CS 3112 - First Assignment -Mark Bryan F. Ramirez/BSCS-3E

CS 3112CS 3112

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

Assignment # 1Assignment # 1

Submitted to:Submitted to:Mr. Jomel PenalbaMr. Jomel Penalba

Submitted by:Submitted by:Mark Bryan F. RamirezMark Bryan F. RamirezBSCS – 3EBSCS – 3E

1. How are a computer's internal components physically 1. How are a computer's internal components physically linked? Illustrate the concept by describing a complete linked? Illustrate the concept by describing a complete machine cycle.machine cycle.

2. On most computers, all internal components are 2. On most computers, all internal components are designed around a common word size. Why? Explain how designed around a common word size. Why? Explain how a computer word size affects its processing speed, a computer word size affects its processing speed, memory, capacity, precision, and instruction set size.memory, capacity, precision, and instruction set size.

3. What is meant by computer's architecture?3. What is meant by computer's architecture?

4. Discuss the ff: terms: Motherboard, slot, bus, network, 4. Discuss the ff: terms: Motherboard, slot, bus, network, signal, local area network, wide area network, network signal, local area network, wide area network, network server, workstation, host.server, workstation, host.

5. Briefly describe the different network topologies.5. Briefly describe the different network topologies.

A A personal computer is made up of multiple is made up of multiple physical components of physical components of computer hardwarecomputer hardware, upon , upon which can be installed an which can be installed an operating system and a and a multitude of multitude of software to perform the operator's to perform the operator's desired functions.desired functions.

Though a PC comes in many different forms, a Though a PC comes in many different forms, a typical typical personal computer consists of a consists of a case or or chassis in a tower shape (desktop), containing chassis in a tower shape (desktop), containing components such as a components such as a motherboard..

1. How are a computer's internal 1. How are a computer's internal components physically linked? Illustrate components physically linked? Illustrate the concept by describing a complete the concept by describing a complete machine cycle.machine cycle.

1. Monitor

2. Mother Board

3. CPU –Central Processing Unit

4. RAM – Memory Card

5. Driver (Sound and Video Card)

6. Power Supply

7. CD- ROM

8. Hard Disk

9. Keyboard

10. Mouse

MotherboardMotherboardThe motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large

rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the rest of the parts of the computer including the computer including the CPU, the , the RAM, the disk drives (, the disk drives (CD, , DVD, , hard disk, or , or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.slots.

Components directly attached to the motherboard include:Components directly attached to the motherboard include: • The • The central processing unit ( (CPUCPU)) performs most of the calculations performs most of the calculations

which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usually the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan. by a heat sink and fan.

• The • The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.components of the system, including main memory.

• • RAM (Random Access Memory) stores all running processes (Random Access Memory) stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS.(applications) and the current running OS.

COMPONENTS

• • The The BIOS includes boot includes boot firmware and power management. The and power management. The BBasic asic IInput nput OOutput utput SSystem tasks are handled by ystem tasks are handled by operating system drivers. drivers.

• • Internal Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound. expansion cards for graphics and sound.

○ ○ CurrentCurrent ▪ The ▪ The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express Express

▪ ▪ PCI Express, for expansion cards such as , for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end graphics and physics processors, and high-end

`̀ network interfacesnetwork interfaces ▪ ▪ PCI, for other expansion cards, for other expansion cards

▪ ▪ SATA, for disk drives , for disk drives

○○ ObsoleteObsolete ▪ ▪ ATA (superseded by SATA) (superseded by SATA) ▪ ▪ AGP (superseded by PCI Express) (superseded by PCI Express) ▪ ▪ VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP) VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP) ▪ ▪ ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but

still used in industrial computers)still used in industrial computers)

•• External Bus ControllersExternal Bus Controllers support ports for support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus. PCI bus. ○○ USB ○○ FireWire ○○ eSATA ○○ SCSI

Power supplyPower supply

•• A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits. Power supply units used in between those limits. Power supply units used in computers are nearly always switch mode power supplies computers are nearly always switch mode power supplies (SMPS). The SMPS provides regulated direct current (SMPS). The SMPS provides regulated direct current power at the several voltages required by the motherboard power at the several voltages required by the motherboard and accessories such as disk drives and cooling fans. and accessories such as disk drives and cooling fans.

Removable media devicesRemovable media devices • • CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data. music and data. ○○ CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD. CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD. ○○ CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and

from a CD.from a CD.

•• DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage. common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage. ○○ DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD. DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD. ○○ DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to

and from a DVD.and from a DVD.○○ DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.data from a special type of DVD.

•• Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD. video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD. ○○ BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray

disc.disc. ○○ BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and

from a Blu-ray disc.from a Blu-ray disc.

•• HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.

•• Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.loading RAID drivers.

•• Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable Iomega Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.

•• USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).(surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).

•• Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups. tape, used for long term storage and backups.

Secondary storageSecondary storageHardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use

and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.

•• Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data. Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.

•• Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.format.

•• RAID array controller - a device to manage several RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some internal or external hard disks and optionally some

peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.improvement in what is called a RAID array.

Sound cardSound card

Enables the computer to output sound to Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities. added, have surround sound capabilities.

2. What is meant by computer's 2. What is meant by computer's architecture?architecture?

In computer science and computer engineering, In computer science and computer engineering, computer architecturecomputer architecture or or digital computer organizationdigital computer organization is is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.addresses in memory.

It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

Computer architecture comprises at least three Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories:main subcategories:

Instruction set architectureInstruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a , or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, word size, language) programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data formats.formats.

•• Microarchitecture Microarchitecture, also known as , also known as Computer Computer organizationorganization is a lower level, more concrete and is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an ISA. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do organizational issue that generally has nothing to do

with the ISA.with the ISA.

•• System DesignSystem Design which includes all of the other hardware which includes all of the other hardware components within a computing system such as:components within a computing system such as:

1. System interconnects such as computer buses and 1. System interconnects such as computer buses and switchesswitches

2. Memory controllers and hierarchies2. Memory controllers and hierarchies3. CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access 3. CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA)(DMA)4. Issues like multiprocessing.4. Issues like multiprocessing.

Once both ISA and microarchitecture have been specified, the Once both ISA and microarchitecture have been specified, the actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This design actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called process is called implementationimplementation. Implementation is usually . Implementation is usually not considered architectural definition, but rather hardware not considered architectural definition, but rather hardware

design engineering.design engineering.

Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fully distinct) Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fully distinct) pieces:pieces:

•• Logic ImplementationLogic Implementation — design of blocks defined in the — design of blocks defined in the micro architecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate micro architecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate levels.levels.

•• Circuit ImplementationCircuit Implementation — transistor-level design of basic — transistor-level design of basic elements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of some elements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of some larger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at this larger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at this level, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performance level, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performance reasons.reasons.

•• Physical ImplementationPhysical Implementation — physical circuits are drawn out, — physical circuits are drawn out, the different circuit components are placed in a chip floorplan or the different circuit components are placed in a chip floorplan or on a board and the wires connecting them are routed.on a board and the wires connecting them are routed.

33. Discuss the ff: terms: Motherboard, . Discuss the ff: terms: Motherboard, slot, bus, network, signal, local area slot, bus, network, signal, local area network, wide area network, network network, wide area network, network server, workstation, host.server, workstation, host.

MotherboardMotherboard

The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together. The CPU, memory, hard drives, of a computer together. The CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card and other ports and optical drives, video card, sound card and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables. via cables.

The motherboard can be thought of as the "back The motherboard can be thought of as the "back bone" of the computer.bone" of the computer.

Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)

A A local area network (LAN)local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN. to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN.

Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist. LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist.

Specialized operating system software may be used to configure Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.that supports controlled access to LAN resources.

The term The term LAN partyLAN party refers to a multiplayer gaming event refers to a multiplayer gaming event where participants bring their own computers and build a where participants bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.temporary LAN.

Also Known As: Also Known As: local area networklocal area networkExamples: Examples:

The most common type of local area network is an The most common type of local area network is an Ethernet LAN. The smallest home LAN can have exactly two Ethernet LAN. The smallest home LAN can have exactly two computers; a large LAN can accommodate many thousands of computers; a large LAN can accommodate many thousands of computers. Many LANs are divided into logical groups called computers. Many LANs are divided into logical groups called subnets. An Internet Protocol (IP) "Class A" LAN can in theory subnets. An Internet Protocol (IP) "Class A" LAN can in theory accommodate more than 16 million devices organized into accommodate more than 16 million devices organized into subnets.subnets.

Network ServerNetwork Server

A network server is a computer designed to process A network server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet. Examples include Web local network or the Internet. Examples include Web servers, proxy servers, and FTP servers. Not only should servers, proxy servers, and FTP servers. Not only should you be familiar with using servers on the Internet, an you be familiar with using servers on the Internet, an increasing number of people have learned to set up increasing number of people have learned to set up network servers for business and personal uses.network servers for business and personal uses.

Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)

A A WANWAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). networks (MANs).

The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines. networks that utilize leased lines.

WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often networking equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.found in WANs include SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.

Computer WorkstationComputer Workstation

A computer workstation is an ergonomically A computer workstation is an ergonomically designed area of an office which accommodates a desktop designed area of an office which accommodates a desktop computer and all of its peripherals. Ergonomic design computer and all of its peripherals. Ergonomic design means that the user shouldn't have to assume means that the user shouldn't have to assume uncomfortable positions in order to perform his or her uncomfortable positions in order to perform his or her duties. A good computer workstation provides a duties. A good computer workstation provides a comfortable and adjustable task chair, a properly comfortable and adjustable task chair, a properly positioned monitor, a keyboard shelf, a mousepad with positioned monitor, a keyboard shelf, a mousepad with wrist rest and peripherals (printers, speakers, disk drives, wrist rest and peripherals (printers, speakers, disk drives, etc.) which are easily accessible.etc.) which are easily accessible.

HOSTHOSTHosts Hosts devices that connect directly to a devices that connect directly to a

network segment. These hosts include computers, network segment. These hosts include computers, both clients and servers, printers, scanners and both clients and servers, printers, scanners and many other devices. These devices provide the many other devices. These devices provide the users with connection to the network, with which users with connection to the network, with which the users share, create and obtain information. the users share, create and obtain information.

4. Briefly describe the different network topologies.

TOPOLOGY – defines the structure of the network. There are two parts to the topology definition: the physical topology which is the actual layout of the wire (media) and the logical topology which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts. It refers also to how computers are being connected with each other.

The types of topologies:The types of topologies:

1.1. BUS topologyBUS topology – uses a single backbone segment (length of – uses a single backbone segment (length of cable) that all the hosts connect to directly. The idea is that is cable) that all the hosts connect to directly. The idea is that is just like riding a bus. It has only one driver and many just like riding a bus. It has only one driver and many

passengers who are riding.passengers who are riding.

2.2. RING topologyRING topology – connects one host to the next and the last – connects one host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable. host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.

3.3. STAR topologySTAR topology – connects all cables to a central point of – connects all cables to a central point of concentration. This point is usually a hub or switch. It has a concentration. This point is usually a hub or switch. It has a focal point where all the resources are there.focal point where all the resources are there.

4. 4. EXTENDED STAR topologyEXTENDED STAR topology – uses the star topology – uses the star topology to be created. It links individual stars together by to be created. It links individual stars together by

linking the hubs/ switches. This will extend the length linking the hubs/ switches. This will extend the length of of the network.the network.

5. 5. HIERARCHICAL topologyHIERARCHICAL topology - is created similar to an - is created similar to an extended star but instead of linking the hubs/ switches extended star but instead of linking the hubs/ switches together, the system is linked to a computer that together, the system is linked to a computer that

controls the traffic on the topology.controls the traffic on the topology.

6. 6. MESH topologyMESH topology – is used when there can be – is used when there can be absolutely no break in communications. So as you can absolutely no break in communications. So as you can see see in the graphic, each host has its connections to all in the graphic, each host has its connections to all other hosts. other hosts. This also reflects the design of the internet This also reflects the design of the internet which has which has multiple paths to any one location. multiple paths to any one location.

Network Interface Card (NIC)Network Interface Card (NIC) – is a printed circuit – is a printed circuit board that fits into the expansion slot of a bus on a computer’s board that fits into the expansion slot of a bus on a computer’s motherboard or peripheral device. It is considered to be found in motherboard or peripheral device. It is considered to be found in Layer 2 devices because each individual NIC throughout the Layer 2 devices because each individual NIC throughout the world carries a unique code, called the world carries a unique code, called the Media Access Control Media Access Control (MAC) address.(MAC) address.

You can build computer networks with many different You can build computer networks with many different media types. Each media has advantages and disadvantages. media types. Each media has advantages and disadvantages. What is an advantage for one media (category 5 cost) might be a What is an advantage for one media (category 5 cost) might be a disadvantage for another (fiber optic cost). Some of the disadvantage for another (fiber optic cost). Some of the advantages and disadvantages are:advantages and disadvantages are:

•• Cost Cost

•• Ease of installationEase of installation•• Cable length Cable length

REPEATERREPEATER - is an electronic device that - is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. It is used when the type of cable (CAT5 distances. It is used when the type of cable (CAT5 UTP) is long. CAT5 UTP has a maximum length of UTP) is long. CAT5 UTP has a maximum length of 100 meters (approximately 333 feet). The purpose of 100 meters (approximately 333 feet). The purpose of a repeater is regenerate and retimes network signals a repeater is regenerate and retimes network signals at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer at the bit level to allow them to travel a longer distance on the media. distance on the media.

HUBHUB - is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber - is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and thus making them act as a optic Ethernet devices together and thus making them act as a single network segment.single network segment.

There are different classifications of hubs in networking:There are different classifications of hubs in networking:

1.1. The first classification is active or passiveThe first classification is active or passive.. Most modern hubs are Most modern hubs are active; they take energy from a power supply to regenerate active; they take energy from a power supply to regenerate network signals. Some hubs are passive devices because they network signals. Some hubs are passive devices because they merely split signal for multiple users, like using a “Y” cord on a merely split signal for multiple users, like using a “Y” cord on a CD player to use more than one set of headphones.CD player to use more than one set of headphones.

2.2. Another classification of hubs is intelligent or dumbAnother classification of hubs is intelligent or dumb.. Intelligent Intelligent hubs have console ports, which mean they can be programmed to hubs have console ports, which mean they can be programmed to manage traffic in the network. Dumb hubs simply take an manage traffic in the network. Dumb hubs simply take an incoming networking signal and repeat it to every port without the incoming networking signal and repeat it to every port without the ability to do any management.ability to do any management.

BRIDGEBRIDGE – refers to a device which has just two – refers to a device which has just two parts. It filters the frames and how this is actually parts. It filters the frames and how this is actually accomplished.accomplished.

SWITCHSWITCH – is to concentrate connectivity, while – is to concentrate connectivity, while making data transmission more efficient. A device that is making data transmission more efficient. A device that is able to combine the connectivity of a hub with the traffic able to combine the connectivity of a hub with the traffic regulation of a bridge regulation of a bridge on each port.on each port.

ROUTERROUTER – the first device that you will work with – the first device that you will work with that us at the OSI’s network layer, or other known as Layer that us at the OSI’s network layer, or other known as Layer 3. The purpose of a router is to examine incoming packets, 3. The purpose of a router is to examine incoming packets, choose the choose the best path for them in a network and then switch best path for them in a network and then switch them to the them to the proper outgoing portproper outgoing port