Culture Group-ways, taught over generations Behavior Courtship Child-rearing Material things Shelter Tools Ideas, institutions, beliefs Language and dexterity.

CultureGroup-ways, taught over generationsBehavior

CourtshipChild-rearing

Material thingsShelterTools

Ideas, institutions, beliefsLanguage and dexterity facilitate cultureCulture enables human adaptation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Paleolithic Age 1,000,000-10,000 B.C.E. (Old Stone Age)

No cultivation of agriculture

People were hunters and gatherers

Small nomadic tribes

Little control over nature

Some evidence of religious faith and use of magic

Division of labor by sex


Neolithic Age 10,000-3500 B.C.E. (New Stone Age)

Cultivation of agricultureDomestication of animalsTransition from nomadic lifestyle to a more settled agricultural existenceGreater control over natureInvention of potteryPopulation growthGrowth of Cities

Catal HuyukJericho


Defining Civilization

Urbanization

Social changeGrowth in population

Technological and industrial changeBronze metallurgy

Long-distance trade

Symbolic communication (writing, art)


Mesopotamian CivilizationTigris and Euphrates RiversPolitically fragmentedSumerian and Semitic languagesAkkadian influence

Sargon and unificationNaram-Sin and the victory stele

Babylonian dominanceHammurabi (r. 1792-1750)Law code


Mesopotamian CultureWriting

CuneiformWriting restricted to an educated elite

MathematicsSexagesimal system (units of 60)Astronomy

ReligionPolytheisticNature godsPessimistic view of life and afterlife

Slavery


Egyptian Civilization

Importance of the Nile RiverUpper Egypt (south) – Nile valleyLower Egypt (north) – Nile delta

Unification and tradeSecurity and optimismExtraordinarily long political history

Unification 3100 B.C.E.Absorption into Roman empire 30 B.C.E.


Old Kingdom 2700-2200 B.C.E.

Pharaoh was a god on earth

Maat – ideal of order, justice and truth

PyramidsPharonic tombs

Represented power and wealth of Egypt


Later Kingdoms

Middle Kingdom 2025-1630 B.C.E.Power of the pharaohs more limited

Second Intermediate PeriodArrival of Hyksos

New Kingdom 1550-1075 B.C.E.Military expansion and empire

Tutankhamun – wealth of the New Kingdom


Egyptian CultureLanguage and literature

Hieroglyphs

ReligionPolytheisticPtah, Atum, ReAkhenaten’s monotheism

Worship and the afterlifeClear view of afterworldBook of the DeadMummification


Egyptian Society

WomenWomen could own and control property, sue for divorce, and had equal legal protection

Hatshepsut – powerful female pharaoh

SlavesFirst numerous during Middle Kingdom

• Black Africans and Asians

Massive slavery during expansion of New Kingdom• Hebrews enslaved


Ancient Near Eastern EmpiresHittites 1500-1200 B.C.E.

Indo-European peoplePowerful statInvention of iron

KassitesLater Babylonian empirePeople of unknown origin

MitanniansCapital at WashukaniChariot warfare and horse training


Later Near Eastern Empires

AssyriansSemitic speaking peoples in Assur

Expansion 1000-665 B.C.E.

Powerful army – reputation for cruelty

Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt

Well-structured empire

Civil war and collapse

Neo-BabyloniansNebuchadnezzar and wonders of Babylon


Early Indian Civilization

Geographic considerationsHimalayan mountain barrier

Indus River

Ganges River

West open to invaders

Political fragmentation


Indus Civilization 2500-1500 B.C.E.

Writing can not be read so still mysteriousLarger area than Mesopotamia or EgyptHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Both populations of over 35,000Homogeneous archaeological sitesCentralized governmentsCities laid out in structured gridsTemplesComplex system of drains and sewersPrivate houses with wells and bathrooms


Life in the Indus CivilizationEconomy based on agricultureTrade between Indus and MesopotamiaFine bronze and stone sculpturesReligion

Link to later Indian religious practicesMale image similar to Hindu god ShivaTerra-cotta figurines of females

Passing of Indus Civilization 1700 B.C.E.Impact of Aryan invaders?Flooding and ecological damage


Vedic Aryan Civilization

Aryan invaders – Indo-Europeans

Rig-Vedic Age 1700-1000 B.C.E.Vedas – source of most information

• Aryan sacred texts• “Knowledge”• Rig-Veda

1028 Hymns to the gods

Aryans• “Nobles”• Central Asian origins


“Aryanizing” of North India

Vedic Aryans were seminomadic warriorsHorsemen and cattle herdersAryans left their mark in the changes they left in conquered regions

New languageSocial organizationTechniques of warfareReligious forms and ideas


Late Vedic Age 1000-500 B.C.E.

Also known as Brahmanic AgeDominance of priestly class or Brahmans

Literary classicsWritten later (400 B.C.E.-200 C.E), but set during this period

MahabharataWorld’s longest epic poemCivil war between two Aryan clans

RamayanaAdventures of legendary King Rama


Vedic Aryan SocietyPatrilineal societyTribes ruled by raja or chieftainAryan society originally had simple division between nobles and commoners

Dasas were darker conquered peoples

Later rise of four varnas or classesBrahman – priestKshatriya – warrior or nobleVaishya – peasant or tradesmanShudra – servant


Vedic ReligionMixing of Aryan and Indus conceptsUpanishads – 800 B.C.E.

Religious texts – mature form of HinduismTopics like transmigration of soul after death

Various godsIndra – god of war and stormVaruna – guarded the cosmic orderAgni – fire-god of sacrifice and priests

BrahmanThe transcendent principle of reality


Early Chinese Civilization

Neolithic origins 4000 B.C.E.Yellow River basin

Yangtze, West, Red

Agricultural revolutionMilletRice

Xia Dynasty 2205-1766 B.C.E.May be legendary


Shang Dynasty 1766-1050 B.C.E.

Capital near Anyang

“Oracle bones” – divination

Three notable features of Shang DynastyWriting

• Religious concept – “Deity Above”• Cosmology

Bronze

Social classes• Human sacrifice


Western Zhou 1050-771 B.C.E.

Shang fall to Zhou from western ChinaContinuation of Shang patternsChange in notion of political legitimacy

Mandate of HeavenWithdrawn from wicked ShangA moral willHeaven increasingly seen as an abstract metaphysical force

Western half of empire falls to barbarians


Eastern Zhou 771-256 B.C.E.

Move to eastern capital of LuoyangSpring and Autumn Period 771-481Warring States Period 481-256Rise of large territorial states

Expansion of population and agricultural landsRise of commerceRise of a new kind of army

• Cavalry and professional commanders

China on verge of unification


Rise of Civilization in the Americas

Land bridge between Siberia and AlaskaLast ice age

Human crossing

Initially hunters and gatherers

Neolithic revolutionMany parts of Americas poor in animal resources

American production of plants providing protein much greater than in Europe

Cultivation of maize in Mexico by 4000 B.C.E.


Population in the AmericasFour areas of dense settlementPacific Northwest

Dependent on fish instead of agriculture

Mississippi valleyMaize agricultureHigh level of social and political integrationCollapsed before European contact

MesoamericaAndean region of South America

Strong, long-lasting states


Mesoamerican Civilization

Pre-Classic 2000 B.C.E.-150 C.E.Also known as Formative period

Olmecs• Capitals – San Lorenzo and La Venta• Origins of writing

Classic 150-900 C.E.Maya and Teotihuacán

Post-Classic 900-1521 C.E.Maya, Toltecs and Aztecs


Andean CivilizationComplex agricultural regionEarly Horizon period

Chavin de Huantar

Early Intermediate periodMoche and Nazca

Middle Horizon periodHuari and Tiahuanaco

Later Intermediate periodChimu

Rise of Inca


Culture Group-ways, taught over generations Behavior Courtship Child-rearing Material things Shelter Tools Ideas, institutions, beliefs Language and dexterity.

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