Crop bio fortification

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur 208002

Uttar Pradesh, INDIA

Welcome

A Course Seminaron

Role of genetic engineering in crop bio-fortification

Speaker :Jaydev Kumar, Id. No. :CA 8608/12

Course No.: GPB 609, Cr. :1(1+0)

Date : 05-04 -2014, Time : 03:00 P.M.

Course Instructors: Dr. D.N. Bharadwaj

Dr. R.P. Vyas

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding

C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Highlights 1. What is Crop Bio fortification ?

2. Importance of crop bio-fortification

3. Methods of Biofortifocation

a. Genetic bio fortification

b. Agronomical bio fortification4. A way use for enhance pro-vitamin A in Rice

a. Why require to enhance Pro vit. A in rice

b. Flow chart to explain a way for understanding of rice bio-fortification

5. Enhancement of Vitamin E in crop plant via crop biofortification

a. Sources of Vitamin E : Tocotrienols

b. Most suitable example: Maize

6. Advantages and disadvantages

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

What is bio-fortificationBio-fortification:

Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means

“make strong”. Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding

micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food.

Crop bio-fortification:•Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.•Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.•This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Some important view regarding bio-fortification

• Global food system is failing to deliver adequate quantities of healthy, nutritionally balanced food, especially to the resource-poor underprivileged people leading to micronutrient malnutrition.

• The malnutrition of minerals (Fe, Zn) and vitamin A are major food-related primary health problem among populations of the developing world including India where there is a heavy dependence on cereal-based diets and limited access to meat, fruits and vegetables.

• Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) alone is significant from the public health point of view resulting in over 330,000 child deaths every year, and about 57% of preschoolers and their mothers having subclinical VAD leading to increased morbidity and risk of mortality. While beneficial supplementation of vitamin A is currently being addressed through sponsored nutrition programmes, they are not sufficient in covering the affected populations.

• Advancement in genetic engineering, results a significant increase in the total carotenoids and β-carotene levels in the transgenic events. Provitamin A enrichment in rice crops could have a significant impact on the nourishment and nutrient interactions by playing a major role in the bioavailability and metabolic efficiency in the affected populations.

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Importance of crop bio-fortificationBio-fortification for important crop plants through biotechnological

applications is a cost-effective and sustainable solution for alleviating

VAD, etc.,. Some points present here to clearly identified role of crop bio

fortification …….

To overcome the mal-nutritions in human beings

To increment of nutritional quality in daily diets

To improvement of plant or crop quality, and increment of variability in germplasm

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Methods of crop bio-fortification

Genetic bio fortification

Agronomical bio fortification

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Genetic bio-fortified crops

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Conventional Plant Breeding to Develop Biofortified Crops

Drought-tolerant Bean

High-iron Bean

X

Drought-tolerant, high-iron beans

Genetic engineering & bio fortification of Rice

• Genetic engineering is the obvious alternative to enhance the β-carotene levels in crop plants.

• The development of the ‘golden rice’ proved that, it is possible to redirect a complete biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids by genetic engineering of multiple genes encoding key enzymes of the pathway.

• So, Golden Rice is such a bio-fortified crop.• A example of Golden Rice was developed in the year 2000.

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

• Addition of 2 genes in rice genome will complete the biosynthetic pathway:

1. Phytoene synthase (psy): derived from daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). Psy is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenioids. It catalyzes the conversion of GGPP to phytoene.

2. Lycopene cyclase (crt1)- isolated from soil bacteria Erwina uredovora.

3. Produce enzymes and catalysts for the synthesis of carotenoids in the endosperm of rice.

How Does It Work?

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Grain of rice represent high Vit. A, developed through genetic engineering

Grain of rice lack of Vit. A

The Golden Rice Solution

IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate)

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Phytoene

Lycopene

-carotene(vitamin A precursor)

Phytoene synthase

Phytoene desaturase

Lycopene-beta-cyclase

ξ-carotene desaturase

Daffodil gene

Single bacterial gene;performs both functions

Daffodil gene

-Carotene Pathway Genes Added

Vitamin APathway

is completeand functional

GoldenRice

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

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Datta K et al PBJ, 2003/2005,2006Parkhi et al MGG, 2005,2006

Rai et al 2003,2006Ye et al Science, 2000

Painie et al Nature Biotech, 2005

Golden Rice (BR29) developed at IRRI is now in Bangladesh soilSyngenta-Golden Rice (GR2) is now in field at Louisiana, USA

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Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Sources of Vitamin E : Tocotrienols

Primary sources of vitamin E are derived from plants. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols are plastid localised molecules.

Oil seeds are richest source of vitamin E, having total tocol levels ranging from 330 to 2,000 µg per gram. Tocotrienols are the primary form of vitamin E in seed endosperm of most monocots, including cereals, such as wheat, rice, and barley.

Tocotrienols are found in the seed endosperm of a limited number of dicots, such as tobacco and found rarely in vegetative tissues of plants.

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Vitamin E- Maize

The biosynthesis of the tocotrienol and tocopherol forms of vitamin E is initiated by prenylation of homogentisate.

HGGT (homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase)catalyzes an analogous reaction to HPT (homogentisate phytyl transferase), only it is highly specific for GGDP whereas HPT uses Phytyl Diphosphate as its prenyl substitute.

Results from the expression of barley HGGT in transgenic plants suggest that this enzyme has strong substrate specificity for geranyl geranyl diphosphate, rather than phytyldiphosphate.

over-expressed in maize seeds, leading to a 20-fold increase in tocotrienol level, which translated to an eight-fold increase in total tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) (Cahoon et al, 2003).

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA

Thank You

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding C.S.A.U.A.&T., Kanpur 208002 U.P., INDIA