CT1304 LAN LAB Rehab AlFallaj
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CT1304 LAN LABRehab AlFallaj
LAN PHYSICAL LAYER
Networks are consist of: Nodes:
Service Units: PCs. Processing and interface Units
Transmission medium. Local Circuits: connects PCs in a limited\small
networks. Backbone Channel: connects processing units
LAN CHANNEL
Channel: The media that digital\analog signal travel
through from sender to destination. Channel developed a lot to allow high speed
transmission rate, and to send data to a farther distance.
LAN channels: Wired channels. Wireless channels.
LAN CHANNEL
Wired channels: Twisted pairs Coaxial cable Fiber optics.
Wireless channels: Microwave Infrared laser
WIRE CHANNEL
Twisted pairs: Phone networks The function of the twists is to decrees the
attenuation or noise that affects the media. Advantages:
Cheap Fixable Simple to use.
Disadvantages: Does not support high speed transmission rate. Limited Frequency bandwidth.
WIRE CHANNEL
To use twisted pairs in LANs: Specific thick conductor Specific isolation Number of twists Shield
WIRE CHANNEL
Shielded twisted pairs STP Unshielded twisted pairs UTP
WIRE CHANNEL
Twisted pair wire connectors: RG-45
Used in Ethernet LANs. Has 8 pins
USB connector: Used to connect devices attached to PC and network wireless devices. Shielded against Noise and interference. Support electric energy to the attached devices through the port.
WIRE CHANNEL
D-shell connector: Connect numbers of STP cables
Multi Access Unit (MAU): Connect STP cables with network devices in token ring
type of networks.
WIRE CHANNEL
Coaxial Cable: Better than Twisted pairs. Wide frequency bandwidth support ( 500 million
Hz) Support very high speed data rate (1Mbps –
1Gbps) Used in T.V channels Some LANs.
Thin Coaxial: Used in local circuits Used to send digital signal to 185 m used in 10-base-2 Ethernet LAN : 10 Mbit\sec ,
baseband digital transmission ,200 m
WIRE CHANNEL Thick Coaxial:
Less fixable than thin coaxial. Can send digital signal to 500 m without the need to
use amplifier. Used in backbones and Trunks that connects
processing units to IEEE LAN , 10-base-5 Ethernet LAN: 10 Mbit\sec, baseband digital transmission, 500 m
Broad Band: Diameter: Less fixable Expensive. Can send Analog signals till 1800 m without amplifier. Used in Video signals, Backbones and Trunks that
connects processing units to IEEE LAN: 10-broad-36 Ethernet LAN, 10 Mbit\sec
Analog Broadband transmission, 3600 m
WIRE CHANNEL
EIA standards for Coaxial Cables
WIRE CHANNEL
Coaxial connectors: BNC connectors:
Connects Thin Coaxial cables BNC-T connectors:
Connects Thin Coaxial cables BNC termination
Connects Thin Coaxial cables AUI connectors:
Connects Thick Coaxial cables.
WIRE CHANNEL
Fiber Optics: Stepped-Index Multimode fiber.
Graded index fiber.
Single mode fiber
WIRE CHANNEL
For fiber optics: Very wide frequency bandwidth: 5 Giga Hz Light signals. Transmission rate: 1 Giga bit\sec – 10 Giga bit\
sec Total isolation. it doesn’t affected by interference, noise
because its light signals.
Fiber optics are widely used recently and are replacing several transmission mediums.
WIRE CHANNEL
Fiber Optics Connectors: SC connector:
2.5 mm inner ring Push-pull to install
ST connectors: 2.5 inner ring Rotate- lock
WIRELESS CHANNEL
Wireless channel send data using wave Propagation from Antenna of sender and receiver.
Wireless channels can be divided based on wave frequency, and its propagation type.
Propagation type: Surface propagation. Reflection from troposphere (50 km above
ground) Reflection from Ionosphere (90 km above
ground) Line of sight ( 100 km )
WIRELESS CHANNEL
WIRELESS CHANNEL
Wireless channels based on wave frequency: Radio: 30 kHz – 300 MHz Microwave: 300 MHz – 300 GHz Infrared: 300 GHz – 300 THz Laser: 1014 Hz– 1015 Hz
Applications use wireless channels vary from TV, Voice applications, document/ data sending application, Radio.
WIRELESS CHANNEL
WIRELESS CHANNEL
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Microwave: used to send signals between 30m-100m inside buildings, and 100m-300m outside.
Microwave can travel through walls or any type of barriers that disallow wired or fixed transmission media.
It can be affected by Electromagnetic Interferences and noise.
Signals and waves propagate in all the directions around Omnidirectional from (aerial: special device) attached to NIC or any network devices
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Microwaves signals use very high frequencies: 900MHz , 204 GHz. 507GHz or 18-19 GHz.
Microwave have two types of bands: Spread Spectrum wireless LAN نظاق ذات محلية شبكة
منتشر have very broad band frequency Continuous travel of signals Used in wide area Transmission rate: 1Mbps – 100 Mbps
Narrow Band ضيق نطاق ذات السلكية محلية شبكة Have fixed or limited frequency. Sending signals with low Electric power No more that 30m length tall Transmission rate: 10 Mbps – 20 Mbps
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Infrared: uses waves with wavelength 500 – 900 nano meter (10 -5 m to10 -9 m).
Infrared have very broad band and high speed transmission rate between PCs and\or other devices in LAN such as printer.
Can send data through limited area inside the building.
Can NOT go through walls or any barriers. Infrared signals affected by Sun light. Unidirectional, Diffused
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Broad band, high speed transmission rate: 1mbps -10Mbps.
Easy to install and maintain. It does NOT affected by noise and
interference with any electromagnetic waves.
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Laser: can concentrate the power or energy to be sent in a thin pack of light around 1mm, and can be send to 500 m or longer depends on the energy used.
1014 Hz – 1015 Hz frequency. 1 Mbps – 100 Mbps Can NOT go through walls or barriers or fog
or heavy rain. Affected by Sun Light. Laser signals may curve, bend if affected by
high tempreture.
WIRELESS LAN NETWORK
Laser is Unidirectional. Simple to install and maintain. It does NOT affected by noise and
Electromagnetic Interference.
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