Current Capabilities for Space Security: A Korean Perspective Prof. Changdon Kee GNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea Workshop on Collective Security in Space Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007
Jan 11, 2016
Current Capabilities for Space Security: A Korean Perspective
Prof. Changdon KeeGNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea
Workshop on Collective Security in Space
Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007
Prof. Changdon KeeGNSS Lab, Seoul National University, South Korea
Workshop on Collective Security in Space
Tokyo, Japan, April 23, 2007
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Contents
Introduction
Space Technology in Korea
Space Security Issues to Be Concerned
Issues and related proposals
Concluding Remarks
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
“Space Security”
Definition
Secure and sustainable access to, and use of space
Freedom from space-based threats
Eight indicators of space security1. Space Environment2. Laws, Policies, and Doctrines3. Civil Space Programs and Global Utilities4. Commercial Space5. Space Support for Terrestrial Military Operations6. Space Systems Protection7. Space Systems Negation8. Space-based Strike Weapons
* Reference: http://www.spacesecurity.org
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
History of Space Technology in Korea
• Established Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) as an Independent Institute in 1996.
• Developing Satellite Design, Manufacturing and Launch Capabilities
• Joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2001
• Participated in EU’s Galileo Project, a Satellite-based Navigation System, in 2006
• Constructing its Own Launch Site: “Naro Space Center”• Plans to Introduce First Launch Vehicle in 2007 or 2008• Total of 11 Operation Satellites (7 LEOs and 4 GEOs)
* Reference: http://www.kari.re.kr Naro Space Center
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Naro Space Center (under construction)
* Reference: http://space.go.kr Naro Space Center
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
1999KITSAT3
2002SSat1
2001 2007SSat2
2008SSat3
2006
2011
2005KOREASAT4
1999KOREASAT3
2014COMS2
2013SSat5
2015SSat6
2005KOMPSAT2
1999KOMPSAT1
2008COMS1
2008KOMPSAT3
2009KOMPSAT4
KOMPSAT5
2011SSat42KOMPSAT6
KOMPSAT72015KOMPSAT8
2015KOREASAT5
2007 KSLV-1
2010 KSLV-2
2015 KSLV-3
National Space Program (1/3)
* Reference: http://www.most.go.kr Ministry of Science & Technology
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
National Space Program (2/3)
KOMPSAT-2 (Korea Multi-purpose Satellite-2)Application : Earth ObservingMass : 800 kgOrbit : 685 km x 685 km SSOEquipment : MSC (1m resolution)
Image #1 : Mt. Bakdu in Korea
Image #2 : Seoul Olympic Stadium
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
National Space Program (3/3)
KSLV-1 (Korea Space Launch Vehicle-1)
COMS (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite)Multi-purpose Geostationary Sat.
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Space Security Issues to Be Concerned
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer
Space (PAROS)
Space Debris Mitigation
Frequency Spectrum & Orbit Slot
Allocation
Satellite-based Navigation System and its
Augmentation System
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Government Statement (1/2)
Statement by Chang Dong-hee, Ambassador of the Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 8, 2006
"The possibility of an arms race using advanced space and related technologies, as well as the proliferation of space debris, by-products of increased space activities, all give rise to an important question: how should we safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of outer space for peaceful purposes?"
"Confidence-building measures constitute one of the most important aspects in the whole process. These may include building up support for an effective regime, readiness to negotiate it and, once agreed upon, the full and effective implementation of it. For this, we may need to start by seeking ways to strengthen effective compliance by current space-faring nations with existing agreements, such as the Registration Convention of 1975."
* Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Government Statement (2/2)
Statement by the Ban Ki-moon (Currently Secretary-General of the United Nations), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea to the Conference on Disarmament, June 20, 2006.
"On the prevention of arms race in the outer space, like many other countries, the Republic of Korea has greatly benefited from space-based technologies. We are keen to safeguard the uninterrupted and free use of the outer space for peaceful purposes. We welcome the in-depth CD debate on PAROS. In light of the complicated nature of the related issues, we believe a gradual and pragmatic approach is sensible at this state."
* Reference: http://cns.miis.edu Center for Nonproliferation Studies
• CD : Conference on Disarmament• PAROS : Prevention of An Arms Race in Outer Space
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Orbit & Frequency Slot Allocation Problem
Multi-purpose Satellite DesignCOMS(Communication, Ocean and
Meteorological Satellite)Efficient methodology to overcome the
problem of limited resources (Budget, Orbit slot, and frequency slot)
International CooperationSK Telecom of Korea and Mobile Broadcasting
Corp. (MBCo) of Japan joined hands to launch the DMB satellite, MBSAT.
• DMB : Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
GNSS and its Augmentation System
Several countries continued R&D of GNSSU.S. GPS, Russian GLONASS, EU’s Galileo, Chinese C
OMPASS (Beidou), Japanese QZSS, and Indian IRNSSSeveral countries continued R&D of GNSS Augm
entation SystemsU.S. WAAS, EU EGNOS, Japanese MSAS, Indian GAGA
N, Australian GRAS, Chinese SNAS, and etc.Why each country needs its own separate GNSS
Augmentation System?Inefficiency, overlapping, and etc.
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Geosynch Satellite
Ionosphere I
GPS Satellite
jbjR
Aircraft User
WMS
WRS
WRS
IbR jjˆ,ˆ,ˆ
Current GNSS Augmentation System
Centralized GNSS Augmentation System!
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Current GNSS Augmentation System:Centralized System
In fact, the Country, which owns WMS (Wide-area Master Station), has such predominant power over the whole network area that the sovereignty of WMS will be a critical issue among interested countries.
Problems in Asia:A deep-rooted heterogeneity with respect to
historical and political background (ex. democracy vs. communism)
National Security IssueSome subtle matters :
excessive concentration of security critical data lack of mutual confidence among nations
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Proposal on GNSS Augmentation System
Propose an Asian Version of GNSS Aug. System:
“Decentralized GNSS Augmentation System”solve the sovereignty issue of the network area by
distributing a predominant power to several local area (or nations)
guaranteeing operational independence within a homogeneous local area (or a nation)
Suggest a Project to Implement Asian GNSS Augmentation Systemmore easily induce “constructive engagement” in
the Asian GNSS Augmentation System.eventually promote the feasibility of the project.
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Current Development of GNSS Augmentation Systems
Independent and Centralized Approach!
Ionosphere I
GEOGPS Satellite
jbjR
Aircraft User
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Possible Way for Interoperability & Cooperation
Decentralized Approach for Regional Augmentation System !
Ionosphere I
GEOGPS Satellite
jbjR
SRS
SRS
SMS+ IFC
mm Px ,ˆ
Aircraft User
GEO
Seoul National UniversityGNSS Lab.
Concluding Remarks
Korea develops Space Technology Multi-purpose satellites, space launch vehicles, Naro
space center, and space-based navigation system & its augmentation system
Must consider Space Security Issues Orbit & frequency slot, peaceful use of outer space, a
nd space debris mitigationPropose “Decentralized GNSS Augmentation Syst
em in Asia” to start confidence-building for further Cooperation in Space Security