Course on Malaria Vector Surveillance for Elimination (MVSE)

Training Report: 2nd International

Course on Malaria Vector

Surveillance for Elimination (MVSE) 29th September 2019 – 11th October 2019 Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

APMEN Vector Control Working Group

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Supporting Malaria Elimination in Asia Pacific

Executive summary

Malaria elimination in the Asia Pacific will be an unprecedented and major achievement in the

history of public health, by removing this disease as a primary cause of mortality and morbidity

affecting many millions of people over multiple millennia. An ambitious goal of eliminating malaria

by 2030 has been adopted by the Asia-Pacific region, but many roadblocks remain for countries to

not only eliminate the disease but to sustain that status in the face of re-infestation threats. One of

the challenges along this path to Elimination relates to the Anopheles vectors which carry the

disease. Among the key insights gained during the APMEN 1st International Malaria Vector

Surveillance for Elimination (1st MVSE) course held in Malaysia in 2018 was that a serious shortfall

exists in the ability of many National Malaria Control Program vector control entomologists to

identify Anopheles species, even to species complex/group level, and in their understanding of the

bionomics of malaria vector species. This means that while National Programs appropriately target

parasite/case surveillance, there is poor capacity in many countries to conduct effective vector

surveillance which provides critical information to guide appropriate measures for vector reduction

as well as shape and form malaria elimination strategies. Driven by its mission to support malaria-

endemic nations in the region, the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN), through its

Vector Control Working Group (VCWG) and in collaboration with partner institutions, thus

developed and enabled the presentation of a 2nd International MVSE course largely targeted at

addressing the shortfall in Anopheles taxonomic and identification skills. This course was held at

Kasetsart University in Bangkok over the period 29 September to 11 October 2019. Thirty

candidates from 21 APMEN member countries were selected through a competitive process which

took into account geographic equity, personal merit, and potential of the selected participants to

contribute to the vector surveillance activities in their respective countries.

This 2nd International MVSE course comprised an optimized mix of lectures, laboratory training and

field practice over an intensive two-week period, held partly at Kasetsart University (KU) in

Bangkok, Thailand, and its field research station in Kanchanaburi Province. A team of international

experts, collaborating with staff and students from the Department of Entomology, KU, and Malaria

Consortium, co-designed and delivered the course. While the emphasis of the course was directed

at deepening the knowledge of participants regarding the diversity, biology and identification of the

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main vector complexes and species in the Asia-Pacific region, much time was also spent on

collection and processing of specimens, data gathering methodology, GIS applications, testing for

insecticide susceptibility, as well as Insectary establishment and maintenance.

Post-course questionnaires were used together with direct interviews to solicit opinion from

participants as to the value they felt they derived from their attendance, and suggestions for

improving future courses.

Feedback from participants and collaborators suggest that these MVSE courses contribute not only

to the strengthening of vector control skills underpinning malaria elimination in the Asia-Pacific

region, but also increase the depth of capacity for entomologists to apply similar techniques to

combat the rising tide of arbovirus threats expanding in the region, such as dengue, chikungunya,

Zika and others.

This document is a summary report on that Course and provides an overview of activities and

participants and some key findings.

Introduction

Vector control is the single most effective intervention for achieving a reduction in malaria

transmission. Such vector control must be underpinned by a thorough understanding of which

vector species are present in a particular area, relative abundance of the various species, breeding

site preference, feeding and resting behavior, insecticide susceptibility, data management, data

interpretation, all of this then integrated into an effective vector control plan. Each of these elements

requires knowledge and skills for effective data sourcing, processing and application, without which

vector control programs would be wasteful and misdirected, or even completely ineffective. APMEN

uniquely adds value to such capacity gaps which often occur in NMCPs, to achieve optimized levels

of vector control surveillance which is the foundation for vector control interventions.

Building on the foundation established by the 1st Malaria Vector Surveillance for Elimination course

(MVSE) organized by APMEN in partnership with the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, and held in

Kuala Lumpur in 2018, APMEN designed a modified 2nd MVSE course adapted to incorporate

insights gained and lessons learnt from the first course, in partnership with the Department of

Entomology at Kasetsart University, in Bangkok, Thailand. This is in keeping with the APMEN

mandate to facilitate knowledge transfer, capacity building, and other appropriate support for

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malaria elimination by the National Malaria Control Country Programs as well as partner institutions

in the Asia Pacific Region. Holding these courses at key institutions in Asia Pacific, and doing so

in different countries, is also a deliberate strategy to support institutional capacity building and

promote regional ability to present high-quality courses for vector control and reduction of vector-

borne diseases.

Acknowledgements

The 2nd MVSE course was generously funded by the Sumitomo Chemical company via the

University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), which supported the travel-related costs of the

participants and the course trainers and facilitators. ACTMalaria supported participants from its

member countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines). Kasetsart University

contributed both financially and in-kind towards the course, allowing the program to use its

educational facilities (seminar hall for opening ceremony, lecture rooms, laboratory) and equipment

(microscopes, field facilities). Kasetsart University also contributed towards the event costs

(accommodation, meals and refreshments). APLMA/APMEN Co-Secretariat provided financially

support for 2 participants. WHO supported 2 participants from the Myanmar Ministry of Health &

Sports, and the Shwin Chan company supported one additional participant from the Myanmar

Ministry of Health & Sports. It is also important to recognize that all the course trainers, specifically

Ms. Cecilia Tanda Hugo from ACTMalaria, Dr. Jeffery Hii (independent vector control adviser), Dr.

Richard Maude from MORU, Dr. Leo Braack from Malaria Consortium, Dr. Leopoldo M. Rueda

from Smithsonian Institution, Dr. Maria Bustos from WHO Thailand, Dr. Michael Bangs from

International SOS Ltd, Dr. Pradya Somboon from Chiang Mai University, Dr. Ratchadawan and Dr.

Rungarun from Kasetsart University, Dr. Sylvie Manguin from the French National Research

Institute for Sustainable Development, and Dr. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap from Kasetsart

University generously contributed their time free of charge to contribute to this course. This goodwill

and partnership resulted in the successful delivery of what was a fairly financially-costly course in

a more cost-effective yet top-quality manner.

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Acronyms

ACT Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy

APMEN Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network

CDC Center for Disease Control

FOSS Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)

GIS Geographic Information System

GMP Global Malaria Program

GMS Greater Mekong Subregion

GTS Global Technical Strategy

IR Insecticide Resistance

IRM IRM Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)

IVM IVM Integrated Vector Management

KU Kasetsart University

MORU Mahidol Oxford Research Unit

MVSE Malaria Vector Surveillance for Elimination

ORENE Online Resource Exchange for Entomology

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

SOP Standard Operation Procedure

UCSF University of California, San Francisco

VBDC Vector Borne Diseases Control

VCWG Vector Control Working Group

WHO World Health Organization

WRBU Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit

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Media coverage

A video presentation covering the entire training activities can be accessed using this link or QR code:

Table of Contents

Executive summary............................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................... 3

Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... 4

Focus .................................................................................................................................................... 10

Participant selection ........................................................................................................................... 10

Course proceeding .............................................................................................................................. 13

Day 1: Module (1) Introduction & Context 13 Introduction and general outline of course (expectations both ways, and anticipated outcomes): Prof. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap 13 Other non-malaria mosquito-borne diseases (arboviruses, filariasis): Prof Leo Braack 13 Study design and data analysis: Prof. Richard J Maude 13 Introduction to the WHO e-learning module on Malaria Entomology and Vector Control, as well as other vector control documents and support: Dr. Cecilia Hugo 14 Entomological studies to support malaria control/elimination and other vector borne disease control programmes: Dr. Chusak Prasittisuk 14 Developing an Entomological Working Plan: Dr. Chusak Prasittisuk 15 Introducing APMEN VCWG’s Online Resource Exchange for Entomology platform (ORENE): Dr. Htin Kyaw Thu 15

Day 2: Module (2). Malaria vector biology and identification 16 The need for accurate vector identification: Bionomics of the dominant vectors in Asia Pacific: Prof. Sylvie Manguin 16

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Species complexes and identification techniques: Prof. Sylvie Manguin 16 Introduction of mosquito morphology, systematic and microscope: Dr. Pollie Rueda 17

Day 3: Module (3) Basic GIS for vector mapping 17 Basic GIS for vector mapping: Dr. Ratchadawan Ngoen-klan 17

Day 4: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors 18

Day 5: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors (continued) 19

Day 6: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys 20 Pinning the collected adult mosquitoes for ID 20 Morning presentation 20

Day 7: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued) 20

Day 8: Traveling back to Bangkok and elective day 21

Day 9: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued) 21 Malaria: Current status globally, regionally, background to malaria control – Elimination continuum and Challenges: Dr. Maria Dorina Bustos 21 Hyrcanus Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles): Dr. Pollie Rueda 21 Barbirostris and Umbrosus group: Associate Professor Pradya Somboon 22

Day 10: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued) 22 Minimus Subgroup and identification of field collected larval samples: Assoc. Prof. Pradya Somboon 22

Day 11: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued) 22 Adult Mosquito Insecticide Susceptibility Bioassays (WHO tube and CDC bottle): Dr. Michael Bangs, PhD 22

Day 12: Module 6: Insectary and Mosquito Colony Management, Use of Colony Material 25 Methods and purposes of mosquito colony establishment and maintenance: Basic infrastructural considerations, egg, larval, pupal, adult considerations, Aedes, Culex and Anopheles: Dr. Jeffrey Hii 25 Quality control of Anopheles spp. identification: demonstration and practice in transferring specimens from WHO tube and CDC bottle assays to micro-beem tubes for dispatch to KU, recording form, and SOP: Dr. Jeffrey Hii 25

Course evaluation ............................................................................................................................... 28

Participant feedback ........................................................................................................................... 30

Consideration for the 3rd MVSE ......................................................................................................... 32

Re-conceptualizing the model for MVSE 37

Annexes ............................................................................................................................................... 39

Annex (1): Participant list 39

Annex (2): Speakers biographies 45

Annex (3): Pre and Post-test questionnaire 57

Annex (4): Participant feedback form 60

Annex (5): Course agenda 63

Annex (6): Individual Reports from Course Organizers 72

Annex (7): Training budget 80

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Background and Introductions

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In Asia Pacific countries, there is mixed malaria elimination status. There are countries which are

now transitioning to elimination (e.g. India, Papua New Guinea), some are on paths of elimination

and getting close (e.g. Thailand), and some already have achieved elimination (e.g. Sri Lanka).

This mixed status presents challenges as well as opportunities to the network in order to achieve

its goals. The challenges include different programmatic priorities and available capacities.

Opportunities include peer-learning (countries who are eliminating malaria can learn from the best

practices from the countries who had already achieved elimination). However, there is a

fundamental need for countries not only to achieve elimination but also to sustain this achievement.

Surveillance is becoming increasingly important and a corner-stone to achieve both. During the

2018 Annual Vector Control Working Group Meeting in Bangkok, Thailand, country partners and

partner institutions come together to discuss the entomological priorities and how APMEN can best

help to support the countries to address these needs.

People’s Republic of China

Afghanistan

Pakistan India

Indonesia

Timor - Leste

Papua New Guinea

Solomon Islands

Vanuatu

Philippines

Thailand

Bangladesh

Nepal

DPR Korea

Republic of Korea

Viet

Sri Lanka

Bhutan

Malaysia

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Number of Indigenous Cases

0

1 – 20,000

20,001 – 100,000

100,001 – 500,000

500,001 – 1,000,000

Source: World Malaria Report 2018

Figure 1Distribution of indigenous malaria cases (cases contracted locally with no evidence of importation and no direct

link to transmission from an imported case, WHO Malaria Terminology) in Asia Pacific Countries.

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Summary of Entomological Priorities (Technical)

How APMEN can support

Maintain knowledge, skills, and

commitment of staff in a low transmission

setting with competing health priorities a

significant issue (funding and skill set)

Re-orientate entomologists job from

administration to more technical role

Leverage entomological capacity for

arbovirus surveillance to maintain skills for

for malaria elimination sustainability.

Upskilling cadres at lower end of health

system in basic entomology

Engage communities in basic surveillance

and control strategies

Develop minimal requirements for

entomological surveillance at local and

national level

Training for IR surveillance, morphological

(identification and analysis techniques)

Facilitate south-south training: capitalize

on lessons learned from near

elimination/elimination country/setting

Training on basic vector bionomics studies

Support research collaborations

Support short courses, diplomas (regional,

global)

Help track exported cases and facilitate

communication between relevant bodies

Vector bionomics: species identification

and behavioral traits (and linkages to

potentials for transmission) – link to

epidemiological data

Training on SOPs for field/lab studies

Based on these identified priorities and suggested solutions, the VCWG designed a training

program building upon the experience from the 1st MVSE course. There is unanimous agreement

that the training should focus on morphological identification, field sample collection, vector

mapping, Insecticide-resistance testing, and insectary methods.

Kasetsart University was chosen as this year’s host given its strong research and educational

expertise on medical entomology, easily accessible field sites where students can do field-based

learning, and dedicated faculty members and facilitators to allow good student-facilitator ratio to

ensure effective delivery of the course in all lectures and practical sessions.

The course uses the combination of interactive lectures in classroom setting, practical hands-on

learning in the laboratory (for species identification, CDC bottle testing for IR), and field-based

learning (sample collection, storage, and handling).

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At the beginning of the course, a pre-test questionnaire was administered to get a baseline

students’ understanding of the topics and similar sets was questionnaire was administered at the

end to measure the difference. Self-administered short survey was done at the end of the course

to collect participants’ feedback for the course.

Focus

Participant selection

30 participants from 21 APMEN countries were selected through a competitive and merit-based

process. A Call for Applications was announced to all APMEN country partners and partner

institutions in June 2019. Applications were sent on a nomination-basis and countries are allowed

to send more than 1 nomination per country. Final participants were selected based on the

relevance of their education and work experience to the course, maximal geographical spread of

course, potentials of the candidate to lead or support the vector control activities in their respective

country, and urgency and needs of individual country’s vector control capacity gap.

Morphological

identification

Applying GIS for

vector mapping

Field sample

collection

Insecticide

susceptibility assays

Insectary Methods

and colony

management

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APMEN realizes that field-based entomologists are the front-line of the vector control activities and

often not provided with equal opportunities of training. To fill this gap

57% of the course participants selected were field-based entomologists

63% of the course participants were male and 37% were female

86% of the participants came from the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCPs) and 14%

from Partner Institutions.

This mix of participants fulfills the APMEN mandate of equity and equality in providing assistance

to network members.

29%

57%

14%

Distribution of course participants according to their job category

Academia/Research

Field-basedimplementation(township/district/provincial level)

Supervisory level63%

37%

Gender distribution of the participants (total 30 participants)

Male

Female

“You are the class of the 2nd International Training Course on

Malaria Vector Surveillance for Elimination – the class that can

affect the lives of millions of people in the next century.”

Jeffery De Guzman, representative from the Philippines (2nd MVSE), impression

speech for the closing ceremony

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Course proceedings

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Course proceeding

Day 1: Module (1) Introduction & Context

Introduction and general outline of course (expectations both ways, and anticipated outcomes): Prof. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap

Prof. Theeraphap provided a general outline of the training course program which covered general

malaria vector biology, immature and adult mosquito identification using microscope and molecular

techniques, basic information of GIS for vector mapping, sampling and processing of malaria

vectors in the field at Kanchanaburi Province, testing or insecticide resistance, and Insectary

management.

Other non-malaria mosquito-borne diseases (arboviruses, filariasis ): Prof Leo Braack

To provide some context for this course which targets malaria specifically, Prof Braack gave an

overview of the other diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. The first part of the presentation

concentrated on the range of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases that are growing in importance at

global scale, and include dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and yellow fever. With the

exception of dengue, all these viruses emerged from Africa and he gave an overview of the multiple

other similar arboviruses that are known to be circulating in Africa, and have the potential to escape

their current endemic areas and pose a potential global threat, just like yellow fever and

chikungunya and Zika escaped from Africa to become serious global challenges. He then moved

on to discuss the various filarial infections transmitted by mosquitoes and their general

epidemiology.

Study design and data analysis: Prof. Richard J Maude

The types of studies for malaria control and elimination include (1) Entomological, (2)

Parasitological and (3) Clinical. Malaria control strategy is based on a thorough understanding of

transmission characteristics and estimated impacted of control measures. Malaria surveillance is

be the most important first step for endemic countries wishing to understand and manage their

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malaria challenge. Surveillance networks must be able to monitor the disease in human

populations, track patterns of parasite drug resistance, and monitor transmission by vector

populations. The purpose of entomological studies for malaria control and elimination include (1).

Identification of the vectors responsible for transmission of the disease (2). Provision of basic

information on the habits and habitats of vector species for purposes of planning effective control

measures (3). Monitoring the impact of control measures and (4). Contributing to the investigation

of problem areas where control measures prove unsuccessful. The planning studies must provide

practical answers to clearly define control-oriented research questions when data is unavailable or

inadequate.

Introduction to the WHO e-learning module on Malaria Entomology and Vector Control, as well as other vector control document s and support: Dr. Cecilia Hugo

Dr. Hugo introduced the WHO e-learning module on malaria entomology and vector control as well

as other vector control documents and support including (1). framework for malaria elimination (2).

guideline for malaria vector control (3). malaria surveillance, monitoring and evaluation a difference

manual. These document were produced by the WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP), with

participation of current and former staff from WHO Headquarters and Regional Offices. The

documents cover essential aspects of malaria entomology and vector control. It can be adapted to

different specific training needs, as the depth and selection of learning units depend on the

background of the participants and their learning objectives. It can be used to train field vector

control workers, laboratory technicians, or health workers working in malaria vector control

programmes at different levels.

Entomological studies to support malaria control/elimination and other vector borne disease control programmes: Dr. Chusak Prasittisuk

One of the most important aspect of entomological studies to support malaria control is the

identification of the local vector species in each specific locality, which includes the distribution,

habitat, bionomics and seasonal prevalence. Several mosquito collecting methods have been used

for this purpose, such as human landing catches and various traps for adult collections and larval

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surveys for immature stages. Baseline surveys are crucial for entomological studies to gather the

important details that will be used for the control program, such as vector species identification,

biting time (biting cycle), place of biting (endophagy, exophagy), resting habits (endophilic,

exophagic), host preference (anthropophilc, zoophilic), insecticide resistance status, and larval

habitat characterization. Furthermore, collected specimens of mosquitoes should be well-stored as

much as possible in the field so that the specimens can be used in the laboratory for further

investigation, such as molecular identification of species complex, salivary gland/ovary dissections,

sporozoite detection, host determination from bloodmeals, and insecticide susceptibility status. The

information from the entomological studies are used to support the decision-making for

implementing the control interventions and must be appropriate and cost-effective in each area.

However, to sustain the effective intervention methods, routine observations/studies need to be

undertaken.

Developing an Entomological Working Plan: Dr. Chusak Prasittisuk

The development of an entomological working plan is one of the first important parts of a malaria

control operation. Each malaria endemic area should have its own working plan that is suitable to

the population, host, vector and environmental factors associated with malaria transmission.

Entomological surveillance can be divided into various categories. A Preliminary Survey is a short-

term survey for baseline data collection (vector species and its bionomic pattern) for planning

purposes. Routine/regular observations (Longitudinal studies) should be conducted to

monitor/evaluate the impact of control measures, sentinel site observation, and any changes in

vector population over time, which could be supplemented by spot checks surveys in selected

localities. Foci investigations are short-term investigations in low endemic/elimination areas.

Outbreak investigation is to investigate and identify possible drivers of the increase in transmission

and gaps in protection. Vigilance is an integral part of epidemiological vigilance system. It is very

important for operation personnel to identify the objective and desired-outcome of entomological

surveillance, and plan in detail on how to achieve the goal of entomological surveillance in each

malaria endemic area.

Introducing APMEN VCWG’s Online Resource Exchange for Entomology platform (ORENE): Dr. Htin Kyaw Thu

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A website designed to support access to updated information, SOPs/guidelines, technical

resources, career and funding opportunities, as well as a directory of entomology experts,

researchers, and an online forum was introduced to the participants. The key features of the

website were explained and participants were encouraged to sign up on the web. The 2nd MVSE

cohort is the first-ever target audience that this website was introduced to.

The link to website: http://orene.org

Day 2: Module (2). Malaria vector biology and identification

The need for accurate vector identification: Bionomic s of the dominant vectors in Asia Pacific: Prof. Sylvie Manguin

In 2017, 92 countries reported 219 million malaria cases, an increases of 3 million cases over the

previous year, with around 435,000 deaths. About 5% of the world malaria cases occur in Asia

compared to 92% in sub-Saharan Africa. The main malaria parasites are Plasmodium falciparum

and Plasmodium vivax. The malaria elimination is focused on 7 major issues, including (1). Prevent

expansion of parasite resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT), (2). Detect and control

asymptomatic cases, (3). Better target and control vivax malaria (4). More knowledge on malaria

vector species for appropriate vector control program (5). Outdoor malaria transmission (6).

Reduce cross-border malaria, and (7). Increase vigilance of Plasmodium knowlesi, the 5th human

malaria parasite. There are several key factors involved in elimination of malaria in Asia-Pacific,

including 1. More studies on the Anopheles vector species for implementing more efficient and

appropriate vector control 2. Active involvement of the local population at the village scale to reach

high coverage and for a better control malaria and its vectors. 3. National political involvement is

crucial to reach the goal of malaria elimination on each country. 4. Financial support should be

maintained and even increased as the current global funding is <50% of that estimated to reach

the 2030 targets of the WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria.

Species complexes and identifica tion techniques: Prof. Sylvie Manguin

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A complex of sibling (or cryptic) species is composed of morphologically undistinguishable species

having different roles in pathogen transmission. Therefore, simple but robust molecular techniques

must be applied for reliably identifying Anopheles mosquitoes to the species level. There are 19

dominant malaria vector species (DVS) belonging to species complexes or groups that cannot be

reliably identified based on morphological characters, such as: Anopheles balabacensis, An. dirus,

An. minimus, An. koliensis, An. barbirostis. An. leucosphyus, An. culicifacies, An. maculatus, An.

farauti, An. punctulatus, An. fluviatilis, and An. sundaicus. In the Asia-Pacific region, each malaria

vector belongs to a species complex in which sibling species are undistinguishable based on

morphological characters alone, although they can present different vectorial capacities and trophic

behaviors. Vector control remains an important component of successful integrated malaria control

programs. A better understanding of the bionomics of a specific vector species, its vector capacity,

and epidemiological importance, hinges on the accurate identification of sympatric sibling species

in a given area.

Introduction of mosquito morphology, systematic and microscope: Dr. Pollie Rueda

A basic introduction to mosquitoes, details on microscopy for identification, information of mosquito

genera (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Armigeres), larvae/adult morphological identification

through the use of dichotomous keys was provided by Dr. Rueda.

He also provided mosquito identification keys from the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit

(http://wrbu.org/aors/pacom_Keys.html). The website provides details on worldwide mosquito

distribution and identification, including Indomalayan genera such as Aedes, Anopheles,

Armigeres, Coquillettidia, Culex and Mansonia. 50 publications were recommended as useful for

this region.

Day 3: Module (3) Basic GIS for vector mapping

Basic GIS for vector mapping: Dr. Ratchadawan Ngoen-klan

Quantum GIS, or QGIS, is a type of Desktop GIS that is effective in managing spatial data,

classified as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) under the open code license (open source).

It is easy to use and has a graphic user interface (GUI) that is easy to understand and apply,

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whether it is using image data, table data, table display graph display as well as able to search

information for data analysis. Data can be presented in high quality map formats, both offline and

online, can be used without restrictions and can be further developed. QGIS is freely available on

Windows, Linux, MacOS X, BSD, and Android. For new users we recommend the standalone

installers.

The data sources used in GIS include roads, land use, elevation, forest, and waterways. The main

data include attribute data, which deals with what the feature is all about. It describes the qualitative

and quantitative characteristics of the feature. The attribute data is also referred to as tabular data.

Another one is spatial data, which describes the location of the specific geographic feature and is

related to the geometry of a spatial feature.

Day 4: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors

Participants experienced Thai local malaria vector mosquito surveillance and identification in Pu

Teuy, Kanchanaburi Province, located in western Thailand, for 3 days. It started with larval

collection at the field site along a 1 km stretch of a local stream, and these larvae were reared

individually for identification using the exuviae. During night exposure, all participants collected

adults mosquitoes using their own aspirator from human landing catches, and also two types of

double nets: human bait and cow bait. Additionally, UV light trap, and light trap plus CO2 were used

for comparison. The following morning, all collected mosquitoes were pinned carefully under Dr.

Rueda's supervision for the identification course using various keys from the WRBU website. The

next two days were spent on microscopic identifications. Study material included Anopheles dirus,

An. minimus, An. barbirostris, An. hyrcanus, An.epiroticus, and also non-malaria vectors such as

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Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres sp., and Toxorhynchites sp.

Finally, participants which had been allocated to six groups presented what and how many of

mosquitoes were captured from which trapping methods.

Day 5: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors (continued) Morning session (Larval collection in stream)

Rueda explained how to fill a WRBU mosquito collection form including code collection number,

longitude/latitude/altitude information using smart phone application, and detailed information

about the collection sites (e.g. larval habitat conditions, and surroundings). Each group member

carefully recorded all the details in the form.

Afternoon session (Storing larva individually)

Each larva was isolated into an individual vial to get exuviae for identification. All the vials were

labeled as Dr. Rueda directed. This activity encouraged group teamwork as they had >100 larvae

per group, and these were identified at Kasetsart University after the field trip.

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Evening session (Adult collection using six different traps)

Six different trapping methods: two cow bait collections, human landing collection, human

double net collection, and two light traps using UV light with/without carbon dioxide applied for adult

collecting. Among them, each group member competitively collected mosquitoes from cow and

human baited collection methods. Thankfully, all had dinner at the field without rain; participants

stayed at six different accommodation facilities surrounding the field site.

Day 6: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys

Pinning the collected adult mosquitoes for ID

Dr. Rueda taught all participants how to pin the adult mosquitoes from killing the specimns using a

glass jar with ether, how to put the female mosquito on a glued triangle paper, (legs facing pin),

label size (17 mm x 13 mm) and information on double layered labels (upper: code, location, date;

bottom: species name, collector name). Dr. Rueda introduced WRBU web sites including Vector

Map ‒ for disease vector distribution data (www.vectormap.org) to give an overview of mosquito

species in each region.

Morning presentation

Each group presented the field collection results using six different traps for adult mosquitoes to

compare species and numbers. In short, the cow-baited trap collected the most female Anopheles

spp., Aedes spp., and Armigeres sp. Dr. Rueda gave feedback and correction for each

presentation.

Day 7: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued)

Dr. Rueda introduced the ʻSystematic catalog of Culicidae’ home page (www.mosquitocatalog.org)

for the morphological identification of the genus Anopheles, Cellia, Hyrcanus group and subgroups,

using WRBU website (www.wrbu.org), with particular emphasis on the Anopheles of the

Indomalayan (PACOM) region. In the key, all the morphological features were shown in color

microscope images, so that participants could follow it by comparing with their own specimens

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under the microscope. Pre-identified specimens for each species were also provided to all

participants for comparison. It covered Cellia, Anopheles, Hyrcanus group (Myzorhynchus Series,

Subgenus Anopheles) and others.

Day 8: Traveling back to Bangkok and elective day

Day 9: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued)

Malaria: Current status globally, regionally, background to malaria control – Elimination continuum and Challenges: Dr. Maria Dorina Bustos

The South East Asia region reports the 2nd highest number of malaria cases in the world, with

India having the highest malaria burden, followed by Indonesia and Myanmar. Overall, progress in

reducing the malaria burden has been faster in countries that had lower rates of transmission. In

the Western Pacific region, Papua New Guinea has the most intense malaria transmission; this is

mostly focal in the Solomon Islands and countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region. The key

antimalarial interventions and strategies are Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment (PDT),

Entomology and vector control, and Surveillance. In conclusion, there has been much progress in

expanding access to malaria interventions since 2010. Prospects of attaining the GTS 2020

milestone of eliminating malaria from 10 or more countries looks good. Progress needs to be

accelerated to achieve the GTS 2020 milestones of reducing case incidence and mortality rates by

40% - especially in countries with the highest burden. If global targets are to be met, funding from

both domestic and international sources must increase substantially. Recent experience shows

that with robust funding, effective programmes and country leadership, much progress can be

made and the benefits are huge. The major challenges in the GMS are parasite resistance to

artemisinin, which has been confirmed in 5 GMS countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar,

Thailand and Viet Nam), Improving surveillance–strengthen technical and operational support at

all reporting levels, and Border malaria (malaria transmission or potential for transmission that

takes place across adjacent administrative areas that share international borders), as well as

resurgence in malaria-free areas.

Hyrcanus Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles): Dr. Pollie Rueda

22

Dr. Rueda trained participants to identify the specimens of Anopheles genus in the Hyrcanus

Group. The adult specimens were prepared by KU staff and some specimens were collected from

the field site. The Hyrcanus group of mosquito were identified under the microscope using the

morphological keys and compared by using the images of Anopheles mosquito in Hyrcanus group

from WRBU website (www.wrbu.org).

Barbirostris and Umbrosus group: Associate Professor Pradya Somboon

Mosquito classification (Barbirostris, Umbrosus, Funestus groups categorized in Myzorhynchus

Series, Subgenus Anopheles) base on morphological features of adult female mosquitoes was

introduced to all the participants.

Day 10: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued)

Minimus Subgroup and identification of field collected larval samples: Assoc. Prof. Pradya Somboon

Participants undertook mosquito identification and classification of the 1) Minimus Subgroup,

belonging to the Funestus group, Myzorhynchus Series and Subgenus Anopheles, 2) Maculatus,

Annularis and Jamesii Groups belonging to Neocellia Series and Subgenus Cellia. They also

identified mosquitoes in the Subgenus Cellia, with a focus on Leucosphyrus and Ludlowae Groups

in the Neomyzomyia and Pyretophorus Series.

Dr. Pradya recommended use of the website “http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info”.

Day 11: Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (continued)

Adult Mosquito Insecticide Susceptibility Bioassays (WHO t ube and CDC bottle): Dr. Michael Bangs, PhD

23

Mosquito resistance to insecticides is a serious challenge globally with increased frequency and

cross-resistance, across multiple chemical classes and a threat to malaria elimination efforts.

Therefore, regular monitoring should be carried out as a part of the Insecticide Resistance

Management (IRM) strategies within a larger Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program. The

WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays have been used to detect and characterize insecticide

resistance in a vector population. Both methods are complementary, with different specificities and

allow one to measure the susceptibility, but the methods are not interchangeable. The WHO

susceptibility test will show response (KD/mortality) to single a ‘discriminating’ concentration but

cannot detect shifts in response at low or high resistance levels. The CDC bottle assay will detect

subtler temporal changes in susceptibility (KD – moribund state) from baseline. A more quantitative

measure of the strength of resistance allows better understanding of the potential impact of

resistance on malaria control. This information regarding insecticide resistance in malaria vectors

strongly influences the decision-making process in malaria vector control program.

Hands-on demonstration of bioassays. There was an introductory presentation which provided

a general overview of the importance of insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes and its potential

epidemiological implications in vector-borne disease transmission and control. The rationale for

routine monitoring was covered. Reviewed two procedures that allow effective monitoring of

phenotypic response (susceptibility) of adult mosquito populations (1) World Health Organization

(WHO) tube assay, and (2) the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) bottle assay.

“Resistance’ was defined, the selection factors that promote its development, and the key metabolic

and target site mechanisms selecting for reduced susceptibility to an active ingredient. A

description was provided for each test emphasizing the bioassays are complementary tools

(measures), with different specificities. While both provide measures of susceptibility, they are not

interchangeable regarding information provided and interpretation of findings. Those

complementarities and specificities between bioassays, along with the advantages and drawbacks

of each were compared. The use of ‘intensity’ response measurements that provide more

quantitative approach to defining the ‘strength’ (low, moderate, high) of resistance was emphasized

as a means to improve the predictive value for decision-making in operational settings, especially

indoor residual spraying programs and/or the evaluation of insecticide-treated netting and other

treated materials.

Each bioassay was performed with participants divided into 6 groups. Because of time restrictions

(2 hours), many of the procedures such as mosquitoes placed into holding cups, pre-treatment of

24

bottles, etc. was performed before the exercise for the benefit of participants. Two species of

laboratory (insectary-reared) strains of female mosquitoes were used: Anopheles minimus (Fn) –

‘susceptible’ and Aedes aegypti (F5) pyrethroid ‘resistant’ (‘low’ to ‘moderate’). The WHO bioassay

was conducted first using both mosquito species against 5 different active ingredients applied to

papers at WHO recommended ‘discriminating’ concentrations (for anophelines). These included

two cyano-pyrethroids: deltamethrin (0.05%) and alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%), two non-cyano-

pyrethroids: permethrin (0.75%) and bifenthrin (0.2%), and one organophosphate: Malathion

(5.0%). Each group used a single compound. All tests followed standard procedures (WHO 2016).

The CDC bottle assay followed in which only Ae. aegypti and a single chemical (deltamethrin) was

used. Knowing that the strain was ‘resistant to pyrethroids allowed a demonstration of a partial

intensity bioassay using the CDC recommended discriminating concentration for deltamethrin

(10µg/btl) and a 5-fold greater concentration (50 /µg/btl) to measure time to knockdown. All tests

followed standard procedures (CDC 2010).

Bioassay results, analysis and interpretation: The WHO and CDC bioassay final results were

tabulated and analyzed by each group comparing ‘active’ and ‘control’ mosquito responses. Final

results were presented by group and comparisons made between species responses and chemical

active ingredient (WHO bioassay) and CDC intensity assay responses with Ae. aegypti. A general

discussion on results and a reiteration of the importance of routine monitoring of target mosquito

populations capped off the exercise.

Supplemental information: In addition to the PowerPoint presentation, each participant received

hardcopy and electronically-accessed references:

Test procedures for insecticide monitoring resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes

– Second edition. WHO, 2016

Guideline for evaluating insecticide resistance in vector using the CDC bottle assay. CDC,

Atlanta, 2010

Aїzoun, et al. 2013. Comparison of the standard WHO susceptibility tests and the CDC bottle

assay for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors and their correlation

with biochemical and molecular biology assays in Benin, West Africa. Parasites & Vectors,

6:147

Owusu, et al. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito

vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites & Vectors, 8:357

25

Bagi, et al. When a discriminating dose is not enough: measuring the intensity of insecticide

resistance in malaria vectors. Malaria Journal, 14:210.

Venter, et al. 2017. Benchmarking insecticide resistance intensity bioassays for Anopheles

malaria vector species against resistance phenotypes of known epidemiological significance.

Parasites & Vectors, 10:198.

Participants were also directed to two additional references:

IRAC. 2011. Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors of public health

importance. 2nd edition. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. www.irac-online.org

WHO website (http://www.who.int/malaria ) for updates on recommendations, guidelines, test

kit catalogue, etc.

Day 12: Module 6: Insectary and Mosquito Colony Management, Use of Colony Material

Methods and purposes of mosquito colony establishment and maintenance: Basic infrastructural considerations, egg, larval, pupal, adult considerations, Aedes, Culex and Anopheles: Dr. Jeffrey Hii

Dr. Hii presented an overview regarding mosquito colony establishment and maintenance

methods, including how to collect eggs, larval and pupal stages of mosquitoes, the conditions for

mosquito rearing and maintenance of adult mosquitoes for bioassays test such as:

Bioassays for insecticide susceptibility tests (wild populations, susceptible colony as a standard

reference

Rearing field-caught larvae or F1 generation from wild-caught gravid females for insecticide

susceptibility tests and other experiments

Bioassays, residual effect of treated materials (fully susceptible colonies will be required for

comparison)

Quality control of Anopheles spp. identification: demonstration and practice in transferring specimens from WHO tube and CDC bottle assays to micro-beem tubes for dispatch to KU, reco rding form, and SOP: Dr. Jeffrey Hii

26

Silica gel was introduced into 0.5 mL microtubes for mosquito preservation. After testing, Dr. Hii

showed how to transfer the individual mosquito specimens after 24-Hr exposure in a WHO holding

tubes and after 5-minute exposure in CDC bottle for species confirmation by polymerase chain

reaction amplifications. Individual labels bearing respective codes (e.g. T1-min-1G1) were inserted

into each microtube.

27

Course evaluation

28

Course evaluation Knowledge assessment

A 20-items questionnaire was administered to the course participants on Day 1 of the training as

pre-course knowledge assessment. The questions covered the topics in the training course and

were used to assess the baseline knowledge of the participants. The same questionnaire was

administered (without prior knowledge of participants) on the last day of the training to assess the

knowledge change after training. At baseline, 29/30 participants answered the questionnaire. One

participant could not join the first day of the course due to health condition. The median pre-course

score of the class was 14 and the minimum score of the class was 8. At the post-test all 30

participants answered the test, and the score of the class significantly improved with less variations

in score compared to the baseline. The median score increased from 14 to 20 in the post-test.

Pre-Test Post-Test

Minimum score 8 15

Q1 10 19

Median score 14 20

Q3 17 20

Maximum score 19 20

Number of course participants who answered pre-test: 29 (one participant from Myanmar

couldn’t attend the Day 1 of the course, when the pre-test was administered)

Number of course participants who answered post-test: 30

29

Skill assessment

In addition to knowledge assessment, we also assessed the level of skills acquired by the

participants from this course. On the last day of the course, a practical examination was

administered to all 30 participants. The participants were given 45 minutes to identify adult and

larval Anopheles, covering both malaria vector and non-vector species. The test was supervised

by, and evaluation done, by Dr. Rueda. The pass-mark for this test was 40 out of a total score of

100. The results of the class performance are summarized below.

80% of the participants (24 out of 30) scored above the passing score showing the majority of

the participants developed the knowledge as well as the skill required to identify mosquito

specimens.

Most of the participants were also able to correctly identify Anopheles both adult and larva and

are confident to distinguish them from other mosquito genera that are non-malaria vectors.

All trainers are observed to be highly motivated as well as having strong desire to learn about

mosquito morphology and using the appropriate ID keys (both printed/dichotomous keys and

computerized interactive WRBU Lucid ID keys)

It is important to note that some trainees had between 1-7 years of experience in doing mosquito

identification on a daily-basis (for surveillance and control programs in their respective

countries) but did not perform well in the practical examination compared to those who have

less working experience. This underscores the need of continual improvement of skills of

entomologists who are in practice and are driving the vector surveillance program but are

unable to accurately identify vector mosquitoes.

Passing score

30

Participant feedback

Overall satisfaction of the course

A 5-point Likert scale assessed how participants felt about the training, 5 being in most agreement

to the statement and 1 being the least in agreement. Additional qualitative information was also

requested to allow participants to further elaborate their opinion with regard to individual questions.

The survey also evaluated post-training self-efficacy to understand their readiness to apply the

skills and knowledge acquired from this training. The survey was administered on the last day of

the training.

While participants approved the overall arrangement of the course, there are some key areas for

improvement, particularly around the content of the course. The overwhelming majority of the class

cohort were satisfied with the logistics arrangement of the course (thanks to wonderful arrangement

of Professor Theeraphap and his team’s hospitality and tireless efforts). Further feedback is broadly

categorized into 2: Content and Conduct, summarized below.

(n=30)

14

22

13

18

17

17

0 10 20 30 40

How satisfied were you with the training?

How relevant and helpful do you think it was for your job?

The overall content of the course is good

There is a good opportunity to ask questions and getclarifications during the course

The hotel in Bangkok and the field are comfortable

The meals and coffee/tea breaks provided are good

1 2 3 4 5

31

Rating of the course modules

Participants were asked to rate the individual modules in terms of to what level they are satisfied

with them. Notably the module 3: Basic GIS for vector mapping and Module 5: Mosquito

identification using bench aids and pictorial keys were relatively less satisfied by the majority of the

class. In addition to this rating, the participants also provide written feedback why they felt this way

and this is summarized in the below table.

(n=30)

Post-training self-efficacy

Post-training self-efficacy was measured to understand the level of individual readiness to apply

the knowledge and skills acquired by each participant when they return to their work place. It is

important to note that there is some connection in rating of modules to the self-efficacy statements

that corresponds to respective knowledge and skills that are part of the modules. Less than 30%

of the participants felt they are ready to apply GIS techniques, insectary management, and

understand other non-malaria vector borne diseases and understanding species complexes and

the techniques for accurate vector identification. Almost half of the participants felt competent to

perform WHO tubes and CDC bottle bioassays and interpretation, current global and regional

malaria status and malaria elimination continuum and importance and role of entomologists in

14

13

18

12

16

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Module 6: Insectary and Mosquito Colony Management,Use of Colony Material

Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids andpictorial keys

Module 4: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors

Module 3: Basic GIS for vector mapping

Module 2: Malaria Vector Biology and Identification

Module 1: Introduction and context

1 2 3 4 5

32

malaria elimination programs, and practical skills for collecting sample, processing samples for

both adult and larval stages.

Since vector identification was a core-element of this course, the relatively low score of the class

feeling readiness to do identifications is an important finding for the course organizers to critically

review all the different elements as well as delivery methods for that particular module.

(n=30)

Consideration for the 3rd MVSE

This section will highlight the synthesized feedback from the participants (feedback survey both

Likert scale results and their qualitative feedback) and the course trainers (written reports from Dr.

Rueda and Dr. Bangs). The common themes in their feedback are categorized into two broad

categories Content and Conduct. In designing potential future MVSE courses, the organizers

should refer to the feedback and recommendations, from both participants and trainers, that are

summarized below.

4

16

8

9

14

11

15

15

9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

I am knowledgeable about the other non-malaria vector bonediseases

I am clear about the importance and role of entomologists inNMCPs in an elimination setting

I am confident to use and apply GIS techniques

I understand about species complexes and techniques foraccurate vector identification

I understand the sampling and processing of malaria vectorsfor both adults and larval stages

I know how to sample and process malaria vectors,processing night mosquito catches, storage and their…

I have a good understanding of malaria current status globaland regional and about elimination continuum

I know how to use WHO tube and CDC bottle bioessays andread the results

I am capable of managing incesctary and mosquito colony,and colony materials

1 2 3 4 5

33

1. Content of the course

1.1 Confusions around keys used in this course: Participants reported that there are multiple

keys introduced in this course in very limited time. It leads to confusion for participants about

which keys to follow. One participant reported that the keys from WRBU are far most useful for

her to do the identification. In addition, since keys are printed in black and white, it made the

participants feel challenged in using them for comparison with real specimens.

1.2 Contents are too Asia-focused: From the inception of course design, the organizes realized

the significance and importance of having representative specimens for each geographic

subregion. Given the species diversity and differences across Asia vs Pacific countries, the

organizers requested the participants to bring their own specimens (if they were available) to

the course. However, there were very few people who brought specimens to the course. This

limited the trainers in their ability to address species from outside the Asian mainland. One

participant from Melanesia reported that the course’s specimen are too Asia-focused and that

it limited their learning relevant identification of mosquitoes that are more common to their

geography. In future courses, this should be carefully considered and planned well in advance.

1.3 The need for adequate space and equipment: While Kasetsart University allowed use of its

laboratory for the entire course duration, the size of the laboratory and the number of

microscopes available for each participant was limited. Initially, the size of the cohort was small

(putting a maximum number of 25 participants). This factor was used in choosing venues to fit

all lectures and practical sessions. However, as course planning advanced, additional

participants were included due to country political pressures and additional funding becoming

available, which led the organizers to select more than the initially-anticipated number of

participants. This led to some constraints in space and equipment-sharing as well as specimens

available for participants. The recommendation from both participants and the trainer suggest

that future courses should consider the training venue to be adequate (in terms of

trainer/facilitator and participant ratio, physical space of the lecture rooms, laborites and

insectaries, microscopes available per participants, adequate amount of specimens).

“Bioassay demonstration: This exercise was very labor intensive and requires significant

laboratory/insectary capabilities to preform two different assays with a large group (30

participants). The requirements for the timely provision of a sufficient number of adult

mosquitoes (of similar age and physiological state) is a tremendous undertaking. This

must be taken into account when selecting on venue for future courses.”

Dr. Michael Bangs (for his full report, please refer to Annex)

34

1.4 Including other genera of vectors of mosquito-borne diseases that are common to this

region: This course is organized by APMEN which has a mandate to support malaria

elimination. However, this should not limit the possibility of MVSE to have broader impact. Since

most of the skills required in other mosquito-borne surveillance system are primarily the same,

adding the focus on other genera can only increase the impact of such a course. Dr. Rueda

pointed out that while most of the participants are competent to identify Anopheles species,

they, still have difficulty identifying other genera aside from Anopheles, such as Culex, Aedes,

Mansonia, Coquillettidia, Armigeres. This is a missed opportunity in this course.

1.5 Countries are now widely applying molecular diagnosis methods in their vector

surveillance methods but largely missing in this course: Since the inception of MVSE in

2018, the capacity gap in entomologists doing basic morphological identification was realized

and hence the course was specifically designed to target this gap. To remained focused and

also due to time constraints, the course organizers needed to make a decision that this course

would only include morphological identification. However, during the training, when participants

were asked how many of their countries are now using molecular methods, almost half of the

representatives from different countries said they use such methods. When asked how many

of them are currently using or were trained in the past in molecular techniques, there were only

a handful of people in the class. Participants felt that including molecular methods (PCR) will

greatly help them in addition to the morphological diagnosis technique. For the next course,

this should be taken into account, rationalizing on needs of time and material and financial

resources available to accommodate both morphological and molecular methods.

1.6 The need to link knowledge to practical application with vector control program decision

making using thought provoking exercises: One participant who is a senior entomologist in

her country, pointed out that this course was more leaned towards academic and scientific

which is a slightly different environment from where she currently works in. Although

participants appreciate the breadth and depth of the knowledge transferred, it was apparent

that they are looking for how they connect the knowledge they learnt to their own practice. One

participant from a Pacific country suggested that she would like to learn how mosquito

identification, collection, mapping could be applied to vector control program, how information

can be translated to the decision making in vector control strategies. Although the course

managed to deliver all of its components by different trainers, this feedback underscores there

35

is some disconnect between modules and the trainers who taught them and streamlining the

knowledge from different modules to a thought process and problem solving approach, which

the participants would like to learn from this course. One participant suggests that, in addition

to structured learning, he is interested to learn more about the vector control status and

strategies from other countries as well, giving a specific recommendation which is to include

participants’ countries presentation at different points throughout the course period will

encourage peer-learning.

2. Conduct of the course 2.1 Time limitation to meet the training objectives: There is almost unanimous agreement from

both course participants and the trainers pointing out that the duration of the course is rather

short in order to fully meet the training objective. From participant perspective, the course’s

schedule for over 2 weeks’ mismatches with the volume of coursework, field work, and

laboratory work they have to complete, particularly in the GIS module, mosquito identification

and final practical exams. From the trainers’ perspectives, not only duration but also how many

days are allocated to the focused topics of the course should be reviewed. Dr. Rueda

recommended that the full 14-days should be focused on the taxonomy and identification

of vectors of infectious diseases, since most of the participants do not have the necessary

background, experience, and training on basic taxonomy and identification. Dr Rueda further

recommended to consider the following structure in the design.

Adult mosquito insecticide susceptibility bioassays are equally as important as vector

identification in a vector surveillance program. MVSE recognizes this and include both

theoretical and hands-on training of performing WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays in its

content. However, similar challenge as with identification module was faced. Dr Bangs, who

led this session, recommended that it was rather ambitious to teach 2 bioassays in 2 hours.

For this, it should be at least 3 to 4 hours set aside and also suggest additional 2 hours for

result interpretation and class discussion.

Theory

• Brief lectures

• Mosquito classification, taxonomy, bionomics and associated infectious diseases

Practicum

• Labortatory/morphological ID

• Basic Mrophological Diagnosis

• Using keys (dichotomous or interactive WRBU/Lucid ID keys

How to search resoruces

• Lterature

• Taxonomic names from WRBU catalogs and other wesbites

36

2.2 Per diems should be in line with standard WHO schemes: One participants recommended

that the paid incentive scheme was different from WHO schemes for government offices to

undertake international training programs. This is an important factor that can affect the

motivation of the participants. For a course that needs to run 14 days, this obviously will have

significant implication on training budget. The course organizers considered the strategies that

most economic and value-for-money mechanisms and more importantly favor the comfort of

the participant throughout the training, such as providing full meal and incidental (4

USD/person/day) and accommodation. Nevertheless, whenever possible, organizers need to

consider the per diem scheme that primarily do not put financial burden on the course

participant and as much as possible allow comfort for the participants, and in line with national

and international payment norms.

37

Re-conceptualizing the model for MVSE

2nd MVSE reemphasizes the needs for the continual building of skills in basic taxonomy and

identification of mosquitoes as a core component of a vector control surveillance program, which

needs to be embedded in a national malaria elimination program. There is a great need for

improved connection between entomological surveillance to case-surveillance in determining the

best strategies to eliminate the transmission in particular areas. Since malaria transmission

becoming increasingly focal, this precision knowledge will give a more comprehensive picture to

the programs. Lesson learnt from both 1st and 2nd MVSE allows us to re-conceptualize the MVSE

to become a better fit-for-purpose capacity building program.

Vector Surveillance

Vecotor Mapping

(GIS)

Molecular Methods

Insecticide Resistance Monitoring

Morphological

Identification (from Field to

Lab)

Expand the focus from Anopheles

Geographic representation of

Specimens

Problem-solving approach

FIGURE 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF FUTURE MVSE

38

Annexes

‘Entomologists play a key role in the national malaria program. Having

specifically trained at MVSE Training Program, it allows the entomologists within the

National Department of Health as well as in our research arm a step forward for PNG

as this will highlight the interest and substantiate the importance of the

entomological information produced in the vector surveillance movement towards

vector-borne disease control and elimination in my country.’’ -

Ms. Naomi Vincent, Vector Borne Disease Surveillance Officer, National Department of

Health, Papua New Guinea

39

Annexes

Annex (1): Participant list

No. Country Name Photo Designation/ Department

1 Afghanistan Fazlullah Sahar

Senior Entomologist, Ministry of

Public Health

2 Bangladesh - icddr,b

Saiful Islam

Research Officer, Emerging

Infections and Parasitology

Laboratory, Infectious Diseases

Division, icddr.

3 Bhutan Sonam Tashi

Medical Technician, Vector

Borne Diseases Control Program

Gelephu

4 Cambodia Sroy Bolin

Staff of Entomology unit,

National Centre for Parasitology,

Entomology & Malaria Control

Program

40

5 China Zhang Shaosen

Associate Professor, National

Institute of Parasitic Diseases,

China CDC, Ministry of Health

6 India Pawan Mehra

Entomologist Consultant,

Regional Office of Health and

Family Welfare, Bhopal

7 Indonesia Silah Mirnawaty

Entomology Health at Sub

Section Communicable Disease,

Division Prevention and Control

of Disease in South Sulawesi

Provincial in Health Office

8 Laos PDR Sikhoun Danang

Malaria Parasite and

Entomology, Division of

Communicable Diseases

Control, Savanakhet Provincial

Health Department

9 Malaysia Shamsudin Abdul Rahman

Public Health Entomology, Perlis

State Health Dept, Ministry of

Health

41

10 Nepal Uttam Raj Pyakurel

Vector Control Inspector

Department of health service

,Epidemiology and Disease

Control Division, Teku

11 Pakistan Ghulam Farid Naraz

Entomologist Directorate Health

Services CDC , Malaria Control

Govt. of AJ&K Muzaffarabad

Pakistan

12 Papua New Guinea

Naomi Vincent

Vector Borne Disease

surveillance officer, NDoH

13 Papua New Guinea - IMR

Rebecca Vinit

Senior Scientific Officer, Institute

of Medical Research, Vector

Borne Disease Unit, Entomology

Section

14 Philippines Jeffrey De Guzman

Entomologist III, Central Luzon

Centre for Health Development,

Department of Health

42

15 Republic of Korea

Yang Sungchan

Division of Vectors and Parasitic

Disease, Centers of Laboratory

Control of Infectious Diseases,

Korea Centers for disease

control and prevention

16 Solomon Islands

Charles Togapura

Assistant Field Officer, National

Vector Borne Disease Control

Programme, Ministry of Health

and Medical Services

17 Solomon Islands

Hendrick Reuben

Programme Manager, Provincial

HoD, VBDC Program, Ministry of

Health and Medical Services

18 Sri Lanka Dewagamage Isuru Chamara Somaweera

Health Entomology Officer, Anti-

Malaria Campaign

19 Thailand Bussarakham Sinakhom

Entomologist, Bureau of Vector

Borne Diseases, Department of

disease control, Ministry of

Public Health, Thailand

43

20 Thailand - Mahidol University

Songpol Eiamsam-Ang

Scientist, Faculty of Tropical

Medicine, Mahidol University

21 Vanuatu Lekon Tagavi

Entomology Laboratory

Technician, Public Health,

Malaria Other Vector Borne

Disease Control Program, MOH

22 Vanuatu Frederic Yakeula

National Entomology Field

Officer, Malaria Program-

Ministry of Health

23 Vietnam Tuyen Hoang Thi Anh

Researcher, Entomology

Department, Vietnam National

Institute of Malariology,

Parasitology, and Entomology

24 Thailand Pornpimon Pradit

Public Health Technical Officer,

Bureau of Vector Borne

Diseases, Department of

Disease Control, MOPH,

Thailand

44

25 India Prithvi Raj Singh

Zonal Entomologist, Public

Health Department, South Delhu

Municipal, New Delhi

26 India Sagya Singh

State Entomologist Consultant,

NVBDCP, Jharkhand

Department of Health Medical

Education and Family Welfare,

Government of Jharkhand,

Ministry of Health & Family

27 Myanmar Thiha

Entomologist, Vector-Borne

Disease Control Unit,

Department of Public Health,

Ministry of Health and Sports

28 Myanmar Ohn Mar Nyo

Entomologist, Vector-Borne

Disease Control Unit,

Department of Public Health,

Ministry of Health and Sports

29 Myanmar Khin Khin Than

Assistant Entomologist,

Department of Health, Yangon

Region

45

30 Myanmar Aye Aye Myint

Entomologist, National Malaria

Control Program, Department of

Public Health, Ministry of Health

and Sports

Annex (2): Speakers biographies

Ms. Cecilia Tañada Hugo is presently the Executive Coordinator of the Asian Collaborative

Training Network of Malaria (ACTMalaria), a post which she has been serving for the last 16

years. Prior to her work in ACTMalaria, she was the National Malaria Program Coordinator of

the Department of Health-Philippines where she worked for 12 years. She is an Entomology

graduate from the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), with a Diploma in Applied

Parasitology and Entomology from the Institute of Medical Research in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, Diploma in Epidemiology from the Institute pour Le development de l’Epidemiologie

at Fondation Marcel Merieux in Annecy, France and a Licensed Professional Teacher with

Certificate in Teaching from the Philippine Women’s University. She also has advanced units

in Entomology and Public Health from UPLB and the UP Manila-College of Public Health,

respectively.

Part of her present and previous medical entomological work focus on biology and control of

Anopheles species as vectors of malaria in the Philippines, resource mobilization and public

awareness information drives targeting wider support from policymakers and donor Partners,

validation of malaria-free status of various provinces in the Philippines, and certification of

malaria-free countries.

Ms. Cecilia Tañada Hugo

46

Dr. Jeffery Hii

Dr. Jeffrey Hii has 40 years of experience, including as a programme and research entomologist

with the Ministry of Health Malaysia, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, James

Cook University and Malaria Consortium Asia Region from 1975 to 2018. At Malaria

Consortium and as the previous Technical Lead for APMEN Vector Control Working Group, he

designed and facilitated the 1st MVSE training course in Malaysia in 2018. He has recently

worked on the magnitude and drivers of residual (ongoing) malaria transmission in the Greater

Mekong Subregion, the efficacy of guppies, pyriproxyfen, and community engagement for

control of dengue vectors in Cambodia; positive deviance and the efficacy and acceptability of

treated clothing for personal protection of rubber workers in Myanmar and what residents can

do for themselves to reduce the risk of malaria and dengue, while they are waiting for the

government to deliver the promised interventions. During his 10 years with the WHO, Dr. Hii

worked as a malaria scientist and adviser in the Solomon Islands, the Philippines, and the

Western Pacific region. He has served on the Global Fund’s Technical Review Panel, the WHO

Technical Expert Group on Malaria Vector Control, and has published more than 80 peer-

reviewed papers.

47

Dr. Leo Braack

Dr. Leopoldo M. Rueda

Dr. Leo Braack is appointed as Senior Vector Control Specialist for the NGO Malaria

Consortium, based in Bangkok, Thailand, and is involved in vector control projects mainly in

Cambodia and Myanmar. He is also the Technical Lead for the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination

Network (APMEN) Vector Control Working Group (VCWG), and in this capacity supports vector

control capacity-building initiatives throughout the Asia Pacific region, such as this 2nd MVSE

course. He is also an Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, where he has MSc and

Ph.D. students doing studies on vector biology and vector control, including the use of

Ivermectin-treated cattle for mosquito control. His work in Asia has a strong focus on dengue

vectors, but with significant involvement also in malaria.

Dr. Leopoldo M. Rueda (Ph.D., Entomology) is currently an Adjunct Scientist/Entomologist of

the Smithsonian Institution. He was formerly the head, research entomologist and principal

investigator of the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Entomology Department, WRAIR, at

Smithsonian Institution, Maryland, USA. As a mosquito systematist, he initiated and led the

development of computerized interactive identification keys of mosquito vectors and related

groups worldwide, and curated the US national mosquito collection. His early work focused on

biosystematics of mosquitoes and other arthropod groups (Calliphoridae, Diptera;

Pteromalidae, Hymnenoptera; Macrochelidae, Acarina), biological control of muscoid flies and

mosquitoes, and temperature-development studies on mosquitoes and their pathogenic fungi.

48

Dr Maria Dorina Bustos

Dr Maria Dorina Bustos is Malaria Technical Officer, WHO Thailand, and in charge of the

malaria drug resistance monitoring in 18 Asia-Pacific countries, with focus on the artemisinin

and multidrug resistance situation in the Mekong region. She is a medical doctor with a masters

and doctorate degree in Public Health in Developing Countries from the Université Pierre et

Marie Curie, Paris, France. Before joining WHO in 2010, she was a Medical Specialist at the

Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) of the Philippine Department of Health, with

more than 20 years’ experience on clinical, laboratory and field-based research in parasitology

and malaria epidemiology, surveillance and control, in vivo and in vitro drug resistance,

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimalarials, clinical trials for new drugs and new

diagnostic tests. Part of her past work included animal immunogenicity studies for malaria

candidate vaccine molecules; development of training modules and manuals on malaria case

management and preventive measures for village health workers; QA/QC for malaria

microscopy; therapeutic efficacy monitoring of malaria treatment regimen using WHO standard

techniques, laboratory QA and data management. She also serves as a lecturer in post-

graduate courses and international training programs in tropical medicine and public health and

is a thesis reviewer for doctoral students. She is a member of the American Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene and recipient of several research awards, with over 50 publications on

malaria and other parasitic diseases. Her primary work now contributes to the implementation

of the WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination in the GMS along the strategic direction of malaria

elimination, focusing on case

He has published more than 125 peers reviewed papers (journal articles, technical bulletin, and

book chapters). He is a member of various scientific societies, received numerous awards,

presented invited papers at various symposia and conferences and served as a technical

consultant of various international agencies. His current research areas are on the

biosystematics of mosquitoes and sand flies, and modeling potential distribution of mosquitoes

and other vectors, and their infectious diseases. His online contributions are posted on WRBU

websites (www.wrbu.org) including world mosquito interactive identification keys and world

arthropod vector records and distribution models (mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks).

49

Dr. Pradya Somboon

Dr. Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan

Dr. Pradya Somboon is the Associate Professor of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang

Mai University, Thailand. He gets his Ph.D. degree in Medical Entomology and Diploma in

Medical Parasitology from London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United

Kingdom, M.Sc. in Tropical Medicine from Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and B.Sc.

in Medical Technology from Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

is a thesis reviewer for doctoral students. She is a member of the American Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene and recipient of several research awards, with over 50 publications on

malaria and other parasitic diseases. Her primary work now contributes to the implementation

of the WHO Mekong Malaria Elimination in the GMS along the strategic direction of malaria

elimination, focusing on case management, evidence-based drug policy review, and quality

assurance in malaria drugs and diagnostics.

Dr. Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan is a lecturer in the Department of Entomology, Faculty of

Agriculture, Kasetsart University located in Bangkok, Thailand. Ratchadawan was graduated

from Chiang Mai University, where she received Doctoral Degree in Parasitology. After

graduation, Ratchadawan began her career with her specialization in Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) Techniques focusing on vector-borne disease management. That eventually

led to 6 years of experience working on map prediction. Soon afterward, her expanding

expertise in GIS allowed her to included projects in mosquito vectors. Training module for

GIS which providing a basic overview on the use of vector data and remote sensing to assist

in minimizing malaria risk and focusing on anopheline mosquito management were launched

and targeted to Program Monitoring officer PMO and open to professionals in the health

sector.

50

Dr. Rungarun Tisgratog

Prof. Sylvie Manguin

Dr. Michael Bangs

Dr. Rungarun Tisgratog, Ph.D. She graduated from Department of Entomology, Kasetsart

University. She is a lecturer at Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart

University, Bangkok THAILAND. She has been working with a focus on mosquito biology,

ecology, and their behavior. She has developed laboratory assay called Non-Contact Repellency

Assay System (NCRAS) for characterize the chemical action of the repellents for use in the

control of mosquito vectors.

Prof. Sylvie Manguin: Full Research Professor at the French National Research Institute for

Sustainable Development (IRD), her laboratory is based within the University of Montpellier

(UM), France. She has a Ph.D. in Parasitology from UM, France and spent 7 years in Maryland,

USA where she gained strong expertise on malaria vectors in Latin America. Since 1998, her

research has been focused on vector-borne diseases from Southeast Asia (SEA). She is now a

leading medical entomologist whose main interest concerns mosquitoes and vector-borne

diseases such as malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis. She has developed studies on

Anopheles mosquitoes from 3 Asia, Africa, Americas, including molecular species identification,

population genetics, vectorial capacities, spatial surveillance, midgut microbiota biodiversity,

salivary immunological markers, and vector control approaches. She built strong relationships

with scientists from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and China.

She is teaching medical entomology in France (UM), Thailand (Kasetsart University) and

Indonesia (Gadjah Mada University). Since 2006, has been the advisor of over 30 Asian students

(Master, Ph.D., Post-doctorate). With a h-index of 32 (WoS June 2019), she is the author of over

100 publications, 6 book chapters, 3 books. She is also the Secretary-General of the

International Federation of Tropical Medicine (IFTM).

51

Dr. Michael Bangs has dual Bachelor of Science degrees in Invertebrate Zoology and

Biochemistry (Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff), dual Master of Science degrees in Public

Health (Infectious Disease Epidemiology) and Medical Entomology (University of California, Los

Angeles), and a Doctorate in Medical Zoology/Entomology (Uniformed Services University of the

Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland).

Currently, Dr. Bangs serves as senior consultant on vector-borne disease control on malaria and

vector control for International SOS Ltd. This portfolio includes site assessments for vector-

borne disease risk and mitigation, and the design and implementation of vector control programs

in Asia, the Western Pacific, Africa and the Americas. He continues both basic and applied

collaborative research on malaria and mosquito-borne arbovirus vectors. Dr. Bangs maintains

an array of consulting and teaching activities in public health entomology, vector-borne disease

epidemiology, and health impact and risk assessments. With nearly 45 years of experience, he

is an acknowledged expert in the epidemiology and prevention of vector-borne diseases,

particularly malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis, with over 300 publications in peer-reviewed

biomedical journals. He continues to dedicate professional and personal time for enhancing the

technical capabilities in vector-borne disease control in developing countries and encouraging

the generation to follow.

Dr. Michael Bangs

52

Organizers and facilitators

Miss Anchana Sumarnote received Ph.D. degree from the Department of

Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University in 2018 and has

currently worked as a lecturer at Department of Entomology, Kasetsart

University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus. She has a particular interest in the field

of medical entomology, especially mosquitoes, and also in field of agricultural

entomology and insect toxicology. The previous scientific research was on the

biology of Anopheles mosquitoes, insecticide resistance, vectorial capacity and

role in malaria transmission.

Dr. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap

Dr. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap received his Ph.D. from the Uniformed Services University,

MD. in 1995 and is currently a full Professor at the Department of Entomology, Faculty of

Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. His researches are focused on vector

behavior in response to insecticides used in control interventions and in response to the use of

repellents and candidate botanicals and some works on vector population genetics. One of his

major accomplishments is the patenting of the "Excito-Repellency Box" (PATENT N0. 19319 on

Excito-Repellency Escape Chamber for Behavioral Test in Mosquito Vectors) which is

considered as one of the standard procedures in determining avoidance behavior of mosquito

vectors to insecticides.

53

Miss Amonrat Panthawong is the fourth year Ph.D. student under Prof.

Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Department of Entomology, Kasetsart

University, Thailand. Her research focuses on arthropod-vectors (mosquitoes,

fleas, mites, and ticks) of (re-) emerging infectious diseases and their

pathogens with some control measures.

Mr. Chatchai TANANCHAI is Ph.D. student under Prof. Theeraphap

Chareonviriyaphap at Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture,

Kasetsart University, Bangkok. His current research on the behavior of

Anopheles mosquitoes, bionomics of vectors of human diseases, vector

incrimination and vector competence studies.

Mr. Chris Daeyun Kim has worked in the public health field since 2009 by

working as a researcher at a pesticide company in Seoul, Korea for 5 years. He

contributed developing various innovative household products not only for

urban pests (e.g. ants, cockroaches, dust mites, bed bugs, etc.) but also

medically important vectors, especially, mosquitoes. During his graduate study

in USM(Universiti Sains Malaysia) in Penang, he successfully published a

public attention paper, “Difference in Climbing Ability of Cimex lectularius and

Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)” describing limitations of pitfall traps

against tropical bed bugs (Kim et al., 2017). Currently, Chris Daeyun Kim lives

in Bangkok, Thailand for his Ph.D. at Kasetsart University titled, “Chemical lure

development as attractants for diurnal mosquito, Aedes aegypti and noctiurnal

mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus surveillance tools”.

54

Dr. Htin Kyaw Thu is a medical doctor and a public health professional.

Appointed as Technical Specialist at Malaria Consortium Asia, Htin is

responsible for the program coordination of the APMEN VCWG. Htin also serves

under different capacities in the GMS region, as such Alternative Member to the

Malaria Civil Society Organizations Representatives at the Global Fund to Fight

AIDS, TB, and Malaria Regional Artemisinin-resistance Initiative (RAI) Regional

Steering Committee. Htin is also a focal point for organizing committee of the 2nd

International Malaria Vector Surveillance for Elimination Training Course.

Mr. Jirod NARARAK is currently Ph.D. candidate under Prof. Theeraphap

Chareonviriyaphap and Prof. Sylvie Manguin (Co-registration) at Department of

Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok and

University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. His research focuses on

understanding of behavior of mosquitoes to topical plant-based repellents. He

has a particular interest in identifying the active ingredient from plant to repel

mosquitoes.

Mr. Khomsam Uan-Nual is the Administrative Officer at Malaria Consortium

Asia, based in Bangkok, Thailand. Sam is providing logistics support for the 2nd

MVSE course including travel arrangements, coordination, and on-site logistics

support. Sam graduated with Bachelor Degree in English for Communication

from Kasem Bundit University in Bangkok.

55

Mr. Manop Saeung is the master student at Department of Entomology, Faculty

of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok THAILAND. He has been studying

about susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to temephos

and evaluation of Light Emitting Diode (LED) light traps against night biting

mosquitoes.

Patcharawan Sirisopa has worked at National Institute of Health of Thailand,

Ministry of Public Health. Currently, and currently she is a first-year Ph.D. student

of Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University. Her

research interest is plant-based mosquito repellents.

Dr. Sunaiyana Sathantriphop received a Ph.D. in Medical Entomology in 2015

from Kasetsart University, Bangkok. She is currently working as a Medical

Scientist in the Chemical Control Section, Medical Entomology Group, National

Institute of Health (Thai NIH), Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public

Health, Nonthaburi. Her work is related to evaluate the biological efficacy of

formulated insecticide products for registration with FDA (Food and Drug

Administration) Thailand. Her research focuses on household pest control and

insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.

56

Mr. Suntorn PIMNON is currently Ph.D. student under Prof. Theeraphap

Chareonviriyaphap at Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture,

Kasetsart University, Bangkok. His research focuses on novel trap used for

outdoor human landing collection in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. He

has a particular interest the species diversity of Anopheles vectors at

agricultural land use changes and agri-environmental climatic conditions that

can cause human impacts of malaria.

57

Annex (4): Pre and Post-test questionnaire

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59

60

Annex (5): Participant feedback form

61

62

63

Annex (6): Course agenda

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

30th Sep 2019

Monday (Day 1)

06:30 – 08:00

Breakfast KU Home

08:00-08:15

Van to FOA, KU

08:20 – 08:40

Welcome speech Opening speech

KU President Dean of FOA Room 204,

Vachiranusorn Building, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University

08:40 – 08:50

Welcome on behalf of APMEN Braack

08:50 – 09:20

Group Photograph Rungarun

09:20 – 09:45

Introductions & general outline of course (expectations both ways, and anticipated outcomes)

Theeraphap

Room 303, Vachiranusorn Building

09:45 – 10:15

Initial baseline knowledge evaluation (questionnaire-based)

Braack

10:15 – 10:45

Tea Break

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

30th Sep 2019

Monday (Day 1)

Module 1: Introduction and Context

10:45 – 11:30

Other non-malaria mosquito-borne diseases (arboviruses, filariasis)

Braack Room 303, Vachiranusorn Building 11:30 –

12:30 Study design and data analysis Maude

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch Room 106, Vachiranusorn Building

14:00 – 14:45

Introduction to the WHO e-learning module on MEVC, as well as other vector control documents and support

Hugo Room 301, Vachiranusorn Building 14:45 –

15:30

What is a NMCP or other vector control Entomologist expected to do? Skills-needs definition and enabling tools identification

Chusak

15:30 – 16:00

Tea Break

64

16:00 – 17:20

Developing a work plan that addresses the entomological needs of the NMCP or organization: Core elements.

Chusak Room 301, Vachiranusorn Building

17:20 – 17:30

Group discussion: recap and review of key lessons of the day

Braack

18:30 – 20:00

Dinner at KU Home Rungarun

KU Home

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

1st Oct 2019

Tuesday (Day 2)

06:30 – 07:30

Breakfast KU Home

07:45 - 08:00

Van to FOA, KU

08:00 – 08:10

Group discussion: recap and expectations for the day Braack Room 303, Vachiranusorn Building

Module 2: Malaria Vector Biology and Identification

08:10 – 09:00

The need for accurate vector identification: Bionomics of dominant vectors in the Asia Pacific

Manguin Room 303, Vachiranusorn

Building 09:00 – 10:00

Species complexes and techniques Manguin

10:00 – 10:30

Tea Break

10:30 – 11:30

Mosquito morphology and systematics: theoretical introduction

Rueda Room 303, Vachiranusorn Building

11:30 – 12:30

Mosquito morphology: microscope introduction to mosquito genera - Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Armigeres

Rueda Room 303, Vachiranusorn Building

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch

14:00 – 15:30

Adult morphological identification using generic keys, including Anopheles vector series, species group (using interactive computerized and dichotomous keys)

Rueda Room 301/512 Vachiranusorn Building

15:30 – 16:00

Tea break

16:00 – 17:30

Larval morphological identification using generic keys, including Anopheles vector series, Species groups

Rueda

Room 301/512 Vachiranusorn Building

18:30 – 20:00

Dinner Rungarun KU Home

65

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

2nd Oct 2019

Wednesday (Day 3)

Module 3: Basic GIS for vector mapping

06:30 – 08:15

Breakfast KU Home

08:15 - 08:30

Van to FOA, KU

08:40 – 09:00

Installing QGIS Get to know QGIS, data sources used in GIS

Ratchadawan

Computer room, 8th floor, Vachiranuson Building

09:00 – 10:00

Data collection, capture and storage: Vector Data (Open shapefiles and open delimited text layer (e.g., points based on a table with Coordinates), Raster Data

Ratchadawan

10:00 – 10:30

Tea Break

10:00 - 12:30

Data collection, capture and storage: Vector Data (open shapefiles and open delimited text layer (e.g., points based on a table with Coordinates), Raster Data

Ratchadawan

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

14:00 – 17:30

Geo-Processing of Data Layers - Some basic raster operations - Using vector and raster datasets together Making a Quality Map. - Final formatting and exporting the map

Ratchadawan

Computer room, 8th floor, Vachiranuson Building

18:30 – 20:00

Dinner at KU Home Rungarun KU Home

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

3rd Oct 2019

Thursday (Day 4)

Module 4: Sampling and processing of malaria vectors

06:30 – 08:00

Breakfast and Check Out

KU Home

08:00-08:15

Van to FOA, KU

08:20 – 09:00

Adult trapping/collection and processing (theory) Rueda

Room 303, Vachiranuson Building

09:00 – 10:00

Larval sampling, mapping and processing (theory); specimen data-basing (basic datasets, spreadsheets, etc.)

Rueda

10:00 – 10:30

Tea Break

66

10:30 – 11:15

Adult processing (pinning, labeling, storage, etc, using Insectary specimens): practical

Rueda

11:15 – 12:30

Larval processing (mounting on slides, labeling etc. of exuviae and whole larvae): practical

Rueda

12:30 – 13:30

Lunch

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

13:30 – 17:00

Travel to the field site, check into hotel Field trip

18:30 – 20:00

Dinner at the River Kwai Hotel River Kwai Hotel

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

4th Oct 2019

Friday (Day 5)

0630 – 08:00

Breakfast at the River Kwai Hotel and Check out River Kwai Hotel

08:10 – 09:10

Sampling and processing of malaria vectors Briefing/preparation for larval collections (1h in hotel) Practical field larval collections, mapping and processing

Rueda, Theeraphap

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

09:20 – 09:45

Travel to field sites A, B, C, D, E, F (six groups) as shown in a map

Theeraphap Field

09:45 – 13:00

Continue larval collections in field Theeraphap Field

13:00 – 14:00

Lunch (in the field) Field

14:00 – 14:20

Return to hotel (River Kwai)

14:20 – 16:00

Process samples, do isoline rearing, and larval identifications into species groups

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

16:00 – 16:20

Travel to the field site (six groups) Theeraphap

16:20 – 17:20

Set up traps for night-time adult collections Theeraphap Field

17:20 – 18:00

Dinner in the field (take away) Field

18:00 – 22:00

Practical experience using different adult traps, observation and discussion. Volunteers do Human Landing Catches (45 minute sessions 18:00 – 22:00)

Theeraphap

Field

22:00 – 22:20

Return to hotel (Field Hotel) *

Field Hotel

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DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

5th Oct 2019 Saturday (Day 6)

06:30 – 08:00

Breakfast Field Hotel

08:30 – 09:00

Travel to River Kwai Hotel

09:30 – 12:30

Sampling and processing of malaria vectors Processing of previous night mosquito catches and morphological identification into main species groups, storage of specimens. (Pre-prepared fully identified specimens will be available for reference purposes)

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch at River Kwai Hotel River Kwai

Hotel

14:00 – 17:30

Further practise in morphological identification of previous night mosquito catches into main species groups and storage of specimens (Pre-prepared fully identified specimens will be available for reference purposes)

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

17:30 – 18:00

Submission of field collections and specimens to KU staffs (Jirod, Chris, Amornrat, Manop, Chatchai)

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

18:30 – 20:00

Dinner at River Kwai Hotel River Kwai Hotel

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

6th Oct 2019 Sunday (Day 7)

Module 5: Mosquito identification using bench aids and pictorial keys (see Annex 1 below)

06:30 – 08:30 Breakfast at River Kwai Hotel River Kwai Hotel

09:00 – 10:30

Review of pinned/voucher adult specimens from lab collections and contributions from participants; Subgenus Anopheles- Series and Species Group: Adult

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

10:30 – 11:00 Tea Break River Kwai Hotel

11:00 – 12:30 Subgenus Cellia – Series and Species Group: Adult

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch River Kwai Hotel

14:00 – 15:30 Subgenus Anopheles – Series and Species Group: Larvae

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

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15:30 – 16:00 Tea Break River Kwai Hotel

16:00 – 17:30 Subgenus Cellia – Series and Species Group: Larvae

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

18:00 – 19:30 Dinner at River Kwai Hotel River Kwai Hotel

19:30 – 22:00 Continue mosquito processing and identification of field collected larval (isoline) samples

Rueda

Seminar room, River Kwai Hotel

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

7th Oct 2019 Monday (Day 8)

10:00 Travel to Bangkok (after breakfast)

16:00 Check in at Maruay Garden Hotel

Free day

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

8th Oct 2019 Tuesday (Day9)

06:30 –

07:30 Breakfast at Maruay Garden Hotel

Maruay Garden Hotel

07:45 –

08:15 Van to FOA, KU

08:30 –

09:30

Malaria: Current status, globally, regionally, background to malaria control – Elimination continuum. Challenges.

Bustos Room 303, Vachiranuson Building

09:30 –

10:30

Hyrcanus Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles)

Rueda

Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

10:30 –

11:00 Tea Break

11:00 –

12:30

Barbirostris Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles)

Pradya

Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

12:30 –

14:00 Lunch at FOA, KU

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

14:00 –

15:30

Umbrosus Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles)

Pradya Room 301/512,

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Vachiranuson Building

15:30 –

16:00 Tea Break

16:00 –

17:30

Funestus Group (Myzorhynchus Series, Subgenus Anopheles)

Pradya

Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

18:00 –

19:30 Dinner at FOA, KU

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

19:30 –

22:00

Continue mosquito identification of field-collected larval (isoline) samples

Pradya

Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

9th Oct 2019 Wednesday

(Day 10)

06:30 –

07:30 Breakfast at Maruay Garden Hotel

Maruay Garden Hotel

07:45 –

08:15 Van to FOA, KU

08:30 – 10:00

Minimus Subgroup, Funestus Group (Myzomyia Series, Subgenus Anopheles)

Pradya

Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

10:00 – 10:30

Tea break

10:30 – 12:30

Leucosphyrus Group (Neomyzomyia Series, Subgenus Cellia)

Pradya

Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

14:00 – 15:30

Leucosphyrus Group (Neomyzomyia Series, Subgenus Cellia)

Pradya

Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

15:30 – 16:00

Tea Break

16:00 – 17:30

Ludlowae Group (Sundaicus Complex & Subpictus Complex, Pyretophorus Series, Subgenus Cellia)

Pradya

Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

18:00 –

19:30 Dinner at FOA, KU

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

19:30 – 22:00

Continue mosquito identification of field collected larval (isoline) samples

Pradya

Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

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DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

10th Oct 2019

Thursday (Day 11)

06:30 –

07:30 Breakfast at Maruay Garden Hotel Maruay Garden Hotel

07:45 –

08:15 Van to FOA, KU

08:30 – 10:00

Maculatus Group (Neocellia Series, Subgenus Cellia)

Pradya Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

10:00 – 10:30

Tea break

10:30 – 12:00

Annularis and Jamesii Groups (Neocellia Series, Subgenus Cellia)

Pradya Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

12:00 – 13:30

Lunch Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

13:30 – 15:30

WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays (5 groups: 6 delegates per group)

Bangs Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

15:30 – 16:00

Tea break

16:30 – 18:00

Continue mosquito identification of field collected larval (isoline) samples Submission of isoline specimens (mounted) to Rungarun

Bangs Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

18:00

Dinner at FOA, KU

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

DATE TIME AGENDA SPEAKER ROOM

11th Oct 2019

Friday (Day 12)

Module 6: Insectary and Mosquito Colony Management, Use of Colony Material

06:30 – 08:00

Breakfast at Maruay Garden Hotel Maruay Garden Hotel

08:00 – 08:30

Van to Mosquito Laboratory, KU

08:30 – 10:00

Visit to insectary, Group 1. Demonstration of colony maintenance techniques, Mosquito feeding and colony hygiene, human ethics issues. Specialized techniques: Group 2. Forced mating & insemination, forced oviposition etc. Group 3. Membrane feeding Group 4. Insect museum

Theeraphap Mosquito Lab, KU

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Group 5. Anopheles colony Group 6. PCR room

10:00 Van to FOA, KU (10 mins)

10:00 – 10:30

Tea Break

11th Oct 2019

Friday (Day 12)

10:30 – 11:30

Results: WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays (5 groups) Bangs

Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building 11:30 –

12:00

Methods and purposes of mosquito colony establishment and maintenance: Basic infrastructural considerations, egg, larval, pupal, adult considerations, Aedes, Culex and Anopheles.

Hii

12:00 – 12:30

Quality control of Anopheles spp identification: demonstration and practice in transferring specimens from WHO tube and CDC bottle assays to micro-beem tubes for dispatch to KU, recording form, and SOP

Hii Room 303/512, Vachiranuson Building

12:30 – 14:00

Lunch at FOA, KU Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

14:00 – 15:30

Post-test / Course Evaluation Ratchadawan Room 301/512, Vachiranuson Building

15:30 – 16:30

Tea Break

16:30-18:00

Return to the hotel

18:00 Certificate & Photo Presentation Closing Ceremony, Dinner at FOA, KU

Braack, Theeraphap

Room 106, Vachiranuson Building

12th Oct 2019

Friday (Day 13)

Participants travel back to their home countries

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Annex (7): Individual Reports from Course Organizers Reported by Dr. Leopolodo M. Rueda, PhD

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75

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Reported by Dr. Micheal J. Bangs, PhD

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Annex (7): Training budget

Summary

Cost category VCWG APMEN/

APLMA

Secretariat

ACTMalaria UCSF Shwin

Chan

WHO Kasetsart

University

1. Travel related costs 49,870 2,718 498 - 857 1,254 3,232

2. Training event costs 1,671 461 - 9,078 230 461 350

3. Training supplies 4,564 164 - 3,888 82 164 2,155

Subtotal (% of total) 56,105

(69%)

3,343

(4%)

498

(1%)

12,965

(16%)

1,169

(1%)

1,879

(2%)

5,737

(7%)

Total 81,696

Costs are in USD (US$)

Comment

Travel related costs included costs for the flight (international and domestic), visa, per diem,

insurance package, accommodation, taxi and local transportation for participants and

trainers/facilitators as well as KU facilitation team

Training event costs include meals (lunch and dinner), refreshments and catering

Training supplies costs include preparation of mosquito samples, renting/maintenance

microscopes, stationary, video production, promo materials (uniform), entertainment during

closing ceremony

APMEN/APLAMA Secretariat fully funded for 2 representatives from India

Shwin Chan Co Ltd fully funded 1 participant from Myanmar

ACTMalaria partially funded (only travel related costs) participants from 4 participants

Philippines, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Flights, local transport (taxi) were paid directly

by ACTMalaria so these costs were not reflected in this report

WHO Myanmar fully funded 2 participants from Myanmar

Kasetsart University allow use of classroom, lecture rooms, seminar halls with free of charge

and additional contribution towards meeting supplies and training event costs