the cable handsomely! Send on shore the bow spring. P:
Thats right, Sir. We must get the bow in first. C: Yes, now we can
heave the ship alongside. P: I think, Sir, you must now steer the
stern a little off the pier. C: Good. I think Ill start heaving the
bow alongside with the bow lines. 3. VOCABULARY Words and phrases
To make fast = a se laga la cheu To moor = a se lega, a acosta, a
amara, a afurca Wharf = cheu, debarcader Fender = aprtoare,
tranchet To let go = a mola, a fundarisi (ancora) Steerage way =
viteza de guvernare, capacitate de a menine drumul Head rope/line =
parma de legare prova Bow spring/backspring forward = spring prova
Breast line = traversa To heave, hove, hove = a aduce nava ntr-o
pozitie, a trage Taut = ntins Slack = slbit To veer in/out = a vira
To make fast alongside = a acosta/lega cu bordul To make fast stern
to = a acosta/lega cu pupa To get moored = a acosta, a se lega
Streamlined funnel = cos de nava cu forme aerodinamice To get
berthed/tied up = a aduce nava la cheu To bring the ship alongside
the quay/to work the ship into her berth = a aduce nava la cheu To
make a starboard/port landing/to get alongside starboard/port side
to = a acosta (a se lega) cu tribordul/babordul To run out a line =
a da o legtura It is advisable = este recomandabil To swing the bow
to starboard/port = a gira, a aduce prova la dreapta/stnga To sheer
the stern from the quay = a abate pupa de la cheu To double up fore
and aft = a da dublin la prova i pupa.
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4. Reading Comprehension 4.1. Read the text again and answer the
following questions: 1 How do ships make fast to a wharf?
2. At what speed should a ship approach the berth?
3. What should be made ready for use on deck?
4. What is the ships headway used for in this case?
5. What should be done if the ship has too much headway?
6. When the ship has approached the berth what line is passed
ashore first?
7. What other ropes are run from the ship and secured to the
bollards ashore?
8. How is the ship hove into her berth?
9. Where are rat-guards placed?
10. Why should the mooring lines be constantly watched?
11. Why should we veer in the ropes from time to time?
12. When should we veer them out?
13. In what weather should we double up the lines?
14. How should the lines be watched if the weather is
changeable?
4.2.Read the dialogues again and answer the following
questions:
4.2.1. Dialogue 1
1. What did the pilot say about taking a tug?
2. Why was taking a tug advisable?
3. Was there heavy traffic in the port?
4. What did the pilot say about manoeuvering in congested
waters?
5. How far was the tug to take that ship?
6. What did the captain need a crane for?
7 Was there any crane at the berth?
8.Was the ship to be berthed port side to?
4.2.2. Dialogue 2
1. Where did the pilot show a vacant place for the ship?
2. What did the captain say about it?
3. Why did he ask the pilot about the depths?
4. Was the bottom even alongside that berth?
5. Which side was the ship going to berth?
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4.2.3. Dialogue 3
1. What did the pilot say about the ships headway? 2. How did
the captain stop her headway? 3. Why did he command Helm-a-port
when going astern? 4. Which anchor did the captain order to let go?
5. Which rope did he order to be sent ashore first? 5. Standard
Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) Relating to Berthing and
Unberthing 5.1. Berthing We will berth port/starboard side
alongside = Vom acosta cu bordul babord/tribord We will moor to (a
) buoy(s) ahead and astern = Ne vom lega la (o)
geamandur/geamanduri n prova i n pupa. We will moor alongside = Vom
acosta cu bordul We will moor to dolphins = Ne vom lega la piloi
Send out(head/stern/breast) lines = Dai parmeprova/pupa/traversa
Send outspring(s) forward/aft = Daispring(uri) prova/pupa We will
useshore (head/stern/breast) lines/wires = Vom folosi
parme/srme/prova/pupa/traverse de la mol (cheu) Do you have tension
winches? = Avei vinciuri de ntindere? Have heaving lines ready
forward and aft = Pregtii bandule la prova si pupa Send a
(heaving/head/stern/breast) line ashore = Dai o parm
bandula/prova/pupa/traversa la cheu Have a messenger line ready =
Pregtii o parm intermediar Use the centre/panama lead forward/aft =
Folosii nara central/panama din prova/pupa Use the bow lead =
Folosii nara din centru Use the port/starboard quarter lead =
Folosii nara din pupa babord./tribord. Heave online(s)/spring(s) =
Virai parma/parmele/springul/springurile Pick up the slack on
theline(s)/spring(s) = Luai din banda
parmei/parmelor/springului/springurilor Heave away = virai Stop
heaving = Stop virarea Slack awayline(s)/spring(s) = Filai
parma/parmele/springul/springurile Stop slackingline(s)/spring(s) =
Stop filarea parmei/parmelor/springului/springurilor Hold on
line(s)/spring(s)= ine parma/parmele/springul/springurile Heave in
easy = Vira uor Heave alongside = Tragei pe parme de-a lungul
cheiului Keep lines tight = ine parmele ntinse Do not break the
lines = Nu rupe parmele Report the forward/aft distance to =
Raporteaza distana prova/pupa la We have to movemetres ahead/astern
= Trebuie s ne deplasmmetri n prova/pupa We are in position =
Suntem in poziie 5.2. Unberthing Is/are the engine(s) ready? =
Este/sunt motorul/motoarele gata? How long does it take to have the
engine(s) ready? = Ct dureaza pregtirea motorului/motoarelor? It
takesminutes to have the engine(s) ready? = Dureazminute pentru
pregtirea motorului/motoarelor Are you ready to get underway? =
Suntei gata de mar? Prepare to let go = Pregtii de molat
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Single upline(s) andsprings forward and aft = Reducei
parma/parmelei springul/springurileprova i pupa. Slack away
(head/stern/breast) line = Filai parma/prova/pupa/traversa Slack
away (forward/aft) spring = Fila springul prova/pupa Heave on
(head/stern) line = Vira parma prova/pupa Heave on (head/stern)
spring = Vira springul prova/pupa Let go everything forward/aft =
Mola toate parmele la prova/pupa Let go (head/stern) line = Mola
parma.prova/pupa Let go towing line = Mola parma de remorcaj Let go
spring = Mola springul Keep someone forward to stand by the anchor
= inei pe cineva n prova s pregteasc ancora 6.Standard Marine
Communication Phrases in context. Role play the berthing scenario
below and then imagine and act out a berthing/unberthing scenario
of your own.
The Pastoria is coming up the river on the flood tide. Her berth
is on her starboard side, and six cables ahead. The Chief Officer
is on the forecastle and is giving the boatswain orders. Chief
Officer: Anchors are clear; got the heaving lines, fenders and
mooring ropes ready, boatswain? Boatswain: Yes, Sir. Chief Officer:
The Captain is going to take her round, now. The next thing, after
seeing that the equipment is ready, is to turn the ship round and
stem the tide. We are now a little way past our berth and Captain
Jones is doing this. Captain: Hard-a-starboard. Stop her. Full
ahead. Helmsman: Hard-a-starboard, Sir. 3rd Officer: Full ahead,
Sir. Captain: Midship. Stop her. Full astern. Helmsman: Midship 3rd
Officer: Full astern, Sir. Captain: Stop her. Port a bit. 3rd
Officer: Stop her, Sir. Helmsman: Port a bit. The Pastoria was
turned around by this manoeuvre. Now she is stemming the tide.
Captain: Slow ahead. Steady as you go. 3rd Officer: Slow ahead,
Sir. Helmsman: Steady as you go, Sir. The ship is now approaching
the berth against the tide, and Captain Jones has given us a slight
cant towards it. On the forecastle, the Chief Officer says: Chief
Officer: Heaving line ready? Bend on the head rope. Now pay her
out. The shore party makes her head rope fast. Captain: Stop her.
3rd Officer: Stop her, Sir. Now the weight comes on the head rope
and the ship is dropping alongside. On the stern of the Pastoria
the Second Officer is in charge. He says:
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Captain: Make fast your stern rope. Stern rope, breast ropes and
spring are now led ashore and made fast. On the bridge, the Captain
says: Captain: Ring Finished with the engine, Third. 3rd Officer:
Finished with the engines, Sir. Captain: Very good. Helmsman,
finished with the wheel. Helmsman: Finished with the wheel, Sir.
6.1. Vocabulary and expressions used in the text above. To come up
the river = A naviga n amonte Flood tide = Perioada de flux Berth =
Dan To stem the tide = A naviga contra mareei To give a slight cant
= A aduce uor Heaving line = Bandul To bend on = A lega To pay out
= A fila Shore party = Echipa de la cheu Now the weight comes on
the head rope = Acum parma prova fiind solicitat The ship is
dropping alongside = Nava vine prea repede la cheu Make fast your
stern rope = Voltai parma pupa Let ashore = dai (pamele) la cheu 7.
Read the following excerpts from the Pilot Book and then discuss
the information you can derive. To what extent is this information
important when entering or leaving the harbour?
BERTHING
2.96. Berths. Piers Nos 1 and 2 project 137m SSE from a seawall
mile NW of Point Sinet; there are depths of 8.5m along both sides
of each pier. A vessel 168.5m in length with draught of 8.7m has
berthed at No2, the W pier; it is recommended, however, that the
maximum draught for entering Carenage Bay should be 8.2m and that
berthing should only take place at or near HW. Submarine cables
exist close SE of Pier No1 and off the NE shore of the bay.
Approach. White framework towers stand on the head of Pier No2 and
1 cables NNW; in line, bearing 346 , they lead towards this pier.
Care should be taken not to get W of the alignment, to avoid the
shoal depths in the W part of Carenage Bay. 2.89 WHARVES. In the NE
corner of Chaguaramas Bay, the Aluminium Co. of Canada has two
wharves for handling bauxite and manganese ore. The W wharf, for
loading is 275m in length with a depth of 9.1m alongside; it is
equipped with fixed cranes and a transporter. The N wharf, for
discharging, is 122m in length with a depth of 7.6m alongside and
is equipped with two 4-ton travelling grabs.
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2.97 Berths. A pier projecting S from the shore is 297m long on
the W side, which is for loading, and 206m long on the E side, for
discharging; the berths on both sides are dredged to 11m.
Secure anchorage can be obtained to mile off the pierhead.
Approach. The pier is approached from SW with the leading lights at
the terminal in line, bearing 042 . The range of the lights may be
much reduced due to the bauxite dust. The front light (10 40.9'N,
61 36.0' W) (white square daymark with black stripe) is situated at
the N end of the discharging berth. The rear light (white square
daymark with black stripe) is situated 180m from the front light. A
dredged approach channel on the leading line, and a turning basin
between it and the pier, were dredged to 11m in 1963 The NE end of
the approach channel and the turning basin are marked by 3
light-buoys and a buoy.
WHARVES 2.115 Kings Wharf, at the E end of Grier basin, is 1189m
in length; it comprises berths Nos1 to 6, for general cargo vessels
and tourist vessels with a draught up to 9.1m Berth No 6A,extending
NW from Kings Wharf, is a Container terminal 330m in length with a
planned depth alongside of 9.7m; it is equipped with two 40-ton
gantry cranes, each capable of handling 20 containers an hour.
Kings Wharf Extension, at the NW end of Grier Basin, is 365m in
length; it comprises Berths Nos 7 and 8, and can accommodate
vessels with a draught up to 9.1m. This wharf is backed by malasses
tanks (for transhipment) and oil tanks. There are dolphins close NW
of the wharf. The wharves are equipped with cranes up to 36 tons
capacity. 2.116 Smaller wharves and jetties at the port are: Saint
Vincent Jetty (1038.7'N, 61 30.9' W) with a depth of 2.4m
alongside. Guide Jetty, close NW of Saint Vincent Jetty, has depths
on its S side of 4.0m at the outer end and of 2.7m at the inner
end, and a depth on its N side of 2.4m Saint Vincent Wharf, close N
of Guide Jetty, has a depth of 1.8m alongside. Queens Wharf, close
E of Saint Vincent Jetty has a depth of 1.8m alongside. A pier
extends SSE from the shore 2 cables E of Saint Vincent Jetty.
Schooners and inter-island coasting vessels berth in this part of
the port. The Harbour Masters Office is situated near the root of
Saint Vincent Jetty. The customs house stands close N of Queens
Wharf. PIERS 2.125 Two piers project W from the E side of the
turning basin. The N or solids pier can accommodate a vessel 91m in
length, with a draught of 5.6m, and is equipped with a 10-ton
mobile crane; it is used for discharging sulphur and plant
equipment, and loading bulk and bagged fertilisers and sulphuric
acid in drums. The S or Liquids pier is for vessels up to 1000 dwt,
with a draught of 8.5m, and has two dolphins off its head on which
vessels normally berth heading S. This pier handles liquid ammonia,
molasses and petroleum gases through pipelines, and bulk sugar by
overhead conveyors and gantry.
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SINGLE POINT MOORING 2.130a A single point mooring (SPM) buoy
(orange; light flashing 4 white every 15 seconds; fog horn) is
situated 2 miles WNW of the island berths (1019.8'N, 61 29.3'W).
Three floating and lighted black and orange hoses, 288m in length,
extend as a single unit from the mooring buoy. The depth at the
mooring is 24m, but it decreases to 23m about mile E of the buoy.
Tankers up to 260 000dwt and 22.4m draught can secure to the buoy,
normally only by day, and must keep main engines at immediate
readiness whilst there. Portable RT sets are available for tankers
at the buoy. The emergency signal to stop pumping is a continuous
blast on the ships whistle. BERTH AND APPROACH CHANNEL 2.135 The
jetty, a solid structure extending 4 cables WNW from Point-a-Pierre
(1019.3' N, 61 28.1' W), has two freighter berths, one on each
side. No 7 Berth comprises the head of the jetty, with a dolphin
and catwalk close off it, and is used for supplying fuel oil,
lubricants and fresh water. No 8 Berth is the only one where stores
can be handled and has a mobile crane. The approach channel to
these berths is entered 1 miles WNW of the head of the jetty and is
marked by light-buoys, numbered from W: N side by No 2, 4, 6 and 8
Light-buoys (red can; lights quick flashing or flashing red) and: S
side by Nos 1, 3, and 5 Light-buoys (black flashing green). A
conical buoy marks the W edge of shoal water close N of the jetty.
Four mooring buoys exist 4 cables N of the head of the jetty. The
least charted depth in the approach channel is 11.6m An island
jetty is situated 1 miles WNW of Point-a-Pierre; it is marked by a
light and comprises several dolphins. No 6 Berth North and number 6
Berth South lie on either side of the island, respectively. No 5
Berth is a fixed platform with dolphins, situated 2 cables ESE of
the island jetty 2.136 THE VIADUCT, supported on concrete piles,
extends nearly 1 mile WSW from the S side of Pointe-a-Pierre
dolphins off the N side of its outer part provide No1, No2 North,
No3 North, and No4 Berths. These berths are approached through an
area, indicated on the plan, with a minimum charted depth of 13.1m;
the S side of the entrance to this area is marked by No7 Light
buoys (black conical, white stripes; light flashing white), moored
6 cables WNW of the head of the viaduct (10 18.9'N, 61 28.9' W).
Off the S side of the outer part of the viaduct are No 2 South and
No 3 South Berths, with dolphins. These berths are approached
through a narrow channel which is extended between Nos 9 and 10
Light-buoys, moored 2 cables WSW of the head of the Viaduct; the
channel leads into the turning basin, with a least charted depth of
58m, the limits of which are marked by conical buoys and, at its SE
corner, by a light. BERTHS 3.54 A floating stage off the customs
house pier is 90m in length, with depths alongside of 9.1m at high
river and 4.8m at low river. Berthing is not difficult; a vessel
approaches the stage stemming the current and keeping a careful
watch for the counter-current which is no strong. There are three
berths alongside, or close to, the river bank for local traffic;
cargo is worked by means of temporary gangways rigged to the bank.
Vessels may not take the ground as the river bed is both steep and
uneven.
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The floating stage has a system of elevators with a capacity of
10 tons to the top of the river bank, and a 7-ton mobile crane.
There is also a 25-ton crane on the custom house pier. No regular
landing places exist; boats go alongside anywhere at the city.
BERTH 3.69 Pier. An iron pier on concrete piles extends 128m ENE
from the W shore of Ensenada Macuro; at its head, there is a
loading platform 20m long with a conveyor belt and loading tower,
from which a light is exhibited. Vessels up to 80m in length are
berthed alongside the head of the pier, starboard side to, using
the port anchor and securing to three mooring buoys, one on the
starboard bow and one on each quarter. It has been reported that a
maximum draft of 7.9m is allowed alongside the pier. BERTHS 3.80 A
quay on the inner side of the S breakwater, near its head, is 130m
in length and has a depth of 7.3m alongside. A quay on the inner
side of the N breakwater, 5 cables from its head, is 170m in length
with depths from 7.3m to about 4m alongside. A pier for small
craft, situated 1 mile NNE of the harbour. Two boat piers project
from the W side of the harbour. PIERS 3.94 There are 4 piers, all
with breasting and mooring dolphins: Muelle No1 is 106m in length
and can berth vessels 137m in length with a draught of 7.0m. Muelle
Nos 2 and 3, for the larger tankers, are situated down the river
from Muelle No1; both piers are T-headed with depths of 10.7m
alongside. Muelle No4, situated up the river from Muelle No1, is
T-headed and has a depth of 4.3m alongside, it is used by small
vessels. Berthing and unberthing are carried out throughout the day
and night, but only during the flood tide. However, vessels may
leave Muelle No3 at any stage of the tide. BERTHS AND WHARVES
WHARVES 4.87 Of the eight principal wharves along the river
frontage, the Guyana National Trading Corporation Wharf (649.0'N,
5810.1'W) is 280m in length with a depth of 4.8m alongside, but
some wharves have depths up to 6.0m alongside. Vessels work cargo,
except bulk sugar, with their own appliances. The Demerara Sugar
Terminal, situated at the S end of the port, has a wharf 126m in
length, with a least depth of 5.5m alongside and can accommodate
vessels up to 161m in length; the loading rate is 500 tons an hour
with two chutes. As the bottom is soft mud along the wharves,
vessels can safely take ground at LW. 8. GRAMMAR: MODAL
VERBS-GENERAL The modal auxiliary verbs or modal verbs are can,
could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need
and dare.
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8.1.Use We use modal verbs to talk about, for example,
possibility, willingness, ability, obligation, certainty and
permission. e.g. It might rain. (possibility) Will you help me?
(willingness) Can she swim? (ability) You must be home by 11
oclock. (obligation) You havent eaten all day. You must be hungry.
(certainty) May I borrow your car? (permission)
8.1.2.Form 8.1.2.1.We form the affirmative by putting the modal
verb between the subject and the full verb. I can swim We should go
now. Modal verbs take the same form in all persons. There is no-s
ending in the third person singular. She can swim. He should go
now. After all modal verbs (except ought) we use the infinitive
without to e.g. swim, go etc. After ought we use to + infinitive
e.g. to swim, to go etc. 8.1.2.2.We form the negative by putting
nt/not after the modal verb. e.g. She cant swim We shouldt go. It
might not rain. We form questions by inverting the subject and the
modal verb. Compare: e.g. She can swim.- Can she swim? We should go
Should we go? Note that we do not use do in questions and
negatives. 8.1.2.3.We can use the structure modal verb+be+-ing e.g.
Its getting late. We really must be going now. 8.1.2.4.We sometimes
use expressions such as be able to, be allowed to and have to
instead of modal verbs.
These expressions give us certain meanings and forms which are
not possible with modal verbs. e.g. Id like to be able to play the
piano.(Can has no infinitive) She had to go to the doctors
yesterday. (Must is not used to talk about the past) 8.1.2.5.When
we talk about the past, we can use modal verb + have = past
participle. We use this structure to
talk about things that possibly happened or things that did not
happen.
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e.g. Peter is late. He may have missed his train( Perhaps he
missed/has missed his train) I feel really tired today. I should
have gone to bed earlier last night.( But I did not go to bed
very
early last night.) 8.2. Ability:can. Could, be able to 8.2.1.
Can We use can to talk about ability. The negative of can is
cannot(cant) e.g. Can you swim? He can play the guitar I cant open
this bottle. Can you meet me tomorrow evening? We can use be able
to instead of can e.g. Are you able to swim? (but can is more
common) 82.2. Could and was/were able to 8.2.2.1.We can use could
to say that someone had the general ability to do something in the
past.
e.g. I could swim when I was 4 years old. My sister could talk
when she was 15 months old.
We also use was/were able to with this meaning. e.g. I was able
to swim when I was 4 years old.
8.2.2.2.But when we want to say that someone had the ability to
do something, and that they did it in a particular situation, we
must use was/were able to (could is not possible)
e.g. Even though Id hurt my led, I was able to swim back to the
boat. The manager wasnt in the office for very long, but we were
able to speak to him for a few minutes.
We can use managed to (+ infinitive) or succeeded in (+ -ing
form) instead of was/were able to in this meaning.
e.g. Even though Id hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the
boat/ I succeeded in swimming back to the boat. We normally use
managed to or succeeded in when the action was difficult to do.
8.2.2.3.There is an exception with the verbs of perception see,
hear, smell, taste, feel, and some verbs of thinking e.g.
understand, remember. We use could with these verbs when we
actually did these things in particular situations.
e.g. We could see a man in the garden. I could hear a noise
outside my bedroom door
8.2.2.4.We use could not (couldnt) for both general ability and
particular situations.
e.g. My grandmother couldnt dance. He tried very hard, but he
couldnt swim back to the boat.
8.2.3. Could have
We use could have + past participle to say that someone had the
ability or the opportunity to do something in the past but did not
do it.
e.g.You could have helped me. Why didnt you? I could have gone
to China on holiday last year, but I decided not to. 8.2.4.
Expressing ability in other forms:be able to Can has no infinitive,
-ing form or participles. So, when necessary. we make these forms
with be able to.
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e.g. Id like to be able to play the piano.
In the future, people will be able to live on other planets. She
enjoys being able to speak foreign languages. Ive been able to
drive since I was 18. 8.3. Permission: can, could, may, might, be
allowed to 8.3.1. Asking for permission e.g. Can I borrow your
dictionary? Could I ask you a personal question? May I make a
suggestion? Could is less direct and more polite than can hare. May
is more formal than can and could, but can and could are more
common. We can also use might to ask for permission in a less
direct, more formal style. Might I make a suggestion? 8.3.2. Giving
permission When we give permission, we use can or may 9but not
could or might) e.g. Can I use your pen for a moment? Yes, of
course you can. You can borrow my camera if you want to. Could I
make a suggestion? Of course you may. 8.3.3. Talking about
permission When we talk about things that are already permitted or
not permitted (e.g. when there is a law or a rule), we use can(t)
or be (not) allowed.
e.g. You cant smoke/arent allowed to smoke in this room. You
can/are allowed to get married in Britain when you are 16.(Thats
the law)
The children normally go to bed at 9 oclock, but they can stay
up/are allowed to stay up later on Saturdays. (Their parents have
decided this.)
8.3.4. Could and was/were allowed to 8.3.4.1.We use could to say
that we had general permission to do something in the past.
e.g. When I was 18, I could borrow my parents car whenever I
wanted to. When I was 18, I was allowed to borrow my parents car
whenever I wanted to.
8.3.4.2 .But when we want to say that someone had permission to
do something and they did it in a particular past situation, we
must use was/were allowed to (could is not possible)
e.g. I was allowed to borrow my parents car last night.( Not: I
could borrow)
8.4. Obligation and necessity (1); must, have to, have got
to
8.4.1. Must and have to 8.4.1.1 .We use both must and have to to
express obligation or necessity, but there is sometimes a
difference between them:
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We normally use must when the authority comes from the speaker.
You must be home by 10 oclock. (I insist). Ive got a terrible pain
in my back. I must go and see the doctor. (I think it is
necessary). You must drive carefully. (I insist). We normally use
have to when the authority comes from outside the speaker. I have
to be home by 10 oclock.(My parents insist) I have to go and see
the doctor at 9.00 tomorrow morning. (I have got an appointment.)
you have to drive on the left in Britain.(That is the law)
8.4.1.2.We only use must (+infinitive) to talk about the present
and the future. When we talk about past obligation or necessity, we
use had to.
e.g. I had to work late yesterday.
8.4.1.3. Must has no infinitive, -ing form or participles. So,
when necessary, we make these forms with have to.
e.g. Ill have to work late tomorrow. He hates having to get up
early. Shes had to work hard all her life. Note that in questions
and negatives with have to we use do/does in the present simple and
did in the past simple. e.g. What time do you have to start work?
We dont have to hurry. Weve got plenty of time. Did you have to
walk home last night?
8.4.2.Have got to We often use have got to instead of have to to
talk about obligation and necessity. Have got to is more informal.
e.g. I have to hurry. Ive got to hurry. Do you have to go? Have you
got to go? We normally use have to, not have got to, for things
that happen repeatedly, especially when we use one-word adverbs of
frequency e.g. always, often. Compare: e.g. I always have to work
late on Wednesday evenings Ive got to work late this evening. Do
you often have to get up early? Have you got to get up early
tomorrow? We use got mostly in the present. To talk about the past,
we normally use had to, not had got to. e.g. I had to work late
last night.
8.5. Obligation and necessity (2): mustnt, dont have to, dont
need to, havent got to, neednt 8.5.1.Compare mustnt and dont have
to Annie has got a bad cold. You mustnt get up today. Sally is on
holiday. I dont have to get up today. We use mustnt when there is
an obligation not to do something. e.g. You mustnt get up
today.(=Do not get up.) You mustnt wash that sweater. It has to be
dry-cleaned(=Do not wash it.) We use dont have to when it is not
necessary to do something. e.g. I dont have to get up today. (=It
is not necessary to get up) You dont have to wash that shirt. It
isnt dirty.(=It is not necessary to wash it.)
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8.5.2.We can also use dont need to, havent got to or neednt to
to say that it is not necessary to do something.
e.g. I dont need to get up today. I havent got to get up today.
I neednt get up today Note that we often use neednt when the
speaker gives someone permission not to do something. e.g. You
neednt pay me back the money until next week. (= I give you
permission not to pay me back
the money until then.)
8.6. Neednt have and didnt need to 8.6.1.Neednt have + past
participle says that someone did something, but it was not
necessary- it was a waste of time.
e.g. I neednt have made so much food for the party. Nobody was
very hungry. (= it was not necessary to make so much food, but I
did,) I neednt have told Kate what happened. She already knew. (=It
was not necessary to tell Kate, but I did)
8.6.2.Didnt need to + infinitive says that something was not
necessary (but it does not say if someone did it or not).
e.g. She neednt have waited. (=It was not necessary to wait, but
she did.) She didnt need to wait.(=It was not necessary to wait: we
dont know if she did or not.) They neednt have worried. (=It was
not necessary to worry, but they did.)
They didnt need to worry.(=It was not necessary to worry; we
dont know if they did or not)
8.6.3.When we use didnt need to, it often means that someone did
not do something (because it was not necessary).
e.g. I didnt need to unlock the door because it was already
unlocked. I didnt need to write to you so I phoned you instead. But
we can also use didnt need to (with stress on need) when something
was not necessary, but someone did it. e.g. I didnt need to write
to you, but I wrote to you anyway.
8.7. Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be
supposed to, shall 8.7.1.Should and ought to 8.7.1.1.We can use
both Should and ought to talk about obligation and duty, to ask for
and give advice, and , in general, to say what is right or
good.
e.g. You should learn to swim/You ought to learn to swim. You
shouldnt tell lies./You oughtnt to tell lies. What do you think I
should do?/What do you think I ought to do? Should and ought to are
very similar in meaning, but we often prefer ought to to talk about
authority which comes from outside the speaker e.g. from laws or
rules Note that after should, we use the infinitive without to e.g.
learn, tell, but after ought we use to+infinitive e.g. to learn, to
tell.
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8.7.1.2.We use should have/ought to have + past participle to
say that someone did the wrong thing in the past.
e.g. I should have posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot.
(I did not post it) I am really tired this morning. I shouldt have
stayed up so late last night.(I stayed up late) Havent you finished
your homework yet? You ought to have done it last night. (You did
not do it)
8.7.2Had better
Had better+ infinitive without to expresses a strong
recommendation in a particular situation. e.g. Im going to an
interview tomorrow. Id better iron my shirt. Its going to be cold
tonight. Wed better turn on the heating. We always use had not have
with better in this structure, but the meaning is present or
future, not past We form the negative with had better not. e.g. Wed
better not be late. Had better often suggests a kind of threat or
warning, and is stronger than should or ought to.
8.7.3Be + supposed to
We can use supposed to to talk about what people are expected to
do because of an arrangement, a rule, or a duty. e.g. Youre
supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning. Im supposed to see
Maria this afternoon. We use not supposed to to express
prohibitions.
e.g. You know youre not supposed to eat in the classroom. There
is often a difference between what is supposed to happen and what
really happens. e.g. Im supposed to see Maria this afternoon, but
Im not going to have enough time. Put those sweets away! You know
youre not supposed to eat in the classroom. He was supposed to
phone me yesterday, but he didnt. 8.7.4.Shall
We can use shall I? When we want to know someones opinion, or
when we want advice or instructions. e.g. Ive missed my last bus.
What shall I do? Im not sure what to do. Shall I apply for the job
or not? How long shall I cook this spaghetti?
8.8. Possibility: may, might, could 8.8.1. Present and future
possibility 8.8.1.1. We use may, might and could to talk about
present or future possibility.
e.g. Theres someone at the door. It may be Sarah. (=perhaps it
is Sarah) We arent sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might
go to the beach.(=Perhaps we will go to the beach.)
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Wheres Simon? He could be in the living room. (=Perhaps he is in
the living room.) Might is normally a little less sure than may.
Could is normally less sure than may or might. + + + may + + might
+ could
8.8.1.2.We use the negatives may not and might not (mightnt)
with this meaning, but not could not. e.g. Simon may not be in the
living room(=Perhaps he is not in the living room.) We might not go
to the beach. (=Perhaps we will not go to the beach.)
8.8.1.3.Note the form: may/might/could + be + -ing
E.g. They may be having dinner at the moment. (Perhaps they are
having dinner.)
8.8.2. Possibility in the past 8.8.2.1.We can use
may/might/could + have+past participle to talk about possibility in
the past
e.g. Where was sally last night? I think she may have been at
the cinema.(=I think perhaps she was at the cinema.) Peter is late.
He might have missed his train.(=Perhaps he missed/has missed his
train.) I cant find my wallet anywhere. You could have left it at
home. (Perhaps you left/have left it at home.) She walked straight
past me without saying hello. She might not have seen you.(=perhaps
she didnt see you.)
8.8.2.2.We also use could and might (but not may) with have +
past participle to say that something was possible in the past but
did not happen
e.g. I forgot to lock my car last night. You were very lucky.
Someone could have stolen it You were stupid to try to climb that
tree. You might have killed yourself.
8.9 Deduction: must, cant 8.9.1 .Must, cant 8.9.1.1. We use must
in deductions to say that we are sure about something.
E.g. Its not very warm and youre not wearing a coat. You must be
cold. (= I am sure that you are cold.) Mrs Woods must know London
very well. She has lived there all her life. (=I am sure that she
knows London very well.)
8.9.1.2. We use cant (not mustnt) as the negative of must in
this meaning. We use cant in deductions to say that something is
impossible.
e.g. Peter was here a moment ago, so he cant be far away. (=It
is impossible that he is far away.) Annie cant be asleep. Theres a
light on in her bedroom. (=It is impossible that she is asleep)
8.9.1.3. Note the form: must/cant + be + -ing e.g. Youve been
working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. ( I am sure that
you are feeling tired.) Simon has bought two tickets for the
concert, so he cant be going on his own. (=It is impossible that he
is going on his own.)
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8.9.1.4. We also use can in questions about possibility. e.g.
The telephone is ringing. Who can that be? Sally is late. Where can
she be?
8.9.2. Must haveand cant have 8.9.2.1. We use must/cant + have +
past participle for deductions about the past.
e.g. Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been
expensive. (=I am sure that they were expensive.) You cant /couldnt
have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was
closed all day yesterday! (=It is impossible that you were at the
swimming pool!)
8.9.2.2. We use can have and could havein questions about past
possibility. e.g. Where can they have gone ? Sally is very late.
What could have happened to her?
8.10. Requests: can, could, may, will, would 8.10.1 .Asking for
something We can ask for things with can, could and may. e.g. Can I
have a glass of water, please? Could I have the bill please? May I
have some more coffee? Could is less direct and more polite than
can here: may is more formal than can/could.
8.10.2 .Asking for permission We also use can, could and may to
ask for permission. e.g. Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I ask
you a personal question? May I have a look at your newspaper?
8.10.3. Asking someone to do something 8.10.3.1. We often use can
you? (=are you able to?) to ask someone to do something for us.
e.g. Can you post this letter for me? Can you switch on the light,
please? We use could as a less definite, more polite form of can in
this meaning. e.g. Could you pass me the newspaper please? Could
you give me some advice? 8.10.3.2. We also use will you? (=are you
willing to?)to ask someone to do something. e.g. Will you switch on
the light, please? We use would as a less definite, more polite
form of will in this meaning. e.g. Would you pass this letter for
me? The phone is ringing. Would you answer it? 8.10.3.3. We also
use would with the verb mind 9=object to or dislike) to make polite
requests. e.g. Would you mind switching on the light? 8.10.3.4. We
sometimes make requests by using would like as a polite way of
saying what we want. e.g. Id like a glass of water, please. Id like
to ask you a personal question.
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8.11. Offers: will, shall, can, could, would 8.11.1. We use will
to say that we are willing to do something or to offer to do
something. e.g. Ill help you with your suitcase. Ill lend you my
bicycle if you want. Are you hungry? Ill make you something to eat.
We also use will you? In offers and invitations. e.g. What will you
have to drink? Will you have dinner with us? 8.11.2. We use shall
I? (=do you want me to?) to offer to do something for someone. e.g.
Shall I help you? Shall I open the door for you? Shall I post this
letter for you? 8.11.3. We also use can/could(=ability) to offer to
do something for someone. e.g. I can post this letter for you. I
could lend you some money if you want. Sometimes when we use can or
could to ask for permission, we are really offering to do
Something. e.g. Can I make you something to eat? Could I carry that
bag for you? In these uses, could is less direct and more polite
than can. 8.11.4.We also use would with verbs such as like, prefer
and rather to make polite offers and invitations. e.g. Would you
like to go to a party on Saturday?
Would you like me to help you? Would you prefer to stay in or go
out this evening? 8.12. Suggestions: shall, lets, why dont we,
how/what about, can, could 8.12.1. We use shall we? To ask for and
make suggestions. e.g. Where shall we go? What time shall we leave?
Shall we stay at home? Shall we play tennis tomorrow? 8.12.2. We
can also make suggestions in these ways: 8.12.2.1. e.g. Lets watch
TV. Lets go for a swim. 8.12.2.2. Why dont we(+infinitive without
to)? e.g. Why dont we go for a swim? Why dont we play tennis?
8.12.2.3. How/What about (+-ing form/noun)? e.g. How about playing
tennis/a game of tennis? 8.12.3. We use can and could to suggest
possible actions. e.g. We can watch TV if you like. We could go to
the cinema tomorrow. In this use, could is less direct and more
polite than can.
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8.13. Habits: used to, will, would 8.13.1. Used to 8.13.1.1.
Use. We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits which
are now finished. e.g. Robert used to play football when he was
younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago.(=Robert played
football regularly in the past, but he does not play now.) Kate
used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now. When I
was a child, I used to suck my thumb. We also use used to for past
states and situations which are no longer true. e.g. Robert used to
be very slim when he was younger. I used to live in London, but I
moved in 1980. We only use used to to talk about the past. When we
talk about present habits or present states, we use the present
simple. e.g. Robert never plays football now. Kate goes sailing
quite often nowadays. I live in Manchester. Robert is quite fat. We
do not use used to to say how long something happened. e.g. I
worked in Rome for six months. 8.13.1.2. Form Used to + infinitive
takes the same form in all persons. I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They
used to play football. live in London. be very slim. The negative
of used to is normally didnt use to (=did not use to) I didnt use
to live in London. You didnt use to like classical music. We also
use never used to e.g. You never used to like classical music. We
normally form questions with diduse to? e.g. Where did you use to
live? Did you use to like classical music? 8.13.2. Will and Would
8.13.2.1. we can use will to talk about someones typical behaviour
or characteristic habits. e.g. Simon loves music. Hell sit for
hours listening to his stereo. Kate is very kind. Shell always help
people if she can. We use would with the same meaning to talk about
the past. e.g. When I was a child my father would sometimes take me
fishing.
My grandmother was very absent-minded. She would often buy
something and then leave the shop without it.
Will and Would are not stressed in this use. 8.13..2.2. If will
or would are stressed (), it suggests criticism. e.g. He `will slam
the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry. She borrowed
my camera without asking. She `would do a thing like that. Shes
always borrowing things without asking. 8.13.2.3. Used to and would
When we talk about past habits, we can use used to or would.
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e.g. When we were children, we used to/would play Cowboys and
Indians together. When I was a child, my elder brother used
to/would take me to the cinema every Saturday morning. When we talk
about past states, we can use used to, but not would. e.g. My
grandfather used to be a policeman. I used to have a moustache, but
I shaved it off.
9. Grammar-Progress Test 1. Review of permission and obligation
Choose the most suitable answer-A, B or C 1. It isnt cold outside.
Youwear a coat. A mustnt B can C neednt 2. You keep out of that
room. Its private. A dont have to B mustnt C must 3. You fall
asleep when you drive a car. A mustnt B neednt C must 4. Im going
to retire soon. Then I wontwork any more. A must B have to C can 5.
You vote in Britain until you are 18. A have to B can C arent
allowed to 6. Youwear a uniform in the army.
A can B have to C mustnt 7. Tomorrow is a holiday. Wego to work.
A dont have to B arent allowed to C have to 8. You ride a bicycle
on a motorway in Britain. A must B dont have to C cant 2. Review of
possibility, probability and deduction
Choose the correct answer-A, B or C. 1. Ita lovely day tomorrow.
A can be B could b C must be 2. Im getting fat, I think Ieating the
wrong kind of food. A must be B cant be C can be 3. Im not sure,
but ISue in town last night. A can see B must have seen C may have
seen 4. Mikedriving to London tomorrow. He cant drive! A might be B
cant be C must be 5. My letteryesterday, but it didnt. A must have
arrived B may arrive C should have arrived 6. I can hear footsteps
in the flat upstairs, so there someone there. A must be B might be
C cant be 7. Were very busy tomorrow so wetime to visit you. We
arent sure. A could not have B might not have C ought to have 8.
That girl20 years old. She looks about 12! A may be B must be C
cant be
10.Progress Test-Answer-key 1. 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C
2. 1.B 2A 3C 4B 5C 6 A 7 B 8 C
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Unit 3.
TOWING 1. Read the text and try to guess the meaning of the new
words and expressions from the context.
Ships may need towing in a number of cases. When in port, tugs
may be required to take ships to or from their berths. Sometimes it
may be necessary to shift the ship from one berth to another and
the port tug is usually ordered to do this job. It may also happen
that the ship will need dry docking for cleaning the bottom and
repairs to the hull. A tug-boat will then be required to manoeuvre
the ship into the dock. A ship may become disabled at sea and in
this case she will need some other vessel or a tug to tow her to
the nearest port. Big ships require big tow-lines. Most modern
vessels are provided with steel wire tow-lines of sufficient
length. It is advisable to use wire hawsers connected with a good
length of manila rope, as this will afford the necessary elasticity
to tow-line. The towing and towed vessels communicate with each
other to coordinate their actions. Usually they signal with the
International Code, using single letter signals. It should be added
here that ships communicate with each other and with shore in a
number of ways: by radio, by flags, by light and sound signals and
by semaphore. The International Convention adopted a uniform system
of International Code Signals, which is widely used by all the
countries. In this system a single letter or combination of letters
signifies a whole sentence. When the ship receives these signals
the watch officer translates them into letters (or their
combination) and finds their meaning in the code book, where they
are grouped in a certain order. Single-letter signals are used to
denote urgent or very common messages. For instance, signal G
means: I require a pilot. As it was mentioned above, they also have
a special meaning when used between towing and towed vessels. For
example, the same signal G in this case means: Cast off the towing
hawser; the signal A signifies: The towing hawser is fast, etc. 2.
Role-play the following dialogues and then work out and perform
dialogues of your own. 2.1. Dialogue 1 C = Captain; A = Agent C: I
shall require a tug tomorrow to take my ship to another berth. A:
At what time are you going to shift? C: Well be ready to start at
about 5 p.m. A: Shall I order the tug for 5 p.m.? C: Yes, thats
what I was going to ask of you. So, please order the tug to be here
by 5 p.m. tomorrow. A: Well, the time is set then. Shall I also
order the tug beforehand to take you out of port? C: Yes, kindly
make preliminary arrangements with the tug company for Friday this
week. I am leaving your port on this day. A: What time shall I
order the tug for you? C: I cannot tell you the exact time as yet,
I think Ill let you know the exact time on Wednesday. A: Good,
thats settled then. I would advise you to take two tugs, because
there is a strong current in the entrance and the port tugs are not
very powerful. C: How much do they charge for towage? A: They
charge 15 pounds for each tug to take the ship out of port. C: All
right. Ill take your advice. Thank you. So, please order two tugs
for Friday.
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2.2. Dialogue 2. C = Captain; P = Pilot C: Look over there.
What's the matter with that ship? They have hoisted the Code Flag.
Obviously they are going to signal something to us. Hoist the
answering pendant. P: Oh, it's rather far away. I can't see so far
as that. Let me take my binoculars. Well, now I see the ship quite
clearly. Yes, you are right, they have hoisted the International
Code flag. If I am not mistaken, that's a Norwegian ship, and the
ship is obviously aground. C: How do you know that the ship is
aground? P: There is a small shoal in that vicinity and they must
have run aground. Yes, that's it. Do you see three black balls one
over the other? C: Oh, yes, now I see the balls too. You are right.
But how on earth could they have run against that shoal! So far as
I remember the chart, there's but one shoal in that area, and it is
well off the usual track. P: I think we'll soon learn about it.
See, they hoisted two other flags below the Code Flag. C: I can see
the flags but I can't distinguish them, I am afraid. I must take my
binoculars too. P: To my mind, that's a two letter signal "CB2" C:
Yes, there is no doubt about that any more. I can clearly see the
flags now. These are the flags "CB" and pennant 2. Let me see the
code book. This group means "I am aground. I require immediate
assistance." P: So they ask you to help them. What are you going to
do about that? C: We'll hoist now the group "DN" meaning "I am
coming to your assistance." P: Shall we alter the course right
away? C: Yes, certainly. (To the helmsman). Port 5! Steer for that
ship on our port bow. 2.3.Dialogue 3 C: Unfortunately, I cannot
understand them. Evidently they are speaking Norwegian. You told me
you know the Norwegian language, didnt you? Now, can you act as an
interpreter?
P: Ill try to. C: Take this megaphone. Ask them whats the matter
with their ship? P: The captain says that their engine was disabled
and they were drifted to that shoal. C: I see. Ask them please,
what they want us to do. P: They ask you to tow them off the ground
and then to tow them to Rotterdam. They say they are not very deep
in the ground and the hull is not damaged. C: All right, tell them
well manoeuvre our ship now so as to come as close as possible with
our stern to their ship. It will take us about an hour or so before
rigging the bridle from our ships quarter. P: Well, Ive told them
as you said. The captain says that meanwhile they are preparing the
towing hawser at their stern. The captain wonders how you are going
to pick the towing line up. C: Tell him that well try to pass a
heaving line from our stern. In case the distance wont allow us to
do so, they will have to lower the boat to run the hawser to our
stern. P: The Norwegian captain thanks you for your arrangements.
He wants to know also in what manner you will signal him while
towing off. C: Well use single-letter