Curriculum, Instruction and Effective Teaching email: [email protected]email: [email protected][email protected][email protected]Website: Website: http://www5.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.html http://www5.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.html Applied Sciences Education Research Group (ASERG) Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Voice: 019-355-1621 Kursus Penilaian Tahap Kecekapan TK3 2003
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““Kejayaan hari ini tidak akan Kejayaan hari ini tidak akan dinikmati jika kreativiti dan dinikmati jika kreativiti dan inovasi tidak dijadikan sebagai inovasi tidak dijadikan sebagai budaya kita.” budaya kita.”
At the end of the session, participants should be able to :At the end of the session, participants should be able to :
1. Define curriculum, syllabus/course information, scheme of work and instructional plan.
2. Explain the three stages in curriculum development.
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Curriculum / Syllabus / Course Info / Instructional Plan
CURRICULUM
SYLLABUS/COURSE INFORMATION
SCHEME OF WORK
INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN
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CURRICULUM
an educational plan consisting of general goals, program objectives, course structure, credit hours, instructional strategies, assessment, - e.g. KBSR / KBSM, DIC, BSAC
SYLLABUS / COURSE INFORMATION
a plan for a particular course or subject consisting of learning outcomes, topics and sub-topics, instructional strategies, assessment
- e.g. CMT408 – Thermodynamics
Curriculum / Syllabus / Course Info / Instructional Plan
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SCHEME OF WORK
a detailed outline of the course or syllabus consisting of a description of activities and course schedule (UiTM divided into 15 weeks).
INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN
a plan for a particular lesson or session – Goals and learning outcome– Instructional aids and activities, assessment
Curriculum / Syllabus / Course Info / Instructional Plan
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COURSE INFORMATION
Code :CMT408Course :ThermodynamicsLevel :Credit Unit :04Contact Hour :05Part :02Course Status :(Core / Non-Core)Prerequisite : Course Objectives :Course Description :Course Content :Teaching Methodology :Assessment :Recommended Text (if any):References :
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARACOURSE INFORMATION Confidential
Formulate objectives1. Consider needs of learner, society, experts2. Objective Screened – in line with : the philosophy,
vision, goals and objectives3. Consider the psychology of the learner4. Precise and specific for assessment
THE TYLER’S MODEL OR OBJECTIVES MODEL (Ralph Tyler,1950)
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives
What a graduate should know and be able to do on completion of the program?
To gain the degree the learner will have demonstrated
i)subject knowledge and understanding,
ii)cognitive skills
iii)discipline-related practical and professional skills
iv)key/transferable skills and other general skills specified in the leaning outcomes of modules within the program.
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives (cont’d)
These outcomes will have been achieved by participation in lecture, tutorial and seminar programs, involvement in workshops, laboratory and other practically based activities and carrying out independent study.
Achievement of learning outcomes is assessed in a variety of ways which includes examinations, assessed coursework, written assignments, laboratory reports, oral and poster presentations, project reports, literature reviews, portfolio assessment.
What a graduate should know and be able to do on completion of the program?
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives (cont’d)
i. underpinning principles of inorganic, organic, physical and analytical chemistry
ii. options available in forensic, industrial, drug design and analytical and materials chemistry
iii. industrial, social and environmental context of chemistry iv. experimental design
Knowledge and understanding in the context of the subject
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives (cont’d)
safe handling of chemical materials synthesis and characterization of molecules obtain, record an evaluate chemical measurement the planning, design and execution of practical investigations safe and competent operation of standard chemical
equipment conduct risk assessments concerning the use of chemical
substances and laboratory procedures
Subject specific practical/professional skills
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives (cont’d)
i. demonstrate knowledge and understanding of essential facts, concepts, principles
ii. apply knowledge and understanding to the solution of problems
iii. evaluate, interpret and synthesize chemical information and data
iv. recognize and implement good measurement science and practice.
Bloom’s Cognitive skills
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Sample of curriculum Aims/Objectives (cont’d)
Key/transferable skills
i. communicate effectively to a range of audiences by verbal, written and other means
ii. numerical and computational skills appropriate to scientists iii. information-retrieval skills iv. information-technology skills such as word-processing, spreadsheets, www,
databases v. ability to work effectively as part of a team vi. time-management and organizational skills vii. study skills needed for continuing professional development
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CONTENT
Course structure• Syllabus/course/subject• Learning experiences• Topics and sub-topics
THE TYLER’S MODEL OR OBJECTIVES MODEL (Ralph Tyler,1950)
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METHOD
• Organization• Principles of continuity• Principles of sequence• Principles of integration
• Instructional strategies• Teaching• Learning
THE TYLER’S MODEL OR OBJECTIVES MODEL (Ralph Tyler,1950)
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EVALUATION
Objectives attained• FormativeFormative for improvement• SummativeSummative for decision making
THE TYLER’S MODEL OR OBJECTIVES MODEL (Ralph Tyler,1950)
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THE CONTEMPORARY MODEL(FRAMEWORK FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT)
Identification and analysis of needs
Specification and formulation of objective
Selection and organization of contents, activities, learning experiences, etc.
Implementation
Evaluation
Feedback
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SESSION 4 : Instructional Strategies
Objectives:
At the end of the session, participants should be able to:
1. Define instructions and state the culture changes in education.
2. Define and state the purposes of learning outcome.
3. State the three conditions of a good instructional objectives.
4. Unite a general objective and specific objectives.
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SESSION 4 : Instructional Strategies
Objectives:
At the end of the session, participants should be able to:
5. State the advantages and the disadvantages of the lecture method
6. Prepare an instructional plan.
PTK 2003 - ReflectPTK 2003 - Reflect
““Learning is not a spectator sport. Students Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just sitting in classes do not learn much just sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing listening to teachers, memorizing prepackaged assignments, and spitting out prepackaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write reflectively about it, relate it learning, write reflectively about it, relate it to past experiences, and apply it to their daily to past experiences, and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves.” themselves.”
-Source:"Implementing the Seven Principles: Technology as Lever" by Arthur W. Chickering and Stephen C. Ehrmann
PTK 2003 – Why Consider?PTK 2003 – Why Consider?
“Individuals can achieve excellence thru excellence thru Knowledge transferKnowledge transfer………”
UiTM’s Philosophy
PTK 2003--LearningPTK 2003--Learning
KnowledgeKnowledge
Not to be imparted or transferred
Depends on existing belief system
It is to be constructed
Brain is not a sponge
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What is INSTRUCTION ?
The process of presenting or implementing the curriculum content or plan.
The actual engagements of learners with planned learning opportunities (Saylor, 1981).
Instruction involves both teaching and learning:– a. various methods and strategies– b. teaching and learning styles and preferences.
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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
Well defined objectives are useful in :
-Defining the intents of an educational plan
-Helping teachers to plan steps or strategies necessary to achieve the plan
-Helping students to know what is expected of them at the end of the program
-Helping the teachers, administrators and society to assess the products of the system
Why need learning outcomes/objectives??Why need learning outcomes/objectives??
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CONDITIONS
Robert Mager (1962) suggested that objectives of learning need to be specific in terms of :
-What the learner will be able to do when he has mastered the objectives (using verbs that denote observable action).
-Under what conditions he will be able to do it (indicating correctness, speed, rate of response, etc.).
E.g.: Given an unfinished metal casting, be able to machine the surface according to the specification indicated on the attached drawing
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GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Groundlund (1970) suggest writing objectives at two levels:
•General objectives
•Specific objectives
He suggest that we define general instructional objectives, each followed by a sample of specific behavioral outcomes which are representative of the general instructional objectives.
In such a scheme, teaching may be directed towards achievement of the general objectives.
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GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
x Have a good understanding of the microbial system
x Have a good knowledge of the relationship between physical and biochemical structures and the nutritional requirements
Avoid un-measurable objectives:
State the different types of microbial system
Explain the relationship between the physical and biochemical structures and the nutritional requirements
Measurable objectives:
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Instructional Methods
TYPES OF DELIVERY
Lectures, direct teaching Studio
Tutorials Role Plays
Case Studies Workshop
Brainstorm Fieldwork
Small group discussion
Laboratory Work
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Very specific learning targets.
Students are told reasons why content is important - helps to clarify lesson objective.
Relatively easy to measure student gains.
Can stifle teacher creativity.
Requires well-organized content preparation and good oral communication skills.
Steps must be followed in prescribed order.
Content must be organized in advance.
Types of Instruction-Direct Teaching
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Is a widely accepted instructional method.
Good for teaching specific facts and basic skills.
May not be effective for higher-order thinking skills, depending on the knowledge base and skill of the teacher.
Teacher should have information about student prerequisites for the lesson.
Types of Instruction-Direct Teaching
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Factual material is presented in a direct, logical manner.
May provide experiences that inspire
Useful for large groups.
Proficient oral skills are necessary.
Audience is often passive.
Learning is difficult to gauge.
Communication is one-way.
Not appropriate for children below grade 4.
There should be a clear introduction and summary.
Effectiveness related to time and scope of content.
Is always audience specific; often includes examples, anecdotes.
“It can be said unequivocally that good good teachingteaching is far more complex, difficult and complex, difficult and demanding than mediocre researchdemanding than mediocre research, which
may explain why professors try hard to professors try hard to avoid itavoid it.”
-Page Smith
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What makes good teaching very complex and difficult?? (from research findings)
everyone can learneveryone can learn and students do not all learn in the and students do not all learn in the same wayssame ways
knowledge is constructed, so uncover prior knowledge knowledge is constructed, so uncover prior knowledge and build on it.and build on it.
genuine understanding … or generative knowledge… genuine understanding … or generative knowledge… is a high priority, so continuity and connections in is a high priority, so continuity and connections in learning are emphasized;learning are emphasized;
students, as learners, are teachers; students, as learners, are teachers; teachers must also teachers must also be learnersbe learners;;
What makes good teaching very complex and difficult??
teaching is guided by the students’s strengths teaching is guided by the students’s strengths and interests;and interests;
self-reliance and independence of students is self-reliance and independence of students is the ultimate goal;the ultimate goal;
time must be spent teaching students how to time must be spent teaching students how to learn (learning about learning);learn (learning about learning);
learning requires risk taking and mistakeslearning requires risk taking and mistakes
What makes good teaching very complex and difficult?? (Observation )
Students lack direction or sense of purposeStudents lack direction or sense of purpose Students need to be motivatedStudents need to be motivated Students need attention and approvalStudents need attention and approval Students have varied personalities and Students have varied personalities and
“The goal of intellectual education is not not how to repeat or retain ready-made truthshow to repeat or retain ready-made truths…
It is in learning to master the truth by learning to master the truth by oneself at the risk of losing a lot of time and oneself at the risk of losing a lot of time and going thru all the roundabout waysgoing thru all the roundabout ways that are
Author: Alvin TofflerSource: Lessons from the Art of Juggling; How to Achieve Your Full Potential in Business, Learning and Life by Michael Gelb and Tony Buzan
“The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn.”
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How to Best Teach??
Distribution Function Principle:
No unique way to address the question :No unique way to address the question :
““What is the best way to teach a subject?”What is the best way to teach a subject?”
Our individual experiences (Our individual experiences (transmittalist transmittalist instructioninstruction) may have little relevance to how to ) may have little relevance to how to
best teach our students.best teach our students.
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SESSION 5: LECTURER PERSONALITY
At the end of the session, participant should beable to :1. Describe the personality / profile of a lecturer at
UiTM.2. List the qualities of an effective lecturer3. List and describe the three major roles and
responsibilities of a lecturer.
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:
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LECTURER PERSONALITY/PROFILE
KNOWLEDGE
SKILLS
ATTITUDE
LECTURERLECTURER
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SUBJECT MATTER Area of Expertise General Knowledge Research and Development
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
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CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS DESIGN
Curriculum Development Syllabus Design Scheme of Work Lesson Plan
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
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EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Theories of Learning Growth and Development Learning Style / Preferences Motivation
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
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SKILLSSKILLS
COMMUNICATION SKILLS Oral Written
PEDAGOGY / ANDRAGOGY Approaches, Methods and Techniques
Testing, Measurement and Evaluation Test Construction and Evaluation Student Evaluation
SUPERVISION Thesis, Practicum, Practical, etc.
SKILLSSKILLS
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TEACHER PERSONALITY Roles and Responsibilities Positive Qualities Role Model
PUBLIC / COMMUNITY SERVICE
ATTITUDE
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Characteristics of an Effective Lecturer
The following is a list of characteristics of effective trainers identified by Karen Lawson (1998):
Put a tick next to those that describe you.
Knowledge of Subject Empathetic
Genuine Understanding
Well organized Sense of humor
Goal oriented Uses a variety of methods
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Strong presence; poise Warm; approachable Professional appearance Tactful Ability to relate content to Good voice quality participants' situations Enthusiastic Patient Good listener Flexible; spontaneous Positive Attitude Positive self-concept Participant centered Credible Honest and open Ability to relate to others Respectful of participants at all levels Emotional stability Objective Diagnostician Coach and counselor Articulate
The task of the excellent teacher is to stimulate ‘apparently ordinary‘apparently ordinary”” people to unusual effortunusual effort. The tough problem istough problem is not in identifying winners: it is making winners out of ordinary making winners out of ordinary people.people.