Cracks, microcracks and fracture in polymer structures: Formation, detection, autonomic repair Firas Awaja a,b,⇑ , Shengnan Zhang c , Manoj Tripathi a , Anton Nikiforov d , Nicola Pugno e,a,f a Centre for Materials and Microsystems, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, via Sommarive 18, I-38123 Trento, Italy b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 36, Innsbruck, Austria c School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia d Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e Laborarory of Bio-Inspired and Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy f School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom article info Article history: Received 11 August 2015 Accepted 27 July 2016 Available online 28 July 2016 Keywords: Polymer composites Cracks Microcracks Polymer structures Self-repair abstract Polymers and polymer composites are susceptible to premature failure due to the forma- tion of cracks and microcracks during their service time. Evolution of cracks and microc- racks could induce catastrophic material failure. Therefore, the detection/diagnostics and effective repair of cracks and microcracks are vital for ensuring the performance reliability, cost effectiveness and safety for polymer structures. Cracks and microcracks, however, are difficult to detect and often repair processes are complex. Biologically inspired self-healing polymer systems with inherent ability to repair damage have the potential to autonomi- cally repair cracks and microcracks. This article is a review on the latest developments on the topics of cracks and microcracks initiation and propagation in polymer structures and it discusses the current techniques for detection and observation. Furthermore, cracks and microcrack repair through bio-mimetic self-healing techniques is discussed along with surface active protection. A separate section is dedicated to fracture analysis and discusses in details fracture mechanics and formation. Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 537 2. Cracks and microcracks: formation; initiation and propagation ................................................... 538 2.1. Thermal stress induced microcracking.................................................................. 539 2.2. Mechanical fatigue induced microcracking (mechanical cycling) ............................................ 540 2.3. Surface breaking cracks.............................................................................. 540 2.4. Thermo-mechanical stresses induced cracking ........................................................... 541 2.5. Stress corrosion cracking ............................................................................ 541 2.6. Thermo-oxidation-induced crack ...................................................................... 543 2.7. Microcracking due to UV exposure .................................................................... 544 2.8. Microcracking due to hygrothermal ageing .............................................................. 545 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.07.007 0079-6425/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innrain 36, 1st floor, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Awaja). Progress in Materials Science 83 (2016) 536–573 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pmatsci
Cracks, microcracks and fracture in polymer structures: Formation, detection, autonomic repair
May 17, 2023
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