Cotton textile2008

Layout of the project of cotton textile industry of Pakistan.

Raw material

Processes

Output[products]

Uses of products

Location

Importance of location

Problems faced by the industry

faced by the people,environment,economy

Question bank[2000-2007]

Source:

www.google.com

www.cleo.net.uk

BADIN

SANGHAR

NAWABSHAH

RAHIM YAR KHAN

BAHALWALPUR

MULTAN

MUZZAFFARGARH

KHANEWAL

SAHIWAL

BAHALWALNAGAR

VEHARI

Karachi as the largest cotton textile centre in Pakistan.

Faisalabad as the second most favorable textile centre in Pakistan.

Raw materialRaw material is any unprocessed natural product used in manufacture of any consumer good. In the case of cotton, raw cotton is the main raw material.

Transportation of Cotton After Ginning

Cotton Bales Processing

Process:

At the textile mill, the bales are opened by machines, and the lint is mixed and cleaned further by blowing and beating. The short lint that comes out usually is separated and sold for use in other industries

Carding:

The combing action of the carding machine finishes the job of cleaning and straightening the fibers, and makes them into a soft, untwisted rope called a sliver.

The spinning devices take fibers from the sliver and rotate it up to 2,500 revolutions in a second twist that makes fibers into a yarn for weaving or knitting into fabrics.

Spinning

Weaving and knitting:Machines called looms weave cotton yarns into fabrics the same way the first hand weaving frames did. Modern looms work at great speeds. Until 1830 most weaving was done by hand on a wooden loom After 1830 the power loom was used in factories to weave cloth.

Hand weaving

framesknitting

Power loom

Final checking:Folding MachinesAfter the weaving is complete, the fabric is taken to the checking department where it is checked and mended if necessary. After the fabric has been woven and checked thoroughly, it is folded by folding machines .

Finishing processes included dyeing, bleaching and printing. Some cotton goods are made by cotton manufacturers themselves.

Finishing

By products:•The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned, is used to produce cottonseed oil, which after refining can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. •The cottonseed meal that is left, is generally fed to livestock.

•Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers are typically less than 1/8in, 3mm long. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose

Lint

Seeds

ProductsCotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth, used to make highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim, used to make blue jeans; chambray popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets are often made from cotton. Cotton is also used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester.

Cotton Fabric Bags

Cotton production supports Pakistan’s largest industrial sector, comprising some 400 textile mills. It is by any measure Pakistan’s most important economic sector.

• 1.3 million farmers (out of a total of 5 million) cultivate cotton over 3 million hectares, covering 15 per cent of the cultivable area in the country.•Cotton and cotton products contribute about 10 per cent to GDP and 55 per cent to the foreign exchange earnings of the country.•Taken as a whole, between 30 and 40 per cent of the cotton ends up as domestic consumption of final products. The remaining is exported as raw cotton, yarn, cloth, and garments. •   The sector provides employment to a very large number of people •Pakistan is the fifth largest producer of cotton in the world, the third largest exporter of raw cotton, the fourth largest consumer of cotton, and the largest exporter of cotton yarn.

Importance of cotton textile industry in Pakistan:

Problems faced by the industry:Shortage of raw materials: this is due to the crop and soil diseases.

Market recession: this is due to immense competition. Over capitalization and hence unfeasible performance.

Uncertain viability of spinning sector at international prices of raw cotton

Financial constraints: this is due to low crop yield.

Lack of timely modernization according to the market requirement: this is due to outdated machinery and lack of technical knowledge

In-efficient management: this is due to the firm being too large to control by the relatively incapable supervisors .

Labour problems: unskilled labour due to lack of training.

Disputes amongst directors/family/share holders and various cases pending in courtsLaw and order situation: this is due to political instability and corruption

Power disconnection: this is due to frequent long hours of load shading which results in the damage of machinery.

Economic ProblemsIn order to meet the increasing demand of cotton, cotton has to be imported and due to which a huge amount of foreign exchange has to be spent to import cotton.

If cotton is destroyed by a lot of pests then local market and the export of cotton will be effected and Pakistan will be short of revenue.

if cotton is destroyed because of alot of pests, this means that there would be a decrease in the crop yield and then export of cotton is dropped and the cotton industry is at a loss. It will have to invest more money to grow new crops which is a burden on the economy.

Some cotton pests

Cotton is the top crop consuming around 85 % of applied pesticides. Heavy consumption of pesticides and poor irrigation practices turn the fields barren- contaminated with salt and pesticides. Drinking water pollution, childhood illness including blood diseases and birth defects are observed.Cotton textile workers have an increased prevalence of both obstructive and restrictive lung function patterns when compared to control subjects. Secondary pest outbreaks, ecosystem imbalance and crop failure are some other side effects.The experience of undesired effects from the application of pesticides in cotton

field had been a global reality.

Problems faced by the people,environment:

A full-time farm worker since the age of seven, Matthews is all too familiar with the effects of pesticides. In a single day's work with plants saturated in heavy chemicals, Matthews has lost her finger and toenails.

Question bank

b)1) Explain why Karachi is the largest cotton textile manufacturing center in Pakistan.

[4]

2) Two of the three main cotton textile manufacturing centers of Pakistan are situated within areas which grow cotton. Name one of these centers. [1]

3)Quetta is a ‘market-oriented’ cotton textile manufacturing center.what does this mean? [2]

c)1)Compare transport by road and rail for raw cotton from the farms to where it is processesed within Pakistan. [3]