A Geographic Perspective on the Korean Culture

A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on A Geographic Perspective on the Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culturethe Study of Korean Culture

Je-Hun Ryu

1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction1. Introduction

� Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune Dr. Shannon MacCune � The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea The cultural history of Korea � Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea Geographical diversity in Korea � Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration Successive waves of migration � Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development Contrasting regional development

22222222--------1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical 1. The Geographical ConceptsConceptsConceptsConceptsConceptsConceptsConceptsConcepts

� Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory Distribution, boundary, territory � Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place Region, landscape, place � The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture The study of Korean culture � Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods Geographical concepts and methods

22222222--------2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural 2. Mapping the Cultural BoundariesBoundariesBoundariesBoundariesBoundariesBoundariesBoundariesBoundaries

� Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps Cultural boundaries on the maps � “ BundlesBundlesBundlesBundles” of lines of lines of lines of lines � Culture areas Culture areas Culture areas Culture areas � Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits Distribution of cultural traits � Cultural region Cultural region Cultural region Cultural region

22222222--------3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in 3. Linguistic Boundaries in KoreaKoreaKoreaKoreaKoreaKoreaKoreaKorea

� The method of mapping The method of mapping The method of mapping The method of mapping � Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between Linguistic boundaries between

northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects northern and southern dialects � On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts On the east and the west coasts

Figure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabularyFigure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabularyFigure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabularyFigure 1. Isoglosses based on vocabulary

Figure 2. Isoglosses based on grammarFigure 2. Isoglosses based on grammarFigure 2. Isoglosses based on grammarFigure 2. Isoglosses based on grammar

Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern and southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Korea

22222222--------4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East 4. The Isoglosses on the East CoastCoastCoastCoastCoastCoastCoastCoast

� Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Isoglosses in the zone between Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City Gangreung City and Samcheok City

� A hybrid subA hybrid subA hybrid subA hybrid sub----dialect dialect dialect dialect � The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical The topography and geopolitical

location location location location � The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural The Taebaek Range as a natural

barrier barrier barrier barrier

Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern and southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Korea

22222222--------5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East 5. The Isoglosses from East to Westto Westto Westto Westto Westto Westto Westto West

� The isoglosses from east to west The isoglosses from east to west The isoglosses from east to west The isoglosses from east to west � The Sobaek Range as a natural The Sobaek Range as a natural The Sobaek Range as a natural The Sobaek Range as a natural

boundaryboundaryboundaryboundary

Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern and southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Korea

22222222--------6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the 6. The Isoglosses on the West CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest Coast

� A series of isoglosses on the west A series of isoglosses on the west A series of isoglosses on the west A series of isoglosses on the west coast coast coast coast

� The Taean Peninsula The Taean Peninsula The Taean Peninsula The Taean Peninsula

Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern Figure 3. The linguistic boundary between northern and southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Koreaand southern dialects in Korea

33333333--------1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape1. The Cultural Landscape

� The typical association of geographical The typical association of geographical The typical association of geographical The typical association of geographical features features features features

� Religious and folk landscapes Religious and folk landscapes Religious and folk landscapes Religious and folk landscapes � Linguistic landscapes Linguistic landscapes Linguistic landscapes Linguistic landscapes � Rural and urban landscapes Rural and urban landscapes Rural and urban landscapes Rural and urban landscapes

33333333--------2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea2. Cultural Regions in Korea

� In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong River River River River

� SeowonSeowonSeowonSeowon, or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian , or the private Confucian academies academies academies academies

� In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District In the Yongdeungpo District � Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular Protestantism, in particular

Presbyterianism Presbyterianism Presbyterianism Presbyterianism

Figure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valleyFigure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valleyFigure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valleyFigure 4. Dosan Academy (Seowon) on the slope of a valley

Figure 5Figure 5Figure 5Figure 5----1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches 1. Protestant churches in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District in the Yeoungdeungpo District before 1945before 1945before 1945before 1945

Figure 5Figure 5Figure 5Figure 5----2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches 2. Protestant churches in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in in the Yeungdeungpo District in the 1990sthe 1990sthe 1990sthe 1990s

33333333--------3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the 3. Shamanism on the Gyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong MountainGyeryong Mountain

� Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called Shamanistic halls called dangdangdangdang� On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island On the eastern Jeju Island � BonhyangdangBonhyangdangBonhyangdangBonhyangdang, or main, or main, or main, or main----spirit hallsspirit hallsspirit hallsspirit halls

Figure 6Figure 6Figure 6Figure 6. A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain . A series of mountains on Gyeryong Mountain

Figure 7Figure 7Figure 7Figure 7. The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a . The forest surrounding a bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) (main spirit hall) on Jeju Islandon Jeju Islandon Jeju Islandon Jeju Island

33333333--------4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the 4. Folk Landscapes in the Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum Upper Valleys of the Geum

River River River River River River River River � Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities Village rituals and plurality of deities � In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River In the upper valleys of the Geum River � At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village At the entrance of a village � SeondolSeondolSeondolSeondol (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) � DoltapDoltapDoltapDoltap (pebble(pebble(pebble(pebble----pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda) pile or stone pagoda)

Figure 8. Figure 8. Figure 8. Figure 8. A more typical A more typical A more typical A more typical shape of a male shape of a male shape of a male shape of a male seondol seondol seondol seondol around Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Town

Figure 9.Figure 9.Figure 9.Figure 9. A female A female A female A female seondol seondol seondol seondol (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) (standing stone) around Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Townaround Okcheon Town

Figure 10Figure 10Figure 10Figure 10. A . A . A . A doltapdoltapdoltapdoltap, or , or , or , or pebblepebblepebblepebble----pile, around pile, around pile, around pile, around Geumsan TownGeumsan TownGeumsan TownGeumsan Town

33333333--------5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of 5. Pavilions in the Tributary of the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River the Namhan River

� In the tributary of the Namhan River In the tributary of the Namhan River In the tributary of the Namhan River In the tributary of the Namhan River � Yangban Yangban Yangban Yangban families families families families � At particularly attractive scenic spots At particularly attractive scenic spots At particularly attractive scenic spots At particularly attractive scenic spots

Figure 11. The spatial spread of Figure 11. The spatial spread of Figure 11. The spatial spread of Figure 11. The spatial spread of jeongja jeongja jeongja jeongja (pavilion) in the (pavilion) in the (pavilion) in the (pavilion) in the upper reaches of the Namhan River before and after the upper reaches of the Namhan River before and after the upper reaches of the Namhan River before and after the upper reaches of the Namhan River before and after the 18181818thththth centurycenturycenturycentury

Figure 12. A pavilion, called Yeongnamru, situated on a cliffFigure 12. A pavilion, called Yeongnamru, situated on a cliffFigure 12. A pavilion, called Yeongnamru, situated on a cliffFigure 12. A pavilion, called Yeongnamru, situated on a cliff

44444444--------1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration 1. Local Histories of Migration or Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusionor Diffusion

� The evolution of a landscape The evolution of a landscape The evolution of a landscape The evolution of a landscape � A regional structure consisting of core A regional structure consisting of core A regional structure consisting of core A regional structure consisting of core

and periphery and periphery and periphery and periphery � The religious and linguistic landscapes The religious and linguistic landscapes The religious and linguistic landscapes The religious and linguistic landscapes

44444444--------2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around 2. Confucian Diffusion around Andong CityAndong CityAndong CityAndong CityAndong CityAndong CityAndong CityAndong City

� In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong In the upper reaches of the Nakdong River River River River

� Between the late 17th and early 19th Between the late 17th and early 19th Between the late 17th and early 19th Between the late 17th and early 19th century century century century

� Disciples of Hwang Yi Disciples of Hwang Yi Disciples of Hwang Yi Disciples of Hwang Yi � In the initial stage of diffusion In the initial stage of diffusion In the initial stage of diffusion In the initial stage of diffusion � In the final stage of diffusion In the final stage of diffusion In the final stage of diffusion In the final stage of diffusion

Figure 13. Sosu Academy (Seowon) beside a stream Figure 13. Sosu Academy (Seowon) beside a stream Figure 13. Sosu Academy (Seowon) beside a stream Figure 13. Sosu Academy (Seowon) beside a stream

Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of Figure 14. The diffusion process of seowonseowonseowonseowon around Andong Cityaround Andong Cityaround Andong Cityaround Andong City

Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Figure 15. The regional structure of the Andong Culture AreaAndong Culture AreaAndong Culture AreaAndong Culture Area

44444444--------3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around 3. Catholic Diffusion around Anseong TownAnseong TownAnseong TownAnseong TownAnseong TownAnseong TownAnseong TownAnseong Town

� Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 Catholicism from 1801 to 1869 � Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys Into remote mountain valleys � A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of A mountainous area in the east of

Anseong Town Anseong Town Anseong Town Anseong Town � A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti A mountain pass called Baeti � A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901 A French priest in 1901

Figure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti PassFigure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti PassFigure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti PassFigure 16. A memorial Catholic church at Baeti Pass

Figure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti PassFigure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti PassFigure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti PassFigure 17. Graveyards for the martyred at Baeti Pass

Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong Figure 18. Gupodong Main Catholic Church in Anseong TownTownTownTown

Figure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main ChurchFigure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main ChurchFigure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main ChurchFigure 19. The side wall of Gupodong Main Church

Figure 20Figure 20Figure 20Figure 20----1. The growth 1. The growth 1. The growth 1. The growth of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes of Catholic parishes around Anseong Townaround Anseong Townaround Anseong Townaround Anseong Town

Figure 20Figure 20Figure 20Figure 20----2. The increase 2. The increase 2. The increase 2. The increase of Catholic churches of Catholic churches of Catholic churches of Catholic churches around Anseong Townaround Anseong Townaround Anseong Townaround Anseong Town

44444444--------4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the 4. Linguistic Diffusion on the Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast Southwest Coast

� On the southwest coast On the southwest coast On the southwest coast On the southwest coast � Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays Peninsulas, large islands and bays � The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and The sea between peninsulas and

islands islands islands islands � “ Linguistic IslandLinguistic IslandLinguistic IslandLinguistic Island”� Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion Natural barriers to linguistic diffusion

the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula the Goheung Peninsula

Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Figure 21. Dialect boundaries on the Southwest CoastSouthwest CoastSouthwest CoastSouthwest Coast

55555555--------1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography1. New Cultural Geography

� Cultural landscapes, complex in their Cultural landscapes, complex in their Cultural landscapes, complex in their Cultural landscapes, complex in their forming processes forming processes forming processes forming processes

� Cultural landscapes, fully embedded Cultural landscapes, fully embedded Cultural landscapes, fully embedded Cultural landscapes, fully embedded with meanings and symbolism with meanings and symbolism with meanings and symbolism with meanings and symbolism

� Cultures of socially marginal groups Cultures of socially marginal groups Cultures of socially marginal groups Cultures of socially marginal groups � The knowledge of social relations of The knowledge of social relations of The knowledge of social relations of The knowledge of social relations of

dominance and subordination dominance and subordination dominance and subordination dominance and subordination

55555555--------2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the 2. Sacred Places on the Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain Gyeryong Mountain

� Shamanism on the Gyeryong Mountain Shamanism on the Gyeryong Mountain Shamanism on the Gyeryong Mountain Shamanism on the Gyeryong Mountain � SambulSambulSambulSambul----bong, or Threebong, or Threebong, or Threebong, or Three----Buddha Peak Buddha Peak Buddha Peak Buddha Peak � SambulSambulSambulSambul (three Buddhas) or (three Buddhas) or (three Buddhas) or (three Buddhas) or samshinsamshinsamshinsamshin� WomenWomenWomenWomen’s desperate needs for male s desperate needs for male s desperate needs for male s desperate needs for male

descendants descendants descendants descendants

Figure 22. The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls on Figure 22. The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls on Figure 22. The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls on Figure 22. The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls on Gyeryong Mountain after 1975Gyeryong Mountain after 1975Gyeryong Mountain after 1975Gyeryong Mountain after 1975

Figure 23.Figure 23.Figure 23.Figure 23. The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls The spatial distribution of Shamanistic halls

on Gyeryong Mountain before 1975on Gyeryong Mountain before 1975on Gyeryong Mountain before 1975on Gyeryong Mountain before 1975

Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975Before 1975 After 1975

55555555--------3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism 3. Territories of Shamanism and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island and Folk Beliefs on Jeju Island

� Shamanistic deities as old women called Shamanistic deities as old women called Shamanistic deities as old women called Shamanistic deities as old women called halmanghalmanghalmanghalmang

� The womenThe womenThe womenThe women’s higher status and stronger s higher status and stronger s higher status and stronger s higher status and stronger power in society power in society power in society power in society

� The territorial dominance of female deities The territorial dominance of female deities The territorial dominance of female deities The territorial dominance of female deities � MainMainMainMain----spirit halls called spirit halls called spirit halls called spirit halls called bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang on the on the on the on the

eastern Jeju Island eastern Jeju Island eastern Jeju Island eastern Jeju Island

Figure 8Figure 8Figure 8Figure 8. A . A . A . A bonhyangdangbonhyangdangbonhyangdangbonhyangdang, or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town , or main spirit hall around Gujua Town on Jeju Islandon Jeju Islandon Jeju Islandon Jeju Island

Figure 25Figure 25Figure 25Figure 25. Individual territories of . Individual territories of . Individual territories of . Individual territories of bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang bonhyangdang (main spirit (main spirit (main spirit (main spirit halls) on eastern Jeju Islandhalls) on eastern Jeju Islandhalls) on eastern Jeju Islandhalls) on eastern Jeju Island

55555555--------4. Women4. Women4. Women4. Women4. Women4. Women4. Women4. Women’’ s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in s Places in Tongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo TempleTongdo Temple

� Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association Buddhist landscapes in association with womenwith womenwith womenwith women’s power s power s power s power

� Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, Popular support from the common, including women including women including women including women

� Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Sanshingak and Samseonggak in Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple Tongdo Temple

� A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara A Buddhistic hall with Avalokitsvara

55555555--------5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in 5. Confucian Landscapes in Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang Tongdo Temple and Songwang

Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple Temple

� Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and Buddhism between Shamanism and NeoNeoNeoNeo----Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism Confucianism

� The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship The ideology of ancestor worship � An ancestral hall in Tongdo TempleAn ancestral hall in Tongdo TempleAn ancestral hall in Tongdo TempleAn ancestral hall in Tongdo Temple� A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in A stupa of the monk named Jinul in

Songwang Temple Songwang Temple Songwang Temple Songwang Temple

66666666--------1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and 1. The Identity and Experience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the InsiderExperience of the Insider

� Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the Many ways of seeing and reading the landscape landscape landscape landscape

� The new cultural geography The new cultural geography The new cultural geography The new cultural geography � Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of Dominant meanings in the making of

landscape and place landscape and place landscape and place landscape and place

66666666--------2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul 2. The City Planning of Seoul in the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Periodin the Joseon Period

� Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power Symbolic representation of power relations relations relations relations

� Confucianism more than FengConfucianism more than FengConfucianism more than FengConfucianism more than Feng----shui or shui or shui or shui or Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism Buddhism

� The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout The pattern of city layout � The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism The ideology of Confucianism

Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Figure 26. An old pictorial Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Map of Seoul in the late Joseon PeriodJoseon PeriodJoseon PeriodJoseon Period

Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located Figure 27. Geunjeongjeon, or the Throne Hall, located inside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palaceinside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palaceinside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palaceinside Gyeongbokgung, or the Main Palace

Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Figure 28. Guanghuamun, or the Gate of Radiant Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese Transformation, before its relocation in the early Japanese rulerulerulerule

66666666--------3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and 3. The Royal Landscapes and Places in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju CityPlaces in the Jeonju City

� Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Jeonju City as the home of the Jeonju Yi family Yi family Yi family Yi family

� Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and Royal authority on the landscape and place place place place

� A ConfucianA ConfucianA ConfucianA Confucian----style shrine called style shrine called style shrine called style shrine called Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon Gyonggijeon

� A ConfucianA ConfucianA ConfucianA Confucian----style altar called style altar called style altar called style altar called Jogyongdan Jogyongdan Jogyongdan Jogyongdan

Figure 29. An old pictorial map Figure 29. An old pictorial map Figure 29. An old pictorial map Figure 29. An old pictorial map of Jeonju City in the late Joseon of Jeonju City in the late Joseon of Jeonju City in the late Joseon of Jeonju City in the late Joseon PeriodPeriodPeriodPeriod

Figure 30. The layout of Jeonju City in the Figure 30. The layout of Jeonju City in the Figure 30. The layout of Jeonju City in the Figure 30. The layout of Jeonju City in the late Joseon Periodlate Joseon Periodlate Joseon Periodlate Joseon Period

66666666--------4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in 4. The Confucian Places in Gyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju CityGyongju City

� In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period � Landscape and place to represent the Landscape and place to represent the Landscape and place to represent the Landscape and place to represent the

royal authority royal authority royal authority royal authority � A shrine compound called A shrine compound called A shrine compound called A shrine compound called

Jipgyongjeon Jipgyongjeon Jipgyongjeon Jipgyongjeon � Ancestral shrines at the royal tombs Ancestral shrines at the royal tombs Ancestral shrines at the royal tombs Ancestral shrines at the royal tombs

Figure 31. The layout of Figure 31. The layout of Figure 31. The layout of Figure 31. The layout of Gyeongju City in the Gyeongju City in the Gyeongju City in the Gyeongju City in the late Joseon Periodlate Joseon Periodlate Joseon Periodlate Joseon Period

Figure 32. A group of royal tombs, called Oneung, literally Figure 32. A group of royal tombs, called Oneung, literally Figure 32. A group of royal tombs, called Oneung, literally Figure 32. A group of royal tombs, called Oneung, literally meaning five tombsmeaning five tombsmeaning five tombsmeaning five tombs

66666666--------5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred 5. The Making of Sacred Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple Places in Tongdo Temple

� Jajang as royal advisor for the queen Jajang as royal advisor for the queen Jajang as royal advisor for the queen Jajang as royal advisor for the queen of the Shilla Kingdom of the Shilla Kingdom of the Shilla Kingdom of the Shilla Kingdom

� To mystify the temple site of Tongdo To mystify the temple site of Tongdo To mystify the temple site of Tongdo To mystify the temple site of Tongdo TempleTempleTempleTemple

� A holy mountain in India A holy mountain in India A holy mountain in India A holy mountain in India � A myth concerned with a pond A myth concerned with a pond A myth concerned with a pond A myth concerned with a pond � GeumganggyeGeumganggyeGeumganggyeGeumganggye----dan with Sakyamunidan with Sakyamunidan with Sakyamunidan with Sakyamuni’s s s s

belongings belongings belongings belongings

Figure 33Figure 33Figure 33Figure 33. Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple. Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple. Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple. Guryong (Nine Dragon) Pond in Tongdo Temple

Figure 34Figure 34Figure 34Figure 34. Gumganggye. Gumganggye. Gumganggye. Gumganggye----dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform dan, or the Diamond Ordination Platform in Tongdo Templein Tongdo Templein Tongdo Templein Tongdo Temple

66666666--------6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic 6. The Pavilion as a Symbolic PlacePlacePlacePlacePlacePlacePlacePlace

� A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from A pavilion coined with symbolism from Confucian ideology Confucian ideology Confucian ideology Confucian ideology

� In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period In the Joseon Period � The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery The right to enjoy the scenery � A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a A specific name and poems to create a

sense sense sense sense � A group identity among A group identity among A group identity among A group identity among yangban yangban yangban yangban men men men men

Figure 35. A pavilion situated in the villageFigure 35. A pavilion situated in the villageFigure 35. A pavilion situated in the villageFigure 35. A pavilion situated in the village

7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion 7. Conclusion

� The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture The place of landscape in Korean culture � Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories Multiple cultural histories � Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean Spatial strategies in the formation of Korean

culture culture culture culture � Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean Cultural politics as a longtime Korean

Tradition Tradition Tradition Tradition � The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the The future of geographical study on the

Korean culture Korean culture Korean culture Korean culture