cornel ii nepotis

CORNEL II NEPOTIS

V I T iE

Excellentium Imperatorum:

Cum Verfione Anglica, in qua verbum de

verbo, quantum fieri potuit, redditur.

O R,

CORNELIUS NEPOS’s

LIVES

OF THE

Excellent Commanders :

With an Englifh tranflation, as literal as poffible ;

and large explanatory Notes.

By Mr ROBERT A R R O L,

Late Mailer of the Grammar-fchool of Greenock.

The THIRD EDITION.

EDINBURGH:

Printed for BELL & BRADFUTE, J. DICKSON, and W. CREECH.

M.DCCXCI7,

<? ** r'0 - * B

12»%wro 1976.

■/»K ^

t •

PREFACE.

^ H ""'HE reafons for attempting this e-

' dition of Cornelius Nepos with a

literal tranllation, after the wor-

thy Mr yohn Clarke, are fuch as follow.

As feveral gentlemen of polite education,

have been complaining much of Mr

Clarke’s Latin text; fo, when compared

with Augujlinus Van Staverens edition of

the author, juftly reckoned the bed ex-

tant, it would appear, that Mr Clarke.

has copied too clofe after Dionyfius Lam--

binus, who Hands much condemned in

Staverens notes. A few inftances of many

will tend to make this clear. In the life

of I’imotheus, near the beginning of chap.

2. Mr Clarke has Achatnanas inllead of A-

thamanas; upon v/hich we have the fol-

lowing remark in Staverens notes, p. 320.

LongoUus, cjufque fubltdor Lambinus Acar-

nanas contra MSS. Gebhard, &c. In Che-

brias, chap. 2. Mr Clarke reads, mult a in.

sEgypto fua fponte gejjit. In Staverens

notes, p. 308. Ediderat LongoUus fua fp.

A 2 qusedain.

IV PREFACE.

quad am gefT. ir.de coifejlim Lambinus, ho~

vio ad niutanduni eveTapcgarar®’, [maximeprc-

?:us), multa intrufit. Neutrum vero^ neque

multa, neque qusedam agnofcunt libri ca-

larr.o picli: illud multa ex pracedcnti Intel-

ligiiur, Gebh. At the end of the 2d chap.

of Pelopidas, on thefe words, a quo et tem-

pi! s ct dies erat datus, Mr Clarke obferves

thus, “ The text feems to be faulty here ;

“ there can, I think, be no occafion for

“ temp us and dies both.” This he feems

to have taken from Lambin', as would ap-

pear from Stavcrens notes, p. 410. Spa'id

jibi Tult et tempus et dies ? nonne idem

funt tempus ct dies ? utrum tempus diet

fignifeat, an anni % Ita Lambinus: plane

'ridicule; tern pus cnim diei inlelligi, peter at

ex antccedd. difeere: cum tempore ipfo,

quo fluduerant, perveniflent. Senfus igitur

id, et diem, ct tempus diei Charonem fi- gnificb/fe, Bcfms. In Hamilcars life, to-

wards the end of the fir ft chap. Mr Clarke

reads tenner ant ; upon which we have this

remark in Staverens notes, p. 550. Pro

tenuerunt, Lambinus ct alii. tenuerant :

non ita congrue : nam adbuc ten chant, cum

ifia agerentur, Bofius. In Epanunondas,

.at the end of the 3d chap. Mr Clarke has

j'cird quibus ct quantum cuique deberet; in

Stavereus notes, /. 376. Scribendum vet. libb.

PREFACE. v

libb. auEloritatt, fciret quantum cuique

deberet. Letlio vnljata eji tradux Lam-

bin': a na\ Gebh. In Datames, about the

middle of the ydi chap. Mr Clarke reads,

atquz co loci ire; Sraveren, eo loco, which

is thus explained in his notes, p. 357. EH

parte agminis, qu.i ipfc ut dux folcbat con-

fpici: ut patet ex co qicjJ mox fequitur, de-

cepti ordine. bL are male Lambinus eo lo-

ci hgit, alque exp mil in eum locum, Bofius.

Moreover, the word plcbifcitum occurs in

tour places of the text ufed by Mr Clarke,

viz. Life iii. chap. 1. vii. 5. xv. 7. xix. 2.

in all which it is altered here to populi-

feitum, and that for the following reuibns

in Slaverens notes, p. 114. Vulgali 0-

tnuss, plebifcito ; fed neuhquam fpernehdum

judieo 70 populi Icito, quod el heic in MSS.

Dan. ac Leidenfi: el in iifdem aat alii7

codd, infra legitur. Id, five quod abbre-

viate feriptum effet pplifcito vcl plifeito,

feu quid ignotum illis effet, imperili libra* ii in

notius mutarunt. Dicebatur autem apud Ro-

manos populi feitum lex five juffum a po-

pulo fad urn

More of this kind might have been add-

ed from the fame Siaveren \ but one would

readily think, that the above inftances,

which are fairly quoted, do fufficiently

fliow, that Mr Clark< has kept but too

A 3 clofe

PREFACE.

clofe to Lambin's, or fome other faulty

edition of our author.

In this edition the publilher endeavours

to copy after the laborious, learned Stave-

ren, except in a few things; amongft

which he prefumes to differ from that

gentleman in fpelling fome words, and

choofes rather to follow Ainfwortb's dic-

tionary in that point. He likewife hum-

bly takes the chronological account of

the' battle of Leuclra, as laid down in

the notes,‘/e 415. to be a confiderable

mi flake. The words are, In Lcuclr. pug-

nil] qum commiffa ejl anno ante Cbriftum na-

tum MCXXC. that is, 1180, Now, if

this be admitted, it makes the battle of

Leublra to have been fought, and Epami-

mndas to have lived, about 300 years be-

fore the inflitution of the Olympiads;

whereas it cannot be well refufed, that

Epaminondas flourifhed about the load

Olympiad, EsV.. However, we can fcarce

well take this to be an error of the judg-

ment, but fhould rather impute it to the

prefs, hurryr overfight, or fome fuch

thing.

The Or do, or putting the author’s words

in the grammatical order, was prepared

for the prefs ; but fome gentlemen of fu-

perior ikili difiuaded the publifher from printing:

PREFACE. vii

printing it, alleging it was altogether need-

lefs, fince the tranllation was put on the

fame page with the Latin.

As for the tranllation, in regard it is

well known that Mr John Clarke was a

gentleman very liifficient for tranllating

either in a literal or free way, (but if he

had publifhed lefs, perhaps his works

would have been better done), and be-

caufe his tranflation of Nepos is reckoned

one of his bell pieces, it is therefore moft-

ly retained in this edition, but altered in

many places, efpecially where the two

texts differ. His notes are likewife re-

tained, yet helped and enlarged in feveral

places ; and the additional notes made by

the publifher are dillinguifhed from Mr

Clarke’s, by a crotchet before or after them.

After all, the publifher is very fenfible

of his own fmall abilities for this work,

and to how many worthy gentlemen he

has been obliged in carrying it on; as al-

fo, that many of his brethren were by far

more fufficient for the undertaking: hut

if it fhall be found in fome fhape better

than it was formerly, he hopes the compe-

tent, candid judge will pardon his efcapes

and defeats, and accept of his honeft de-

figns and defires to ferve the public.

*744*. &• A.

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Geh. Joannes Vossius, Gerard Vossius’s LIFE

d e

CORNELIO NEPOTE.

Ornelius Nepos et ante Cufaris di- flaluram, et eo

Kclatore, et pojlea vixit. Iheronymis in Chrcnico Eu-

Jeliauo refert ilium ad an- r.um slugujli quartum. Nec rn'rqua »i repug near, colli- genli inde, turn thmum di- •vulgare ea caepijje opera, quit tie maxime inclaruit. Padi erat accola, tejh Pli- r.io, lib. Hi. cap. xviii. unde Catullo epigrammate pri- ms, Italus ; Aufonio autem, epijl. xxiv. Gallus •vacatur; nernpe quia Italia Trcmf- padana. diceretur Gallia Togata. De urbe patria quicquam fe habere com- J erti, negat Elias Venttus, in Aujm. Idyll. \ii. At Veromnfem fuijfs, in Lean- dri Alberti Italia lego : uti et in Cqfmogrcphia optimi atque amicifj’mi quondam •viri, Pauli MeniLc. Imo, cx Veronerjium kjlorico- runt jyllabo f quern doff if-

Jitnus athprfj'mtijque Alex- ander Bccedus, Eu orn rjis urbis Canccllarius, fecit, ac illnjlt ijfimus Homes, 1'er- nandus Nogarola, vir tit

O F

CORNELIUS NEPOS.

COrnelius Nepos lived before and under the difta- torlhip of Csefar, and af-

ter it too. Jerom in Eufebius’s Chronicle places him under the fourth year of Auguftus’s reign. Nor (hall 1 much difpute with any one, that may from thence pretend to infer, that he begun at that time to publi(h the works he was afterwards fo very famous for. He lived nigh the Po, as appears from Pliny, book Hi. c. 18. For which reafon he is called by Catullus, in his firft epigram, an Italian ; and by Aufonius, in his 24th epiftle, a Gaul, becaufe that part of Italy beyond the Po was called Gallia Togata. Elias Ve- netus, upon the 7th Idyllium of Aufonius, tells us, he was never able to make any difeovery as to the place of his nativity. Bnt I find inLeanderAlbeitus’s account of Italy, that he was a native of Verona, as likevvife in the cof- mography of that very worthy gentleman,and formerly my very good friend, Paul Vlerula. Nay, further I perceive, from a collec- tion of the hiilorians of Verona, (which that very learned and honourable perfou Alexander Be* cellos, Chancellor of Verona,

gtnere.

X De Cornelio Nepoê.

gcncre, ita^ liter arum Jlu- dio nobiljjjtmus, cum v. cl. Laurentio Pignotw, atque is mecum, comnunicavit), intclllgo, natum futffe Ne- potem in Hoflilta; qui Fe- ronenjium vicus ejly Tacilo, Plinio, Ca][iodoroy et Slnto- nino in Itinerario nitmora- tus, hodieque ecchfiajlicte Veromnfium jurifdicTwni

fubditus. Hijloricus hie Ciceronis amicus familia- ris a Gcllio vacatur, lib. xv. cap. xxviii. Chronica

ftripjijje, tejlis ejl idem Gel- lius, lib. xxvi. cap. xxi. In his pro triplici tempore,

jutiSixu, $ iffir.u, (de quibus ex Far rone, et alits, libro de arte hijlori- ca diximusJ, tres videtur fcripjjfe libras ; ac Jin- gulis unius temporis nar- tationem effe complexus. Sane tres libras fecijj'e Nepotem, quibus omne ce- vum comprehenderit, !i- •quid'o tejlatur Catullus initio Hendecafyllaborum. Fee hijloricinn tempts s ab eo folum ejfe traftatum, indicia ejl illud Arfonii : Apologos Titiani, et Ne- jiotis Chronica, qtiafi alios apologos (nam et ipla inliar fabularum funt) ad nobiiitatem team mifi. Item ex eo, quod Tertulia- nus in Apo/egetico adverfus gentes (ubi eutn rater antiquitatum Cxtmmentate- res difertim reptsnl J di- cif, haul aliud Satavnvm,

made, and the moft illuftrious Count Fernand Nogarola, a gentleman as confiderable for his learning as quality, communica- ted to the famous Laurentius Pignotius, from whom I had the favour of a fight of it ; 1 perceive, I fay), that Nepos was born in Hoftilia, which is a village in the territory of Verona, mentioned by Tacitus, Pliny, Caffiodorus, and Antoninus in his Itinerary, and is at this day fubjeft to the ecclefiaftical jurif- diftion of Verona. Our hiitori- an is called by Gellius, book i 5. ch. 28. an intimate friend of Ci- cero ; and that he writ a chronicle, we have the tedimony of the fame Gellius, book 2 6. ch. 21» And agreeably to that triple di- vifion of time into uncertain, fa- bulous, and hiftorical, (of which I have given an account out of Varro and others, in my treatife of the art of writing hiftory), he feems to have divided it into three books, and in each of thefe to have comprifed a nar- rative of each refpedtive time. For that Nepos writ three books, in which he comprehended the whole feries of time, Catullus, in the beginning of his Hen- decafyllaba, declares in exprefs terms; and that the hillorical time was not the foie fubjecl of liis chronicle,appearspretty plain from this paffage in Auionius : I have fent to your Highnefs the apologues of Titian, and Nepos’s chronicle, as containing another fet of apologues (for they are indeed no better than fables) ; as

quant

De Cornelio Nepote. xi

quatn hominem, promul- likcwife from what Tertulliart gtljfc. Quod etiam LaElan- in his apology again ft. the Gen- tius tradlt, lib. i. cap. xiii. tiles (when he exprefsly reckons Reliquii praterea lilros il- him amongft; the writers of an- lujlrium virorum, quorum tiquities) fays, that he made Sa- Gellius meminit, lib. xi. turn to be no more than a man. cap. viii. et Servius in i. Which account Lattantius like- JEn. Ecrum lilrum i. xv. wife gives of him, book i. ch. l 3. et xvi. citat Cbarifius. Ex He left befides the lives of fe- his habemus viginti duos veral illullrious men, which Ge!- extcrarum gentium impe- lius makes mention of, book xi. ratores. Calcris libris egif- ch. 8. and Servius on the firft fe de Romanis hcec ejus vcr- Êneid. Charifius quotes the I ft, ia ojiendunt in extrema 15th, and 16th book ; of thefe Hannilalis vita: Sed nos we have 22 commanders of fo- tempus eft hujus libri fa- reign nations. And that in his cere finem, et Romano- other books he treated of the Ro- rum explicare imperato- mans, thefe words of his in the res; quo facilius, collatis latter end of Hannibal’s life fuf- utrorumque faftis, qui viri ficiently ftiow : But it is now time prjeferendi fint, poffit ju- for us to put an end to this booty dicari. Operis ejus genuina and give you the lives of the Ro- infcriptio patet ex ultimis man cosnmanders, that, by com- hifce prafationss verbis: paring the attorn of bothy the Quare ad propolitum ve- readers may judge which ought niamus, et in hoc expone- to have the preference. The pro- mus libro vitas excellen- per title of this work appears tium imperatorum. Pra- plainly from thefe concluding ter imperatcres feorjim ex- words of his preface : Wherefore mrdffe lilrum de t egibus, we Jhall now proceed to the execu- esrgumento h<tc erunt, qua lion of our dejign, and in this book Timoleontis vita fubdit : give an account of the lives of the Hi fere fuere Graeciae gen- excellent commanders. That he tis duces, qui memoria di- writ the lives of feyeral kings, gni videantur, prarter re- befides thefe commanders, ia ges ; namque eos attingere plain from the words following noluimus, quod omnium the life of Timoleon : Thefc were res geftae feparatim funt in a manner all the Greet com- relatae : neque tamen hi manders worth our noticey bejides admodum funt multi. Ex- lings ; for we had no deftgn of tern's imperatoresy quos ha- meddling with them, having aim bemusy JEmilii ejfe Probi, ready writ their lives by them- es multis credusitur. Qui felvcs: and they are not indeed error inde pnvenit, quid many in number. The foreign

lilretrio

De C o r n: e l i o N e p o t e. xli

librario id fuerit nomer, qui vitas eas partim fuu, partim patris et matris inatni fcriptas, Theodofto cltulit. Hoc ha ejfe, ojkn- dunt verjiculi, qui vitis i-

JUs pram itti in MSS. fo- knt. Ac nec JEmilium, nec Thcodofiani avi quenquam, eorum ejje librorum auSoran, abunde arguit pura et Romana difiio. 0- pinetur aliquii, ut Tragus ab ‘JuJlinOy ita ab JEtnilio, qui fub Theodojio vixit, in compendium ejj'e redticlum Nepotem : fed aliud fuadet tperis concinnitas, et ilia prafandi ratio, qua ejl in Epaminonda vita, ac in Pclopida imprimis, ubi Ire- vitatem jujlatn pollicetur, Attamen J'entetttia heec, licet error.ca, minus periculi haleat, dummodo extra eontroverfu.m matleat JE- tniliutn omnia de piiriffmis Ncpotis fontibus haufjfe. Sane Tulliani ejfe avi J'cri- ptorem, neque alium qulim Nepotem; turn veierum a- liquot lilrorum indicia cog- T.ofcitur; turn etiam, quod ad Pomponium Atticum (cujus idem rogatu de vita Catonis lib rum fecit) vita ifht fcribantur: utcunquc id in quarto mfcellaneo- rum fucrum neget Hiero- nymus Magius ; qui ipfd Nepotis prafatione fatis re- feliilur. Accedit et altera ratio. Nam his in libris ea lege re ejl, qua opus hoc fcri-

commanderswe have, are thought by many to be the work cf iE- milius Probus. The oceafion of which miflake vyas, that the li- brarian was fo called, who prefented the Emperor Theodofius with thefe lives, writ in part by himfelf, and part by his father and mother : that this is fo, is evident from the verfes, which in the manufcript copies are u- fually prefixed before thefe lives. But the purity of the diction, which is truly Roman, fufficiently proves that neither jEmilius nor any one elfe, in the days of Theodofius, was the author of thefe books. Some perhaps may think, that as Trogus was abrid- ged by Juftin, fo was Nepos too by this uEmilius,who lived in the times of Theodofius : but the neatnefs of the work, and what he fays in entering upon the life of Epaminondas, and that of Pe- lopidas efpecially, where he promifes to be concife, will not allow us to tlrink fo. But however, this opinion, though erro- neous, is of no dangerous confequence, fo long as it is beyond all difpute, that Êmiliys took every thing from Nepos. And indeed, that the writer was co- temporary with Tully, and no other than Nepos, appears fufficiently, as well from the tefti- mony of fome old authors, as the dedication of the work to Pomponius Atticus (at whofe requeft the fame pcrfon too writ the life of Cato), notwithftanding HicronymusMagiusdenies it in the 4th book of Ins mifcella-

ptum

Ds Cornelio Nepote.

plum ejfc clamant, quo tempore Pomps':us, et Ca- far, plus potcrant, quhm libera in rep. expediret. Ea Lambinus loca congepjit, ut nihil attineat ilia hfc repo- nere. Nec libris ijlis de viris illujlribui folum perfecutus ejl excellentes imperatores : fed etiam cou- tfieniationibus claroi, quod argumentum fignat B. Hi- crony nius, prafatione de feriptoribus ecclefiqflicis, ubi Ncpotem inter ecs refer t, quorum exemplo a fin- rut Jit de iis, qui fcribendo claruerunt. Egit autem Nepos, turn de Gracis cu- fionbus, turn de Latinis. De Gnccis, colligo inde, quod in Dionis vita dicat, librum fe feciffe de illuflri- bus hifloricis : in quo inter alia tradurit de Philjlo hijlorico. De Eatinis, ar- gumenta funt plurima. Nam de Terentio eg'Jje, ex Suefonio fcimus in. Terentii •vita, Donato perperam tri- luta. yldhec primutn. de vita Ciceronis Id rum, Gel- l:us chat, lib. xv. cap. xx viii. Eoque ex opereft ag- raentam Hieronymus adfert epijl. ad Pammachium. J- mb verifimile ejl, inde ejfe, turn •vitam ‘I. Ptinponii Attic i, qua ext at, turn vitam Cat on ip, quam ifis cl audit verbis : Hujus tie vita, et moribus, plura in eo libro perfecuti furaus, eucin feparatim de co fe-

Xllt

nies, who is fnfliciently confuted by the very preface of Nepos. We have likewife another proof of it : for feveral paffages in the book moft plainly evince, that it was writ at the time when the power of Pompey and Caefar was grown to a height dangerous to the public liberty. Lambinus has collected the paffages to that purpofe, and therefore 1 need not produce them here. Nor in his lives of illuftrious men did he confine himfelf to fuel) alone as excelied in the military way ? but likewife took in thofe that had rendered themfelves famous by their writings, as appears from Jerom’s preface to his account of the ecclefiafticsl writers, where he reckons Nepos a- mong the precedents he fhould follow in his account of fuch as had been famous for writing. Nepos treated as well of the Greek as the Latin authors. As to the Greek, I go upon what he fays in the life of X)ion, where he tells us, he had writ a book of the moft confiderable hiftori- ans, in which, amongft others, he had given an account of Phi- lillus the hiflorian. As to the Latin authors, it is many ways evident: for we learn from Sue- tonius’s life of Terence, falfely aferibed to Donatus, that he had given an account of that author. Gellius too quotes the firft book of the life of Cicero, in the 28th ch.ofhisipthbook. Andjerom, in his epiftle to. Pammachius, produces a quotation from that work. Nay it is likely that the

B ' cimus,

XIV De Cornelio Nepote.

citnus, rogatu Thi Pom- ponii Attici. Quareftudio- ios Catonis ad illud volumen relegamus. Slpert'e indkiit, c'o nunc de Catone bcevius ft agcre, quia fcpa- rdtlvn c!e eodcm fcripfcrit. .Idrgo vita ilia Catonis, qua.'ll paucis perJlriElain habcmus, nwjoris pars ejl voluminis, in quo Romano- rum complurium vil<e con- iinerentur. JLtfane in anti- quijjlmo codice Obcrli Ci- fanii ante vitam Atiici h- pebantur heec verba : Ex jibro Cornell! Nepotis ue iatinis hiftoricis. Reliquit etiam exemplar um libras, quos chant Gellius, lib. vii.’ cap. xviii, ct Charifus, lib. i. Alia quoque cjufdem lau- tlant votere s, fed non item qu.s ad jiiftoriam pertine- ant. Nam ex epiflold djus ad Ciceronem quadam l.a- tiantius adfert, lib. iii. in-

Jlit. divin. cap. xv. fv.nn- admedum el Ciceronis ad Nepotem epiflohe meminit 'Tranquillus in 'Julio, cap. !v, Amr,nanus Marceliinus initio tilri xxv. tcc Pri-

feianus lib. viii. /mb et fe- rtindum Ciceronis epiftoia- i um lilrum ad Nepotrm PTacrobius cital, lib. ii. Sa- turn. cap. i. fuhel fi quit

fragment a crania Nepotis defideret, longe iis olligen-

.dis prior um vicil induflri- am Andreas Schottus. Iler- molaus Barbaras, cajliga- henihiis in Blinii lib, xv.

life we have of T. Pomponius Atticus was taken from thence, as well as that of Cato, which he clofes with thefe words: IVe have given a larger account of his life and behaviour in that book we publijhed of him alone ; which thofe that are defirous to be more

fully acquainted with Cato, may ccnfult if they pleafe. He plainly declares the reafon why the account he there gives of Cato is fo brief, to be his having pu- bliihed his life by itfelf before. Wherefore the /hurt life of Cato we have, is the part of a bigger volume, wherein were contained the lives of fevered other Romans, And indeed the following words were read in a mod ancient book of Obertus Gifanius, before the life of Attitus : From Cornelius NepOs's hook of the Latin hijlorians. Pie left behind him likewife books of examples, which Gelli- ir- quotes, book 7. eh. 18. and Charifins, book 1. The ancients commend oilier works of his too, that were not hiftofical. For La- Aantius produces fomethingout of an epiiile of Ids to Cicero, in the F5th chap, of the 3d book of bis divine inilitutions, as Tran- quillus, in the 55th chapter of Julius Casfar’s life, makes mention of an epiftle of Cicero’s to Nepos; as do likewife Ammia- nus Marceliinus, in the beginning of the 25th book, and Prifcian, book 8. Macrobius too, book. 2. ch. 1. of his Saturnalia,quotes the 2d book of Cicero’s epiftles to Nepos. But if any has a fancy to fee all the fragments of Ne-

cap.

De C O R N E L I O N E P O T E. XV

cop. xxix. cenfet libellum tie viris Wuflrtbus, qut Pli- ?iio tn'jui folet, CornelYi Ncpotis eJTi\ hunt Plum, clique id wteribus codd. adjlrui pojfi'y ajfeoerct. 11- tmm ‘Jam lute Parrhajd

fententia fuit. Utrius Jit, dubitari ait Verutu r, nee ect de re Jlatuere quicquam fu/jus ejl. Imb aliqui, aut Suctor.ium, aut 'Taciturn, ejfi autl'jrem putdrunt : ut indicat Gyra/dus, dialogif- mo xxvi. Sod omnino Junt Sexti Aurelii Viftorls; ut

Jatis nunc conjlat ex editi- one Andrea Schotti. Non dubito interim, quin pleraque ex Nepote Victor de-

fumferk, Nam quod Lu- dovicus Vives, lib. v. De tradendis difeiplinis, Ne- potem ait de Grach foliim ducibus fcripjjfe ; id Jatis rejellitur verbis Nepotis a/.tea adduSis. Vir doctif-

Jtmus, Jo. Maria Catana- us, cornmentario in Plinii iibrum iv. epijl. xxviii. qua ad Severum fefipta ejl, etiam Darctem Phrygium a Ncpcte tranjlatum arli- tr itur. Ncmpe decepit eum vulgaris hnyfxji. A. tti- me n et hie aqua hxret Vc- neto, noth in Aujon. Idyll. vii. Ncgaf ejfe, qui certi il- liquid de tralatione hue, aijit affirmare. Atqui o- mnes, qu lus ullum in h:j- ce litei is judicium ejl, Jr. is vidcut, tec Daretcm ilium ejji genuiuum : n:e liitdh-

pos, Andreas Schottus has in his colkdtion of them far exceeded the induftry of all that went be-

■fore him. Hermoiaus Barbaras, in his. emendations upon Pliny, book ty. ch. 29. thinks that the book of illuftrious men, which is ufually aferibed to Pliny, is Cor- nelius Nepos’s, and not Pliny’s, and pretends to fay, that the thing may be proved from old mantt- feripts ; which like wife was the opinion of Janus Parrhafius. Ve- netus fays, it is doubted which of them was the author, and durft not take upon him to determine the point. Nay fome have been of opinion, that Suetonius or Ta- citus was the author, as Gyral- dus informs us in his 26th dia- logue : but it is certainly Sextus Aurelius Victor's, as is now fufficiently manifeft from the edition of Andreas Schottus. I doubt not however, but he borrowed mod of what he has from Nepos. For what Ludovicus Vives fays in his 5th book, De tradendis difeiplinis, that Nepos writ only of the Grecian generals, is fufil- ciently confuted by the words of Nepcs quoted above. A very learned gentleman, John Maria of Catana, in his commentary upon the 28th of the 4th book of Pliny’s epillles, which was writ to Severus, fays, that Dares Phrygius was tranflatedby Nepoe. The vulgar title it feema deceived him. Yet here again Vene- tus is at a lofs, and pretends t(» fay, that whether that tranflatiou was Nepos’s or no, cannot with any thing of certainty be deter-

B 2 mm

XVI De Cornelio Nefote.

new ejus Angujtaam fape- mined. But all that have any thing re elatem; Jed recentiorem of tatle in this kind of literature, multo. Nepotem autem fee plainly, that Dares is a fpuri- CjJ. Augujii ob'njje avo, ous piece, and that the ffyle is Plinius tjlatur, lib. ix. nothing like that of the age of cap. xxxix. Atquehocfor- Augullus; butismuchlater. But tajje hnpulit Gcnehrar- Pliny informs us, book 9. ch. 39. dum, ut putaret, earn nato that Nepos died in Auguflus’s jam Chrijlo [uperjlitem fu- reign. And it was this perhaps ijje : qui et Jacolum Gual- madyGenebrard think that Nepos terium, cum primim tabu- was living at the birth of Chrift, las ederet Chrcnographi- who likewife drew over James cas, in earn Jentcntiam Gualterius, when he firft publilh- pertraxit. Std Nepctem ed his Chronological Tables, to e'o itfque' atatem proro- his opinion. But fcarce any one gdjj, nemo ten,ere dixerit, fure will pretend to fay, that Ne- qui tanli turn in Uteris pos lived till that time, w'ho con- nominis jam Tub hi, Attici, fiders, that he was aperfon who Catulli iemporibus, fuijje made a confiderable figure for togitdrit, learning in the days of Tully,

Atticus, and Catullus.

C 0 II-

CORNEL II N SPOT IS

EXCELLENTIUM IMPERATORUM

V I T IE,

A D

T. P.OMPON1UM ATTIC UM.

O R,

CORNELIUS N E P O S ’ s

LIVE S t

O F T H E

EXCELLENT COMMANDERS,

T O

T. P O M P O N I U S A T T I C U S.

AuBoris Prafatio. The Author's Preface.

NO N dubito fere plerofque, A::h ce, qui hoc ge-

ms feripturse, leve, et non fatis dignum fummorum virorum perfonis judicent; cum relatum legent, quis muficam docuerit Epami- nondam ; aut in ejus virtu- tibuscommemorari,Eltaffe eum commode, Icienter- que tibiis cantaffe. Scd hi erunt fere, qui expertes literarum Grrecarum, nihil redlum, nifi quod ipforum moribus ccnveniat, puta- bunt. Hi, fi didicerint, non a eadem omnibus effe ho-

'TT Doubt not there will be et | great many, Atticus, who-

-A. will judge this way of writing trifling, and r.ot fuf- fciently adapted to the charac- ters of thefe great perfms, when they find it related, who taught Epamincndas muftc ; or reckoned among his fine qualities, that he danced handfemely, and played well upon the fiute. Bui thefe will be generally fuch, as being unacquainted with the Greek language, will think nothing right, ' but what is agreeable to their own fajhions. If thefe people underflood once, that the fame things are not honourable and

a [The fubtlantive noun negotia (affairs or things) may be fupplied to thefe and fome other adjectives, fuch as multa, pleraque, &c. frequently occurring through the boofc.j

B 3 nefta

2 CoRNELir Nepotis

nefta atque turpia, fed omnia majorum inftitutis judicari; non admirabun- tur, nos, in Gratornm virtutibus exponendis, mores eorum fecutos. Neque e- nim Cimoni fuit turpe, A- thenienfium fummo ■viro, fororem germanam habere inmatrimonio; quippecum elves ejus eodem uterentur pnftituto: at id quidem no- llris moribis nefas habe- tur, Laudi in Gracia ducitur adolcfcentulis, quam- plurimos habere amatores. Nulla Lacedaemoni tarn eft nobilis vidua, quae non ad feenam eat mercede con- dufta. Magnis in laudibus tota fere fuit Grsecia, vic- torem Olympiae citari; in feenam verb prodire, et populo elfe fpe&aculo, ne- inini in eifdem gentibus

JcandaJoits with all people j but th'ii all things are judged of by the ufages of our forefathers ; they will not wonder that we, in relating the noble qualifica- tions of the Greeks, have followed their fafhisns. For it was not fcandalous in Cimon, a very great man amongfl the Atheni- ans, to, have his b ftfter of the fame father in marriage, becaufe his countrymen ufd the fame cujlom : but that indeed is accounted unlawful according to our ufage. It is reckoned a mighty commendation in c Greece for young men to have a great many lovers. There is no wi- dow fo noble at Lacedsnr.on d, that will not go upon the fage, if hired with a valuable conjidera- tion. It was reckoned amongjl the greatefl glories almojl through all Greece, to be proclaimed conqueror at Olympia e ; but to ap-

fuit

t> That is, by the fame father, but not the fame mother, as appears from our author himfelf in the life of Cimon, which fee in chap. i.

c [Greece was a large country of Europe, and famous of old for arms and arts, but now groaning under Turkilh llavery: it is the fouth part of European Turky, and called by the l urks Rumelia.]

d (I.acedacmon, fome time called Sparta, and now Mfithra, is the metropolis of Peloponntfus or the Morea, and {lands about 120 miles from Athens or Setines; it is now much decayed.]

c Olympia (formerly Pifa, and now Longanito) is a town of the country Elis, in the weft parts of Peloponnefns, famous for the games celebrated there every four years, by a great .concourft of people from all the parts of Greece and other places ; [and the perfons victorious therein were called Olytnpiotmcei, and crowned with a garland of olive-branches, and, upon their return into their own country, were received with the greatell honours; for they were attended home in coaches, and the wall of the city broke down, and they drove in through the breach. Befides this, they had extravagant prdents made them; and thofe who had gained three crowns at thefe * games.

PRJEFATIO. 3

fuit turpitudini: qi'.ie omnia apud nos partim infarnia, partim humilia, atque ab hontilate remota, ponmi- tur. Contra ea, pleraque noitris moribus funt deco- ra, quae apud illos turpia putantur. QuemenimRo- manorum pudet uxorem ducere in conrivium? aut cujus materfamilias non primum locum tenet aedi- um, atque in celebritate v^-fatur ? Quod multo fit aliter in Graecia : nam neque in convivium adhibe- tur,nifi propinquorum; neque fedet, nifi in interiore parte sedium, quae ywai-

(gynaconitis) appellatur ; quo nemo acce-' dit, nifi propinqua cogna- tione conjunftus. Sed plura perfequi turn magnitude voluminis prohibet, turn feftinatio, ut ea explicem, quae exorfus fum. Q_uare ad pvopofitum veniemus, et in hoc exponemus libro

pear upon the JIage, and to he a fpeflacle to the people, tv as a jfcandal to no body in the fame nations. AW which things are reckoned with us partly infamous, partly mean, and far from being honourable. On the other hand, a great many things in our cufoms are decent, whifh are thought fcandalous amcngjl them. For which of the Ro- mans is afsamed to bring his wife to a feqfl ? or what mi-

frefs of a family has not the frjl room in the houfe, and con- •verfes with company ? Which is quite otherwife in Greece: for

Jhe is neither admitted into a fecfl, unlefs of relations; nor fits, but in the inner part of the houfe, which is called the wo- mens apartment, whither no body comes, unlefs allied to her by near relation. But both the fze of the intended volume, and alfo the hafe I am in to relate thofe things which I have undertaken, permit me not to fay more to this point. Wiserefore wefall

games, were exenfed from paying any kind of taxes, or ferving any troublefome office, &c. Thefe games were inftkuted (according to feveral good aurhors) by Hercules in honour of Jupiter about 884 years before the birth of Chrift, and afterwards revived by Iphitus a- bcut 776 before Chrift. They confifted of five exercifes, viz. leap- ing, running, quolting, darting, and wretiling, lafted five days, and were celebrated about the time of the lummtr folftice every fourth year ; w hence the fpace of four years was after this inftitution .called by the Greeks an Olympiad, which was the common method of com- puting time among them. But, according to Mr Potter, in his antiquities of Grace, this lolemnity was held every fifth year, yet not after the term of five years was quite pad, but every fiftieth month, which is the fccond month, after the completion of four years.]

vitas

4 CORNELII NEPOTIS

f vitas excellsntium imp era- come to our ptirpofr, and relaU torum. in this booh the lives of the ex-

cellent comiOanders.

f [Id the Latin text fome copies have here Js vita. If this be really better than w'to, k is thought they Ihould have •oitam in Epimi- mndas’s life, chap. iv. toward the end : however, feveral editors of good note prefer vitas in both places.]

I.

Miltiades, Cimonis filius, Atkemenjis.

Cap. I.

Mlltiades Cimonis filius, Athenienfis,

cum et antiquitate generis, et gloria majorum, et fua modeftia, unus omnium maxime floreret; eaque effet setate, ut non jam foliim de eo bene fperare, fed etiam confidere cives pofient fui, talem futurum, qualem cognitum judica- runt: accidit, ut Atheni- enfes Cherfonefum colonos vellent mittere. Cu- jus generis cum magnus numerus effet, et multi e- jus demigrationis peterent focietatem : ex his deletti Delphos bdeliberatum mif-

I.

MiLTIADEs, the f.n of Ci- mon, the Athenian.

Chap. I. W//:■.•; Mlltiades, the fon of

Cimon the Athenian, made of all others the greatejl figure, both for the antiquity of bis flit lily, and the glory of his an- ccfors, and his own modefy t and j nvas of that age, that his countrymen might nav not only hope 'well of him, but even ofure them fives that he would be Juch an one as they judged him, upon trial; it happened, that the Athenians had a mind to fend a colony to the Cherfonefe a. Of which kind of people, as here was a great number, and many def.red a fare in this expedition ; fome chofen from .a- mongjl them, were fsnt to Del-

fix

, a Cherfonefe is a word originally Greek, fignifying the fame with feninfula in Latin ; that is, a place almolt furrounded with water. The Cherfonefe here meant was a part of Thrace, lying along the Hclle- fpont.

b The word deliberatum being taken here in an uncommon ftnfe, thofe that follow, viz. s/si confulcrcnt Apolhnem, feetn to have been put in the margin by fome body to explain the meaning of delibera-

tum.

M I L T I A D E S. 5 I. i.

phi to conjiilt the oracle d, <what leader they Jhould above others make ufe of. For the c Thra- cians at that time had pffef-

fon of thofe parts, ivith whom they were to fight for it with arms. The Pytbonefs f did exprefsly order thofe that confulted her, to take Miltiades to them as their co?nmander: if they did that, their undertakings would be fuccefsful. Upon this anfwer of the oracle, Miltiades, with a choice body of men, going for the Cherfonefe with a feet, after he was come up to Lemnus s, and was defrous to reduce the inhabitants of that ifland under the power of the A- thenians, and had demanded

heedleflhefs of feme copier of books, to have crept into the text; for, without this fuppofition, it will be ’hard, I doubt, to excule our author from being guilty of an infipid tautology,

c [Apollo, the fon of Jupiter and Latona, born in the ifland Delos at the fame birth with Diana, was the jôd of trufic, phyfic, poetry, and prophecy: he had a famous temple and oracle at Deh phi ]

d The oracles, of which fuch frequent mention is made in the writings of the ancients, were anfwers given in the temples of their gods to queries about future events, by the priefts, or lometimes by a prieftefs, as here, and commonly in verfe. Though thefc in the main were nothing but pure impofture, carried on by the roguery o priefts in the name of the gods; yet there are fome antyers upo cord fo very furprifing, as give ground to fufpeft that evil fpirits ft; fit red fometimes to interpoie. The Greeks fcarce ever Undertook any buftnefs of importance without confulting this oracle at Delphi, which was famous even in foreign countries. Delphi was a town in Achaia not far from the Corinthian bay, of old great and famous, but now a poor fmall yillage, called Delft.

e [The Thracians were the"people of old 1 hi ace, which is now called Romania, a large province in huropean Turky.]

f [Pythia, fb called from Pythius one of Apollo’s names, as alio Phorbas from another of his names, was the prieftefs of Apollo.]

£ Demnus is an ifland in the north parts of the iEgcan fea, or Ar- chipelago ; it is now called Stalimene.

fi funt, (qui confulerent c

Apollinem), quo potifli- mumduceuterentur. Nam turn Thraces eas regiones tenebant,cumquibusarmis eratdimicandum. Hiscon- fulentibus nominatim Py- thia prajeepit, ut Miltia- dem fibi imperatorem fu- merent : id fi feciffent, incepta profpera futura. Hoc oraculi refponfo, Mil- tiades, cum delecta manu, clalTe Cherfonefum profec- tus, qunm accefiiffet Lem- num, et incolas ejus infulr? fub poteftatemredigeve vellet Athenienfium, idque ut Lemnii fua fponte facerent, poftulaffet; illi irri-

ium, and thence, through the

dentes

6 Cornel ii Nepotis I.

dentes refponderunt; Turn id fe fafturos, cum ille domo navibus proficifcens, vento Aquilone veniffet t,emnum: hie enim ventus a feptentrionibus oriens, adverfum tenet Athenis proficifcentibus. Miltia- des morandi tempos non habens, curfum direxit quo tendebat, pervenitque Cherfonefum.

that the Lemnians would do that of their own accord; they banter- ing him, replied. That they would then do it, when he coming ly

Jhip from home, jhould arrive at Lemnos with the wind called Aquilo : for this wind arifing

from the north, is full againjl thofe that come from Athens h. Miltiades having no thne to flay,

fleered on his courfe to the place he was hound for, and came to the Cherfonefe.

Cap. II. Ibi brevi tem- Chap. [I. There, in a fort pore barbarorum copiis dif- time, the forces of the barlari- je£tis, tota regione, quam ans ‘ being routed, having made petierat, potitus, loca ca- himfelf wafer of all the country, ftellis idonea communivit: which he went for, he fortified multitudinem, quam fecum places proper for caffes ; fettled duxerat, in agris colloca- the people, which he had carried ▼it, crebrifque excurfioni- along with him, in the lands, bus locupletavit. Neque and enriched them ly frequent minus in ea re, prudentia, exurfionu Nor was he lefs af- quam felicitate, adjutus eft: ffed in that matter by good con- nam cum virtute militum dud, than good fortune : for after deviciflet hoftium exerci- he had, by the bravery of his fol- tus, fumma asquitate res diers, routed the enemies armies, conftituit ; atque ipfe ibi- he fettled affairs with the grtat- dem manere decrevit : e- ef equity, and refolvtd to conti- rat enim inter eos dignita- rue in the fame place himfelf: for te regia, quamvis carebat he war amongf them invefted Xjamine : neque id magis • with regal authority, though he

h [Athens, r<vv Setines, was once the moft famous eity of all Greece for ufeful arts, philofophers, orators, and poets; it is (till a confiderable city and caftie, being the metropolis of the principality of Liradia or Achaia in European Turky; it (lands nigh the fea, about 120 miles from Mifithra or Lacedaemon.]

i [That is, the Tracians The Greeks ufed to call all other nations Barbarians, as if all the reft if mankind had been living in fome vaft country, named Bariary. But fee Mr Clarke's note upon chap, iii. of Conon's life.}

imperioj

I. 2. Al I L T I A D E S. 7

imperio, quam j uftitia, confequutus. Neque eo fecius Athenienftbus, a quibus erat profeftus, officia pr?e- ftabat. Qjjibus rebus fiebat, ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuo imperium obtineret, qui miferant ; qu'am illorum, cum quibuscratprofectus. Cher- fonefo tali modo conftituta, Lemnum revertitur, et, cx pafto, poftulat, ut ftbi urbem tradant : iili enim dixerant, cum vento Bo- rea domo profedlus, ed perveniffet, fefe dedituros ; fe autem domum Cherfo- nefi habere. Cares, qui turn Lemnum incolcbant, etfi prreter opinionem re* ceciderat, tamen non di- fto, fed fecunda fortuna adverfariorum capti, refiftere aufi non funt, atque ex infula demigrarunt. Pa- ri felicitate cseteras infulas, quas Cyclades nominantur, fub Athenienfium redegit poteftatem.

nuanted the name. Nor did he compafs that more by his command in this expedition, than his jujlice. Nor did he the lefs perform all offices of due fubjec- tion to the Athenians, from evhom he had gone. By 'which means it came to pafs, that he held the government 'without inter- mi ffion, no lefs by the confenl of thofe •who had fnt him, than of thofe 'with nxihom he had gone. Having thus fettled the Chcrfo- nefe, he returm to Lemnus, and demands, according to agreement, that they Jhould furrender up the city to him : for they had faid, that, •when coming from home ovith a north 'wind, he arrived there, they would furrender; but that he now had his home at the Cherfonefe. The Carians, k oxho at that time inhabited Lemnus, although the bufnefs had happened contrary to their expctlation, yet being not moved by their pro- viife, but the good fortune of their adverfaries, durjl not riff, and removed out of the ifand. JVith the like good fortune he reduced the i other iflands, which are called Cyclades 1, under the power of the Athenians.

k The Carians were a people in the fmth-wed parts of Alia Minor ; their country was caller! Curia, now Aidinelli.

1 (A circle of little iflands, in nutji'oer 53, in the JKgean fea or Archipelago, between Europe and Alia; they are called Cysladts, he- eaufe, as fome fay, they furround Delos the chief of tl)«m. They aie now called Jfik del AriliJ>elago.\

Caf.

s CoRNELII NePOTIS

Cap. III. Eifdem temporibus Perfarum R.ex Da- rius, ex Afia in Europam exercitu traje&o, Scyt’ais bellum infcrre decrevit. Pontem fecit in iftro flu- mine, qua copias tradu- ceret. Ejus pontis, dum ipfe abeffet, cuilodes reliquit principes, quos fecum ex Ionia et uEolide duxerat: quibus iingulis ipfa- rum urbium perpetua dederat imperia. Siceninpu- tavitfacillime feGraeca lin- gua loquentes, qui A flam incolerent, fub fua retentu- rum poteilate, fl amicis fuis oppida tuenda tradi- diflet: quibus, fe oppreflb, nulla fpes falutis relinque-

I-3-

Chap. III. About the fame time Darius m, King of the Per-

ftans n, dra wing an army over out of Afia °, into Europe p, refolded to make <war upon the Scythians q. He made a bridge upon the river IJlcr r, by •which way he might draw his troops over. He left the

princes, whom he had brought a- long with him from Ionia f and JEolis, keepers of that bridge, •whiljl he was away ; to each of whom he had given the “perpetual fovcreignty of their refpeftive cities. For thus he thought hefleould mcjl eafly keep under his fuljec- tion fuch as ffnrke the Greek tongue, that inhabited Afia, if he delivered up thofe cities to be maintained by their friends, to whom nt hope of fecurity would be left, if

m [This was Darius the Firft, who was the Ion of Hyftafpes, (a noble Perfian, of the royal family of Achaunenes, and who had followed Cyrus in all his wars). Darius was chofcn King by the neighing of his horfe.]

n [The people of Perfia, one of the moft confiderable empires in Afia.]

° [Afia is the firft of the four general parts of the world ; the mother, and, for a long time, the nurle and mi ft refs of mankind.]

-P [Europe is the lead, but moft celebrated of the four general parts cf the world as to arts, commerce, religion, government, and war.]

q The inhabitants of the north of Europe and Afia were formerly called Scythians, now Tartars.

r [This is reckoned the greateft river in Europe, and, as it pafleth by Illyricum, is called by its ancient name Ifcr; but in Germany and other countries it is called the Danube. It runneth about 1500 miles in its courfe, and palling through Bavaria, Auftria, Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Bcftarabia, and part of Tartary, having received into U 60 more rivers, difeharges itlelf into the Euxine or Black Sea. It riles out of Abnoba or Abcnow, a mountain in Germany, according to the poet Dionylius:

Abnoba mans If Ye pater ef : cadit Abnoba biatu Flurnen, in Eoos autem convertitur axes, 8iC. ]

f Ionia and fEolis were countries of Alia Minor, lying alo»g the *eafts of the ,Tgean fea.

rctur.

L 3- M 1 L T I A D E S. 9

rctur. In hoc fuit turn nfl- mero Miltiadcf, cu! iila cu- llodiacrcdut ii:r. H ic,cum crtbrl afjLTrent nuncii, rr^lc rc:n gereie Darium, ptemique sb Seylhis,'Mil- t;ades hortafus elt pontiS cuflcdes, nc a foriuna da* tam occafioncm llberanda Grascio? dimiuercat': nam fi cum In’s copiis, quas fecum traafportaverat, inter- iifict Darius, non fol.'m Eurcpr.m fore tutam, fed etiam eos, qui Afiam incolerent Graeci genere, II- Leros a Per fa rum futures doinlnatione et pericnla. 14 tt facile efi'ici poiTe : pontc cnim refeifle, regem ■vel hoflium ferro, vtl ino- pia, paucis diebus inter- iturum. Ad hoc coiTliii- um cum plerique accedc- ruit, Hi'ftlseus Mildlus, ne res conficeretur, obftitit, dicers : non idem ipfisj qui fummas imperii tene- vent, expedire, et muiti- tudmi ; quod Darii regno ip forum mteretur clomina- tio : Quo extinfto, ipfos poteflate expulfos, civibus in is prenas daturos. Ita* que adco fe ablioirere a creteroriim confilio, ut ni- h l putet ipiis utilius, qu’am confnmari regnum Perfu- inm. Hujus quum fententiam plurimi client fequuti,

he was conquered. Milttadcs wets then in th)s number, to whm that guard of the bridge was itUrlift- ed. Hire, when frequent m fingers brought, word, that Darias iUCi7i aged his bifn fs ’nut ladly, and was lard ji .i to it ly the Scy- thians, Li.liiaihs ad'vijed the lee pets of the bridge, that they would not let flip an opportunity of dfreeiirg Gicece given them by fortune : for, if Darius Jbould perflo wSh the army, which he hail cat ried over with him, r.ct oniy Euispe would be fafe, but hi:-wf thofe, who, being Grechs by original, inhabited Afla, would be free from the dominion of the P.rfai,s, and all danger. And that that might eaflly be ejfehled ; for the bridge being cut down, the ling would in a few days perijh, either iy .the enemy’s /word, or want. IVhen mrjl of them came utij this advice, Hijliteus the Mil fan a opj.ofcd the bufinefs, that the thing was not done, faying : that the fame thing was n-'t enpedeiii for then., who had ihefov r<iymty of their cities under Darii;and the people ; that their aulht.r.ty depended upon the kingdom of Darius : which Icing: drjlrcyed, that they bang depofed

from their 'fee, would be puniflj- ed ly their fuij. its. IVhcrflorc he was fo far from agreeing to the counfA of the ref, that he thought nothing was more advantageous to them, than that the kingdom

i nat 15, a man er Muetus, now called I.Td.ixc or MHazo, one €i the rooft conheerat jc ancient cities of Ionia in the Le.fler .Alia.]

£ Miltiades

CoRNELII NePOTIS L 4.

Miltiades non dubitans, tam mvdtis confciis, ad regis auree confilia fua per- ventura, Cheifonefum re- Jiquit, ac rurfus Atlienas demigravit. Cujus ratio etft non valuit, tamen magnopere eft laudanda; quum amicior omnium li- bertati, quam fute fuerit bbminationi.

Cap. IV. Darius autem, quum ex Europa in Afiam redifl’et, hortantibns amicis, ut Grasciam in fuam redigeret poteftatem, claiTem quingentarum navium comparavit, eique Datim prsefecit, et Arta- phernem ; hifque ducenta peditum miliia, et de- eem equitum dedit: caufam interferens ; fe lioftem effe Athcnienfihus, quod eorum auxiiio lones 8ar- deis expugnafient, luaque prsefidia interfeciffent. II- E prxfe(?ii regii, claft’c ad Eubceam appulfa, celeriter Eretriam ceperunt, o- mnefque ejt.-s gent is cives

of the PcrfansJhould he efalTifh- ed. As mof of them followed his advice, Miltiades not doubting, fo many being privy to the matter, that Ins counfels would come t* the king’s ears, quitted the Cher-

fonefe, and again removed to A- thens. IVhofe advice, though it did not prevail, yet is mightily to be commended; fnee he was more a friend to the liberty of all, than his own authority.

Chap. IV, But Darius, after he had returned cut of Europe into Afa, his friends ac.vif.ng him to it, that he might reduce Greece under his authority, fitted out a

feet of five hundred Jhips, and Jet Dads and Artapherncs over it, and gave them two hundred thou- fund foot, and ten then fund horfe : alledging this reafon; that he was an enemy to the Athenians, bccaufe, by their afftfiar.ee, the lonians a had tai n Sardis ard cut of his garrifons. Thfic admi- rals of the ling, having brought up their fleet to Euboea c, quietly tool Erctria d, and fent all the natives of that nation, being taken from thence, into Afa to the king. After that, thy came to

a The Jonfeas were a people of Afia Minor, bordering upon the AL- rean iea, being a colony of Greeks fent thither ‘by the Athenians a- beut IC44 years before Chrifh

f> Sardis'was the metropolis of Lydia, a country bordering upon Jonia to the eaftward; it was one of the /even churches of Afia, but it is now utterly ruined.

c Eubcca, now Negropont, is a large ifland of the Aegean <ba, fe- paraled from Achaia hy a narrow fta called the Eeripu;, new Negrt-

channel. d [Eretria was a town of Enbcea.j

abreptos,

M I L T I A D E S. r,4. M

abreptos, in Afiam ad regem miferunt. Inde ad Atticam acceflerunt,' ac fuas copiaa in Campum Marathona deduxemnt. Ie abeftfabr oppida circiter mi!liapaffuiiindecem. Hoc tumultu Athenienfes tarn propinquo, tamque magno pennoti, auxilium nufquam, nid a L.aced~moniis, petiverunt; Phillippi- dsrnque curforum ejus generis, qui hermrodrcmi. vo- cantur, Laced;r;none;n miferunt, ut nuncinêt, quhni- celeri opus effet auxilio. Domi autem creati decern pnetcres, qui exercitui prjeefient: in eisMiltiades. inter quos magna fuit conte.itio, iitrim maenibus fe defendereiit, an obvium ireut hoitibus, acieque de- cernerent. Unus Miltia- des maxime nitebatur, ut primo quoque tempore ca- iira fierent: Id fi faftum eflet, et civibus animum acctdurum, cum viderent de eorum virtute non de- fperari ; et hoftes eadem re fore tardiores, fi ani- madverterent, c auderi adverfus fe tam exiguis copiis dunicare.

Attica a, and drew out theit troops into the plain of Mara- thon. That is clijlant about ten miles from the town of Athens. The Athenians being very much

fuelled at this alarm, fo near them, and fo prodigious, fought for ajfjlance no where, but from the Lacedemonian.; \ and dfpatch- ed away Philifpides, a courier of that kind, who are called day- couriers, to Lacedainon b, to tdl- them what fpeedy ajffance they had occafion for. But at home ten officers' were chofe-i to command the army : amongf. them was M. hiades. Amongf whom there was a mighty dijyute, whether they fsould defend themf 'lves by their walls, or inarch to meet the enemy, and engage them in thr

feld. Miliiades alcm very much irftfhd upon it, that a caiuft

Jhould be funned ai fupn as pojf~ ble : if that was done, that both courage would grow upon their countrymen, when they faw their commanders did not defpair of their bravery ; and the enemy would be rendered by the fame means more backward, when they found they durjl engage them with fo fmall a force.

*

1 Attica was the country of the Athenians, in the eart parts of A-- ciiaia, lying along an arm of the iEgean fea, called the Saronic bay, which bay is now called trie gulf of Engia, between Attica, or the duchy of Sctines, and Pcloponncir.s, or the Morea.

b Laced^rnon was a city in the ibuth parts of Peloponnefus. c [PaiTive, uti apud Yelisii a. j6. et fic Livium dixifle notat VdtT.

4. it analog. 13.J C 2 Cats

12 Cornel ii N n p o t i s I.

Cap. V. Hoc in tempore ntlla civitas Atheni- enfibus auxilio fuit prater PiatEenfes : ea mine mifit Tnilitum. Itaque horum adventu, decern rDillia armatorum completa funt; qua: mamls mirabili fla- grabat pugnandi cupiditate : quo faftum eft, ut phis, qu'am collegse, Miltiades ■valuerit Ejus enim auftoritate impulfi Athenienfes, copias ex urbe edbxerunt, locoque idoneo caftra fecerunt; deinde poftero die, fub montis radicibus, acie c regione inftrufta, nova arte, vi fumma prtelium commiferunt. Namque ar- bores multis locis erant Aratts, hoc-conftlio, ut et montiura tegcrentur alti- tudine, et arbcrum trafiu equitatus hoftium vmpedi- retur, ne multitudine clau- derentur. Datis, etilnon scquum locum videbat fuis, tamen fretus numero copiarum fuarum, confligere cupiebat; eoque magis, ••ucd priufquam jbacedx- in-onii fubfidio venirent, dimicare utile arbitraba' nr. Itaque aeiem, pediuim centum, equitum dccem- rnillia produxit, jjrxliiifii- quc commilit. In quo

CltAP. V. Sii this time r.o Jiale iris to the Atheni- ans, lefnks thi’ Plataenfiansd ; th'ftt ftate fev.t a thoufand foldiers. Wh erefore, upon their- arrival, they were ten thoufand armed men complete ; which army was

fired with. a wonderful defire of fighting. By which means it cam; to pafis, that Miltiades prevail'd more than his fellow-CBm- mjjior.ers. For the Athenians, wrought upon ly his authority, drew their troops out of the city, and formed a camp in a proper place ; and then the dry following, having drawn up their army at the bottom of a mountain cver- againjl the enemy, with uncommon art, they joined battle with tbs uimofi mettle ~. For there were trees laid in r-iany places, with this defign, lets that they might be covered by the height of tf* mountains, and the enemy’s horfc might be entangled by the lying of the trees, that they might not be inch fed by their numbers. Datis, although, be Jaw the place was net canvenl nt for his men,, je/ depend- ing upon the numbers of his t-oops, was defrosts to engage; arilth: rather, becaufi he thought it convenient to fight, before the I.aeedeemcniarir came to their affifl- ance. Whe-efcre he drew out into the field a hundred thoufand foot, and ten thoufand horfe, and joined

0 The people of Platara, a town ta Bceolia, about twelve or four- teen miles from Athens to the north-.veft.

e The I.atin text is here very much corrupted: and ther efore, if the transition appear not to be very good fenfe, the reader will ex- sufc ;L

tauto

M l L T I A D E S. F; 'S

tanto plus virtutc value runt hattle. In which thi Athenians Athenienfes, ut dccctnpli- prevailed fo much more than the ccmnumerutn hoftium pro- enemy, by their bravery, that fligarent ; adeoque perter- they routed ten times the number ruerunt, ut Perfas non ca- ofe names, andfo affrighted then:, ftra, fed naves peterent. that the Perjians did not make fur Qua pugna nihil acihuc eft tb.tl'e camp, but ihelrjhipi. ‘Than nobihus. Nitlia enim un- which fight there is nothing as yet cn am tana ex Qua maims more famous ; for no army fofnail taatas opes proftravit. ever routed fo vafl a force before.

Cap. VI. Cujusvidto- Chap. VI. For which viSory rue, non alienum videtur, it does not few improper to inform quale praemium Miltiadi fit the reader, what reward was tn'butum, docere ; quo fa- given Mil trades } that it may be cilius intelligi poffit, ean- the more eafdy underjlood, tliat dent omnium civitatuni ejfe the nature ot all Hates is the tiaturam. Ut enim popu- fame. For as the honours of our li noilri honores quondam people were formerly rare and fuerunt rari et tenues, ob fmall, and for that reafon glori- eamcfue caufam gloriofi ; ous ; but now extravagant, and Rune autem effufi, atque worn thread-bare : thus we find obfoleti : lie olimapud A- it to have been formerly amongjl thenienfes fuiffe reperimus. the Athenians. For fitch was the Namquehuic Miltiadi, qui honour paid to this Mdtiades,. Athenas, totamque Grae- who delivered Athens, and all ciam liberavit, talis honos Greece, in the piazza, which ir tributus ek in porticu, quae called Pcecile, when the battle Ptrcile vocatur, cum pugna cf Murathon was painted there,, depingeretui Marathonia; that his picture war placed Jirft ut in decern prtetoruin mi- in the number of the ter, com- mero prima ejus imago raanders, and he encouraged the peneretur, ifque hortaretur fillers, and began ■ the battle^. milites, prasliumque com- The very fame picople, after they mitteret. Idem ilk popa- got a larger e .tent of domirh- lus, poflkaquam majus im- on, and were corrupted Ly the perium til nafeus, et lav- extravagance of their own tua- gitione magiilratuum* cor- gijlrates, decreed three, hundred ruptus cit, trecentas Hutu- Jlatues to Fjeir.elrius Phaler as Demetrio Piiajereo ile- us f. erevit,

C 3 Caoc

f Droietrlos (named Phalertas, from the Phskrean hsrhour U K- f us) was for t«i ycu* gorernor of Atben ?> -'t-. ;r.o jvars lufore

vh'.rift j

H CornELix Neroris

Cap. VII. Pod hoc praelium, clafTan feptuaginta navium Athenienies eidem Miltiadi dederunt, tit infulas, quae barbaros adjuverant, bello perfequeretur: quo imperio plerafque ad officium rcdire cocgit, nonnullas vi expugnavit. Ex his Parum infulam opibus elatam, quum oratione reconciliare_ non poffet ; copias e navibus cduxit, urbem opcribus claufit, omnique commea- tu privavit: deinde vineis ac teftudinibus conftitutis, propius muros acceflk. Cum jam in eo effet, ut oppidopotiretur, procul in- continent! lucus, qui ex infula confpiciebatur, ntfcio quo cafu, nodlurno tempore incenfus eft ; cujus ilamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus eft vifa, utrifque venit in opinionem, fignum a clafliariis regiis datum. Quofaftum eft, ut et Parii a deditio- T.e deterrerentur, et Mil- tiades, timens ne clailis regia adventaret, hveeniis

C h a p . VII. /ifter this battle,. the Athenians gave the fame Mil- tiades a fleet »f fevenly fkips, that he might profecute in rivar the [[lands that had affjled the barbarians : in which command he- obliged mojl of them to return to their duty; fame he took by force. Being not able by per- ftafton to prevail upon one of thefe, the if and Par usg, too much elated by their wealth, he drew his troops out of his f ips, blocked up the city by lines drawn round it, and deprived it of all provifions; and then, having e- reeled his vinca and tefudo's b, came nearer the walls. When he was now upon the point of taking the town, a grove, at a di/lance upon the continent, which was vi-

fble from the if and, was, by I know not what chance, fet on fre in the night-time; the flame of which being fen by the townfnen and the beflegers, it came into the fancy of both, that it was a flg- nal given by thofe on board the king’s fleet. By which it came to pafs, that both,the Parians were diffuaded from furrendering, and Miltiades, fearing left the king’s

fleet was coming, felting fire to

Chrift; but bting driven from thence by the fury of an oppofite party, went into Egypt, where, upon account of his learning, he was made prefrdent of the mufbeum, or academy erefted at Alexandria by Pto- lemy Soter.

£ Parus was one of the ifiands called Cyclades in the jtgean fea, famous for white marble.

b I have not tranflated the I.atin words, -vinca and teftudo, becaufe «ur language has none to anfwer them ; they were machines made u(e «f in lieges to cover the befiegers. See a more particular account of tketa in hxnnei’s R,oisaa antiquities, part 2. chap. ij.

eperibusj,

L 8. MILT IADE Si

operibus, quae ftatuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat profeftus, Athenas magna cum offenfione civium fuorum rcdiret. Ac- cufatus ergo proditior,'3, quod, cum Parum expu- gr.are poffet, a rege cor- ruptus, infectis rebus, a pugna difcefiiffet. Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus, quae in oppugnando oppido acceperat. Itaque, quoniam ipfe pro fe dicere non poffet, verba pro eo fecit frater ejus Tifagoras. Caufa cognita, capitis abfolutus, pecunia multatus eft ; eaquelis quinquaginta talentis aeftimata eft, quantus in claflem fumtus fac- tus erat. Hanc pecuniam quod folvere nonpoteratvin vincula publica conjedlus eft, ibique diem obiit fupremum.

Cap.VIII. Hicetficri- mine Pario eft accufatus, tamen alia fuit caufa da- Hinationis. Namque Athe-

the ivarks, 'which he had ereSedy returned to Athens., to the great difgujl of his countrymen, ‘with as many fhips as he ’■went cut with. Wherefore he 'was impeached.. of treachery, hecatife, when . he might have taken Par us, being bribed by the king of Perfia, he had quitted the fege, 'without doing hia ‘work. He'was at that time ill of the 'wounds 'which he had received in attacking the town : wherefore, becaufe he could not fpeak for himfelf his br: iher Ti- fagorat fpoke for him. Upon hearing his caufe, being acquitted as to lif, he was fined a fum of money ; and that fine was fet at fifty talents i, which was the charge they had been at in fitting out ike feet. Becaufe he could not pay the money, he was thrown into the public gaol, and there he ended his lafl day.

Chap. VIII. Although he wets accufed upon his mifearriage at Pu- rus, yet there was another reafdn of \ivs condemnation. For the A-

i [There are different opinions about the value of a talent in Eng- lilh money. Mr Kennett, in his Roman antiquities near the end, makes the Attic talent, the fame with the Roman, to be 187I. 10s. Mr Ainfworth, in his dictionary, (fee there taimium and mina) makes the Attic talent to be 180I. Mr Clarke, in his note upon the ninth chapter of Aicibiades’s life, reckons it Jo81 ; yet in his index, at ta- tcr.ta quinqut, jCOO coronati, it is found to be only 150I. But Mr E- lilha Cole, and fome others, feem to be more accurate in accounting for the Attic talent, by diftinguilhing it into the greater and leffer talent; the greater, according to Mr Cole in his dictionary, valued Soo crowns, and the Idler 600 crowns.}

nieufes,

CORNELII NepOTIS. 16 I. S,

nienfes, propter PimTxat! tyrannidem, quse paucis annlaante fuerat, omniu'n ftiorum eivium potentiam extimefcebant. Miltiades jnultdm in iinperiis magi- ftratibufque verfatus, non videbatur poffe efle privatus ; pnefertim cum cbn- fuetudine ad imperii cupi- ditatem train videretur. Nam Cherfonefi omnes ii- los, qucs habitarat annos, perpeti»n obtinuerat do- minationem, tyrannnfque fuerat appdlatus, fed ju- ftus : non erat enim vi confequutus, fed fuort’.m voluntate ; (amq,'ie pote- flatem bonitate retinuerat. Omnes autem et habentur et dicuntnr tyranni, qui poteftate funt perpetua in ea civitate, quae libertate iifa eft. Sed in Miltiade ©rat aim fumma humani- tas, turn mira comitas, ut nemo tarn hamilis effet, eui non ad eum aditus pa- teret : magna audtoritas apud omnes civitates, no- bile nomen, laus rei mi-

thsrians, becaufe of ihe ufurpatl- on k o f Pi fijlratus, which had happened a few years before, dreaded the power of cdl their own citizens. Miltiades having been much in commas l, and civil ojfice:, did siot feem capable of being a private perfon ; efpcc'ally face be feemed to be dragged by cujhm in- to a fondnefs fir power. Fur he had held, without int’rmifjion, the fovereignty of the Cherfnefe all the years that he had lived there, and had been called tyrannus, but was a jufl 1 one : for he had not compajfed his power by violence, but by the confer.t of his countrymen, and had kept that authority by his goodnefi. Now all are both accounted and called tyranni, who are invefted with power for life, in a fate, which has before- enjoyed the happinefs of liberty. But there was in Miltiades, both the greatf humanity, and a wonderful complalfance, that no body was fo mean, to whom accefs to him was not allowed. His authority was great am on of all the cities of Greece, his name was famous, and his reputation for military affairs very uncommon. The

fc I tranflate tyronni: ufurpation; becaufe though Pififiratus did, by feizing tha government, deftroy the liberty of his country, and was upon that fcore an execrable villain ; yet he does not appear to have been at all tyrannical in his government. The word iyrannui was at fit ft ufed in a good fenfe, for a king or prince; then for an ufurper, howfoever he managed his power when lie had got it, as appears from our author 5 and laftly, for a wicked barbarous piince, though no u- fiaiper. ,

I [That is. governed according to law.].

Suvij

II. I. T HEM1ST0CLE S. »7

litaris maxima. Hxc pc- p-—ple m c-jnfider'ing ihefc things, pulus refpiciens, maluit e- chofe rather to have himpunjhedy um innoxiim pledli, qu'am innocent as he v.'as, than that they fe diutius effe in timore. Jhould be any longer in fear of him.

/ m fRefiiles the(e confMerations, there was probably another that

wrought powerfully upon the people : for Plutarch writes, that, after Miltiades had fettled alfairs in the Cherfoncfe, lie became tyrannical in bis goverrfment, and that his reign did not continue long there; for having been worded fir ft by the Scythians, and then by the Phoenici- ans, he was obliged to fiy for refuge to Athens. Piut. in libelio de ftie. hnnin'.s vindlflu.]

II. II.

T H E M 1 S T O C L E S, Neoclis filiusy Athe- nierJisK

T H E M I S T O C E E S, the fen of Neocias, the Athe- nian.

Cap. I. Chap. I.

HUjus vitia incuntis a- dolefcentia magnis

funt emendata virtutibus : adeo ut anteferatar huic nemo, paoci pares puten- tur. Sed ab initio eft or- diendum. Pater ejas Neo- oles generofus fuit. Is n- xorem Halicarnafiiam ci- vent duxit, ex qua natus cftThemiiloclcs Qtiiciim minus effet probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat, et rem fanviliarein negligebat, a patre exbs* redatus eft. Quscontutne- iia non fregit eum, fed e- rtx't. Nam qutun judi-

THE vices of hit early youth ejocre made amends for by

his great virtues : fo that no body is preferred before him, and few are thought his equals. But we mtifl fpeak of him from his beginning. His father Neoclet was a gentleman; he married a lady, who was a citizen of Halicarn fjiis a, of whom was born Hhemfocles ; who being not a! all approved of by bis parents, lecaufe he both lived too faf,

•end neglected his eflate, he was di/inherlt dl; his father; which rough uf;ge did not'lfcak his fpirit, but roufed him. For as he judged that affront could not be

3 Ha'icarnaflos was a famous town of Caria, a province in the fouth- wed parts of Alia Minor; it u now utterly ruined.

caffe t^.

CORNELII NePOTIS II. 2.

raflet, fine futnma b inda- itria non poffe earn ex- llingui, totum fe dedidit reipublicfr,diligentiusami- cisfam queferviens- Mul- tum injudtriis privatis ver- fabatur : faepe in concio- nem populi prodibat ; nulla res major fine ilio gere- batur ; celeriterque, quae opus erant, reperiebat, fa- eile eadem oratione expli- cabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus, quam excogitandis, erat ; quod et de irjlandlus (ut art Thucydides) •vzr'yfime

juchcalat, ct de fuluris cal- lidlffime coiijLiel.it. Quo fadtnm eft, ut brevi tempore illaftraretur.

• Cap. II. Primus au-

tem gmdus fuit capeflen- da: rei public*, bello Cor- cyraeo : ad quod gerendum praetor a popnlo faiftus, non foliim praefcnti bello, fed etiam rcliquo tempore d ferociorem reddidit ci\i- tatem. Nam ciim pecunia publica, qua: ex metal- lis redibat, largitione magiftratuum quotannisinter-

ivipxd off without the clofejl application to bufinefs, he gave himfeif entirely to matters of go- vermnenty jerving diligently his- friends, and his own reputation. He was much concerned in private caitfesc, often came into the ajpmhly of the people; na great thing was trarfaded wiih- o -t him, and he quickly difover- ed what was needful to. be done,, and eaf’y laid open the fame in his addrefs to the people. Nor was he lefs expeditious in the management of bujtnefs, than in the contrivance l becaufe (at Thucydides fays) he judged very truly of thingsprefent, and guelT- ed very fltrewdiy at things to come. By which means it came to pafs, that he was very famous in a fieori time.

Chap. II. Now his f'ff-p in taking upon him the management of public bufinefs, was in the Corey rear, war : for the carrying on of which he was made prefer by the people, and mad: the city snore daring, not only for the war then upon their hands, but alfo for the time to come. For whereas tire public money,, which came 1st by the -mines, was exhaujlcd every year by the cx-

t> [Inatfria fignifies thouglitfulncft, contrivance, application, or pains-taking, and is a word that may be uted either in good or had part.]

c Private caufcs were fuch wherein particular per&ns only, and not the hate or government,, were concerned.

d Fcrox, utid in a bad, alio in a good part, (as h'eve), fignifies- proud, h:;lighty, courageous, mettleibme. Dr EJj'encs, iu his note here, will notallow it to iignity, rude, favsge, or cruel; but if it comes from/ a wild brail, it is finely akin to thefe iignilications.

y ifet

H. 2. ‘THEMISTOCLES. if

iret; ille perfuafit populo, ut ea pecunia claffis centum navium asdlticaretur. Qua celeriter efFedia, primum Corcyraos fregit, dt- inde maritimos proedones confeftando, mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum di- vitiis ornavit, turn peritif- fimos belli navalis fecit A- thenienfes. Id quant® faluti fuerit univerfe Gr®- ci®, bello cognitum eft Perfico. Nam cum Xer- xes et mari et terra bellum univerf® inferret Europ® ; cum tantis earn copiis inva- fit, quantas neque ante, ne- quepofteahabuitquifquam; hujus enim clafiis mille et ducentarum navium longa- rum fuit, quam duo miilia onerariarum fequebantur : teireftres autem exercitus feptingentormn millium peditum, equitum quadrin- gentorum millium fuerunt. Cujus de adventu cum fa- rna in Gr®ciam eftet per- )ata, et maxime Atheni- enfes pet! dicerentur, propter pugnam Marathoni- am; miferunt Delphoscon- fultum, quidnam facerent de rebus fuis. Deliberan- tibus Pytbia refpondit, Ut maiulus ligneis fe nunu- rint. Id refponfum quo valeretjCum intelligeret ne-

travngancf of the magijlrates, he ferjuaded the people, that a fleet of an hundred flips Jljould be built with that money; which being quickly effetled, he firfl reduced ike Corcyreans, and then rendered the fea fcure, by cha-

fing the pirates. In which he both enriched the Athenian! with wealth, and Ulewife rendered them very Jkiful in fca-fights. How much that contributed to the prefervation of all Greece, was vijible in the Perfian war. For when Xerxes made war upon all Europe, both by fea and land, he invaded it with fo greert a force, as neither any one before or face had; for his feet was a thoufand two hundred long flips , which two thoufand ftiips of burthen attended: and his land-armies were to the number of feven hunelrcd tkoufand

foot, and four hundred tkoufand horfe. Concerning whoje commg when the news was brought into Greece, and the A- thtnians were /aid to be chief') aimed at, becaufe of the battle cf Marathon, they feat to Delphi, to confult what they fjonld do in their cafe. ‘The Pythonefs an- fwerrtl the querifs. That they ftiouid fecure themfelves by wooden walls. When no body could underfand to what that anfwcr tepded, Themifocies per- fuacled them, tha it was the

a The fbips ufed in fea-Pghts, or men cf war, were of ,a longer make than the trading vcflels, an.l therefore-culled l<m*cc neves.

mo.

20 CORNELII N E ? O T’ I S II. .V

yno, Tliemiilocks perfua- iit, conlilium effe Apolli- nis, ut in naves fe fuaque eonferrent : eum enim a deo fignificari murum li- gneum. Tali confilio pro- bato, addunt ad fuperio- rcs totidem naves triremes, fuaque omnia, qua; move- ri poterant, partim Sala- minem, partim Tta/enein afportant ; arcem facerdotibus paucifque majoribus natu, ac facia procuranda tradunt,reliquum oppidum relinquunt.

Cap.'III. Hvjus confilium plerifque civitatibns difplicebat, et in terra di- micari magis placebat. 1- taque mifli funt deleft! cum Teonida I.acedremoniorum rege, qui Thermopylas oc- cuparent, longiufque barbaros progrcdi non-paterentur. Hi vim hollitim non fuftinuernnt, eoque loco bmnes interiernnt. At claffis communis Gra- cias trecentarum neviam, in qua ducenta? erant Atbe- nieufnim, primum apud Artemifnim, inter Fubce- am continentemque ter-

aJ’vicc cf jlpoUo, to get ■ themfelves, anti luhat they had, ett hoard their Jl'ips, for that was the wooden wall meant dy li.e god. This advice leivg approved, they add to their former as

■many more Jhips, with three lards rf oars, and carry off all their goods that could he removed, partly to Salens,is , partly to Tnrx.cn. They deliver up the citadel and holy things to the priejls, and a few old mas to U.ke care rf, anil leave the njl of the town.

Chap. 111. His a deice d:f- plcafed mfl rf the cities, and they liked sat her to fight ky land. JVhtreforc fome cl fn men were fent with Leon'.,,as the king of the I.jccJx imttians, to fe'fxe Thermopylae V and hinder tie barbarians f> or.t advancing air; farther. Thefe could not 'wltij- Jlar.el the fury of the (Kerin, and all died ;n ‘that place. But the conmon fleet of Greece, -cor.-. filling of three hundred /hips, irs which were two hundred of the Athenians, firjl engaged with the king’s feet at Artemifurn c, Lt-wixt Enina and the cor.ti- tlttil. r'or 1 he in if}celts fought a

11 Salamls, now Cali ri or JElleza, is an ill and aimed over-sgairft Athens; and Tror/exi is a town of Pe’dponnefus upon the Saronic bay.

t> Thermopylae, now csiled Cue;a Jt Lupc, is a narrow pafs betwixt the iEgtan fta .. id the mountains, upon the coniints of Theijply and Aeliaia.

c ArtcmiCum is a promontory in the rwrth parts of the ifi.nd cf Euboea.

fa m,

■*

T H E M I S T 0 C L E S. 2 C II. 4-

ram, cum clafiririis regiis conflixit. Angullias enim •Themiftocles qu.xrcb.it, ne multitudiiie cireu 1'niretur. Iîc etil pari pra-lio difcef- fcrant, tamen eodem luco non funt aufi manere : quod erat perieulum, ne, li pars navi urn adverfariorum Eubocain fuperaflet, ancipiti i premcreiitur periculo. Quo fadb.im elt, ut ab Artemifio difcede- rent, et ex adverfum Athc- nas apud Salamina claffem fuam conftituerent.

Car. IV. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accefiit Aftu, k idque nullisdefendentibusjin- terfe&is facerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. Cujus fama perterriti clafflarii cum manere non auderent, et plurimi hortarentur, ut domos fuas quifque difeederent, mcenibufque fe defende- rent : Themiilocles unus reftitit, et univerfos effe pares aiebat, difperfos te- llabatur perituros : idque Eurybiadi regi Lacedas- moniorum, qui turn fumrme imperii pneerat, fore affir- mabat. Qnêm quum minus quam vellet, moveret, no-

narro’w fea to engage in, kjl he Jhould be fur rounded by their t imbers. Although they came off here with equal advantage in the fight, yet they durf not fay in the fame place; becaufe the danger war, lef, if part of the tn my's flips Jhould go round Euler a, they jhould be difrejfed by a double danger. Upon which account it came to pnfs that they departed from Arlemfum, and drew up their feet over-againf Athens by Sal amis.

C k A p . IV. But Xerxes, having taken Thermopylce, immediately came to the city, and none defend- ing it, flaying the priefs, which he he found in the citadel, he dfrey- ed it by fre. With the news of which, thofe on board thefeet being affrighted, not daring to fay, and many advifng that they

fould depart every one to their own homes, and defend themfelves by their walls, Themifocles alone oppofed it, and faid, that all together they would be a match for them ; but declared, that if they

frparated, they would be ruined; and that, he affirmed, would be, to Eurybiades king of the Lacedae- monians, who at that time was in the chief command. Whom fnee he wrought upon lefs than he could

i Ancipiti periculo premi, fignifies, in plain Englifti, to be attacked ia front and rear ail at once.

k \Afu is a Greek word fgnifyirg a city, and emphatically that. * of Athens in Greek authors ] as utbt the city, denoted Rome amongft the Romans,]

ftu D

22 CoRNELII NePOTIS II. 5.

ftu de fervis fuis, quem liabuit fideliflimum, ad regem mifit, ut ci nunciaret fin's verbis : adverfarios e- jiis in Riga efie : qui fi dif- ceffifTent, majore cum labore, et longinquiore tempore bellum confeftu- rum, quum fingulos con- fedlari cogeretur ; quos ii llatim aggrederetur, brevi univerfos oppreffnrum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingra- tiis ad depugnandum o- moes cogerentur. Hue re audita, Bavbarus nihil doli lubelFe crcdens, pollridie alienillimo iibi loco, contra opportuniflimo holti- bus, adeb angulto mari conflixit, ut ejus multitude navium explicari non potuerit. Vibtus ergo eil magis confdio Themiflo- «lis, quam armis Gr*cix.

Cap. V. Hlc Barbarus etfi rrHe rem gefferat, ta- aien tantas habebat reli- quias copiarum, ut etiam cum his opprimere poiTet iioftes. Interim tamen ab eodem gradu depulfus eft. Nam Themiftocles verens, tie bellare perfeveraret, certioremeum fecit, id agi, Ut pons, quem ille in Kel- kfponto fecerat, diffolve-

luifs, ha fent ly night the mnjl tru- Jly of the /laves that he had to the king, to tell him, in his vuords, that his enemies were about flying : who, if they Jhould depart, that he would difpatch the war with greater trouble and longer time, fmee he would be obliged to purfue them fngly, whom, if he attacked immediately, he might conquer them all in a fhort time. This tended to that purpofe, that they might be forced to fght all together againjl their wills. The Barbarian, hearing this thing, fuppq/ng there was nothing of fraud in the cafe, engaged the day following in a place the mof improper for hitn- feif, and on the other hand very convenient for his enemies, in fo narrow a fea, that the great number of his/hips could not be drawn out to a due length. Wherefore he was conquered more by the contrivance of Themiflocles than the arms of Greece.

Chap. V. Here although the Barbarian had managed his bufinefs but badly, yet he had fuch con-

fulerable remains offerees, that e- ven wish thefe he might have conquered his enemies. Notwit If landing in the mean time he wai driven

from his ! /land by the fame perfon. For Themiflocles fearing lefl he

fbould continue the war, made him acquainted, that it was intended that the bridge, which he had

1 this is a metaphor taken from gladiators or fencers, who, when obliged to quit tbcis ihuid oi^round, wefe UMgre*/ ttfei, er graJu irfdd.

retur,

II. 6. T H E M 1 S T 0 C L E S. 23

retur, ac reditu in Afiam excluderetur; ideque ei perfuafit. Itaque qua fex men- fibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Afiam reverfus eil ; feque a Themitlocle non fupera- tum, fed confervatum judicavit. Sic unius viri pm- dentia Gra’cia liberata eft, E uropseque fuceub uit A fia. Haec altera vidtoria, quas cum Maralhonio poffet comparai i tropoeo : nam pari modo apud Salamina, parvo numero navium, maxima poll hominum memoriam claffis eft devicta.

Cap. VI. Magnus hoc hello Themiftocles fuit, nec minor in pace. Quum tnim Phalereo portu neque magno, neque bono Athe- nienfes uterentur, hujus confdio triplex Pirsei por- tus conftilutus eft ; ifque mcenibus circumdatus, ut ipfam urbem dignitate x.- quipararet, utilitate fupe- raret. Idemque muros A- thenienftum reftituit prs- cipuo periculo fuo. Nam- que Laceda monii caufam idoneam nafti, propterbar- barorum exeurfiones, qua

made over the m Helltfpont,Jljould be broke ih-eerj, and he prevented from returning into dfia. And that, he perfuaded him, was certainly fo. IVherefore he returned into Afia, in lefs than thirty days, the fame way by ivhich he had made his march thither in no lefs than fix months ; and judged him- fetf not conquered, but paved by Themjlocles. Thus, by the prudence of one man, Greece was delivered, and Afia fell under Eu- rope. This is another victors', that may be compared with the viflory rf Marathon ; for the greatejl

fleet, fince we have had any hi- Jlory of mankind, was conquered in the like manner at Salamis, with a fmall number ofjhips.

Chap. VI. Themijlocles was great in this war, and no lefs in peace. For whereas the Atheni- ans made ufe of the Phalerean harbour, neither great nor good, by his advice a triple harbour was formed at n Pyreeeus, and that was furrounded with a wall; fo that it equalled the *city in beauty, and exceeded it in vfe- fulnef : and the fame man rebuilt the walls of the Athenians, at his own particular hazard. For the Lacedemonians having ' got a fine pretence, by reafon of the inroads of the barbarians, whereupon to deny that any city

m [A ftrait of t!ic fea between Thrace and Phrygia, dividing Europe from Alia, and now called the Dardanjl, .Straits.]

n Pyraxns was a town at U»e mouth of the'river Cephifus, upon which Attn ns fto<xl^juuha15but five miles from that city. It is now Cailsti l‘arta di Lime.

D 2 lirgarent

J

24 CoRNELII NEPOTIS II. 6.

regarent opcrtere extra Peloponnefum ullam ur- hem habcri, ne effent loca inunita, qure hoftes pofli- derent ; Athenienfes a;di- iicantes pn hibere funt conati. Hoc longe alio fpe- <‘tabat, atque videri vo!e- ) ant. Athenienfes enim duabus vicloriis, Marat hold a et Salaminia, tantam gloriam apnd omnes genti s erant confeqnuti, ut in- ti lligerent Hacedsemonii, i'e principatu iibi cum liis icrtamen lore: quare eos (uam infirnv’fiimos elle Milebant. Pollquam au- lem audierunt muros in- llrui, legatosAthcnasmi- I rur.t, qui id fieri vetarent. His pra feiitibus defierunt, ac fe de ca re legates ad eos miffuros dixerunt. Kane legationem fufeepit Themillocles, et folus pri- inb profeftus eft : reliqui legati, ut turn exirent, cum fatis altitudo muri extru- fta videretur, prsecepit ; ut interim omnes fervi atque iibei i opus facerent, neque lilli loco parcerent, five fa- cer effet, five profanus, five privatus, five publi- cus ; et undique, quod ido- nûm ad muniendum pu-

cught to Le kept ’without 0 Pelo- ponnefus, that there might le no fortified places, 'which the enemy might pofitfs themfcl'ves of, endeavoured te hinder the Athe- nians from building. This tended to quite another purpofe, than they noire milling foculd appear. For the Athenians, by the two viftories of Marat hen and Sala- mi's, had got fo much glory a- mongfi all nations, that the La- cedtemonians nvere feifille trey

fjould have a difpute nvith them for the majlery. IVherefore they had a mind they fhould he as weak as pofibls. But after they heard the walls were a-buiid- ing, they fent ambaffadors to A- thens, to forbid that to be done. IVhilJl they were prefent, they gave over, and faid, they would Jend ambajjadors to them about that affair. Themjloclcs undertook this emlajfy, and went a- lone at firjl : he ordered that the rejl of the ambajfadors Jhould then fet forward, when the height of the wall feemed to be futficiently raifed; that in the mean time all faves and free- men Jhould work, and fpare no place, whether it was facred or profane, whether private or public ; and get together from ell hands what they thought proper to build with. From whence it

0 'Peloponnefus is a eelebratec!, great, anti fruitful pentrifuia of Greece, about 550 miles in circuit; it ir fnaped like a mulberry leaf, which gave occafion to one of the emperors to call it in Greek MofU, which fig nines the mulberry tree, and it is called the Idoreu to ibis day.] '

tarent,

‘THEMIS TO C L £ S.

tai'er.t, congsrerent. O'io fachun eft, y£ AtheJUc. ii- tiar. iruri tx faceftis . fepui- caiiique cenilarent.

Cap. \ II. •'! l.cr.'i.to- clcs auttm, ut Laced? monem venit, adire ad in «- giftratus noiuit, tt d;dit operam, ut quam liKigif- fime tqmnin ducerct; caft- iain iiitc: poneqs, fe col- Lgascxlpeciaio: Cum La- cjsdaqmojiii q at creator, <>• р. us nihiloaiinua i;<;ri,t e- umque ea re cqnari falle-, re, interim reliqui iegati funt confequuti ; a quibus с. iin auditAt, non muitura Inpercftit - mnnitionis, ad Enhoros Laccdxmonio- rum accefnt, penes (pans fummurn imperium erat ; atque apud cos contendit, falfa his effe delata : quare xquum effe, illos, viros bcmos nobilefque mittere, quibus tides luberetur, q«i rem ex pin parent : interea fe obfidem retincreat. Ge-

rfirrrs to pefs, that the ‘walls of til ant confjled .of tiajtle

ar.d fpulchrss.

Chap. VII. Bvt Themjficcles, as fo' -a as. he cave to L&cedaman, iv'add not <wait vf en the magi-

jirales, and did Lis endeavour to /pin out die tune as long as pej-

jible; alleging 'dv.?, reaftn, that he waited for his colleagues. When the Lacedtmon aes complained

'that the work ’went on nevtrthi- • //!■, and trj .a he endeavoured, to

deceive them in tlSit met ter, in the wean time :Le rcjl op' the am- lajfdun came 'tip : from ‘whom 'whende had heard, that no’ much cf the work of fortifying remained to be done, he went to .he Eblori of the hicedeLinonums, in whom the fupreme power was vefted, and. avers before them, that a falfe ae'count had been given them; wherefore it was but reafenable for them to feud horvfl men, and gentlemen, to whom credit might be given, to examine into the matter ; in the mean time they might

3 fMunilio Cnific s a fortification, alfo the aftion of fortifying, and feems to include more ip its lignification than a wait, (which was Mr Clarke’s word here), according to the diftinftion feme make between muni) -and max'a; murus figri'ies properly the fione-wail rncompaffing a t:>wn, and Vienna the turrets and other pieces of lor- tiacation added to the tuurus-; and muutiiu may be a general word comprehending them both. ;

b [The l-'phori were Lacedaemonian magiffrntes, like in office to tiit Ui' lines among the Homans. '1 he Lacedaemonians ufed to appeal from their king to the Ephori, as tl e Romans from their coniuls to the till unes. At fir It the Ephori were chofen to be affiftants to the king ; hut in a fhort time their authority grew the greater, fo that they coind cenfure, imprifon, and even depofc their king when they found caufe. Suidas faith, they were ordinarily fire in number, and chofen ytarly.]

3 ftus

26 CORNELII NEPOTIS II. 7.

ftus eft; cl mos, trefque le- pati, funfti fummts hono- ribus, Athenas miffi faut. Cum li?s colkpas fuos Themiftocles juflit proficifci ; eifque prsdixit, ut ne prius Lacedremonio- rum legates dimitterent, quam ipfe eflet remiffus. Hos poftquam Athenas pervenifTe ratus eft, ad magiftratum, fenatumque La- tediemoniorum adiit, et a- pud eos llberrime profef- fus eft : Athenienfes fuo confilio, quod communi jure gentium facere poffent, deos publicos, fuofque patrios ac penates, quo facilius ab hofte poffent defendere, muris fe- pftfle : neque eo, quod in- utile eflet Graeciae, fecifle: mam illorum urbem, ut propugnaculum, oppofi- tam efle barbaris, apud quam jam bis b claflis regia feciflet naufragium. jLacedsemonios autem male et injufte facere, qui id potius intuerentur, quod i- pfomm dominationi, quam quod univerfae Grascice u- tile eflet. Quare, fi fuos legates recipere vellent, quos Atheuas miferant, fe re-

ieef> him as an hnjlnge. He <n>at complied 'with, and three am- bajfadurs, that had borne the highejl ojjices, werefeni to Athens. The- mijlocles ordered his colleagues to go along with them, and warned them, that they Jhould not difmifs the ambajfadors of the d.need,Oxo- nians, before he was fent back a- gain. After he thought they were got to Athens, he went to the magiflrates and fenate 'of the Lacedae- monians, and very frankly declared before them, that the Atheni- ans, by his advice, had inclofed within walls their public gods , their cotmtry gods, and houfehold gods, that they might the more eajily defend them from an enemy, which they might have done by the common law of nations ; nor had they done therein what was ufelefs to Greece : for their city was placed as a bulwark a- gainfl the barbarians, at which the king’s fleet had already twice fufferedfbipwreck. And that the Lacedemonians ailed ill and un- juflly, who more regarded that which was ufeful to promote their own dominion, than what was for the intereft of all Greece, therefore, if they had a mind to receive their ambajfadors again, which they had fent to Athens, they muft fend him back; other wife they

a fThofe gods whom the Athenians in common with all Greece worlhipped, were their public gods. Thofe whom the Athenians, as a particular (late by themfelves, wor(hipped, were their country gods, as their tutelar goddefs Minerva ; and f'uch as were reckoned to take care of private families, were their houfchold gods ]

t> [This reading of Courtinus k preferred by Come of good note to that of claffm regiam fecijfc naufragium, which indeed feems to be too hard).]

mittercnt;

II. 8. THE MISTOCLES. 27

mitterent; aliter illos nunquam in patriam tfient re- cepturi.

Cap. VIII. Hie tamen non effugit civiurn fnorum invidiam: namque ob e- undsm timorem, quo da~ mnatus erat Miltiades, te- itulamm fuffragiis e' civitate ejeftus, Argos Iiabita- tum concefiit. Hie quum propter multas ejus virtutes magua cum dignitate viveret, Lacedsemonii legaros Athenas miferunt, qui eifm abfentem accufarent, quod focietatem cum reg ; Per- farum ad Grjeciarn oppri- inendam feciffct. Hoc crimine abfens proditionis e!l damnatus. Id ut audivit, quod non fatis tutumfeAr- gis videbat, Corcyram demigravit. Ibi cum ejus principes civitatis animad- vertiffet timere, ne, propter fe, bellum his Lacedae- monii ct Athenienfes in-

’voould never receive them inta their country again.

Chap. VIII. Yet he did not ejeape the odium of his countrymen : for being turned out of the city by the votes of the Jhells from the fame jealoufy upon which Miltiades had been condemned, he went to Argosu to dwell. As he lived here in great honour, becaufe of his many excellent qualities, the Lacedecmonians fent ambaf adors to Athens, to etc- cufe him ir. his alfence, for having trade an agreement with the king of the Perfians, to fubdut Greece. Upon this charge he was condemned in his abfence for trea-

fon. Asfoon at he heard that, becaufe he five he fhould not be fafe enough ut Argos, he removed to Corcyra *. There, when he obferved the great men of that Jlate to be afraid, leji the Athenians and Lncedamonians Jhould pro- claim war aâinjl them upon his account, he fed to Admetus king

* The Athenians, when they became jealous of any of their great men, as dangerous to the public liberty, ufed to baniih them for ten years. The way of voting upon that occafion was, by writing the perfon’s name upon a (hell, called in Greek irpaxo,, from whence this fort of banifhmtnt was called cftracifm. fUpon fuch occafions the magiftrates called the people together, and to each man of the allembly was given a (hell, upon which whoever confentcd to the bar nifhment was to write the perfon’s name that was to be banilhed, and put his (hell into an urn provided for that purpofe; then the magiftrates counted the (hells, which if they did not amount to the number of fix thoufand, the perftm was not to be baniOred; but if they made up that number, he was banifhed tire city for ten years without confifcating his goods.]

u Argos was a city in the north parts of Peloponnefus. x Corcyra is an ifland in the Ionian ft a, or gulf of Venice, upon

the coaft of Epuc, now called Corfu, and belongs to the Venetians.

dicerent,

25 CoRNELII NePOTI II. 8.

diceren!:, ad Adinetum Moloflbrum vegcrn, cum quo ei liofpkiiun fuerat, confugit. Hue cum veniffet, et in praefentia rex a'o- effet, quo majore religio- r.e fe receptum tueretur, filiam ejus parvulam arripu- it, et cum ea fc in facrari- um, quod fumma coleba- tur cevcinorva, conjecit : inde non prius egreffus ell, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem recipertt : quasn ptasftitit. Nam cum ab A.- therieniibus ct Laceda;-. moniis expofeeretur pubii- ce, fupplieem non pro.di- dit; monuitqiie, ut confu- leret iibi: difficile euim effe, in tarn propinquo loco tutb eum verfari. itaque Pydnam eum deduci juffit, et quod fatis eflet praefidii dedit. Hac re audita, hie in navem omnibus ignbtus aicendit ; quae cum tempe- ilate maxima Naxum ier- retur, ubi turn Athenienfi- um erat exercitus, fenfit Thetr.iftdcles, fi eb perve- rifTct, fibi effe periundum. Hac ncccffitate coadtus, domino navis, qui iit,_ a peril, tnulta pollicens, ii fe confervafiet. At ille clarii- rjmi viri captus mifericor- dia, diem nodtemque procul ah infula in falo navem tenuit in ancoris, neque

of tin Molojfi a, ivilh ti h: m he had. a Jr'iendjhijj. After hi zue/s come hithery and the king at that time . ivas alifertt, that he rrn fi fccure hinf lf upon Its reception notch 4

f.roripcr obligation of religion, he took his little daughter, and, tlreni himfelf -ulth her into a chape!, .fvhich 'funs rega .& J with the ninuji veneracUp. \ came.

• not on’fr:,pi thence, till the A 'u/g, ghihij Him .Uis right fand, tof

_ him under his. pr^tectiyii, which he. made 'good,. h er when he\ nuns publicly demanded Ly the Athe~ nians c.T[d Lacedeemcruani, he did not betray ha refugee, rind warned him to projuidsfor hli.ff; for it would be difficult for, ban fo le fetfe inf) near, a place. Where- fore he ordered hini to be - c and lift- ed to Pydua and game jhiin, ovhai guard was fvjfident. This thing being heard, he went aboard a Jhip, urdenytun to all there ; which being driven by- a very great Jborm for Kas rn c, where at that time was an army of the Ath enians, Themijlocles was fe.fible, if he came there, he mnjl perifb. Being forced by this necef- Jity, he dtfcb’vers to the tnajler of the vfffeK who he was, pro- mifing him rno.ny things, if he wouldfa-ve him. But he, being

fei%cd with pity Off this viojl famous wan, ' lett the Jhip day and night a great difiance from the iflancl, in the main fea, a: ^ anchor, nor did he fuffer any bo-

a The Moloffi were a people of Epire. b fPydna was a city hi Macedonia.] c kaxus, now Ndxia, is an ifland of the JEgean fca, cne of thofe

called Cyclades : it is populous and fruitful. quern*

\

XI. 9. 'THE M1ST0CLES.

quemquim ex ea exire paffus eft: IndeEphefum per- venitjibiqueThemiftoclem exponit : cui ille pro mentis gratiam poftea retulit.

Cap. IX. Scio plerofque ita fcripfifTe, Themi- ftoclem, Xerxe regnante, in Adam transiffe. Sed e- go potlffimum Thucydidi credoj quod astute proxi- r.ius erut de his, qui illo- nim temporum hiftoriam reliquerunt, et ejufdem civitatis fuit. Is autem ait, ad Arfoxerxem eum veniffe, atque his verbis epiftolam jniGffe : Theimjlo- cles uni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuit, cum mihi nccefie fuit adverfus patrem tuum bcllare, pa- triainque rneam defendere. Idem multo plura bona feci, pojlquam in tuto ipfe, et ille in periculo ejje ac- pit. Nam cum in Afiam reverti nollet, p ratio apud halamir.a Judo, Uteris emu ccriiorem fei, id agi, ut pons, qmm in Hellefponlo fccrat, dijjolvcretur, atque ab hojlilus circwniretur : quo nuncio ille p riculo ejl blcrdtus. Nunc autem ad te confugi, ex cgitatus a c unci a Gracia, tuam petens

dy to go out of it. After that he came-io Epbefus t>, and there lands Themijiocles, to whom [the ihip- mafterl he afterwards made a requital according to his deferts.

Chap. IX. 1 know that mofi authors have writ thus, that The- mijiocles went over into Afia, wbiljl Xerxes was reigning. But I trujl Thucydides above others, lecaufe he was in time the near- ejl to him of thofe who have left the kflory of thofe times, and was of the fame city. Now, he fays, that he came to Artaxcrxcs, and fent a letter to him in thefe. words : I Themiftoclcs am come to you, who of all the Greeks brought the moft evils upon your family, when it was neceffary for me to fight againft your father, and defend my country. I the fame ?nan did him much more fervice, after 1 was in fafety, and he began to be in danger. For when lie intended not to return into Alia, after the battle was fought at Salamis, I made him acquainted by a letter, that it was intended, that the bridge, which he had made over the Hellefpont, fiiould be broken down, and he inclofed by his enemies: by which advice he was delivered from danger. But now I have fed to you, being perfecuted by all Greece, begging your friendfhip ; which, if I fhail obtain.

t) Epbtfus, now Rfrfo, wai a famous city in that part of Afia Minor, called’ Ionia, near the Archipeiaga ; it was one of tie fc-ven churches of Afia, but r.ow a poor ckfolate village, inhabited by about 40 or 50 fanu ici of Turks, without one Chrillian. among them.

andcitiam :

30 CoRNELII NePOTIS II. 10.

Mmicitiam : quam ft ero adeptus, non n inus me Lonurn amicurn hahebis, quam fortem inimicum die expert us ejl. Ea autem rogo, ut dt hit rebus t de quibus tecum colloqui -joh, annum ?n;bt temporis des, eoque tranfacio, me ad te venire patiaris.

Cap. X. Hujus rex ani- an magnitudinem admi- rans, cupienfque talcm vl- rum fibi conciliar!, veniam dedit. Ille omne illud tempus literis fermonique Per- farum dedit : quibus adeo eruditus eft, ut multo com- modius dicatur apud regem verba fecifle, qu'am hi poterant, qui in Perfide e- rant nati. Hie quum multa regi eflet pollicitus, gra- tiflimumque illud, ft fuis uti confiliis vellet, ilium Graeciam hello oppreflu- rum; magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Afiam rediit, domicilium- que Magnefi$ fibi conftituit. Namque banc urban ei rex donarat, his ufus verbis, qu3e ei panem prasberet : (ex qua regione quinquaginta [ei] talenta quotannisredibant): Lam- pfacum, unde vinum fu- nieret: Myantem, ex qua

you {hall find me a no lefs good friend, than he experienced me to be a gallant enemy. And therefore I beg this of you, that you would allow me a year’s time for the bufinefs, concerning which 1 defire tp talk with you ; and after that is paft, you would fuffer me to wait upon you.

Chap. X. The king admiring the greatnefs of his mind, and defiring to have fuch a man gained over cjfeQually to him, granted him the favour. The fpent all that time in the books and language of the Perfians : in which he was fo p rfeSly iijlruBcd, that he is Jaid to have fpole before the king much more handfomely than thofe could who were born in Perfia. After he had promiftd the king many things, and that which was the mfl agreeable of all, that if he would follow his advice, he

Jhould conquer Greece by war; being prefented with great gifts by A’taxerxes, he returned int» Afa c, and fixed his habitation at Magnefiad. For the king had given him this city, ufing tbefe words, to furnifh him with bread; {out of which territory

fifty talents cam; in [to hind] yearly) ; I.ampfacus e, from whence he might have bis wine : Myus f, from whence he might have bis other provfions. Two

c friz, the Lefler Afia, called bta/ilij.] U Magnefia was a town of Afia Minor, in that part of it called /on a,

near the river Meander or Madrc. e Lampfacus was a town of Myfia Minor, in Afia Minor, near the

Hellefpont. f Mvus was * town of Ionia, not far from jMsgnefii.

opfoniutw

III. I. ARISTIDES. 31

opfonium haberet. Huju* ad noftram memoriam mo- numenta manferunt duo: fepulchrum prope oppidum, in quo eft fepultua: flatus, in foro Magnefis. De cujus morte multis mo- disapud plerofquefcriptum eft ; fed nos eundem potif- fimumThucydidem ainfto- rem probamus, qui ilium ait Magnefiae morbo mortuum : ncque negat fuifle famam, venenum fua fponte fumfifle, quum fe, qus regi de Graeeia opprimen- da pollicitus effet, prsftare poiTedefperaret. Idemoffa ejus clam in Attica ab amicis effe fepulta, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod proditionis efiet damnatus, memoris prodidit.

monuments of bun have continued to our times : his fepulchre nigh the town, in which he <was buried; his Jlatues, in the forum of Magnefia. Concerning <whofe death an account is given after different manners in mojl authors; but we approve of the fame author Thucydides above others, who fays, that he died of a difeafe at Magnefia. Nor does he deny, that there was a report that he took poifon voluntarily, bccaufe he defpaired of being able to perform what he had promifed the king, about conquering Greece. The fame man has left upon record, that his bones were privately buried in Attica by his friends, becaufe it was not allowed by the laws,

feeing he had been condemned for treafon.

III. III.

Aristides, Lyfima- Aristides, the fin o/'Ly- chifilius, Athenienfs. fimachus, the Athenian.

C A I.

ARiftides Lyfimachi filius, Athenienfis,

aequalis fere fuit Themifto- cli. Itaque cum eo de principatu contendit: namque obtreftarunt inter fe. In his autem cognitum eft, quan- to antiftaret eloquentia in-

C H A F. I.

ARiftides the fin of Lyfima- chus, the Athenian, was al-

mqft equal * to Themiflocles. Wherefore he contended with him

for the fipcriority : fir they de- tracted from one another. And it was vifble in them, how much eloquence outdoes innocence. For

a [This equality may be under flood of both age and power, but not manners; for Ariflides was of a calm and eafy ternper, but Themifto- eles hot and ambiticus.J

aocentiie,

III. 2. 32 C O R N E/ L I I NepOTIS

nocenti;E. Qi’.anquamenim though Anftides did excel fo adeo excellebat A rid ides much in jujlice, that he alone, abftinentia,ut unuspoftho- Jince the firlt accounts of ?nan- minum tnemoriam, quod kind that lue indeed have heard quidem nos audiverimus, of, <wai called by furname the cognomine JUSTUS lit JUST, yet being overborn by appellants, tamen 'a The- Themijlocles by that fhell b, he midocle collabefaftus te- tuas purifhctl •with the banifl- ftula ilia, exilio decern an- ment of ten years. Who truly, norum multatus eft. Qm when he found that the incen- quidem, cum intelligeret fed people could not be refrain- reprimi concitatam multi- ed, ari l going off, obferved one tudinem non pofie, cedenf- writing, that he flsouid be ba- que. animadverteret quen- rifled his country; he is faid dam feribentem, lit patria to have inquired <f him. Why pelleretur: quasifte ab eo he did it ? or, what Arijlides dicitur, Quare id faceret ? had done, for which he Jhould aut, quid Ariftides commi- be thought worthy of fo great a fillet, cur tanta poena dig- punifhment ? To whom he re- nus duceretur ? Cui ille replied. That he, did not know fpondit: Seignorare Arifti- Arijlides; but that it did not dem ; fed fibi non placere, phafe him, that he had labour- quod tarn cupide elaboraf- ed fo earneftly to be called fet, ut,praeter casteros, JU- JUST, above other people. He STUS appellaretur. Hie did not fuffer the legal punijh- decem annorum legitimam ment of ten years. For after poenam non pertulit. Nam Xerxes came into Greece, about poftquam Xerxes in Grae- the fixtb year after he had been ciam defeendit, fexto fere lanfhed, he was rflorid to his anno, quam erat expulfus, country by an order of the com- populifcito in patriam remans. llitutus eft.

Cap. II. Interfuit au- -Chap. II. He wasprefntdoo tern pugns navali apud Sa- in the fea-f.ght at Sol amis, which lamina, quie fatta eft pri- was fought before,he was releafed ns, quam x poena liberare- from his punifhment. The fame tur. Idem piaetor fuit A- man was commander of the Athe- thenienfium apud Plataias, niar.s at Plata*:, in the battle in in praelio, quo Mardonfiis which Mardonius was routed, and fiifus1, barbarorumque ex- the army of the barbarians cut

.. b [See the firft note upon the eighth chapter of Themitlocles’s life.]

ercitut,

sfRISTIDES. 33 III. 3.

ercitus efl. intevfeftus. Ne- que aliud eft ullum liujus in re militari iliuftre fa- <flum, qu'am hujus imperii memoria : juftiti* vero, ct aquitatis, et inncxrentia: nuilta. Imprimis, quod e- jus aquitate fiftum ed, cum in com muni clafle effet Grasciae limul cum Pau- fauia, quo duce Mardoni- us erat fugatus, ut fumma imperii maritinai a Lace- drmoniis transferretur ad Athenienfes. Namque ante id tfmpus, et man’ et terra duces erant Lacedm- monii. Turn autem et in- teinperantia Paufanias, et juilitiaf.'ftum eft Ariftidit, ut/ omnes ferd civitates Graecite ad, Athenienfium focietatem fe applicarent, et adverfus barbaros, hos duces deligerent fibi, quo laciliiis repellerent, ft forte bellum renovare conaren- lur.

cut njf. Nor is there any oihet illujlrious at lion of his in military affairs, befides the account of this command: hut there are a great many inftances of his jujlice, equity, and innocence. In the firfl place, that it no at brought about by his juflce, when he no as in the common

fleet of Greece, together with Paufanias, by which general Mardonius had been routed, that ike chief command at fea was transferred from the Lace- die medians to the Athenians. For before float time, the Lace- demonians were commanders loth by fea and land} but then it came to pafs, through the in-

fo'cnce of Paufanias, and the jujlice of Arijlides, that ahnofl all the cities of Greece applied them- fives to the alliance of the A- thenians, and chofe them for their leaders againf the barbarians, that they might the more eafily repulfe them, if perhaps they

jhould endeavour to renew the

Cap. III. Ad claftes atdincandas, exercitufquc copiparandos,quantum pecuniae quaequecivitasdaret, Ariftides deledtus eft, qui conllitueret. Ejus arbitrio quadringena et fexagena talenta quotannis Delum funt collata. Id enim com- mune aerarium efie voluerunt. Quae omnis pecu-

war. Chap. III. Ariflides war

pitched upon to appoint how much money every city fcould furnifh for the building of fleets and the raifing of armies. By his order four hundred and fixly talentr were carried to c Debus every year ; for they ordained that to be the common treafury. All which money, fame time after, was removed to Athens. Of how great

c Delm, now SJllles, is an ifland of the JEgean fea, one of the Cy- clades, formerly very famous for an oracle of Apollo.

E nia

34 Cornelii Nepotis IV. I.

r.ia poftero tempore Athe- nas tranflata eft. Hie qua fuerat abftinentia, nulhiin eft certius indicium, qusm quod, quum tantis rebus prsefuiffet, in tar.ta pau- pettate decefiit, ut, qui efferretur, vix reliquerit. Qjjo factum eft, ut filiae ejus.publice alerentur,et de communi asrario dotibus datis, collpcarentur. De- cefiit autem fere pott annum quartum, quam The- miftocles Athenis crat ex- piilius.

moderation he mm!, there is no n ore ‘certain proof, than that, though he had commanded in fuch great affairs, he died in Jo great poverty, that he fcarce lift miherenuith he might be buried. Whi nee it came to pafs, that his daughters nuere maintained at the public charge, and eve re df- pofed of in marriage, their for- tunrs being paid out of the common treafury. He died about the fourth yen' after Thendfo- cies mms banjhed A them.

F a u s a n i a s, Lace deemomus.

P A U s A N I A s, the Lace- demonian.

Cap. I. Chap. I.

TJ Aufattias magnus ho- Jf mo, fed varius in o- mni genere vitx fuit. Nam tit virtutibus elnxit, fie vitas eft obrutus. Hujus il- luftrifTimum eft pradium a- pud Platreas. Namque illo duce, Mardonius a fatrapes regius, natione Me- ans, regis gener, in primis omnium Perfarum, et ma-

/Infanta i was a great men, _H_ but inconjtant in every ocay oflfe. For as he luas il'ujlrious for his excelh nt qual ties, Jo was he overrun with vices. His v,oJl famous battle is that at platent. For he was commander there, when Flardt,n us the king''s lord deputy, by nation a Mede, the ^ king’s fon-in-law, amongjl the chief of all the Pcrjiuns, both brave

a Satrapei was a name amongft the Perfians for the governors of Hie provinces of that empire.

b |He was indeed ibn-in-law to Darius the former king; but fume think that gener ihould here fignify brother-in-law, as is alfo rfed by Jortin ; for Mardonins’s Lely was filter to Xerxes (the fon of Daiius) who was then reigning.]

nu

IV. 2. PAUSANIAS. 35

mi Fortis, et confilii ple- nus, cum clucentis millibus pcditum, quos viriti n le- gcrat, ct vigiuti millibus eqnitum, hand ita magna minu, Graecia fugatus ell;

■ eoque ipl'e dux cecidit prjs- l o. (ûa virtoria elatus, plurima mifcere cm pit, & inajora concupifcere. Sed piimiun in co ell rtpre- litnfus, quod ex prxda tripodem aureum Del- phis pofuiffet, epigrammate fcripto, in quo erat base fententia : Suo duflu karlaros ajud Pictlttdt tjj'e delet.es, ejufque viilorUe ergo ApoUinl donum dedij- fe. Hos verfus Lacedre- monii exculpferunt, neque aliud Fcripferunt, qu'am nomina earum civitatum, quarum auxilio PerFx erant vidti.

Cap. 11. Poll id pradium, eundem PauFaniam eum cla'Je communi Cy- prum atque Helleipontum miFerunt, i t tx his regionibus barbaroitHn prrefi- dia depelleivt. Pari Feli-

in aflien, and full «' good fnfe, was driven out of Greece with lw* hundred thousand fot, which be had chofn out man by man, and twenty thoUfand horfe, by an array not near fo big ; and the general himfelf fell in that battle. With which victory being elated, h e be van to make great ccnfuficn, and to aim at things above him. But he was JirJl of all blanu-d for this, that he had dedicated a golden c trivet at Del] h i of the fpoit, with an inferipiion writ upon it, in which was this fentence : That the barbarians, by his conduct, had been cut off at Plataeae, and that he had made this preFent to Apollo upon the account oF that vidtory. The La- cedemonians erafid thefe d lines, nor d d they write any thing elfc, but the navies of thofe cities, by whofe affiance the Perfians had been conquered.

Chap. II. After that battle, they fnt the fame Paafanias with the common feet to e Cyprus and the Hellefpont, to drive the garri- fsi.s of the barbarians out of thofe parts. And havirg the fame good fortune in that ufair, he began

c [The trivet or tripod_was a three-footed flool or table, particularly that upon which the prkftcls 1’yt.hiaj fat, and gave forth her anuvos; and it was a cuftom among the ancient conquerors, efpe- cn liy the Greeks, to dedicate a tripod generally to Apollo, of the fpoiis taken from the enemy. |

d [Theft lines are to be lound thus in Thucydides: 'EWwvojv ap \ryo<;, t-re) Tprrov vi.ia'i

liocutrocviocf t (pGtpjs) (JUVsfJL at»i(n;x£ Ti/<5 r.J e Cyprus is a famous ifland in the caftern parts of tire Mediterranean.

citate

3<5 CORNELIO NePOTIS IV. 2.

citate in ea re ufus, elati- lis fe gcrere coepit, inajo- refqui- appctcre res. Nam cum, Byzantio expugnato, ccpiffet complines Perfa- nun nobifes, atque in his iionnnllos regis propi.i- quos ; hos clam Xc-rxi rc- mifit, limulans ex vincu- iis pnblicis effugifTe ; et cum his Gongyhun Erctri- cul'em, qui literasregi redderet, in quibtis h;cc fuiffe i'cripta Thucydides memo- rite prodidit : Paufa’.ias dux Sp-aria, qucs Bj %anti\ ccperat, pojlquam propin- (juos tuos cognovit, till mvmri inif.t ; feqve tecum n{findate ccnjungi cnpit : quare, ft iibi videtur, det ti jiiiam tuam nuptum. Id Ji feceris, et S; art an, et cuter am Graeiam ful tuam potejiatem, te adjuvants, t'e redaflurum pollicetur. His (Is rebus Ji quid peri value'it, cerium howinem ad eum mittas face, cuni quo colloquatur. Rex tot ho- rn in urn falute, tarn Jibi ne- cefiariornm, magnopere ga- vifus, confeftim cum epi-

, itola Artabazum ad Pau- faniam mittit ; in qua eum collaudat, ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea perf.cien- da, quae poliicetur. Si fe-

te behave himjelf more haughtily, and to aim at greattr matters. For 'when, after the carrying of Byzantium f, he had taken many noble men of the Perfmns, and a- mongjl them, fame of the king’s relation!, he privately f rit thefe to Xerxes, pretending they had e-

fcaped out of the public cujlody ; and axiith them Gongylus tire Ere- t> ian, to carry a letter to the king, in 'whiih, Thucy tides writes, thefe things were writtin : Paufanras, general of Sparta, after he under- hood that thofe, whom he took at Byzantium, nweyour relations, Iras fent them you as a prefent ; and defires to be joined in affinity with you : wherefore, if it feem good to you, give him your daughter in marriage. Ifyoudothat.he promifes, that, with you affifting him, he fhall reduce both Sparta and the reft of Greece under your power If you would have any of thefe things done, fee you fend a trufty perfon to him, with whom

die may confer about the matter. The king, rejoicing mightily at the

fecurity of fo many psrfons fo nearly allied to him, difpatches a- way immediately Slrtabazus with a letter to Paufanias; in which he commends him, ana defires he would not [pare any thing to effeU the matters which heprotnfed. If he did it, heJhovld have a refufal of nothing from him. Paufaniat

f Byzantium, a town upon the Thracian Bofphorusy at the mouth ri the Euxine, now called the Black Sea: it was much enlarged and beautified by the Roman emperor Conrtantine the Great, and from him called Conjlantinople. Its name is now Stainboul, being the nietto- polis of the Turkifil empire.

cent.

PAU3ANIA IV. y.

cerit, millius r.‘i a fe repul- having vndcrjlood h'is mind, Being fa:n laturum. Hu jus Pau- rendered more for-wardfor the ma- fai.ias ; olm tave cogmta, nngement of the affair, fell under alacvior aJ rem gtrendam the fuff cion of the Iâcedamoni- facing, in fufpicionem ce- arts. In the middle of wh.ch cidit Lacedoemoniorum. In tranfalfion, being recalled home, quo faclo domum revxica- and accufed of this capital crime’, tus, accufatus capitis, ab- he is acquitted ; yet is fried a fum folvitvir ; rnulctatur tamen of moiiry : for v.-hich reafon hi. ptcunia : cuam ob can- -'was not fat back to the feet, fam ad clafiem remiiTue non el.

Cap. III. At ille pdft Chap. 111. But he not long af- ncn multo, fua fponte ad ter, returned to the army of his exercitum red lit ; ct ibi ocvn accord; and there difcovered non callida, fed deisenti bin ir.tcr.tiom, not after a cun~ •ratione, cogitata patefecit. a'-ng, hut it mad manner* For he Non enin* mores patrios not only laid afide his country folum, fed etiam cultum, manners, b it even its furniture veftitumque mutavit. A-p- and deep. He had the equipage of paratu regio utebatur, veile a king, the Median, robe: Me— Medica : fatellites Medi ct dian and Egyptian guards at- -ZEgyptiifequebantur: epu- tended In’m : he fcafed after the labatur more Perfarum lu- manner of the Perfans, more lu- xuriofiLis, quarn qni ade- xurioufy than they- that lucre rant perpeti poflent: adi- nvith' him could endure : he did turn petentibug conveni- not grant accefs to thofc that de- endi non dabat: fuperbe fired to nxsait upon him : he an- refpondebat, et crudeliter /wired proudly, arid commanded imperabat: Spartam redire cruelly : he vsould not return to - jioiebat : Colonas, qui 1q- Sparta : he retired to Colons:, eus in agro Troade cH, fe which place is in the territory of contulerat : ibi confilra Troass, where he formed dftgns: cam patriie, turn fibi ini- of pernicious tendency-, Both to his mica capiebat. Id poll- country and hunfelf. Afer the qv.am I-.acedg;monii refer- Laccdêmoniaru uiiderfood it, they verunt, legates ad eum fnt mef ngtrs to him with a cum Scytala miferunt, in Scytala h ; in which was writ, af-

qua^

K Troas was a country of Afia Minor, fo called from the. city Troy, that was in it; it lay along tieTlellcfpont.

n This fcytala was a white roil of parchment wrapped about a black Hick, about r.iae cubits long. It was ufed thus: When the •

E 3 magi lit ates-

3* CORNELII NePOTIJ IV. 3;

qua more illorum erat feriptum, nifi domum vever- tevetur, fe capitis turn damnaturos. Hocnunciocom- motus, fperans, fe etiam jecunia ct potentia ir.ftans j'ericulum poffe depelkre, domum fcdiit. Hue ut venit, nb Ephpris in vincula publica conjedtus eft. Eicet enim legibus eorum cuivis Ej>horo hoc facere regi. Hmc tamen fe expedivit ; neque eb magis carcbat fufp:cicne: nam opinio manebat, eum cum regehaberefocietatem. Eft genus quoddam hominum, quod Helotcs vocatur, quorum magna multitude a- gros Ijacedaemoniorumco- Jit, fervorumque munerc fiuigituri Hos qubque folicitare fpe libertatis exi- flimabatur : fed quod harum rerum nullum erat a- pertum crimen, quo argui poffet, non putabant de tali tamqtie claro vivo fu-

tcr their f-Jlhny miffs he returned home, they yyould ccndev n him to die. Bdmg'jlarthd at KiJ rneffage, hoping that he might Lip of the dangir that three, Ur id him, even by h;s money and his pemer, he returned home. /Is hni as hr came here, he was chipped into ptt- llic cufiody by the d.phori: Jol- ly their laws it is ai,s<rcL:’e for any Ephorus to do‘this to a Eng. 7'et he got himfclf rid if that grie- vance : nor yet wai he the mere

free from fujpicicn ; for thisH>/«/- cn of liim continued, that he had an agreement with .the king i of Perfiq, Eh, re is a certain kind cf men, wchi ch is ch Hid Helots k, of which a great number till the lands of the Lacedemonians, and perform the office of fames. . Hi was fuppofed to folicit thefe alfo to join hkn, with the hopes of liberty ; but lecaufe there hvas r.b charge againit him, as to ihefe things, well made out, upon which he might he conviBed, they did not think it reaf nolle to fajs fentenee vfen fo great and fo famous a

rnagiftrates gave commi<5on to any as 'general or admir«l, tfie’y took two round jums of wood, of the kime fize exaftly ; one of thole they kept, the other was given to the comniar.fier, to whrjn as oft as they had occafion to fend any private duHtehes, they cot a long narrow.fcroll of parchment, and rolling it about their own, flail, «nc fold dole upon another, they wrote their bi finefs upon ,it : then taking it off, lent it away to the commander,, who applying it to his own Raff, the folds cxr.ftly fell in ore with another, as at the writing ; and the charaders, which, before it was wrapped up, were conlufedly disjoined and unintelligible, appeared very plain.

i Our author here imitates the Greek authors, who ufed to call the king of Pcrfia fimpiy, or by way of eminence, ‘The King, and lom*ttitles ‘The great King.

k £50 called from llelos, a town of Laconia, which was conquered by tiie Spartans, who made all the inhabitants prifoners of war, acd reduced their, into the condition of Haves.}

/e

fpicionibus

IV. 4* r A U S A A S. 3»

fpicionl'ous oportcre judi- men, upon Jufp'ulovj ; but that c ar! : fed txpe&a;>du;n, they' ouplU to Jfay till the matter dl.m fe ipfa res aperiret. d'jcveered itfelf.

Cap. IV. Ar- Chap. IV. In the mean thug gilius quidatn adok feen- one Argllius. a young rrnn, auhoin talus, cucm puerr.ln Pan- when a boy Pniifanrai had loved fanias amoie vencieo di- vtiih a venereal prjfen, having lexerat, cum epiftolam received a l iter from him to Ar- ab eo ad Artabazum ?.c- tabaveus; and it coving into his cepifftt, eique in fufpicio- ftrtty, that there -ivat fomething nein veuiflet, aliquid in ea vcrlt iri it about h'ptflf bccaufe de fe tfe feriptum, quod none of thfe had come hack again, nemo t'oram rediffet, qni nvho had beeri f at to the fame fap- r tali caufa eddein place upon fich an occalton; he itiiffi erar.t ; vincula epi- tore 1 t'kejfringof the epfle, and Holes laceravit, ffjnoque taking of}'the feat, he nnderflood, detrafto, cognovit, li per- if he carried it, he anas to pn ifh, tuliffet, f:bi effe pereun- > here aoas in the fame epiflie' cum. Erart in tadem e- nohui dppeAJhied to ihofe things, pi (tula, quee ad ea p'eftine- which had been agreed on betwixt bant, qui inter regem the king and Pavfaniate He de- Paufaniamqne convene- livered this letter to the Ephori. rant. Has die literas E- The Jlcadir.efs of the Lacedemoni- phoris tradidit. Non eft am upon this occa/ten u n t to It prsetereundagrSivitas10 La- pfijfed by. For they were not cedarroniorum hoc lo£Q. Wrought upon even ly his infor~ Nam ne hujus quidem in- motion, to face Paufaniasy nor d’cio impulii funt, ut Pan- did they think any force was to be fani^m comprehenderent : vfed againft him before he difcc- neque prius vim adhiben- vered hinfelf. Wherefore they or- dam putaverunt, quam fe1 dered the informer what they ipfeindicaflet. Itaque huic would have done. There is a ihdici, quid fieri vellent, temple of Heptync at Tenants n,

I The way of writing letters was anciently upon wcaJen tablets, Coveted with wax ; thefe they nfed to clap together, and tie with a thread, the note of which had a fcal upon it.

m Gravis properly fgnifies heavy : an<l as things that are heavy ate not cafily moved, thence it was figuratively applied to fuch as are net apt to alter their purpofes, or form relblutions, but upon weighty coxv- Cderations; and agieeably to this fenfe of gravis is grc.vitas here ufed.

n ITcnarus was a promontory of I.aconia, (a laige country of Pelo- ponnifus), I'nder which is an hoHbw cave with a wide mouth, which ibme thought to be the entrance of hell.]

ptseceperunt.

4* Corn sx ii Nepotis IV. 5.

prscepcrunt. Fanuni Ne- ptuni eft I'^nari, quod violare nefas putant Grreci : co ille index confugit : in Erx eon (edit. Hancjuxta, locum fecerunt Tub \ terra, ex quo poifet audiri, ft quis quid loqueretur cum Argilio. HucexEphoris quidamdefeenderunt. Pau- fanias, ut audivit Argi- lium confugifle in aram, perturbatuseb venit: quern cum fupplicem Dei videret in ara fedentem, qiue- rit, caufae quid fit tam ;e- pentino coniilio: Huic ille, quid ex literis competif- fet, aperit. Taitto ina- gia Panfanias perturbatus ova re ccepit, tie enunciaret, ncc fc, me itiim dc illo optime, proderet. ^pod ft tarn wniant fibi ded'iffety tantifgue implicitum rdus fublevujjlt, mugno <Jfc cl prftmio futurum.

Cap. V. His rebus £- phori cognitis, fatius putaverunt in urbe enm com- prehendi. Quo cum effent profebli, et Paufani- as, placato Argiiio, (ut putabat), Lacedi-monem reverteretur ; in itinere, cum jam in eo efiet, ut comprehenderetur, e vul- tu cujufdain Ephori, qui cum admonere cupiebat, inftdias fibi fieri inteilexit. Itaque paucis ante gradi- bus, quam qui fequebantur, in cdtm Minervsp,

'which the Greeks account it a viojl heinous crime to profane. hTLither the infqnucr'jtec!, and fat uj-on ths ultar. Nigh this they made a place under ground, from 00hence, if any one talk d any thing nsd.h Argdius, it might be overheard. Some of the Ephori nuent down into it. Pauftimas, at fan as i e Hard that A ,■gill us usas fed to the altar, came thither in great /!ifon- der ; whom when he fan! Jcttinr vpon the altar as a fuppdant to the god, he a fits ivleii the reaf/u was of this fudden rrfd tdon : He telh him what he had dfcover eel

from the letter. Puufainas, being Jo much the more ccmf jun.lt d, began to beg, that be Would not difcover it, nor betray him, that bad deferred very \veU from him: ahd that if hewould lot grant him that favour, and would relieve him now intangled in fuch mighty difficulties, he (hould have a coniiderable reward for it.

Chap.V. The E/ihorihaving underjlood thefe things, thought it better to have him feh.ed in the city. Whither as they were going, and Paufanias, having pacified- Argditif, as he thought, was return ng to Lacedamon; in the way, when he was now upon the point of being f i-zed, he underjlood, by the lock of a certain Ephorus, who dtfired to acquaint him, that there was a deftgn upon him. Where- fore he fled into the temple of Mi- nerva, which is called Ghalcice- eus, a few Jleps before thofe that foil weed him. That he might not

P A U S A N I A S. 4*

get cut hence, the Ephori immediately blocked up the folding-doort of the temple, and took off the roof, p that he might die the more eafdy in the open air. It is faid, that the q mother of Paujaniat ivas living at that time ; and that

fhe, leing now of a great age, after fie had been informed of the ivickcdntfs of Tier fan, brought a- mongfi the foremojl, a Jlone to the entrance of the temple, toJhut up her fin. Thus Paufanias fullied the great glory he had got in the war, by afhameful death. After he had been brought half dead out of the temple, he immediately breathed out his foul. The body of whom, being dead, when fame faid ought to be carried into the fame place whither thty were carried, who where delivered up to capital punijhment, it difpleafed viany; and they buried him a great way

0 [Chalcitrcus (a Greek word which (ignifies bavng a bovfe of bra/s) was an epithet of Minerva among the l.acedaemonians, according to Pint arch; and ihe was lo called from her (latue that was made of brafs, and placed in the temple at Lacedtemon ; but the temple itfelf is called by I.ivy and Elian, ChaldcLCum, that is, the boufe or temple of bra/,.]

p '1 his rcafon of our author’s fcems trifling ; and therefore, I am apt to think, is not the true one : there was, 1 fancy, fome point of fu- perdition in the cafe.

q This behaviour of a mother to a fim will appear almofl incredible to fiidi as are unacquainted with the temper and fpirit of the Eacedas* rnonians, which was very Angular-; but if that fce confidered, there w s nothing tlrange or extraordinary in the matter. It was cuflomary with the mothcis. when their tons went to the war, to deliver them their fhield with tkefe words, n ran, n Irl tcc(, i. e. Either bring this hack, or he brought upon it; as murh as to fay, I,<>fe your life rather than this. Nay, there arc authors who teil us, that upon news of the defeat of a Eaeedsemonian army, it was ufual for the relations of the fl.nn to meet with ail the flgns of joy, congratulating one another; whilfr the relations of filch as had faved thcmfelves by turning tiway, appeared wifh dejected melancholy looks, or durU act facw their heads at all for lh nne.

C»

quae 0 Chalcicecus vocatur, confugit. Hinc ne exire poflet, liatim ephori valvas ejus sedis obftruxeiunt, te- ftumque fimtdemoliti, quo faciliits fub divo internet. Dicitur ea tempore matrem Paufaniae vixifie ; e- amque jam magno natu, poftquam de fcelere filii comperit, in primis, ad till’um claudendum, lapidem ad introitum osdis attulifle. Sic Paufanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte ma- culavit. Hie cum femi- animis de templo elatus eifet, confeftim an imam efflavit. C uj us mortui corpus cum eddem nonnulli dicerent inferri oportere, quo hi, qui ad fupplicium effent dati ; difplicuit pluribus; et procul ab eo lo-

42 CoRNELII NePOTIS V. I.

co infoJerunt, in quo ent from that place m which he dud. mortuus. Inde pofterius He was afterwards talen up, upon dei Delphici refponfo eru- an anfvcer of th Delphian oracle, tus, atque eodem loco fe- and hurled in the place where he pultus, ubi vitam pofuerat. had ended his life.

V. V.

C I M 0 N, Miltiadis C I M o N, the'fon of J.lil- filius, Athemcnfis. tiades, the Athenian.

Cap. I. Chap. I.

CImon, Miltiad's fill- Salmon, the fon of Miltiadcs, us, Athenienfis,duro the Athenian, had a very

admodum initio ufas eil a- hard enirc.nce upon his Hate of dolefcentiae. Nam cum manhood. For whereas his fu- pater ejus litem adlimatam ther was not alk to pay the peo- populp folvere non potuif- pie lus fne, and for that rea- fet, ob eamque caufam in fon died in the public gaol; vinculis publicis decediffet, Cimon was cortf ned in the fame Cimon eadem cuftodia, te- cujlody, nor could he be dtfharg- nebatur, neque legibus A- ed by the laws of the Atheni- thenienlium emitti poterat, cns, unlefs he paid the fum his nifi pecuniam, qua pater father had been f ned. Aow he multatuseflet,folviflet. Ha- had in marriage his ffer of the bebat autem in matrimonio fame father, by name Elpinice, a fororcm fuam germanam, net more induced to it by love, nomine Elpinicen, non ma- than the fafiion of his country ; gis amore, qu'am patrio for it is lawful for the Atheni- more,duAiis: nam Atheni- cns to wary thofe that are lorn enfibus licet eodem patre of the fame father. One Cal- natas, uxores ducere. Hu- has being dftrous of this match, jus conjugii cupidus Calhas not fo much a g ntlewcm as a quidam, non tarn genero- moneyed man, who rad got a lus, quam pecuniofus, qui great ejlnte by the mines, dca.t inagnas pecunias ex metal- with Cimon, iu givti him her to

1 [Seror gernrena, fiftfr-german,* propfi ly is a lifter hntli l>y* i;Uir and mother’s fide ;yor»r confung-iitua, a liih'r hy the fathers fide only ; and jbrov uitrbia, a filer by ti e mother’s tide only : fo with lefpift to prater gcmtotivs, confonguinevs, t Serious. )lut this diftincl'.Qij is not always ohlcfved by clafik authors, j

V. 2. C 1 M 0 N. 43

lis fecerat, egit cum Cimo- ne, ut earn i'ibi uxorem daret: id ii impetraffet, fe pro illo pecuniam folutu- ru.n. Iscumtalcmconditi- onetn afpernaretur, Elpini- ce negavit fe paffuram Mil- tiadis progeuiem in vinculis publicis interire, quoniam prohibere poffet; isque Callise nupturam.iiea, quae pr’bceretur, prxilitiffet.

Cap. II. Talimodocu- iloiiia liberatiis Cimbn, celeriter ad principatum pervenit. Habebat enim fatis eloquentiae, fummain libe- ralitatesn, magnam pru- denfiam cum juris civilis, turn rei militaris,qubd cum patre a puero in exercitu fuerat verfatus. Itaque hie et populum urbanum in fua ten nit poteftate, et a- pud exerciturr. plurimum valuit auftoritate. Pri- miim imperator apud flumen Strymona magnas copias Thracum fugavit, oppidum Ainphipolimconlti- tuit, edque decern millia Athenienflum in coloniam miiit. idem iterum apud

ivife, prom! ^;1b> I he obtained that of him, that he would pay the money for him. When he rejected this offer, Elphiice denied that Jhe would fufer the fon of Mdtiades to die in the pullic gaol, finer Jhe could hinder it. ; and that Jhe would marry Callias, if h; would perform the things, which he pro- mt fed.

Chap. II. C'nnon being delivered out of cufody in this manner, quickly came to the greatfl eminence. For he had eloquence enough, the utmof generofty, great f ill, as. well in the civil law as military affairs, bscaufe he had been with his father in the army from a child. Wherefore he both kept the people of the town at his command, and fwayed much by his authority with the army. In the frf place, being commander of the Athenian forces, he routed a great body of the Thraci- ans at the river b Strymon, built the town of c Amphipolis, and

fent ten thoufand Athenians as a d colony thither. The fame man again at e Mycale, took a feet of two hundred ftps of the Cyprians

fc Strymon was a er of Macedonia, nigH the borders of Thrace. 0 Amphipolis was built upon the hay and river of Strymon, which

did almoft furround the city, from whence iWiad its name. The modern Greeks call it Cbriflopdis, and tire 'TwOWEmboti.

d [A colony is a company of people tranfplanted from one place to another, with an allowance of land for their tillage : a city or. date propagated as it were from another.]

e Mycale was a town of Caria. [Pomponius Mela, lib. j. ,ap. 14, and others fay, that this fea-fight happened at the mouth of Eurymc- don, a river in Pamphylia.J

Mycakn,

44 CorneliiNepotis V.

Mycalen, Cyprianorum et ar,d f Phoenicians, which he con- Phcrnicum ducentarum na- quered; and the fame day had vium claffem deviftatn ce- the like good fortune by land. pit"; eoderaque die pari For after he htul taken the ene- fortuna in terra ufus eit. my's Jhips, he immediately drew Namque hoftium navibus his forces out of the feet, and captis, flatiin ex claffe coat one pufj overthrew a mighty pias fuas eduxit, barbaro- army of the barbarians. In rum uno conctirfu maxi- which victory getting a great deal rtiam vim proflravit. Qjia of plunder as he was rt tHi iina vicloria, magna prxda po- home, becaufe now f,me ifands titus, cum domum rever- had revolted, by reafon op' the ri~ teretur, quod jam nonnul- gour of the Athenim government, la; infulte, propter acerbi- he fxed the well-affeded, and the tatem imperii, defecerant, rev-Iters he obliged to return to bene animatas confirma- their duty. Hefwept s S cyrus of vit,alienatas ad officium re- its people, which at that time dire coegit. Scyrum,quam the h Dolopes inhabited, bei aufe eo tempore Dolopes inco- it had behaved itfelf obfinately; lebant, quod contumacius turned the old inhabitants out of fe geiTerat, vacuefecit; fef- the city and [[land ; divided the fores veteres urbe infula- lands amongf his citizens. He ijue ejecit ; agros civibus reduced the i 'Thafsnt^ elated divifit. Thaiios opulent ia with their great wealth, upon fretos fuo adventu fregit. his arrival amongil them. Out His ex manubiis Athena- of thefe fpoils the citadel of H- rum arx, qua ad meridi- thsns was bsautfed, where it cm vergit, eft ornata. looks to the fouth.

Cap. III. Quibus rebus Chap. HI. By which means, cum units in civitate ma- as he made the greatf figure xime floreret; incidit in e- in the city, he fed under the anxiem in\idiam, quam pa- fame odium, which his father, ter fuus, caeterique Athe- and the ref of the great men of nienfium principes. Nam the Athenians, had done. For teftarum fuffragiis, quod he was punifhtfi with the banjh-

r The Phoenicians were a people of Alia upon the eoafts of the Mediterranean, eaftward from Cyprus, famous for their fkill in fea affairs, and the great traffic they carried on up and down the Mediter- ranean.

t Scyrns is an ifland of the Egean fea, a little above Euboea. * The Dolopes were a people of Theffaiy. i Thafus, now Thafo, is an ifland of the Egean fea, nigh the coaft

tf Thrace. Uli

V. 3- • C I M 0 N. 45

illi SrpaHir/ioi (oftrxclf-. m’nt of tin ysars, ly the votes v.um) voeant, decern an- if the Jhells, which they call o~ norum exillo multatus eil. Jlraeifm. Which aSion the ,A-

thenians were fooner forty for than himfelf. For after Joe had given way to the hatred of hi a ungrateful countrymen with a gallant mind, and the I.aceda- vionians had proclaimed war a- galnjl the Athenians, immediately a great wife of h:s known bravery and conduct followed. Wherefore he was recalled into his country, five years after his lanfhment. He, lecaife he had a great friendfhip for the Lace- damonians, thinking it letter that they and his countrymen jlould agree betwixt themfclves in the fame mind, than contend together with arms, went to Faccditinon of his own accord, and made a peace betwixt thofe two mojl powerfulfates. Aad not long after, being fent admiral into Cyprus, with two hundredftps, after he had conquered the greatef part of that ifand, falling into a difemper,

k Hofpihum properly (Ignifies lodging or entertainment, but is like*, wife ufed for frieiidlhip : for in tbe more early ages of the world, before the convenience of publid inns was thought of, peifons that travelled, lodged in private houfes, and were obliged to return the favour to thofe that entertained them, if need required. This was the occafion of the mod intimate friendfhip betwixt the parties, infomuclt that they treated one another as-relations. Thence the •*csd Lojfti- uwt came to fignify friendfhip founded upon that bottom.

1 [Toj tt fives jucs. inter fe un i voluntate confcnfire, quum amis contendere. Some editions want this part of the fentcnce, but others have it, fuch as that of M. And. StuLehus, printed at Leipfc anno 1715, who is very particular in noticing the various readings; as alfo that little neat copy printed by Feter Morlier *X. Arnf.erdam, anno 1704, from "Jo- And. Bofus, who is reckoned one of the mod accurate editors of Nspos.~\

C ujus faefi ederi lis Ather.:- enfes, quam ipfum, pccni- tuit. Nam cum ille forti nimo iiividias ingraton™ civium ceiTuTct, bdlumque Lacedxhionii Athem’anfi- bus indixiflent, confeftlm noti ejus virtutrs defrdcri- um confequutum eft. Ita- que poft annum quintum, quam expulfus erat, in patriam revocatus eft. Hie, quod k bofpitio Lacedre- moniorum utebatur, fatiiis txiftirrans 1 eos et dives fu- cs inter fe una voluntate confentire, quamarmis contendere, Lacedsemonem fua fponte eft profc<2;us, pacemque inter duas po- tentiffimas civitates conciliavit. Pbft, neque ita multb, in Cyprum cum ducen- tis navibus imperator miffus, ciim ejus majorem partem infulte deviciflet, in

F Oiorbum

46 CORNELII NePOTIS V- 4-

morbum implicitus, In oppido Citio eft mortuus.

Cap. IV. Hunc Athe- rsienfes non foliim in bello, fed in pace, diu defiderave- rnnt. Fuit enim tantalibe- ralitate, cum compluribus locis praedia, hortofque ha- bcret, ut nunquam in cis cuftodem impofuerit fru- »?tus fervandi gratia, nequis impediretur, quo minus e- jus rebus, quibus quifque -vellet, frueretur. Sempere- um pedifieque cum nummis funtfecuti, ut, fiquisopis e- jus indigeret,haberet,quod ftatim daret, ne differendo \ideretur negare. Sicpe, ciim aliquem ofFenfum fortuna, videret minus bene ■veftitum, fuum amiculum <ledit. Quotidie fic coena ei coquebatur, ut quos invo- catos vidiffet in foro, o- j-nnes devocaret: quod facere nullum diem praeter- mittebat. Nulli tides ejns, ■nulli opera, nulli res fami- liaris defuit: multos locupletavit : Complures pauperes mortuos,qui unde ef- ferrentur, non reliquiffent, fuo fumtu extulit. Sic fe gerendo, minime eft mi- randum, ft et vita ejus fuit fecura, et mors acerba.

he died In the tovjn tfm Citi- um.

Chap. IV. The Athenians had a mlfs of him a long time, not only in uuar, hut in peace. For mas a man of fo great generyr'y, that having fates and gardens in feveral places, he never placed a keeper in them, upon account of preferring the fruit, Ijl any Jhould he hindered from enjoying his things as every one pleafed. Footmen always

followed him with money, tlsat if any one food in need of his afjifance, he might have to give him immediately, lef he fjould fern to deny him, ly putting hini off. Oftentimes, when he

faw any one n ill handled by fortune, lefs hand for. Ay clad, he gave him his own coat. His fupper was fo drejfed for him e- very day, that he invited all whom he faw in the forum, not invited elfewhere, which he o- rintted to do no day. His faith-

fulnefs was wanting to none, his fervice to none, his efate to none : he enriched many : he buried at his own charge many poor people when dead, who had not left wherewith they might he buried. It is not to be wondered at, ij upon behaving himfelf thus, both his life was Jecure, and his death afflicting.

” [Citium was a town of Cyprus.] “ I am afraid the Latin text is corrupted here, 'ffenfus flr/iina he*

ing, In my epinion, no very intelligible expreflion.

VI. Ly-

YI. i. LTSANDER. 47

VI. Lysander,

cteemcmius.

VI. Lace- L y sander, the Laced.:*

monian.

Cap. I. LYfander Lacedremo-

J nius magnam reliquit fui t'amam,magia felicitate, quam virtute partam. A- thenienfes enim in Pelo- ponnefios fexto et vicefi- mo anno bellutn gerentes confdcifTe, apparet. Id qua ratione confecutus fit, la- tet. Non enim virtute fui exercitus, led immodellia fadtum eft adverfariorum, qui, quod didfo audientes imperatoribus fuis noft e- rant, difpalati in agn’^reli- ftisnavibus, in holtium ve- neruntpoteftatem. Quofa- fto Athenienfes fel.aeed;^- moniis dediderunt. Hac victoria Lyfander elatus, cum antea femper factio- fus, audaxque fuiffet, ficii- bi indulli-t, ut ejus opera in maximum odium Gnecire Lacediemonii pervenerint. Nam enm banc caufain Lacedeernonii didtitaifent libi efte belli, ut Atbenien- fium b impotentem dp.ni-

Chap. I. LYfamlcr the Lacedantonian.

left a great name behind him, got more by his good for* tune than his good behaviour. For it is apparent, that he conquered the Athenians, carrying on a nsoar againjl the Peloponne-

fians, in the fix and tvuentieth year thereof. But hovo he effected that, a is but little In oven. For it ovas not brought about by the valour of his army, but by the unruly behaviour of his enemies ; vsho, becaufe they <were not obedient to their commanders, being difperfed in the country, having left theirf.'ips, came under the power of their enemies ; upon •which the Atheni- ans fubmitted than flees to the Lacedcemonians. I.yjunder being elevated •with this vihiory, having been before always a fatli- oui and a bold man, gave hjm- fef fo much liberty, that by his means ti.e LatciLtmoniam came under a very great odium of Gruce. For whereas the Lace- dsethonians had fa'ul, that their

natiouetn

a By P/hat immecliate’y follows here, one would readily think the author plainly ihows how .Lyfander effected that; and therefore fotne are oi opinion, that we IhouhL read hi the text non lutet, it is known, or, we are not ignorant.]

b Impotent hgnifics nvtul, or -wanting ponver properly, yet is oftentimes applied to perfons in the greateit power, as kings and princes; but then they are conlidercd as under the influence and command of

. i‘ i their

4S Cornel ii Nepotis VI, 2.

nationem refnngercnt ; pallquain sp'.Kl jEgcs flu- incn Lyfander ciallls hofti- utn efl potitus, nihil aliud molituseft, quam ut omnes civitates in fua teneret po- teftalc, cum id ie I^tce- dxmoniorum causa facere furuilaiet. Nanique undique, qui Athenienfiuin rebus ftuduiflent, ejeftis, de- t cm delegerat in unaqua- que civitate, quibus fummum imperium, potcfla- temque omnirm rerum committeret. Horum in numerum nemo admitteba- tur, niii qui aut cjus hofpi- tio contincretur, aut fc illius fore proprium fide tonfi rmarat.

Cap. II. Ita decemvi- rali poteftate in omnibus urbibus conftitufia, ipfius until omnia gerebantur. Cujus de crudelitate aeper- fidia, fat is eft unam rem, exempli gratia, proferre, ne de eodem plura enume- rando fatigemus lectores. Victor ex Afia cum reverteretur, Thafumque diver- tiffet, quod ea civitas prs> cipuafidefuerat ergaAthe- nienfes, proinde ac li iidem firmifiimi folerent effe , a- mici, qui cpnftantes fuif- fent inimici, earn perver-

rea/on far the zvar ivas this, that they might curb the outra- geous tyranny of the Athenians ; after Lyfimler made himfef ma-

fler of the enemy’s feet at the r'rrer c Algos, he laboured nothing elje fo much, as that he might have ah the d ies at Ins devotion, -whif he pretended he did that upon the account f the Lacedcevisr.ians, For thofe being every^where turned out, nuho favoured the viteref of the Atheni- ans, he chofe ten in- every city, to exthorn he entrufed the fupreme- authority and management of all (’fairs. No body was admitted into their number, but who cither •was engaged to him by frienaftp, or affured him by promife, that he would be entirely his.

Chap. 11. The decemviral authority being thus efabli/hed in all cities, all things were managed by his direction. Concern- ing nvhofe cruelty and perfdi- oufn fs, it is fuficient to produce one irfance, for example’s fake, lejl eve Jhould tire our readers, by reckoning up many concerning the fame man. When he returned viSotious out of Afia, and had taken a turn to Thafus, becaufe that had been a fate of extraordinary fdelity to the A - thenians, ar if thofe ufed to be the faff f ’sends, who had been refoiute enemies, he was dfirms

their palfions, aril wanting power to govern themfekes, an;i keep within bounds. ‘I hence it ligniiics extravagant, greed, intolerable, as here.

c A river of Thrace falling into the Hcllcfpont ; it is called alfo ./Egos Potamos, i, e. the Goats River.

tcrc

VI. 3. LTSANDER.

tjre concnpivit. Vidit au- t*iP., nili in e.) occulta u.'t •valuiitatcm, futurum, ut Thafii dilaberentur, coufu- Icrentquc rebus f.iis. * * * *

Cap. III. It aqua de- cemviralem fuam poteita- t .”ii, ini ab illo conllitutam failulcruat. Quodolorein- cenfus, iniit conillia, reges l.acedxrnoniorcim toilere ; fed fe.itiebat, id fe line ope deorma f.icere non jioffe, quod Lacediemonii om v.a ad oracula referre coafue- vtrant. Primum itaque Dclpboscorrumpere eft conatus. Cum id non potiiif- fet, Dodonarn adortus eft,. Ilinc quoque repulfc.s, dixit fe vota fufcepiife, quas Jovi Ammoni folverct, ex-

(o reduce it ; but fi: Ja w that unlefs h: concealed his defign, it 'would erne to pajs, that the 'Thafi- ans -wouldJlp away, anti provitle for their ownfecurity. * * * * u

Chap. III. Wherefore hi* countrymen alolijhed his dccem- ’viral authority Jet up by him.

■IVtth 'which provocation being fired, he entered into a defign to tah: away the e kings of the La- cedtemenians ; hat was fenjdle he could not do that without the help of the gods, becaufe the Lace Iw- mordar.s had' b en accuflomed to prnpofe all things to the oracle;. V/bet's fore fijl he attempted to f corrupt Delphi. When he could not effect that, he tried s Dodo- n i. Being refitted here too, he fiid he hud. made a vow, which he mifil pay to h fupiier Ham-

d [Polytemis, i. 45. 4. fnpplies what is wanting here to this pur- pole : S'lmulavit crgo,fe vcniatn dure bis, qui laterent; bcnignijfima oratione bubiti in tet/iplo lirrt i : ; fed fidem bzbentes ei prodeuntes poji puulb juj-

fit interfei. When (th e he (Lylin.lerpprtten'ierl to pardon thc.e (1 ha- lians) that had ahlconded, in a very kind fpeech he had made in the temple of Hercules; but a little after, upon their believing him to be ingenuous, and as they were coming out of their hiding-places,' he ordered them all to be ft.un.]

c The I.accdccmoniuns had two kings at'once, both of the poffcritv of Hercules. They ufed to command their armies, and were.indec t more properly generals only, than kings; for their power in the government was but fmail, being ful jefted to the cenlbre of, and liable to be depofed by the magiftrates, called Epbori.

f It snay feem a little wonderful, that thefe oracle-mongers fhoukl all prove fo backward to comply with Lyfander, fmee they might, it is likely, have been well paid for it, and their only bufmefs and trade was to teii lies, and take money’. They mull have looked upon his de'lign as rath, defptrSte, and impracticable, as what would bring them under a Itrong fufpicibn of corruption, leflen their authority, and fpoil their trade, otherwife, no doubt, they would have been glad enough to finger his money.

& Dodona was a city in Epire, famous for an oracle of Jupiter. h The oracle of Jupiter Ilammon was in the deferu of Lybia, o»

the weft of Egypt. F 3 iftimans,

5® CORNELII NEPOTIS VI 4.

ItHmans, fe Afros facilius corruptururn. Hac fpe cum profeftus effet in A- fricam, multvim cum anti- flitegjovis fefellerun:: nam non folum corrumpi non potuerunt, fed etiam legates Lacedsemona miferunt, qui Lyfandrum accufarent, quod facerdotes f ni cor- rumpere conatus effet. Ac- cufatus hoc crimine, judi- cuirque abfolutus fenten- tiis, Orchomeniis miffus fubfidio, occifus eft a The- bar.is apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo foret judicatum, oratio indicio fuit, qu* poll mortem in domo ejusieperta eft ; in qua fuadet Lacedaemoniis, ut regia poteflate diffoluta, ex omnibus dux deligatur ad helium gerendum : fed ita feripta, ut deorum videretur congruere fententiae, quam ille fe habiturum, pecunia fidens, non dubita- bat. Hanc ei feripfifle Cle- on Halicarnaffeus dicitur.

Cap. IV. Atque hoc loco non eft praetereundum factum Pharnabazi,fatrapis regii. Nam ciim Lyfander piufeftus claffis in hello multa crudeliter avareque feciflet, deque his rebus fuf- picaretut ad cives fuos effe perlatum ; petiit a Pharna-

tnon, thinking he Jhould more ea- Jily bribe the Africans. JVhen he nvas come into ‘ Africa nulth thefe hopes, the priefs cf Jupiter deceived him much : for they not only could not be bribed, but /ihe- nvife fent deputies to Laceditmon, to accufe Lyfander of having endeavoured to bribe the priifls cf the temple. B ing impeached for this crime, and acquitted by the votes of his judges, he was fent to the relief of the k Qrcho- meniam, and fain by the ’The- bans at 1 Haliartw. H w truly they had judged of him, a

fpeech of his was a proof, which was found in his houfe after his death ; in which he advifes the Lacedemonians, that, diffolving the regal authority, a general

Jhould be chofn from among them all, to carry on the war ; but fo written, that it feetned to agree with the advice of the gods, which he, trujling to his money, did not doubt he Jhould have. Cleon of Halicarnaffus is faid to have writ this for him.

Chap. IV. And in this place an atdion of Pharnalazut, viceroy of the king of Perfia, is not to bepajfedby. For when Lyfander, being admiral cf the feet, had done many things in the war cruelly and covetoufly, and fufpeEled that advice had been carried to his countrymen of thofe things;

i rAfrica is the third part of the terraqueous glotc, lying for the tBoft part under the torrid zone.]

k The Orchomenians were a people of Boeotia.

i Haliaitus, a city of B«otia. Ibazo,

VII. X. ALCIBIADES.

bazo, ut ad Ephoros fibi teftimonium davct, quanta fanctitate bellum geffiffet, fociofque tradbaffet, deque ea re accurate fcriberct : magnam enim ejus aufto- ritatem in ea re futuram. Huic iile liberaliter pollicetur : librum gravem multis verbis confcripiit, in quo fuminis eum effert laudibus QTiem cum legiflet, probafletque, dum obiig- natur, alterum pari magnitudine, tanta fimilitudine, ut difcerni non poffet, li-i

gnatum fubjecit ; in quo accuratiffime ejus avaritiam perfidiamque accusa- rat. Hinc Lyfander domum cam rtdifTet, poit- quam de fuis rebus geftis apud maximum magiitra- tum, quae voluerat, dixe- rat, tettimonii loco librum a Pharnabazo datum tradidit. Hunc, fummoto Ly- fandro, cum Ephori cognoffent, fpfi legendum dederunt. Ita ille imprudens ipfe fuus fuit accufator.

h: requ'JlcJ of P!:arnnba%us, that la 'would give hiti a tcjliiHoriwl to the Ephori, with how much integrity he had carried on the war, and treated their aline, and that he would write fully as to that matter ; for that his authority would be great in that cafe. He promifes him frankly, writ a large letter in many words, in which he extols him with the highefl praifes. Which when he had read, and approved, whiljl it is a-feal- h:g, he put in its room another of equal bignefs, and fuch iihenefs, that it- could not be dijlinguifhed from it, maiy figned; in which he had charged, him vert particularly with his covet0:1 fiefs and treachery. After this, when I.yfander was come home, after he had faid what he held a mind before the chief magijlrate, concerning his exploits, he delivered the letter given him by Phar- nebaeons, by way of tejlimonial. Lyfander being ordered to withdraw, when the Ephori bait looked it over, they gave it him to read. So he was unaware his own accufer.

VIE

Alcibiades, Clinke A films, Athenienjis.

Cap. I.

AEcibiadesCliuise filius, Athenienfis: In

hoc natura, quid efficere

VIE

L c 1 b 1 a r> E s, the fion of Clinias, the Athenian.

Chap. I.

ALcibiades the fin of Clinias, the Athenian: Naturefiems

to have tried in him what Jhe pollit,

52 CoRNELII N E P © T I S VII. 2.

poffit, viilctur expertn. Conftat enim inter omnes, qui de eo memorije prodiderunt, nihil illo fuifle ex- cellentius, vel in vitiis, vcl

'in virtutibus. Natus in ampliffim'a civitate, fanamo genere, omnium retail's fuse multb formofifTimus, ad omnes res aptu:-:, confdii- qne pletms. N'amque ! npe- rator fuit fummus et nnri et terra ; difeitus, ut in primis dicendo valeret : quod tan ta erat commen- datio oris atque orationis, ut nemo ei dicendo poffet refiftere. Dives ; cam tempus pofceret, laboriofus, patiens, liberalis, fplen- didtis, non minus in vita, qaam viftu: afFabilis, bl ni- dus, temporibus callidiiii- me inferviens. Idem, fimul ac le remiferat, neque caufa iuberat, quare animi laborern perferret, luxurio- fus, diffolutus, libidinofus, intemperans reperiebatur : lit omnes admirarentur, in uno homine tantam ineffe diffimilitudinem, tarnque diver/am naturam.

Cap. II. Itducatuscftin domo Periclis, (privignus enim ejus faifie dicitnr, eruditus a Socrate. Soce- rum habuit Hipponicum,

could tic. For it is erred upon amm-ift all, who haw writ about ben, that no body tuns more ex- t aordlnary than he, either in vices or in virtues, hing born in a. very greet city, of a great fit/ii-

rnueh the handfom jl man of ail his time, ft for all things, and abounding in fenfs for the v/anegeme it of-affairs. For he tuns a very great commander loth by feu and land; fo do-

' qusnt, that he mightily prevailed in [peaking: lecauf; the plau-

fbLnefi cf his elocution and language tuns fo great, that in ha- ranguing no body was able to

fund before him. He was rich too ; yet when oecqfiotn requited, was laborious, hardy, generous,.

fplenjid, no lefs in li's equipage tLari\\\s diet; affable, fawning, very cunningly ferving the times. 'The fain: man, when he had un- bent henfeij, and there was no rcafon, why he Jhould take upon him any labour cf thought, was found to be /usurious, dijfolute, lufful, and intemperate ; infomuch that all admired, that in the fame man there fould be fa much unlihenefs to himfelf, and fo different a natme.

Chap. II. He was educated in the houfe of Pericles (far he is fuid to have been his fepfon), in- f rutiled by 11 Socrates. He had for his father-in-law Hipponicus, the

a This Socrates was the greateft man among the ancients : fuch a complete mailer of his paffions, that one of the greatefi misfortunes that can befal a good man, a fcoidihg wife, was not able to difeompofe or put him out of temper in the lealt.

omnium

VII. 3- ALCIBIADES. 53

omniun b Grecorum di- tifllmum ; ut, li ipfe fin- get e vellet, neque plura bona reminifci, neque majora pofiet confequi, qu'am vel fortuna vel nacura tribuerat. Ineunte adole- fcentia, amatus eft a multis, more Grzcorum ; in eis a Socrate, de quo mentionem f'aeit Plato in Sytn- pofio : namque eum indu- xit cotrunemorantem, fe perhoCtafie cum Socrate, neque aliter ab eo furrexif- fe, ac filiiis a parente de- buerit. Pofteaquam robu- itior eft fadtus, non minus multos amavit, in quorum amore, quoad licitum eft, odiofa multa delicate jo- coseque fecit : quae refer- remus, nifi majora potio- raque haberemus.

Cap. III. Bello Pelo- ponnefiaco, hujus conlilio atque auftoritate Athe- nienfes bellum Syracufa- nis indixerunt : ad quod gerendum ipfe dux deleftus eft. Duo praeterea college dati, Nicias et La-

richejl of all the Greeks ; that if he 'would have contrived for himfelf, he could neither have thought of more advantages, nor have coni- pajfed greater, than either fortune or nature had hejlowed upon him. In the entrance his manhood, he was beloved by many, after the fnjhicn of the Greeks ; and amongjl them by Socrates, of whom Plato makes mention in his Sympoftum : for he has brought him in relating, that he lay all night with Socrates, and rofe from him no other wife than a fon ought to do from his father. Af- ter he was grown more a vian, he loved as many, in the love of whom,fo far as it was allowable by the laws, he did many odious things wantonly and jocofly; which we Jhould relate, but that we have greater and better thing* to relate of him.

Chap. 111. In the c Pelopon- neftan war, by his advice and perfuafton, the Athenians proclaimed war againjl the Syracu- fans d, for the management of which he was chofen general. Two colleagues beftdes were given him, Nicias andLamachus, JVhilJl that

b ! Son-e copies have in t!ie text here, G nr or lir.gux eloquentii di- t'Jfwtmn , but in rirard Plutarch aiiinr.s, that Hipponicus was not eloquent, but immerfely rich : therefore others read omnium Gmcorum di- tpimem; Uhich, bicauie thought to he the better reading, is here inter! ed. ]

c This Pcloponrefian war was fo called, becaui^ a’l the fiates of Pe- loponnefns joined in it, under the command of the Lacedaemonians, againft the Athenians. It began in the year before Chrift 430, and ended in the taking of Athens, after the f ital battle of the river dtgos, mentioned above, in the ytar before Chrifl 463.

d Syracufe is Hill a noted city on the ealhein coaft of the ifle of Sicily, built, and at firft inhabited by a colony of the Corinthians.

machui.

54 CoRNELII NeFOTIS VII.

machus. Id cum appa- raretur, priufquam clalfis cxiret, accidit, ut una no- dle omnes Hermse, qui in oppido erant Athenis, de- jicerentur, pneter uqum, qui ante januam erat An- docidi. Itaque i!Ie podea Mercurius Andocidis voci- tatus eit. Hoc ctim appareret, norf fine magnanml- torum confenfione effe fadlum, quod non ad priva- tam, fed ad publicam rent pertineret, magnus multi- tudini timor eil injeftus, ne qua repentina vis in civitate exifteret, quce libertatem opprimeret populi. Hoc maxime convenire in Alcibiadem videbatur, quod et potentior et major, quam privatus, exifti- mabatur. Multos enim li- beralitate devinxerat, plu- rcs etiam opera forenfi fuos reddiderat. Quare fiebat, ut omnium oculos, quotiefcunque in publicum prodiffet, ad fe converte- ret, neque ei par quifquam in civitate poneretur. Ita- que non folum fpem in eo habebant maximam, fed etiam timorem, quod et- obeffe plurimum, et pro-

expedition was a-prcparing for, ' bfore the feet went out, it happened, that in one night all the e Mercuries, which were in the town of Athens, were thrown down, except one, which was before the door of Andocides, Then- fore that was afterwards ordinarily called the Mercury of Andoci- des. As it appeared, this was not done without a Jlrong confederacy of many, becaufe it did not .apper- tain to a private, but a public concern ; a mighty terror fell upon the people, lef a faddin violence

fcould break cut in the city, that Jhould Lear down the liberty of the people. This feemed ch ufy to a- gree to Alcibiades, becaufc he was thought both more powerful and greater than a private perfon : for he had obliged many by his generofty, and rendered more his friends, by his ferving them in their law-concerns. By which means it came to pafs, that he turned the eyes of all people upon him, as oft as he went abroad; nor was any one coupled equal to him in the whole city. Wherefore they not only hail great hopes in him, fo/a ,great apprehenfon of him too, becaufe hi was arte hods

deffe poterat. Afperge- batur etiam infamia, quod

to do them a great deal cf mf- chicf, and a great deal oj . cr-cn.. He was likewi/e befpatten d wild infamy, becaufe it was jaid, that he celebrated the f my furies in

in

e Mercury was reckoned the god of thieves, and therefore they ttfed to ere ft his itatues before their doors, by way of prevention- againft the attempts of robbers and houft-brealftrs.

f Rites fccretly performed in honour cf any god, were called wyjhsrics. Thofe here meant are the inyfterics of Ceres,, woiihipped in

a

VII. 4- ALCIBIADES. 55

in domo fua facere myfte- ria dicebatur, quod nefas etat more Athenienfmm ; idque non ad religionern, fed ad conjurationem pertinere exirtimabatur.

Cap. IVr. Hoc crimine in concione ab inimicis compellabatur. Sed infta- bat tempus ad bellum pro- ficifcendi. Id ille metuens, neque ignorans civium fuorum confuetudinem, po- ftulabat, ut, fi quid de fe agi vellent, potiiis de pr®- fente quseftio haberetur, quam abfens invidiae crimine accufaretur. Inimi- ci vero ejus quiefeendum in praefenti, quia nocen non poffe intelligebant, et illud tempus expedlandum decreverunt, quo exiffet, ut fic abfentem aggrede- rentur : itaque fecerunt. Nam poilquam in Sicili- am eum perveniffe credi- derunt, abfentem, quod facra violaffet, reum fecerunt. Qua de re cum ei nuncius a magiftratu in Siciliam miffus efi'tt, ut domum ad caufam dicen- dam rediret, effetque in magna fpe provincias bene adminiftrandas; noa parere noluit, et in triremem, quae ad eum erat depor- tandum miifa, afeendit;

his own houfe, ’which 'was a hei- nrjus crime, according to the ufage of the Athenians ; and that was

fuppofed not to concern religion fo mud), as to be an argument of a confpiracy.

Chap. IV. He was charged with this crime in an ajfembly of the people, ly his enemies. But the time for going to the war was at hand. He fearing that, and being not ignorant of tie cuflom of his countrymen, inf fled, that if they had a mind to do any thing a- lout him, an inquiry might le made about him wh'AR.prefert, rather than that he Jhould be charged with an invidious crime, when abfent. But hit enemies refolved to be quiet for the prefent, becaufe they were fenfble that he could not be hurt, and to wait the time when he fhould go out, that fo they might attack him when abfent. And fo they did. For after they believed he was got into Sicily, they impeached him, though abfent, for having profaned the holy myfteries. Concerning which affair when a meffenger was difpaiched to him into Sicily by the government, that he Jhould return home to plead his caufe, and he was in great hopes of managing his province fucceffully, he would not difobey, and went aboard a flip with three banks of oars, which was fent to bring him away ; and arriving at h Thurii in Italy, con-

a fmgular manner at Eleufis in Attica, r.j>h the Saronic bay. None were admitted to the celebration of thefe or any other myflcria, but upon certain conditions, one of which was an oath of fecrecy.

* A city in the country of the Brutii, in the botom of Italy. ac

56 CoRNELII NePOTIS VII. 4.

ac Thurios in Italian! per- veftus, multa fccum repu- tans de immoderata civium fuorum licentia, cru- delitateque erga nobiles; utiliflimum ratus impen- dente'm evitate tempefla- teni, clam fe a cullodibus fubduxit, et inde priinum Elidem, deinde Thebas venit. Pollquam autem fe capitis damnatum, bonis publicatis, andivit, et, id quod ufu venerat, Eumob pidas facerdotes a populo coaftos,- ut fe devoverent, cjufque devotionis quo te- Ilatior effet memoria, exemplum in pil l lapidea in- cifum, effe pofitum in publico, Lacedsemonem demigravit. Ibi (ut ipfe prasdicare confueverat) non adverfus patriam, fed inimicos fuos bellum geffit, quod iidetn hoftes effent civitati. Nam cum intellige- rcnt fe plurimum prodeffe poffe reipublicre, ex ea eje- cifTe,plufque ir® fuse,quam utilitati communi paruifle. Itaquehujus confilio Lace- dsemoniicum Perfarum rege amicitiam fecerunt: de- lude Ceceliam in Attica munierunt, pnefidioque perpetuo ibi pofito, in ob- iidione Athenas tenuerunt.

fiat ring much ivith h hnfclf of the extravagant licentioujsnfs of hit countrymen, and their crit- chy towards men of quality, (

judging it the mojl expedient to avoid the impending form, he privately withdrew himfelf from bis keepers, and went from thence firfl to h Elis, and afterwards to i 'Thebe t. But after he heard that he was condemned to die, his e- fnte being conffcated, and, that which had been nfiual, that the priefis called k Eumolpida had been forced by the people to cut fe him, and that the monument of that curfe might be the more public, a copy of the curfe was cut in a jlone pillar, and erected in a public place, he removed to Lacedcetnon. There, as he ufed to fay, he carried on a war, not againfi his country, but his enemies, becaufe the fame were enemies to the city. For becaufe they undirfood that he could be very ferviceable to the commonwealth, they had turned him out of it, and had more regard to the gratifying of their own refentment, than the common in- tenjl. Wherefore, by his advice, the 1 .acedxmnnions made an alliance with this king of the Per-

fians, and then fortified 1 Dece- it a in fttica, and having placed a ccnflant garrifon there, kept

£y

t» A city in the weft parts of Peloponncfus. 1 A city in the weft parts of Achaia, north of Athens, and the me-

tropolis of the country called Bceotia. It is now called Stives. k [Thefe were the fucceflors in office to ore Eumolpus, the inventor of

this inftitution.J l [A town about 15 miles from Athens.]

Ejufdem

A L C I B I A D E S. 57 VII. 5.

Ejufdem opera Toniam a his iheans they took off Itnig. focietate avertenmt Athe- from the alliance of the Atheni- oienfium : quo facto, mul- an:; upon the doing of which* to fuperiores bello effe coe- they began to be much fuperiar .perunt. in the war.

Cap. V. Neque verb Chap. V. But they were not his rebus tam amici Alcibi- fo much made friends to Alcibia- adi funt faCti, quiim timo- des by theje thingst -as they were re ab eo alienati. Nam alienated from him by fear. For cum acerrimi viri pne- a> they ohferved the excellent con- iftantem prudentiam in o- duel rf tins very adi-oe man in all mnibus rebus cognofce- things, they were much afraid rent, pertimumint, ne, ca- tef, tempted by the love of his ritate patriae ductus, all- country, he fhould fame time re- quando ab ipfis defeifeeret, volt from them, and return to a ft cum fuis in gratiam re- good underflanding with his coun- diret. Itaque tempus ejus try men. Wherefore they refolded

Iinteriiciundi quserere inili- to feek an opportunity to kill him. tuerunt. Id Alcibiadidiu- 'That could not be long concealed tius celari non potuit : erat from Akibiades : for he was a enim ea fagacitate, ut de- perfon of that fagacity, that he cipi non poffet, prsefertim could not be deceived, efpecially

| ciim anin.um attendiffet ad when he applied his attention to cavendum. Itaque adTif- be upon\\h guard. Wherefore he

j. faphernem prtefeCtum re- betook himfelf to Tiffaphernes, ^ g:s Darii fe contulit, cujus viceroy of king Darius, into whofe ) cum in i at in Vain amicitiam intimate frimdfbip when he was l perveniffet, et Athenienfi- got, and perceived the power of a «m, male geftis in Sicilia the Athenians to decline, their af-

rebus, opes fenefcere, con- fairs being ill managed in m Sicily, 5 tr'a Lacedsemoniorum ere- and on the ether hand, that of the A fccre videret : initio cum lascedtenwrians to grow, he con- I Pifandro prxtore, qui a- fers at frjl by meffengers with Pi. q pud Samum exercitum ha- fander the commander, who had (I bebat, per internuntios an army at 11 Samos, and makes « colloquitur, et de reditu mention of his return ; for he was il fuo facit mentionem ; erat in the fame mind with Alcibia- q cnim eodem, q«o Alcibia- des, no friend to the power of the i; des, fenfu, populi poten- people, and a favourer of the

m fSieily is a large and fertile ifland in the Mediterranean fea.] ” Samos is an ifland of the Agcau fea, upon the coaft of loiua.

G tijc

C O B. N E L I I K E I> O T I S YII. 6

>tlce non amicus, et dpti- -rnatum fautor. Ab hoc dc- iHtutus, primum per Thra- fybulum Lycei lilium, ab exercitu recipitur, prmtor- que fit apud Samum. Poft, fuffragante Thera- inene, populifcito reftitui- tur, parique abfens imperio prgsficitur, iimul cumThra- fybuloetTheramene. Ho- rum in imperio tanta cotn- mutatio rerum fafta eft, ut Liacedacmonii, qui paulo ante viftores viguerant, perterriti pacem peterent. Vifti enim erant quinque praeliis terrcilribus, tribus navalibus : in quibus du-

■centas naves triremes ami- ierant, qu* captre in hoftium venerant poteftatem. Alcibiades, fimul eum col- iegis, rcceperat loniam, Piellefpontum, multas prx- terea urbes Gra:cas, quae in era fitse funt Afice, quarum expugnarant complti- res ; in his Byzantium : neque minus multas conii* lio ad amicitiarn adjunxe- rant, quod in captos de- mentia fuerant ufi.

Cap. VI. Inde preeda enufti, locupletato exerci- tn, maximis rebus geilis, Athenas venerunt. His ciun obviam univerfa civitas in Pyrpeeum defeendif- fet, tanta fuit omnium ex- fpeftatio vifendi Alcihia- dis, ut ad ejus triremem vul-

.ûsconflueret?perinde ac fi

quality. Being baulked by hi;n he is receivedJirJl of all by the ar- Mf, by means of Thrafybulus tht

fan of Lyceus, and is made commander at Samos. j4fterwardis

Theramenes mating interefl for him, he is refored by an order oj the commons, an.t, though abfent, is placed in the fame command, together ivith Thrafylulus and The- ramenes. Under their command, there nvas fo great an alteration of affairs, that the Lacedemoni- ans, who a little before bad flou- rished as conquerors, being very much terrified, fued for peace. For they had been defeated in five battles at land, and three by fe<i : in which they had lojl two hundred Jhips with three banks of cars, which being taken, had come under the power of the enemies. yUiibiades, tqgeth.r with his fellow-commanders, had recovered Ionia, the Hellefpont, and many Greek cities bejides, that are on the border of fijia, Jevei -al of which they t sok by free ; amoni’Jl thefe Byzantium. Nor had they brought over fewer to their alliance by their good conduit, btcaufe they ufed great clemency to the conquered.

C ap. VI. Bfter this, being leaden with fpoil, having enriched their army, and performed very great things, the'; came to Athens. IVhen the whole city camer down to Pyreeus to meet them, fuch was the longing of all people to fie Alcibiades, that the commonalty flecked to his

fhip, as if he had come alone. fl us

VII. 6. ALC1BIADES.

folus adveniflct. Sic enim populo erat perfuafurr., et adverfas fuperiores, et pra:- frates fecundas res, accidii- fe ejus opera. Itaque et Si- cili.TS amilTum, et Laced®-- raoniorum vidlorias culpae fuse tribuebaat, quod talem virum e civitate expulif- fent. N que id fiue caufa arbitrari ''idebantur, Naai poilquam cxercitui pneefie coeiierat, neque terra, ne- tpie niari hoiles pares efie potiu'rant. Hie ut navi e- greffus eft, quanq'iam Tue- ramcnes et Tbrafybulus e- iide:n rebus piacfueraut, fimulque venerant in Piriee- um, .anen ilium un una o- ranes profequebantur: ct (id quod nunqnaaa autea tifu venerat, n)li O'.ympis viftovibus) coronis aureis aeneifque vulgb doaabatur. llle lacryrnaus talem bene- Tolentiam civium fuorum accipiebat, reimnifcens pri- ftini teinpori aceibitatem. Pjftquam Aftu venit, condone advocati lie verba fecit, ut nemo tam ferus fuerit, quin ejus cafum la- crymarit, inimicumque In's fe eftenderit, quorum opera patria pulfus fuerat ; proinde ac fi alius popultis, non ille ipfe,q u turn flebat, cum , facrilegii damnaffet. Reftituta ergo hide funt publice bona ; iidemque il!i Rumolpida; facerdotcs rurfus refacrare funt coacii, cpi emn devoverant; pitx-

&

For thus the people were perftia- deil, that loth the former cala- mitous and prefent happy condition of their affairs had happened through his means. Whet e- fore they imputed both the loft of Sicily, and the •vidories of the Lacedz thou tan r to their own fault, becatife they had banijhcd fucb a man out cf their city. Nor did they fern to thud fo witlxiut reafon. For after he began to command the army, their enemies were neither able to be a match for them by land nor fa. As fo on at ha wait out of his /hip, tho’ F/cramencs and Thra- fybulus had be. n in the fame command, and had come together with him into Pyraeus, yet they all fd owed him alone ; c nd (that which had never happened before, unifs-lj the conqueroi s at Olym- pia) he was commonly prefented with golden and brazen crowns. He received this kindnfs of his countrymen weeping, remembering their feverity Jome time before. After he came to the city, having called an ajfembly, he fpoke fo, that no body was fo cruel, but he lament, a his hard hap, and declared himfelf .an enemy to thof, by wko/e means he had been lan fed his country; jujl as if fame other people, and not that very fame, which then wept, had condemned him for..

facrilcge. Wherefore his fate was refored him at the public charge ; and. the very fame prkfs, called Fumdpid/r, who had cur- fed him, were again obliged to take off their curfs; and thefe

G 2 que

fa CoRNELII NepOTIS VII. 7.

*fue illee, in quibm devotio fiierat fcripta, in mare prae- eipitatse.

_ Cap. VII. Haec Alci- biadi Isetitia non nimis fuit fiiuturna. Nam cura ei.o- mnes effent honores decre- ti, totaque refpublica domi fctllique tradita, ut unius arbitrio gereretur ; et ipfe poilulafftt, ut duo fibi college darentur, Thrafybu ■ lus et Adimantus, neque id negatum effet ; claffe jam In Afiam profechis, quod apud Cymen minus ex fententia rem gefferat, in invidiam recidit ; nihil enim e- um non efficere poffe duce- bant. Ex quo fiebat, ut omnia minus profpere gefta ejus culpas tribuerent, cum eum aut negligenter, aut malitiose feciffe loque- rentur, fieut turn accidit. Nam corruptum a rege ca- pcre Cymen noluifTe, ar- gnebant. Itaquc huic maxime putamus malo fuiffe, nimiam opinionem ingenii atque virtutis. Timcbatur enim non miniis, quam di- ligebatur, ne fecunda fortuna,magnifque opibus elatus, tyrannidem concupi- fceret. Quibus rebus ta- ct uni ett, ut abfenti magi- Hratum abrogarent, et ah- um in ejus locum fubftitue- rent. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti noluit, ct fe

pillars, ufon which the curfs had been writ, were thrown in- to the fea.

Chap, VII. This joy of ./II- cibiades was not too lajling. For after all manner of honours had been voted for him, and the whole management of the commonwealth, both at home and in the war, delivered to him, to be carried on at thepleafure ^"him a- l ne ; and he had demanded, that two partners Jhonld be given him, ‘Tkrafybulus and Adimantus, nor was that denied Kuw; having now gone with the fleet into Afia, been ufe he /lid not manage his bifi- nefs at Cfn: to their mind, he again fell under their hatred ; for they thought he ''could do every thing* From whence it was, that they imputed all things lefs fuc- cefsfully managed, to his fault, becaufe they faid he either aded careleftly, or with a bad defign, as it then happened. For they al- ledged again!! him, that, being bribed by the king of Periia, he would not take 0 Cyme. Where-

fore we think // ■’ their excejftve opinion of his parts and J-ili- ties was chiefly hit misfortune. For he was no lefs feared than, beloved, hjl bang elevated by his good fm-tune and great power, he fhould (im at the fovereignty. By which means it lame to pafs, tha they took hit command from him even when abjent, and put another in his place. As foon as he heard that, he would not rc-

• A town cf Aolti in Afia Minor, upon the Agean fea. Fa&yen

VII. 3. ALCIBIADES. 6i

Paclyen contu'it, ibique tria caftella coinmunivit, Bornos, Byfanthea, Neon- ticlios ; tnanuque collcfta, q primus Grrecix in Thra- t-'iam introiit, gloriofius Cxiilimansbarbaro ru mpra:-- do locupletari, quam Gra- iorum. Qiia cx re creverat cum fama turn cpibus, ma- gnamque amic.it iam iibi cum quibufdam regibus Tinaci e pepe 'crat.

Cap. Vi LI, Neque tamen 'a cavitate patriae potuit recedere. Nam ci;m apud 7£gos ljumen Pfn’lo- cles praetor Atliepienfium claffem conftituiiTet fuam, Deque longe abeffet Lyfan- der prator Lacedaemonio- rum, qui in eo erat occti- patus, ut helium qu'am diu- tHTime duccret, quod ipfis pecunia a rege fuppedita- batur, contra AthenienG- bus exhauitis, prxter arr

turn home, and betook hlmfelf ft P PaSye, and there fori'ifed three cajlles, Born}, By jam he, and Kcontiche ; and having got together a body of troops, he entered into Thrace-1 the.firjl.man of Greece, thinking it more glorious to be enriched ninth the foils of the !

barbarian}, than the Greeks, Prom which icing he grew both in fame and riches, and he procured to hi atfelf a Jlrong alliance with fever al kings of Thrace.

Ckap. VIII. However, he could not recede from his affeftion for his country. For when Philo- c!es, the admiral of the Atheni- ans, bad drawn up hit fleet at the rivgr Algos, and Lyfander the admiral of the Lacedemonians, was not far off, who was employed wholly in a deftgn to protrail the war as long as poffible, becaufe money was given than by the king of Perfia ; on the other hand, the Athenians being exhaujlcd, had nothing left befnles their arms

P A town of Thrace, upon the Propontis. 1 [Both St are re n ami Bofius have in the text here, primus Gttcit

tklitatir in T/sraekm intreiil; yet becaufe this neither feems to make the text better, nor takes off Mr Clarke’s <barge again/! the author here, it was thought netolefs to alter the way Mr Clarke has it ; tut Stubdius, formerly mentioned in a note upon Cimon’s fife, liup. 3 has it thus : Privnrs Grauir c'rvitata in .Tbruiia ietreiit. The fir/! man of Greece marie inroads upon the free (tales of Thrace (fuch as were under no regal government, whereas Miltiarles probably invaded thofe that were 1'ubjcd to kings).: but-which of thele 0)411 be reckoned the belt reading, muft be left to be determined by fuch as are of fnperior judgment; meanwhile JStuhclius feems to bid fa ire ft for plain fenfe here.]

_ r Our author is here gniity of a Orange piece of forgetfnlnefs, hn,' ving told us above, that Mikiades had before planted a colony in the Thracian Cherfonefe, and made frequent inroads into the neighbouring tWintry of the Thracians. ,

G 3 rr&--

62 CoRNELII NEroTIS VII. 8;

ma et naves, nihil erat fuper ; Alcibiades ad Athe- nienflum venit exercitum, Ibique, prjefente vulgo, a- gere cccjii’t; fi vellent, fe coatturum Lyfandrum aut dimicare, aut pacem pete- rc : Lacedsmonios eo no'- le confligere clafle, quod pedeftribus copiis plus quam navibus valerent: fibi autem effe ffciie, Seu- then regem Thr; c im de- ducere, at eos terra depelleret: Quo facto, neceffa- rib aut claffe conflifttrros, aut bellum compofituros. Id etfi verc diftum Philo- cles animadvertebat, ta- inen pofhilata facere noluit, qucd fentiebat, fe, Al- cibiade recepto, nullius momenti apud exercitum fnturum ; et (i quid fecun- di evenififet, nullam in ea re fuam partem fore : contra ea, fi quid adverfi acci-

'difiet, fe unum eius delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc dif- cedens Alcibiacle's, Quoni- avi, inquit, vklor'ut patrht repugn as. Mud fuonec,, ju- nta hcjles ccjlra ■ habeas r.aut 'ica : petticulum ejl e- nim, ae immodrjiid miliium nojlrtrum occafio-de- tur Lyfandro ncjt'ri oppri- mendi e.xerritus. Neque ea res ilium feftilih Nam X-yfander, aim per fpe- culatores comperrfiet, vul- gum Athenienfium in ter- *anv pres datum ex life,' ra- vefque pene. inanes reK-

and their (hips ; Alcibiades camt to the army of the Athenians, and there, hfore the common foldiery, he began to tell them, that, if they pleafed, he <vjcuid force Ly- fonder either to fight, or beg peace ; that Me Lacedemonians lucre un- nuilling to engage with their fleet ■

for this reafon, lecaufe they were f ranger in land-forces than Jhips ; but that it was an eafy matter for him to bring down Seuihes, king of the Thracians, to drive them

from the lend: upon- doing of which they would of necejfity either engage with their fleet, or make an end of the war. Though Philocles clferved that was right- ly faid, yet he would not do the things dejired, becaufe he was fen-

fille, that if Alcibiades was received amongft them, he Jhouldbe of no account with the army ; and if any good fuccefs happened upon it, that his Jhare in the matter would le none at all: on the either hand, if any ill bap Jhouhl fall out, that he. alone Jhould be called to an account fur the mfl- carriagc. Alcibiadei, upon his departing from him, faid, Since you oppofe your country’s fuccefs, this however I advifeyea, to have your fea-camp nigh the ene.- my ; for the danger is, left, by the diforderly behaviour of our foldiers, an opportunity Ihould be riven Lvfander of cutting off our army. Nor did that thing a a- ceive him.. For Ly finder,after he had. found his fcouts, that the common foldiers of the Athenians t were gone afhore a-plunllering, and that the frips were left almojl emp ■

Ctas*

A L C I B I J D E S. VII. 9. <>3

<9:as, tempos rei gerendse non dimiiit, eoque im- pcta totum belli!m delevit.

Cap. IX. At Alcibiades, vidlis Athenfenfibus, aon falls tuta eadem loca fib! avbitratus,penitus in Thra- ciatn le fupra Proponti- dem abdidit, fperans ibi fa' cillimc fuam fortunain oc- cull pofie; 1 fed false : nam T'nraces, poilquam eum cum magna pecunia venlf- fe fenferunt, infidias ei fecerunt: qui ea, qua; appor- tavit, abllulerunt, ipfum capercnonpotuerunt. Il’e, cernens nullum locum fibi tutum in Gseecia, propter potentiam Lacedremomo- rum, ad Pharnabazum in Afiam trnnsiit ; quem quidem adeo fua cepit humanitate, ut eum nemo in a- mieitia antecederet. Natn- que ei Grunium dederat in Phrygia caftrum, ex quo qiiinquaeetia talenta vvfti- galis capiebnt. Qua/ortu- na Alcibiades non erat contentus, neque Athenas vitfas Lacedsemoniis fer- ■vire poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam liberandam o- inni ferebatur cogitatione;

ty, did no! l.t Jl'ip the opportunity of doing his buftnefs, and at that piifh mad: an end of th: whole war.

Chap. IX. Bui Alcibiades, after the Athenians were conquered, not thinking the fame places Jhurc enough for him, hid him- f If for a good way vp in “Thrace, above the Propontis t, hoping that his condition might be .•very cafily concealed there ; but falfely. For the Thracians, after they perceived he was cosre with a great deal of money, laid an ambitfb for him, who carried of the things, which he brought with him, but could not catch himfelf. He perceiving no place was fife for him in Greece, by reafott of the power of the Lacedamomans, went over to Pharnahascus into Afta, whom verily he fo charmed with his courti- otif behaviour, that no body exceeded him in his friendjhip. For he gave him Gruniwn, a cajlle in Phsygia, from which he received yearly" ffty u talents revenue. With which good fortune Alci- biades was not cor,tent, nor could he endure, that conquered Athens

Jhould be fulfil to the Lacede- monians. Wherefore he was bent, with the vtmojl concern, upon delivering his country ; but faw that could not le done witkoiij.

f [The Propontis (now the iea of Marmora) is that fea, extending from the Dardanelles on the Hellcfpont, to the Thracian Bofphorus or (freights ol Conhantinople.]

1 [Some Latin copies want fidWxe, falfoXty itftlf being, an elegant Latin turn, by which one word is (ignifeed, that a perfon may be deceived, or in •uain hope to do a thing.)

u The talent ufed in common reckoning, was that of Attica, worth about By this feems to be meant the greater talent.

- fed

C O R N E L I I N E P O T I S VII. 10.

fed vidtbitt id fine rtg« Ferfaruin non poffe fieri : ideoque eum ajnicum fibi cupiebst adjungi. Nvque dwbitabat facile fe confe- quutiirum, fi modo ejus conveniendi habuiffet poteftatem. Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum d'am parare, Lacedsmoniia adjuvan- tibus, fciebat : id fi-ei ape- ruiiTet, magnam fe ab eo iaiturum gratiam videbat.

Cap. X. Hsec turn mo- liretur, pcteretque ii Phar- nabaao, ut ad regem miEte- retur, eodem tempore Cvi tins, CKteiique tyranni A- thenienfium certoa homines ad Lyfandrum in Afi- am mifevunt, qui eurn cer-- tiorem facerent, nifi Alci- biadem fuftuliflet, niliil ca- rom rerum fore ratum, . quas ipfe Athenisconilitu- iffet. Qoare, fi fuas res gcltas manure veilct, ijlum perfaqueretur. Hus l.aca rebus commotus ftatuit, p.q- curatius fibi agendum cum Piiarnaba/o. Huic ergo rennneiat, qua* regi cum Xjaeedaemoniis effeiitj irrita ,

ths king x of the Psrjlam ; and therefore he cleftred to have him joined to him as \x\s-friend. Nor did he doubt but he Jhould eajily compafs ii, provided, he could but have th. opportunity of 'waiting upon him ; for he knew that his brother y Cyrus was privately levying war againjl him, with the Lacediimonians affijling him : if he d-fcoveted this to him, he faw that he Jhculd be in great favour with him.

Chap. X. JVhilfl he was attempting this, anti dfiring of-Phar- nabcwMs, that he might he fent to the king, at the fame time z Cri- tiar, ami the other tyrants of the Athenian!, dffatched away tru-

Jly men inta AJia to \Lyfinder, to make him acquainted, that, urdefs he took off AlciLicnles, none of thefe things would Jland good, which he had ejiall'fled at A- them. IVlei fore, if he had a mind his acts Jhould comiriue, he mufl look after hi. . 7he Lacedtejnani- an being routed 'txnib this, refolv- vtd to deal roundly with Pharna- bazt/s. IVijcrefare he tells him, that the alliance which the king had with the Lacedemonian t would be of no ejfeit, uidefs he dc-

x This king of the Perfians was Artaxerxes Mnemon, fen of Darias Nothijs.

V ’t his Cyrus is commonly furnamed the I- ifer, to tliflinguifh him from the grand Cyrus, the founder of the Perfian monarchy. He was a prince of great abilities, according to Xenophon's account of him, •who was pcrfonally acquainted with him, and attended him in his expedition againft his brother. He had been made by his father governor of Afta Minor.

z When the Lacedasmonians had reduced Athens, in the conchifurn of tiie Peloponnefian war, they veiled the government in a touncil of thirty, ever after called the Thirty Tyrants.

future*

futura, nifi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum tradl- diflet. Non tulit hoc fatrapes, et violare clementiam, qu'am regis opes minin',maluit. Itaque mifit Syfami- thren et Bagasum ad Alci- biadem interficiendtim, cum ille eflet in Phrygia, iterque ad regem Compara- ret. Miffi, clam vicinitati, in qua turn Alcibiades erat, dant negotium, ut eum in- terficiant. llli cumeumfer- ro aggredi non auderent, noftulignacontulerunt circa cafam earn, in qua qui- efcebat, eamque fuccende- runt, ut incendio contice- rent, quern manu fuperari poffe difhdebant. Ille autem ut fonitu flammse eft excitatus, etli gladius ei e- ratfubduckus, familiarisfui b fubalare telum etipuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hofpes, qui nunquam difccdere voluerat. Hunc fequi fe jubet,et id quod in priefentia vefti- mentorum fuit, arripit. His in ignem ejedftis, flam- mre-'im transiit. Quern, ut birbari incendium effugiffe viderunt, telis eminus mifTis interfecerunt, caput- que ejus ad Pharnabazum rctulerunt, At mulicr,qua:

r

livered up Alcibmdes alive or dead. The -viceroy could not bear that, and chofe rather to violate the laws of clemency, than that the king's interejl jhu tld be hf-

fcned. Wherefore he fait Syfa-. mithres and Bagceiis to kill Alci- biades, -whiijl he ivai in 2 Phry- gia, and preparing for a journey to the king. The perfons fent, privately give order to the neighbourhood in -which Alcibiades then -was, to kill him. They not daring to attack him with the fword, in the night-time laid wood about the thatched houfe, in which he -was afleep, andfet it on fire, that they might dif-

patch him by burning, whom they defpaired could be majlered by

fighting. But as foon as he was awakened by the crackling of the flame, although his fword had been privately withdrawn from him, he drew out a dagger of his fr iend. For there was with him a certain hofl of his of c Ar- cadia, who would never depart from him. He bids him follow him, and takes up what ciothcs he had by him at that time, and throwing tflm out into the fire, paffes the fury of the fame. Whom as focn ai the barbarians

flaw to have efcaped the fire, difeharging their weapons at a difance, they killed him, and brought his head to Pharnaba- O

a There were two provinces of Afia Minor, called Phry*!a tie bigger and the tcjfer.

b i SukaLin tdum is a weapon that can be eafily carried under one's armpit, inch as a Scots highlandman’s dink.]

* Arcaiia is a country in the middle of iMoponnefus. ctina

05 CoRNELII NePOTIS VII. I I

cum eo vivere confueverat, zus. But the d woman, .which muliebri fua vefte conte- had ufed to live with him, burnt dlum, sedificit incendio him when dead, wrapped in a mortuum cremavit, quod woman’! raiment, even her own, ad virutn interimendum e- in the fire of the houfe which lat comparatum. Sic Alci- had been prepared to dejlroy him biades, annos circiter qua- alive. Thus Alcibiades ended his idraginta natus, diem ob- lajl day, being about forty years iit nipreir um. old.

Cap. XI. Hunc in fa- 'Chap. XI. Three very authcr.- matum a plerifque tres tic hiflorians have extolled him, graviffimi hiflorici fmnmis tho’ blackened by tvojl writers, laudibus extulerunt; Thu- with the highejl commendations : cydides, qui ejufdenv ;eta- Thuc ydides, who was of the fame tis fuit ; Theopompus, qui age ; Theopompus, who was born fuit 'pod aliqnanto natus ; Jome time after; and Timrus. et Timaeus ; qui quidem Which two lait indeed, tho’ much duo maledicgntifiimi, ne- addicted to ill language, I know fcio quo mode, in illo u- not how, have agreed together in

'no laudando confenferunt. praifmg him alone : for they have Nam ea, qua fupra dixi- related thefe thing* cf him, which Bins, de eo pradicirunt, we have fpoke oj above ; and this atque hoc amplius, eiim further, that tho’ he was lorn in Athenis fplendidiilima ci- Athens, the viojl fpjendid aty in vitate natus eflet, omnes the world, he excelled a’l the A- Athenienfes fplendore ac thenians in the fplendour and dig- dignitate vita: fuperaife : r.ity of his life: After he came

d Alcibiades feems, by this account, »to have been but very poorly attc ded, for a perfon of bis figuie, wnofc circumftances, thtugh in ban.,fn'.ntnt, might very well have afforded him a inucli more confi- deiable equipage; fince he had, by virtue of Pharnabazus s generofity to him, an income of ten thoufand pounds a year. But we arc not to judge of antiquity by the prefent times, and think every thing incredible, that docs net fquare with the way and falhion of the world now-a-days. "There was then a great fimplic !',’ of manners among!} the Greeks, which, with the freedom of th.ir gevern- ment, rendered them invincible; as the luxury of the Peril■nv-, a beauilh, falhionable people, like us, together with their fiavilh liibjec- tion to their prince,' rendered them an eafy prey to the Greeks,^ and made them fly like fheep in the day of battle. T here are abundance of amazing inflances of this prodigious difference betwixt the two nations, in the hiflory of Greece; which coniideration ouglit to produce in ns a padionate fondnefs for liberty, that dear delight of the bed and braved of men, the root and fopport ot all that is valuable in the woil I, and without which this iile is but a fort of hell upon earth,

poftquaw

VIII. I. THRASTBVLUS.

poflquam hide expulfua Thebas venerit, adeb ftudiis eoram infervifle, ut nemo eum labpre corpo- rlfque viribus pofTet Eeqai- parare. Omp.es enim Bce- otii magi’a'firmitati eo’-poris, quam ingenii acumi- ni rnferviunt Eunderp a- pud Laced monios, quorum moribus fummn virtus in patientia poneba- tur, fie duritiae fe dediffe, ut parfimonia tidlus atque cukus omncs Lacedte- monios vinceret : fuiffe a- pud Thracas, homines vi- nolentos, rcbufque vene- reis deditos ; hos quoque in his rebus anteceffiffe: VenifTe ad Perfas, ajiud quos fumma laus efTet for- titer venari, luxuriose vi- vtre,; horum fic imitatum confuetudinem, ut illi ipfi eum in his maxime admirarentur. Qnibus rebus ef- Teciffe, ut, apud quofeun- que effet, princeps pone- rstur, habereturque carif- hrnus. Sed fatis de hoc : reliquos ordiamur.

61

to Thelcs, upon his being lanijhed thence, he fo applied himfelf t» their covrfe of life, that no body could equal him in laborious exercifes, and Jlrcngth of body ; for all the Bxotians mind more the improvement of their bodily

Jl'rength, than acutcnefs of parts. The fame man, amongjl the La- cedaemonians, according to the fa-

Jh-on of whom, the highejl virtue was placed in the enduring of hardfaii, did fo give himfef up to a hard way of ife, that he excelled all the Lacedemonians in the frugality of his diet and drefs. That he was amongjl the Thraci- ans, drunken fellows, and addi8- ed to lewdnefs ; he quite outwent them too in thefe matters. Then he came amongfi the Pcrfians, with whom it was matter of the highejl commendation, to hunt hard, and live high. That he fo imitated their way of life,' that they them- felvts admired him prodigicufly in thefe things. By winch means he brought it to.pafs, that with who»fever he was, he eUa, rec. koned a leading man, and mightily beloved. But enough of him : let us now proceed to the ref.

VIII.

Thrastbulus, Lyci fhus, /Ithetiienfis.

Cap. I. THrafybuIus, Lyci h-

lius, Athenienlis. bi per fe virtus fine fortuna

VIII. Thrasylubu s, thefen of

Lycus, the Athenian.

Chap. I. THrafybuIus, the fen of Ly-

cus, the Athenian. If virtue is to be ctrftiered by if elf,

pondcranda

68 C 0 R‘N ELlI NepOTIS Vill. I.

onderanda fit, dubito an unc primum omnium po-

nam. lllud fine dubio} neminem huic praefcro fide, conftantia, maguitu- dine animi, in patriam a- more. Nam quod multi voluerunt, paucique potuerunt, ab uno tyranno patriam liberare; huic contigit, ut a triginta oppreffam tyrannis, e fervitute in libertatem vindicaret. Sed,nefcio quo modo, cum cum nemo anteiret bis virtutibus, multi nobilitate priecurrerunt. Pritnum Pe- loponnefio bello multa bic line Alcibiade geffit, ille nullam rem fine hoc ; qua; ille univerfa natural! quodam bono fecit lucri. Sed ilia tamen omnia communia imperatoribus cum militibus fortuna, quod in prielii concuifu abit res a confilio ad vires, b vim- que pugnantium. Itaque jure fuo nonnulla ab imperatore miles, plurima verb fortuna vindicat: fequebis plus valuifie, quam ducis prudentiam, vere potefi prcedicare. Quare illud magnifieentiflimum faftum proprium eft Thrafybuli: Nam cum trigirita tyranni, praepofiti a Lacedaemoniis, fervitute oppreflhs tene- rerit Atherias, plurimosci- ves, quibus in bello'pepcr-

withont fortune, I am in doubt ■whether or no IJhould not pl~cc him thejirjl of all the Greek commanders. This is without doubt : I prefer no body before him, for honour, cotrjlemcy, grcatnefs of foul, and love to his country. For what a great many have defined, and few could effect ; that is, to deliver their country from one tyrant, happened to him, to deliver his country opprejfed by thirty tyrants, out of flavory into liberty. But, I know not how, tho' no body excelled him in fhoje virtues, many a outjlripped him in fame. Fuji of all, in the Peloponneflan war, he performed many things without Alcibiades: he did nothing without him ; all which, -by a certain natural advantage, he gained the credit of. But however, all thofe things are in common to the generals with the foldiery and fortune, btcaufe, in the rencoun- ter of a battle, the Ijtnefs pro- ceeds from conduct to JlreHgth, and the mettle of the fighters. Wherefore the foldiery of right claims femethiag from the general, but fortune very much ; and

fee may truly boajl, thatJhe has always prevailed mere in thofe matters, than, the prudence of it general. Wherefore that mcjl noble aBion is entirely Thrafybulus’s f For when the thirty tyrants. Jet up by the Lacedaemonians, kept Athens opprejfed in flavery, and partly banijhed their country, partly killed a great many citi-

2 [Or, as others, were more nobly diA!ngui!bed in their births.] I* [Others read virMempte.]

emt

VIII. 2. T HR A STB ULUS.

cerat fortun'i, parti.n patria cxpiiliiTent, partim ia- terfcciifcat, plurimorum bona publicata inter fe di- vlfilTent, non foliim princeps, fed et folus initio bellnm his indixit.

Cap. li. Hicenimcum Phylen confugiffet, quod eft caftellum in Attica mu- nitiffimurt), non plus habuit fecum, qu'am triginta de fuis. Hoc initium fuit falutis Atticorufn ; hoc ro- bur libertatis clariftimae civitatis. c Neque verb hie non contemtus eft primb a tyrannis, atque ejus foli- tudo : qu$ quidem res et illis contemnentibus, pernicie!r et huic defpetfo, faluti fuit. Hsec enim illos ad perfequendum fegnes, bos aptetn, tempore ad comparandum dato, fecit robuftiores. Quo magis praeceptuna iilud omnium in animis efie debet : nihil in belh gportere contemni: nec fine canfa dici; matrem tirriidi Jl-rt non folere. Neque tamen pro opinione Thrafybuli audlx funt o- pes; nam jam turn illis temporibus fortius boni pro libertate loquebantur, quatn pugnabant. Hinc in Pyrateum transiit, Muny-

- chiamque munivit. Hanc

•zens, •whom fortune had /pared in the •war, and divided th$ ejlatet of many, being cenjifea- ted, among/ them ; he was not only the principal, but the only man at firjl, that proclaimed war again/ them.

Chap. II. For nuhenhc firft/ed to Phyle, which ii a very /rang ca/le in Attica, he had no more •with him than thirty of his countrymen. This was the original of the recovery of the Athenians; this the force that difputed the liberty of that famous city. And indeed he was defpifed at frf by the tyrants, as alfo his being ajji/ed by few : which thing undoubtedly •was loth the ruin of thofe that de-

fpifed him, and the fecurity of him that was drfpi fed ; for this rendered them too lazy to loot after him, and made the others /ranger, by the time that was given them to make due preparations. For which the more ought that maxim to be in the minds of all: That nothing ought to be flighted in war; and that it is not faid without reafon; That themother of a coward does not ufe to weep. However, Thrafybulus’s /renglh was not increafed according to his expectations : fur even then at that time good men /poke more bravely for their liberty, than they fought Aar it. After that, he went into Pyrxeus, and forti/ed Mu- nychia. The tyrants twice at-

c [This fentence in the original is varioufly read by various edi- 1 tors: but, by what immediately follows, this feems to be the genuine reading.]

H < bis

Cornelii Nepotis VII!. 7®

"bis tyranni oppugnare funt •adorti, ab tuque turpi ter repulti, protinus in urbem, arinis impedimentifque a- iniffis, refugerunt, Ufusell ’I'hrafybulus non minus prudentia, quam fortitudi- net nam cedentes violari ’v-etuit, cives enim civibus parcere asquum cenfebat ; jieque quifquam ell vulne- ratus, nifi qui prior impu- gnarevoluit. Neminemja- •centem velle fpoliavit: nil âttigit, nifi arma, quorum indigcbat, et qua; ad vi-

■etuin pertinebant. In fecundo pra;lio cecidit Criti- as, dux tyrannorum, ciim quidem ex adverfus Thrai'y- bulum fortidime pugnaret.

Cap. III. Hoc dejeclo, Paufanias venit Atticis auxilio, rex Lacedasmouio- xum. Is inter Thrafybu- lum, et eos, qui urbem tenebant, fecit pacem his conditionibus: Ne qui, pros ter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui pollea prse- tores creati, fuperioris more cnidelitatis erant nil, af- ficerentur exilio ; neve cu- |ufquam bona publicaren- tur; reipublicas procuratio populo redderetur. Prscla-

' rum hoc quoqueThrafybu- li, quod reconciliata pace, cum plurimum in ctvi- tate poffet, legem tulit; ne qnis anteaftarum rerumac- cufaretur, neve multare- feur; camque illi legem ob-

3-

tempted to ajfault it, and lung Jhamejully driven from it, immediately fled' into the town, their anus and baggage Icing Iff. ThraJybulus made ufe of prudence no left than valour; for he forbid thofe that fed to be hurt : for he thought it rca- f .nalh that citizens Jhould fpare their fellow-f/7/zew ; nor was any one wounded, but he that would firf attack them. He

frippfd none as he lay of his clothes : he meddled with nothing but arms, which he wanted, and proviftons. In the fecond battle fell Critias, the tyrants general, when he was indeed fghting very bravely right againjl fhrafylulus.

*CnAP. III. He being fain, Paufanias, king of the Lacede- monians, came to the afffance of the Athenians. He made a face betwixt fhrafybulus and thrfe who held the town, uf on thcfe terms : That none, befdes the thirty tyrants, and the ten who being aft. rwards made governors or the city, had ufed the way of the former cruelty, f could be punjhed with banifment, nor any one's efate coup fated, and the government of the 'commonwealth fould be refored to the people. This lihewife rasas a famous thing of Thrafybulus, that after a peace was made, fora [much as he was the rnof powerful perfon in the city, he made a law, that no body jhould be called to an account for things paf, r.orpunifhed, and

livionis

VIII. 4. THRASTBULUS. 71

livionis appellanmt. Ne- que vero hane tantum fe- rendam curavit, fed etiain, ut valeret, effeeit. Nam cum quidam ex his, qui llmul cum eo in exilio fuerant, caidem faCere eorum vellent, cum quibus in gratiam reditum erat ; publico prohibuit, et id, quod pollicitus erat, prse- ilitit.

Cap, IV. time pro tantis mentis, honoris corona a populo data eft, fadta duabus virgulis oleaginis: qu®, quod amor civium, non vis exprefferat, nullatn habuit invidiam, magna- que fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittacus ille, qui feptem fapientum numero eft habitus, cum ei Mitylenxi multa millia s jugerum a- gri rouneri darent, Noli- t?, oro vos, (inquit), idm\hi dare, quod multi invide- ant, pluses etiam concupi- fca *. Shi are ex ijlis nolo amplius, qudm centum ju-

they called that an afl of oblivi- on. Nor did he only take care- that this fhould he pajfed, but like- ivife looked to it, that it Jhould take place cjfeciually. For when fonve of thofe who had been together with him irt banijhment, would have made a maffacre of thofe with whom they had returned to a good agreement ; he publicly hindered it, and performed lhaty

winch he had promifed. Chap. IV. A d crown as a

badge, of honour, made of two fprigi of olive, was given him by the people, for thejs eminent frvices ; which, becaufe the lave of his countrynnn and not violence had procured him, had no hatred attending it, and war matter of great glory. Where- fore that F/ttacus, who was reckoned in the number of the feven e wife men, when the Mitylencans f gave him a great many thqufand acre! of land as a prefect, f id well, Do not, I befeech you, give me that which, many may envy mefor, and more covet. Wherefore I will have no

d This is an itiftance and a proof of the plainnefs and fimplicity of .thofe times, in companion of our own. The olive was a tree hatred to the goddefs Minerva, patronefs of their city : for the Hea- thens had, in every ci y ainioft, lb ms peculiar gad or goildefs, looked upon as the guardian ot the place.

e i he e hveil wile men flouiifhed about tire times of Croeftis the rich king of Lydia, and Cyrus i he Great, founder of the Perfian monarchy, i. e. about 560 years before Cluid

f Milylene was the chief city of I.tibos, an illand of the ^Tgeatt fea, nigh the court of Afia Minor; and Pittacus was a philofophec there.

6 Though I have rendered the '.vonl Le.-r,,, acres, yet it is only for want of a better. 'Jugnum is a piece of land 240 Roman feet long, and I JO broad, not much above half our acre.

PI 2 gets.

72 C0RNEX.II NePOTIS IX. r.

gera, quit et met animi it- qutialem, et v eft rum vo- luntatem indicent. Nam parva mantra, diutina : to- cvplttia, nor. propria eft'e coriftnispunt. lila igitur corona contentus Thrafybu- lus, n“qne amplius rtquifi- vit, ntqae quenquamhono- re fe antecefiiffe exiflima- Vit. Hie feqnenti tempore, cum praetor ciafTem ad Ci- lic.'cm appulilfet, neque fatis diligenter in caitris ejus agerentur vigilice, a batba- v s, ex oppido noftu erup- tione fafta, in tabernaculo- interfedtus eft.

more of thofe than an hundred acres, which may both fhew the re: fonablenefs of my mind, and your good-vviil. For fmall gifts are lading, but rich ones do not ufe to be of any long continuance. IVherefort Thrafybulus be- * ing content nvith that crown, neither fought for more, nor thought any one exceeded him in honour. He fome time after, nub n being admiral he had brought' up h'.s

feet to Cilicia, and the nmteh •was not diligently enough kept in hit camp, tvas /lain in his tint by the barbarians, in a fully made out of the town in the night- time.

IX. IX.

C o n .0 N, Athenienfs. C 0 N 0 N, the Athenian.

■ Cap. I. Chap. I.

C'l Onon Athenienlis Pe- j loponnefio bello ac-

cefiit ad rempublicam, in ecque ejus opera magni fait ; nam et praetor pedeflribus exercitibus prtefuit, et preefectus claflis res magnas mari geffit. Quas ob caufas praecipuus ei honos habitus eft. Namque omnibus unus infulis praefuit : in qua potellate Pberas cepit, coloniam Lacedasmo- iiiorum. Fuit etiam extre-

COnon the Athenian came t» be employed in public af-

fairs in the Peloponneftan war, and hit fervice in it was of great account; for he both commanded as general the land-forces, and being admiral of the feet, performed great things by fea : for which reafon a particular honour was conferred upon him. For he alone governed all the iftahds : in which pofl he took a Phera, a colony of the I.acedarnonians. He was likewife a commander in the

* [Pherx lucre was a city, not of T1 tiTa!v, but of Mcftne, (in the Pcloponnefus), in the Meffenun bay, or C-ctfo di Carer. ]

mo

IX. 2. C O N 0 AT. 73

mo Ptloponncfio bello p^xtor, cum apud Êgos flumen copias Athenisnfi- u;n a Lyfandro funt devir

tlx. Sedtiirnabfiiit, edque pejus res adminidrata elt; nam et prudens rei militaris, et diligens erat imperator. Itaque nemini erat Lis temporibus dubiiim, (i adfuiflet, illam Athenien- fes calamitatem accept uros non fuifle.

Cap. II. Rebus autem afHictis, cum patriam obfideri audiilet, non qme- fivit, ubi ipfe tuto vivc- ret, fed unde prasfidio poffet effe civibus fuis. Ita- que ccntu'.it fe ad Pharua- bazum fatrapen Ionia; et Lydise, eundemque generum regis et propinquum apud quern ut multum gratia valeret, multo labore multifque <-•$ cit periculis. Nam cum Lace- dsemonii, Atbenienfibus devi£tie, in focietate non manerent, quam cum Ar- taxerxe fecerant, Agefda- umque bellatum mififlent in Afiam, maxime impulfi a TifTapherne, qni, ex intirr.is regis, ab amicitia ejus defecerat, et cum La- cedaemoniis coierat focie-

•tatem; huncadverfusPhar- nabazus habitus ell imperator: re quidem vera ex-

laltcr end of tlx Ptloponnejuin nuar, ’when the force! of the A- thcnlans nveri defeated by Lyfan- der at the river JEgos. But he ’was then abfent, and the matter nvas fb much the ’worfe managed ; for he was both wellJlil- Lel in military affairs, and a diligent commander. Wherefore it was a doubt with no body in thofe times, that if he had been there,, the Athenian! would not have received that lofs.

Chap. 11.. But-the affairs of the Athenians being now in a bad condition, when he heard that his native city was befeged, he did not feek a place where he might live fecurely himf If, but from whence he might be af ljling. to his countrymen ; wherefore he betook himfelflo Pharnaba%us, the viceroy of Ionia and b Lydia, and the- fame likewife fon-in-lavs of the king and his relation ; with whom that he might procure himfelf a very great interejl, he tf tiled by his. great diligence and the running of many dailget's. For when the L arc die mo n tans, after the Atheni- ans were conquered, did not continue in the alliance which they had made with Artaxerr.es, and feat Agefilaus into Afa, to make war, being encouraged chiefly by Fijfa- phernei, who of one of the king's intimates, had quitted his friend-

Jhip, and clapped up an alliance with the Lacedemonians ; Phar- nabazus was accounted the gene-

b [Lydia was an inland country of the I.efler Alia, remarkable for the rich Crccfus king thereof, and Sardis the metropolis of it, ttfs.]

H 3 crcitui

74 CORNELII N E P 0 T I 9 IX. 3-

ercitui praefuit Conon, e- ral agamjl him, but indeed Cotton jufque omnia arbitrio ge- commanded the army, and ail ila flint. Hie mult am du- things lucre managed at his pka- cem fummum Agefilaum fare. He very much curbed that impedivit, fxpeque ejus great general Agefdaus, and cf- coniiliis obilitit. Ntque tcutimes oibJlruBed his defigns. verb non fuit apertum, fi And indeed it zunr very apparent, iile non fuiffet, Agefilaum that if he bad not been there, A- Afiam Tauro tenusregi fu- gejilaus-would have taken all //- iffe erepturum. Qui poll- Jin, as far as mount c Taurus, eaquam domum a fuiscivi- j'rom the king. Who after he was bus revocatus ell, quod recalled homl by his countrymen, llocotii et Athenienfes La- becaufe -the Boeotians and Atheni- cedaemoniis bellum indixe- ans had proclaimed war agahjl rant ; Conon nihilo fecitis the Lacedemonians ; Conon not- apud proefedlos regis verfa- withjlcnding continued with the batur, hifque omnibus making's viceroys, and was of great ximo erat ufui. fervice to them all.

Cap.III. Defecerata Chap. III. Tijfaphernes had rege Tiffaphernes, neque revolted from the king, nor was id tarn Artaxerxi, quam that fo plain to Artaxerxes, as to cseteris, erat apertum : other people : for he had a great multis enim magnifque fway with the king, by reafon of mentis apud regem, etiam his many and great fervicts, even ciim in officio non mane- when he did n continue inhisal- ret, valebat. Neque id mi- legiance. Nor is it to be wondered randum, fi non facile ad at, if he was not eafily induced to credendutn inducebatur, believe it, remembering that he had reminifeens ejus fe opera conquered his brother Cyrus by his Cyrum fratrem fuperaffe. means. Conon being fent by Phar- Hujus accufandi gratiaCo- nabazr/s to the king, in order to non a Pharnabazo ad re- accufe him, after he came to court, gem miffus, polteaquam he firjl applied, according to the venit, prirmim, ex more cujiam of the Perfans,to Tithrau~ Perfarum, ad chiliarchum, fes captain of the guard, who qui fecundum gradum im- had the next degree of power to perii tenebat, Tithrauftem the king himftlf; and informs acceffit, feque ollendit cum him, that he was deftrous to fpcah rege colloqui velle ; nemo with the king ; for no body is ad- enim fine hoc admittitur. mitted without him. Upon which

c A moantain of Afia, that takes its rile upon the borders of Ci- licia, and runs through the middle of Alia.

Huie

IX. 4- C 0 N 0 N. IS

Huic il!c, A7a Ifti, inquit, tnora tjl; fed tit dslilera, uii urn colloqui truths, an

per literas d agcre, qu.e co~ gitas. A'ectffc eft enhn, ji in confpeaum veneris, ve- nerari te regcm (quod xpca- xunTv, piqfkun in, llli vo- cant). Hoc. ft tiii grave ef, per me nihda fecius editis mandalis, confides quodJhides. Turn Conon : Unbhvero, inquit, nithi non cjl grave quewvis ho~ tiorem habere reg't : fed vereor, tie civitati mea fit opprolrio., Ji, dm ex ea

fun profeitus, qua ceteris gent thus i taper art confuc- verit, pottles barharorum, quim Ulius, more Jungar. Itaque quse volebat, huic feripta tradidit.

Cap. IV. Qmbuscqgm-

hc fays to hi tv. There is no obfta- cic to that ; but do you confider, whether you had rather talk with him, or treat ‘with him by letters, upon what you deiign. b'or it is r.eceffary/o."_vo;/, if you come into his fight, to e w'orfhip the king, (nvhich they call xpoc-yvnlvy /roj- Lunein.) If this be troublefome to you, giving me your inflruc- tious, you fltall notwithftanding difpatch what you dtfire. Then Cotton replied. It is not indeed any trouble to me to pay any refpeet to the King; but 1 am afraid, left it fhould be a difparagement to my native city, if, feeing I proceed from that city, which has, been accuflomed to rule over o- ther nations, I fhould obferve* the urages of f foreigners, rather than tkoje of that city. Wherefore he delivered to him in ’writing vihat he had a mind to fay. ,

Chap. IV. IVhieh things le~

d rOthers read edere, to tell, JJtrzv, iSrc-I e This worhiipping was falling flat on the face upon the ground

before the king. 1 he Greeks looked upon this as a piece of bafe mean-: fpirited fubmiflion, and could few of them be brought to comply with it. Nay an Alhenian amhaflador having once fubmfued to worlhip the king, was put to death for it by the Athenians upon his return home, as having done a thing highly reflecting on the honour of hii country.

f The word barbarous is borrowed from the Greeks, amo:* tt whom it was originally ufed to figuify thofe that talked badly, or with difficulty ; and becaufe that was commonly the cafe of foreigners, as to the Greek tongue, it was ufed for all that ware not Greeks. At lail the word was taken in an ill fenfe ; for the Greeks valuing themlelves upon their learning, politenefs, and humanity, by which indeed they flood remarkably diflinguiflied from the reft of mankind, in its application to foreigners, it had at length tacked to it an intimation of their deficiency in the nobleft ornaments of human nature mentioned before, and haft of all was ufed for an ignorant, krutifh, cruel man, whether foreigner or (/reck.

tis,

Corn elii Nepotis IX. 4.

tis, rex tantum au^loritate ejus motus eft, ut Tiffa- phernem hoftetn judicavit, et Lacedsemonibsbelioper- fequi jufferit, et ei permife-

. rtt, quern vellet eligere ad difpenfandam j. cuniam. Id arbitrium Conon negavit fui effe confilii, fed q fins, qui optime fuos noffe dcberet : fed fe fuadere, Pharnabazo id negotii da- rct. Hinc, magnis iiuincri- bus donatus, ad mare eft rniflus, ut Cypriis, ct Plios- nicibus, cteterifque maritimis civitatibus, naves lon- gas imperaret, claffeir.que, qua proxima reftate mare tueri poffef, compararet; dato adjutore Pharnabazo, ficut ipfe yoluerat. Id ut Lacedcemoniis eft nunciatum, non fine cura rem ad- miniftrarunt, quod rnajus helium imminere arbitra- bant-ur, quam fr cum Lar- baro foliim contenderent. Nam ducem fortem,ctpru- dentem, regiis opibus pree- futurum, ac fecum dimica- tm um videbant; quern neque confrlio, neque copiis, fuperare polfent. Hac mente magnam contrailunt claffem, proficifcuntur Pi- fandro duce. Id os Conon apud Cnidum adortus, magno pnelio fugat, multas naves capit, complures de-

inj ino-zi'n, t!:t kinj TJas Jn much wrought upon by tis psrju pot', that he declared. Tjfaphenies c.n enemy, and ordered him to fail upon the LaceiLemomans in near,, and permitted hint to chufe whom he pie a fed, to dulurfs the money for the army. Crnon denied that that choice was a matter for hit determination, but his cunt, who ought to knew his own fubjetts lejl; but that he advifed him to give that employ to Pharnalaetsus. Upon this,, being

prefented with - great prefents, he was fent to the fa, to order t-e. Cyprians, Phoenician t, end other nations on ike fea-coaf, to fur- nifti men of war, and proujd: a feet, with which lye might

fecurc the fea next fummer ; Pharnala%us being given him as his ajffiant, according as he hhnfelf had defined. As foon as this was told the I.acidamonians, they managed their bufnefs not without care, becauje they thought a greater war threatened them, than if they had to do with the barbarian only. For they faw that a valiant and wife general J ei would command the king's forces, and engage with them, whom they could outmatch neither in conduct nor trtops. Hath this conjideraticn they get together a great fleet, and go with Pifandtr for their admiral. Ccnon felting upon them near g Cnidus, routs them in a great fght, takes ma-

S [Cnidus was a famous city on the fartheft part of the peninfula o* Doris, in the Lctler Alia ; but is now a huge heap of ruins near Cape Crio.j

primit.

C 0 N 0 N. IX. :>• 77

primil'. Qâ viftoria non lolam Athenae, fed etiam cunfta Graecia^, qux fub I.acedasmoniorum fuerat imperio, liberata eft. Co- non cum parte navium in patriam venit : muros di- rutos a Lyfandro, utrofque etPyrasei et Athenarutn,re- ficiendos curat ; pecunias-

| que quinquaginta talenta, 1 quae a Pharnabazo accepe- j, rat, civibus fuis donat.

Cap. V. Accidit huic, quod caeteris mortalibus, ut iaconfideratior in fecunda, quarn in adverfa effet fortuna. Nam clafle Peloponne- fiorum deviifta, cum ultum fe injurias patriae putaret, plura concupivit, quam efficere potuit. Neque tamen ea non h pia et probanda fuerunt,quod potiiis patriae

ny JblpSy and finks many ; by which victory not only Athens, but like-wife ail Greece, which had been under the yoke of the Lace- demonians, was delivered. Ca- non came with part *f the ftps into his native country, and takes care to have the walls deviolijhed by Lyfander, both of Pyraeus and Athens repaired ; and prefents to his countrymen ffty talents of money, which he had received from Pkarnaba-rus.

Chap. V. That happened to him, which happens to other mor- tals, that he was more ineorf derate in his good, than in his bad

fortune. For having conquered the feet of the Peloponnefans, when he thought he had revenged the injuries done his country, he aimed at more things than he was able to accomplijh. And yet thefe things were expreffive of his duty to his

h The word pun feems manifeftiy derived from the Greek irwr, mild, gentle, kind, fuch as a man ought to be, in a diftinguifhing manner, to his near relations : Thence it was put to fignify one that behaved towards fuch with the regard and affcOion that was due to them. As a dutiful ion is, as fuch, properly called pim, a perfon liktwife that carried with due devotion or fubmiflion towards the gods, with due loyalty or affcflion to his prince or country, was upon that account denominated plus, and the virtue in all thefe ca- fes called pittas. But our author talks here in the common Brain and way o! commending a man for his aftions in behalf of his country, though without any regard to juftice.- It was a bafe piece of treacheiy in Conon to endeavour to debauch the lonians and Ato- l ois from their allegiance, and far from being commendable. Had any body ferved Auguftus fo, Nepos would, it is likely, have been forward enough to condemn him. But a very little confidcration might have fati-fied him, that what was criminal and villanous, when committed ag,drift an emperor of Rome, was as certainly to when committed againft an emperor of Perjia. This attempt of Conon’s was too grofs to admit of any excufe, much lefs does ft-deferve the commendation our author bellows upon it ; and therefore herein I think he has betrayed his want of judgment.

opes

78 C O R N E L I I N E P O T I S X. f.

opes auger!, quam regis, rualuit. Nam cum magnam aucloritatcin fib! pugna ilia navali, quam apud Cni- dum fecerat, conftituifltt, non folum inter barbaros, fed etiam inter omnes Grse- cise civitates, cfam dare o- peram coepit, ut loniam et jEoliam reftitueret Atbeni- enfibus. Id cum minus diligenter effet celatum, T iri- bazus, qui Sardibus prsee- rat, Cononem evocavit, limulans ad regem eum fe mittere velle magna de re. Hujus nuncio parens cum veniffet, in vincula conje- ftuseft; in quibus aliquan- diu fuit. Nonnulli eum ad regem abduftum, ibique perifle fcriptum reliquerunt. Contra ea,Dinon hi- ftoricus, cui nos plurimum de Perficis rebus credimus, effugiffe, fcripfit; illud ad- dubitat, utrum Tiribazo fciente, an impmdente fit fadlum.

country, and commendable-; lecaufe be chofe rather to leave the power of his country, than of the king, advanced. F- r after he had eflablijhed to htmfelf a great authority by that fea-fight, that he had fought at Cnidus, not only a- mongjl foreigners, but amongjl ail the flutes of Greece, he began to endeavour underhand to reflore Io- nia and JEolia to the Athenians. As that wets not carefully concealed, Tiribazus, who was governor of Sftrdis, fent for Conon, pretending that he would fend him to the king about a matter of great importance. After he was come to him, in obedience to his meffage, he was put under confinement; in which he was for fame time. Some have left it on record, that he was carried to the king, and there put to death. On the ether hand, Di- non the hiflorian, whom we chiefly give credit to as to Perf an affairs, writes, that he made his e- fcape ; but is in fame doubt whether it was done with the knowledge of Tirilazus or not.

X,

Dion, Hipparini fli- as, Syracuftnus.

Cap. I.

Dion, Hipparini filius, Syraculanus, nobili

genere natus, utraque im-

a Either our author has here

X.

Dion, the f;n cf Htppari- nus,' the Syracttjon.

Chap. I.

Dion, the fon of Hipparinus, the Syracufan, was born

of a noble family, and •* related plicatus

expreff-d lumiclf a little carcleisly, or

X. I. DION. 19

plicatus tyrannide Dionyfi- orum : narnque ille fuperi- or Ariftomachen, fororem Dionis, habuit in matrimonio ; ex qua duos filios, Hipparinum et Nyfaeum, procreavit ; totidcmque fi- lias, nomine Sophrofynen et Areten : quanun priorem Dionylio filio, eidein, cui reg n u m rel iqu i t, n up t u m dedit; alteram, Areten, Dio- ni. Dion autem,pra:-.er no- bilem propinquitatem, ge- nerofamque majorum famam, multa alia a natura habuit bona : in his, inge-

: nium docile, come, aptum ad artes optimas ; magnam corporis dignitatem, qiue non minimum commenda- tur; magnas praterea divitias a patre reliflas, quas ipfe tyranni muneribus au- xerat. Erat intimusDiony- fio priori, neque minus propter mores, qu'am affiuita- tem. Namque, etfiDiony- lii crudelitas ei difplicebat, tamen falvum propter ne- ceflitudinem, magis etiam fuomm causa, die fhide- bat. Adai'at in magms rebus ; ejufque conlilio-multum movebatur tyrannus, mfi qua in re major ipfius cupiditas intercefferat. Le- gationes verb omnes, qua; cffent illuftriores, per Di- enem adminiltrabantur ;

by marriage to b»th the Dicny- fiui's, the tyrants : for the frjl of them had Ariftomache, Dions

fijler, in marriage ; by -whom he had two font, Hipparinus ana' Nyfeus, and as many daughters, by name Sophrofyne and Arete : the former of which he gave in marriage to Dionyftus the foil, the fame, to whom he left his kingdom ; the other, Arete, to Dion. Now Dion, befides this noble alliance, and the generous fame of his anctfiors, had a great many other advantages . from nature : amongfl thefe, a docible genius, courteous, fit for. the bell arts ; great handfomenefs of perfon, which is not little efieemed: befides great riches left him by his father, which he had increafed by the tyrant's prefents. lie was intimate with the firfi Dionyfius, no lefs for his good behaviour, than his relation to him. For although the cruelty of Dionyfius difpleafed him, yet he was defirous he fhould be fecure, becaufe of his alliance with him, and more upon account of his relations. He was qffijling to him in all his weighty affairs ; and the tyrant was much fwayed by his -advice, unlefs, in any cafe, fome violent humour of his own interpofed. But all the embajfies that were extraordinary, were performed by Dion ; by difeharging which carefully, and managing faithfully.

cr elfe tluf reading, I think,' mart be faulty; for to me the words do not feem to exprefs the fenle which, it is plain from the following words, he intended.

quas

8e Cornel ii N E p o t i s X. 2«

quas quidem ilk diligenter obeundo, fidcliter admini- ftrando, crtideHfiimum nomen tyranni fua humanitate tegebat. Hunc a Diony- fio miffum Carthagenienfes fufpexeruritjUt neminem un- quamGraecalingua loquen- tem magis fmt admirati.

Cap.II. Neque verbhaec Dionyfium fugiebant: nam quanto effet fibi ornamen- to, fentiebat. CVub fiebat, 'ut uni huic maxime indul- geret, neque eum feeds di- ligeret ac (ilium, (^jai q iidem, cum Platonem 'Fa- rentum veniffe fama in Si- ciliam eflet perlata, adole- feenti negare non potuit, quin eum arcefferet, ciim Dion ejus audfendi cupiditate fiagraret. Dedit ergo huic veniam, maghaque e- um ambitione Syracufas perduxit. Quem Dion aded admiratus eft, atque ad- amavit, ut fe totum ei tra- deret. Neque verb minus Plato dcleftatus eft Dione. Itaque, ciim aDionyfto tyranno crudeliter violatus eflet, (quippe quem venun- dari juffiilet), tamen eddem rediit, ejufdem Dionis pre- cibus addmftus. Interim in morbum incidit Dionyfi- us ; quo cum graviter con- llidtaretur, quseiivit a me-

ht covered the mojl cruel name of the tyrant, under h'/s own humanity. The Carthaginians admired him upon his being fent thither by Dionyjius, Jo at they never admired any body that

/poke the Greek tongue more.

Chap-. II. dfor indeed did theje things efcape the notice of Dio- r.yfms : for he veas ftnfible loci} great an ornament he was to him ; from whence it was, that he indulged him alone very much, nor did he love him any ether wipe, than as his own fon. Who too, when -news was brought into Si- cily, that Plato was come to b Pa- rent am, could not deny the young man, but fent for him, feeing Dion was inflamed with a defies of hearing him, wherefore hi granted him the favour, and by great c importunity drew him to Syracufe, Whom Dion fo much admired and loved, that he gave himfelf wholly up to him. Nor was Plato lef r pleafd with Dion. Therefore, though he was cruelly abufed by Dion)fius the tyrant, (fur he had ordered him to be fold), yet he returned to the fame place, being prevailed upon by the intreaties of the fame Dion. In the mean time, Dionyfius fell into a dijlemper ; with which when he was grievoujly handled, Dion inquired of the phyficians, how he

b [Tarentum, now Tarento, is an ancient, fmall, but ftrong and populous city of Calabria in Naples.]

c [Or, according to others, in great date.] die is

DIO N. o' 81

Nam velle cum eo colloqui dc endo regno, quod

dicis Dion, quemadmodum fe haberet ? fimulque ab his petiit, !i forte majori efiet periculo, ut fibi fa- terentur : Nam velle fe

parti- hiroris'

fuas filios ex illo natos, par- ten/-regni putabat de'oere habere. Id medici non ta- cuerunt, et ad Dionyfium filium fermonem retule- tunt. Quo die commotus, ne agendi cum eo effet Di- oni potedas, patri foporem medicos dare cocgit. Hoc aegtr fumpto, ut i'omno fo- pitus, diem obi it fupremum.

Cap. III. Taleinitium fuit Dionis et Dionyfii fi- multatis ; eaque multis re-

Ibtis aufta : fed tamen primis temporibus, a!i- quaridiu fimulata inter eos amicitia manfit. Qnumque Dion non defilteret obfe- crare Dionyfium, ut Plato- nem Athenis arcefferet, et ejus confiliis uteretur; ille, qui in aliqua re vellet pa-

n trem imitari, morem ei gef- J fit ; eodemque tempore SPhiliftum hiftoricum .Syra-

cufas reduxit, hominem a- ;j micum non magis tyrauno, u quamtyrannidi. Seddehoc I in eo meo libro plura funt

| expofita, qui de hiftoricis jojconfcriptus eft. Plato au-

em tantum apud Dionyfi- tpm auftoritate potuit, va- jluitque eloquentia, ut ei

was ? and at the fame time dc- fired of them, if perhaps he •war in great danger, that they ’would ccnfefs it to him : For he had a. mind to talk with him about dividing the kingdom, becaufe he thoight his ffter's fon:, fprung from him, ought to have a Jhare of the kingdom. The phyfcians did not conceal that, and carried thefe words to Dionyfus the fan. At which he being far- tlcd, that Dion might not have an opportunity of talking ’with him, he forced the phyficians to give his father a feeping dofe. Thefick prince having taken this, ended Ids laf day, as one laid faf afeep.

Chap. III. Such was the beginning of the mifundcfunding betwixt Dion and Dionyfus ? and that was increafed by many things : but yet at firf, for fome time, a pretended ft iendfhip continued betwixt them. And as Dion did not ce 'afe to beg of Di- on fus, that be would fend for Plato from Athens, and make ufe of bis advice ; be, who had a mind to imitate his father in

fomething, gave him his humour ; and at the fame time brought back Philifus the hiforian to Sy- racufe, a man not more a friend to the tyrant, than to tyranny itfelf. But more has been faiti about him, in that book of mine which was writ about the hfo- ri am. But Plato wrought f» much upon Dicnyfus by his authority, and prevailed fo by his eloquence, that he perfuaded him

1 perfuaferit.

$2 C O R N E L I I N E P 0 T I S X. 4.

perfuafcrit, tyrannidls faccre finem, libertatenique redclere Syracufanis; a qua voluntate Philiiti conlilio deterritus, aliquanto cru- ckh'or efle cccpit.

Cap. IV. Q11! quidom, < dm a Dione fe luperari riderct ingenio, auftoviia- le, amore populi ; vercns, r.e fi cum fecum haberet, aliquam occafionem fu! daret oppiimendi ; navem f! triremem dedit, qua Co- rinthum deveheretur ; o- itendeus, fe id utriufque t'acere causa, ne, qiium inter fe timerent, alteru- ter alteram, prxoecuparet. Id cum fa&um multi indi- gnarentur, magnxque. effet invidix tyranno, Di- onyfius omnia, q.ix mo- \cii ppterant Dionis, in naves impofuit, ad eumque mifit. Sic enim exiftimari volebat, id fe non odio hominis, fed fuse falutis fecitTe causa. Poflea verb qunrn audivit eum in Peloponnefo manum com- parare, fblque bellum facere conari ; AretenDionis p xorem alii nuptiun dedit, iiliumque ejus fie educari

to put an end to Lis ufur bat ion, and to reflore the Syracufam their liberty ; from which intention being d'ffuaded by the covv.Fcl of Fbiliflus, he began to be fintc- thing more 0 uel.

Chap. IV. IVho alfo, when he faw bhnfeif excelled by Dion in parti, authority, and love of the /. opk ; fearing left, if he hept him with hinfelj, he Jhouldgive him

feme opportunity of ruining him ; he gave him a jhtp with three banks of oars, wherein he might go to d Coi inth ; declaring, he did it upon both their accounts, led,

fence they w re jealous of one another, one of them jho'uld trepan the oth r. As many people were angry at the fail, and it was to the tyrant an occafion nfe great e hatred, Dicnyfeius put on board Pome fedps all the fubftance ofe Dion that could be removed, and

fent it to him. For he had a mind it fehould be thus thought, •that he had done that, not out of a hatred ofe the man, but upon account of his own fecurity. But after he heard that he was levying troops in Pcioppnnefus, and endeavouring to make war upon j him, he gave Arete the wife of Dion in marriage to another, and ordered his fen to be educated Jo,

<1 Corinth was a famous city in the entrance of Peioponnefus from Achaia.

e i have fevcral times above tranflated inviJi* by hatred, for fo in- erred it commonly fignihts, a popular odium or hatred ; and that fenfe it vifibly has here. This little remark is dcligned for the be- orlit of fuch fmattcreVs in tiie Latin tongue, as may be more difpo- jld to cavil, than to learn. I warn them, once for all, to have a care vi meddling, for fear of burning their fngers.

J- DION. X.

ut imiiilgcndo, tur- pifiltnis imbueretur cupidi- tatibus. Nam puero, priufquam pubes efiet, fcorta adducebantur : vinoepulif- que obruebatur, neque ullum tempus fobn'o reii:i- quebatur. Is ufque eo vitx ftatum commatatum ferre non potuit, po'lquam in patriam rediit pater, (namque appofiti erant cuftodes, qui eum a prillino vidtu de- ducerent), ut fe de fuperiore parte tedium dejecerit, atque ita interierit. Sed illuc revertor.

Cap. V. Poilquam Co- rinthum pervenit Dion, et eodem perfugit Heraclides, ab eodem expulfus Diony- fio, qui prtefe&us fuerat e- quitum ; omni ratione helium ct)mparare cceperunt : fed non muhum proficie- bant, quod multorum annorum tyrannis, magna- rum opum putabatur ; quam ob caufam pauci ad focietatem periculi perdu-

''fcebantur. Sed Dion, fretus non tarn fa is copiis, quun odio tyranni, naximo aii- mo, duabus onerariis navibus, quinquaginf. annorum impenum, munitum

that he might, !,y indulgirg lam, he tainted ’w.ih the mojl Jihhv la/ls. For f whores were brouolyt to him when but a boy, before f. e was of age : he was perfectly b- verwhelmed with wine and g/o l cheer, nor was any tin e left him to befeber. He could net bear his fate of life when changed. Is that degree, that, after bis father returned into bis country, (f'>r keepers were fit over him, to re- claim him from hisformer way of If), ^ threw himfelf from th - upper part of a hoitfe, and fo died. But 1 return to that wbiclj 1 have*begun to relate.

Chap. V. FI fter Dion came U Corinth, and Heraciidis, who had been commander of the horfe, fled to the fame place, being banijhed by the fame Diinyfu:, they began to levy war by all manner of means; but they advanced but little, becaufe an u- furpation of many years continuance was thought to be of gnat frength ; for which r^S- jon few were brought to a (hare of the danger. But Dion, trifling not fo much to his troops, as the hatred of th: t jpant, going w.ih the greatef com age, in tw.<

flips of burden only,. to attack a government of fifty years du- ration, dfended by five hundred

f The tyrant teems to have been of opinion, that to debauch bin was the created mifehiet he could do him ; and Jo far he was ur- doubfedly right, becaule it is better, to lie fine, to be hanged, or to be diipatchcd any way at once, than to lead a life of lewdnefs aril debauchery. But what a comfortable opinion mnft the brute have had of him .ell in the mean time, who was as lewd as any body I

I 3 quir gentle

84 CoRNELII NePOTIS X. 6.

quingentis longis navibus, tiecem equitmn, centum peditum millibus, profe- dbus oppVgnatum : quod omnibus gentibus admira- bi'e eft vifum, aded facile pei'culit, ut poll diem tertium, quam Siciliam attige- rat, Syracufas introierit. lix quo intelligi poteft,nullum efle imperium tutum, nifi benevolentia munitum. Eo tempore aberat Diony- jiu', et in Italia dafiem op- lieriebatur, adverfariorum v-oi'c t'eii<?nem fine magnis copiis ad fe venturum; quae res eum fefellit: nam Dion iis ipiis, qui fub adverfarii fueiant jjoteftate, regies fpiritus repreffit, totiufque ejus partis Siciliae potitus <-ft, quss fub Dionylii poteftate fuerat: parique modo mbis Syracufarum, praster arcem, et infulam adjun- clam oppido ; edque rem perduxit, uttalibus padio- ribus pacem tyrannus facere vellet : Siciliam Dion obtineret, Italiam Diqny- iiuSj Syradhfas Apollocra- tes, cui maximam fidem uni habebat Dion.

Cap. VI. Has tarn pro- fperas, tamque inopinatas

men of nvar, ten thovfand horfe, and a hundred ihoufand foot : what appeared wonderful to all nations, he fo eafily overthrew it, that he entered Syracufe the third day after he had reached Sicily. From which it may be underjlood, that no government is fife, unlcfs fecured hy the af-

feciion of the fubjedls. At that time Dionyfus was ahfnt, and waiting fur his feet in Italy,

fuppfng that none of his enemies would come againf him without a great force: which thing deceived him : for Dion , curbed the tyrant's pride with thofe very men that had been under the dominion of his adverfary, and carried all that part of Sicily, which had been under the government of Dicny-

fus-:: ’ and in like manner the city of g Syracufe, except the citadel, and the ifland joining upon the town ; and brought the matter to that, that the tyrant wtxs willing to make peace upon thefe terms : That Dion Jhould have Sicily, Dionyfius Italy, and 11 Apollocrates Syracufe, in whom alone Dion had the greaitf con-

fidi nee-

Chap. VI. Afudden change followed this mighty and uucx-

g [This city was formerly made rp of four towns, viz- I. Jnfula, (and to this day it (lands upou a little peninfula). a Acradina. 3. Tydse, (from the temple of Fortune). 4. Neapelis, or Newtown.] T [This was the tldeft fon of the tyrant Dionyfius ; he held the ci-

tadel of Syraeule in his father’s abfencc; but Dion took it from him ; yet upon making up the peace, and their becoming friends, Dion gave him up the whole City-]

res

X. 6. DIO A7:

res confecuta eft fubita commutatio; quod fortuna fua mobilitate, quern paulb ante extulerat, demergers eft adorta. Primum infili- um, de quo commtmoravi fupr'a, faevitiana fuam exercuit. Nam quum uxorem reduxiffet, quce alii fuerat tradita, filiumque vellet re- vocare ad virtutem a perdi- ta luxuria, accepit gravilli- mum parens vulnus morte filii : deinde orta diftenfio ell inter eum et Heracli- dem; qui quidem Dioni principatum non conce- dens, fadtionem comparavit: neque is minus valebat apud optimates, quorum cbnfent'u praerat claf- ft, cumD:on exercitum pe- deftrem teneret. Nontulit ‘boc aniino aquo Dion, et verfum ilium Homeri retulit ex fecunda rbapfodia, in quo bsc fententia eft: Non pojf: bene gei i rempublicam malt orum imperils. Quod dictum magna invidia confecuta eft : namque aperu- ifte videbatur, fe omnia in fua poteftate effe veils. Ilanc ille non lenire obfe-

peElsd fuccefs ; lecei'tfe fortune attempted by her jicklenefs li fnh him, whom Jhe rad raifed a little before. She frjl cf all n- fed her cruelty upon his foil, of" whom I have made mention a- bove. For, after he had taken' his wife again, which had been given to another, and was defrous to recover his fon to virtue,, from a ftate of defper.ite luxury, he received as -i father a grievous afjhclitn in the death of his fon. After that a difference arofe betwixt him and He- ra: lids s who furfooih not yield- ing the fuperiority to Dion, for'A ed a party ; nor avat he lefr powerful amongf the 1 quality, ly vilofe confnt re 'coinisland- ed the feet, while Dion had the land-army. Dion could not bear this with a patient mind, and repeated that k verfe of Homer out of the fecond rhapfdy, in. which is this faience : That a commonwealth could not be well managed by the government of many. Which faying a mighty odium followed: 'f>r he

feented to have dijeovrred, that he intended, that all things Jlmdd be under his authority. This he did not endeavour to allay by

' Tn the commonwealths of Greece, ami fo of Sicily, which was peopled from Greece, there were commonly two factions; o: e of thole that were for an abfolute democracy, and the other of fuch as were for a fort of an ariftocracy, or for' taking the power out of the hands of the vulgar. Of the former party were the common people, the peafants, artifans, and tradefmen chiefly : in the latter were generally the gentry, and people of Letter fafliion, whiph were therefore called optimates.

k It is plain by this, and what follows, that Dion had no intention of reftoring the Syracuians to their liberty, but only that they fbou'd change their matter.

1 3

86 CoRNELII NePOTIS

quio, fed acerbitate opprimere Ihidait; Heraclidem- que, cum Syracufas veniffet, interficiendum curavit.

Cap. VI[. Quod faftum omnibus maximum timorem injecit; nemo e- nim, iilo interfefto, fe tutum putabat. llle autem, adverfario remote, licen- tius eorum bona, quos fei- ebot adverfus fe fenfifle, miiitibus difpertivit. Qni- bus divifis, ciim quotidia- ni maximi fierent fumtus, celeriter pecunia deeffe ccepit: neque, quo manus porrigeret, fuppetebat, niii amicorum poflefiiones. Id hujufmodi erat, ut, cum milites reconciliaifet, amit- tcret optimates. Quarum rerum cura frangebatur ; et infuetus male audiendi, non aequo animo ferebat, de fe ab iis male exi(li- man, quorum paulb ante in ccclum fuerat elatus laudibus. Vulgus autem, of- fensa in cum militum voluntate, liberius loquebatur, et tyrannum non ferendum diftitabat.

Cap. VIII. Hxc illein- tuens, cum, quemadmodum fedaret, nefeiret, et quorfum evaderent, timeret ; Callicrates quidam, civis Athenienfis, qui II- mul cum eo ex Pelopon- nefo in SiciKam venerat, tomo et eallidus, et ad

^ X. 7.

compliance., bvt to fupprefs by feverity, and took care to have Heraclides /lain, when he came to Syractije,

Chap. VII. Which adiott Jlruck a mighty terror into every body ; for nobody thought him-

felf'fafe, after he was flam. But he, his enemy being taken off, divided to his foldiers ever freely the efates of thofe, whom he knew to had: been in their fentiments againf him. Which being dif diluted, as his daily expenses were very great, money quickly began to fail him : nor was there any thin? to which he could reach his o hand, but the pffeffons cf his

friends. That was fuch, that, whilft he gained the foldicry, he lof the letter party. With the care of which things he was di- fpirited; and being unaccufomed to hear himfelf ill fpoke of, he lore it net with an eafy mind, that he ffould be ill thought of by thofe, by whofe praifes he had been exalted to heaven a little before. But the common people, the minds of the foldiers being offended at him, fpoke snore

freely, and frequently faid, that the tyrant was not to be endured.

Chap. VIII. He feeing thefe things, as he knew not how to put a fop to them, and was a- fraid what end they would come to ; one Callicrates, a citizen of Athens, who had come together with him from Peloponnefus into Sicily, both a filth fellow, and acute enough for tlie management

fraudeia.

X. 8. 1) I 0 N. 87

fraudem acutus, fine ufia religione ac fide, adit ad Diouem, et ait,eum in magno periculo effe, propter ofFenfioiicm populi, et o- diuai miiitum ; quod nullo modo evkare pofiet, nifi alicui fuorum negotium daret, qui fe fimularet illi ini- mieuin : quern fi inveniflet idoneum, facile omnium anitnos cogniturum, ad-

’ verfarlofque fublaturum, quod inimici ejus difiiden- ti fuos fenfus aperturi forent. Tali confilio proba- to, excipit has partes ipfe Callicrates, et fe armat imprudentia Dionis: ad eum interficiendum focios conquirit, adverfarios ejus convenit, conjurationem confirmat. Res, multiscon- fciis, quae gereretur, elata, refertur ad Ariftomachen fororem Dionis, uxorem- que Areten. lllte timore perterritae conveniunt, cujus de periculo timebant. At ille negat a Callicrate fieri fibi infidias ; fed ilia, quae agerentur, fieri praecepto fuo. Mulieres nihilo fecius Callicratem in redem Profcrpinae de- ducunt, ac jurare cogunt, nihil ab illo periculi fore Dioni. Hie hac religione non modo ab incepto non deterritus, fed ad matu- randum concitatus ; verens, ne priiis confilium fuum aperiretur, quam co- nata perfecifftt.

of any fraudulent de/ign, •without any religion and honour, goej to Dion, and tells him, that he nuai in great danger, lecaufe of the difaffeBion of the people, and the haired of the foldiers, •which be could no •way avoid, unhfs he gave a conwnifion to fame of his friends to pretend h'unfelf an enemy to him ; if he could but find one proper \o his purpofe, he might eafdy know the minds of them ad, anil take off his adverfarics, becaufe his enemies •would difeover their

fentimerits to one difajfcded to him. This counfel beiiig approved of, Callicrates khnfelf unaertakes this hufniefs, and arms hinftlf by the imprudence of Dion : he fecks up accomplices to kill him; he gives a meeting to his enemies, and completely forms the confpiracy a- gainfi him. The matter which •was carrying on, many being privy to it, b ing blabbed, is carried to sl- r jlomache the ffer of Dion, and his -wife Arete. They being alarm- ed •with fear, go to him,ybr whofe danger they were concerned. But he denies that any plot •was formed againf him by Callicrates, but that thofe things, which were a- doing, were done by his order. The women nolwithfanding bring Cal- licrates into the temple of Pro- ferpine, and'oblige him to fivear , that there Jhould be ho danger to- Dion from him. He not only was not deterred from his undertaking by this facred obligation, but was pufied on to hafen the execution, fearing If his defign Jhould be difeovered, before he could accom- pli fb what he attempted.

Cap,

88 C O R N E L I I N E P O T I S X. y.

Cap. IX. Hac rrcnte, proximo die fefto, cum a cOnventu fe remotum Di- on domi teneret, atque in cdhciavi edito recubuiS'et ; confciis loca munitiora oppidi tradit ; domuna cuftodibus fepit ; a foribus qai non difoedant, certos pr-;- ficit ; navem trirernem armatis ornat, Philoftrato- qne fratri fuo tradit, eamque in portu agitari jubet, ut fi exercere remiges vei-- let'; coîtans, fi forte coniiliis obilitifTet fortima, ut Inberet, qua fu-eret ad fdutem.- Suorum autem e numero Zacyntbios a- doldcentes qnofdam di- git, ciim audaeidimos, turn viribus maxim is » bifque dat negotium, [ut-J ad Di- ,onem eaiit inermes, fic u- ti conveniendi ejus gratia viderentur venire. Hi, propter notitiam, Hint intio- mifii. At illi, ut limen e- jus intrarunt, foribus ob- feiatis, in ledo cnbantem invadunt, colligant: fit flrepitus, adeo ut exaudi- ri pofiet foris. Hie, ficut ante diflum eft, quam in- vifa fit lingularis potentia, et miferanda vita, qui fe metui, quam amari ma- lunt, cuivis facile intelledu fuit. Namque illi ipfi cuftodes, ft propitia fuif- fent voluntate, foribus ef-

Chap. IX. With thh chf.p ,. the next hfj/y-a’av, eeihUJl Dion kept himfelf retired at hoy^, far

from the ajfemhly ox the people,, and rx'as laid down in an uf.er room, he delivers to fome of his accomplices all thejhon" parts of the town ; he fur rounds the kovfe- with guards' > he places trujly van, that JhoulJ not depart from the door; he mans a Jlvp with three banks of oars, and delivers it to his brother Phitojlraius, and orders it to be rowed about in the harbour, as if he had a mind to exercife the row- rs ; intendin'?, if fortune objlruQed his dcfgn, to have this wherewith to jiv for f- curity. He /ike wife chafes out of the number of his mtv fotne < Za- cymhian youths, both tety bold, ’ and of very great Jh ength. And' to thefe he gives os citrs to sm- armed to Dion, as if they feemed to come upon the account of fpeak- ' ing with him. Tkef, by reefon of their acquaintance with him, were let in ; but they, as foon as they had got within his thrift:,old, bolting the door, feisoe him lying on his bed, and bind him. A noife is made, fo that it might be heard withossi doors. litre, as has been faid before, it was cafy to be nnderjlood by any body, how odious arbitrary power is, and how miferable the life of thofe, who chufe rather to he feared than loved. For thofe ’’sc- ry guards, if they had been men of a favourable difpoftion to-

1 Zacynthus is an ifiand on the weftern coaft of Pcloponncfus. fradis

X. io. DION. 89

frnftis fervare eum potu- iflent, quod illi inermes telum foris flagitantes, vivum tenebant. Cui cum fuccurreret nemo, I.yco, quidam Syracufanus, per feneftras gladium dedit, quo Dion interfechis eft.

Cap. X. ConfeAacse- de, cum multitudo vifendi gratia intreiffet, nonnulli ab infeiis pro noxiis con- cidimtur. Nam celeii ru- more dilato, Dioni vim allatam, multi concurre- rant, quibus tale facinus difplicebat. Hi, falfa fu- fpicione du£H, iinmeren- tes ut fceleratos occidunt. Hujus de morte, ut palam factum eft, mirabili- ter.vulgi mutata eft volun- tas. Nam qui vivum eum tyrannum vocitarant, eundem liberatorem patris>, ty- rannique expulforem prae- dicabant. Sic fubito mi- fericordia odio fuccefferat, ut eum fuo fanguine, ft poflent, ab Acheronte cu- perent redimere. Itaque in urbe, celeberrimo loco elatus publice, fepulchri monumento donatus ell. Dfltn obiit c ire iter an nos quinquaginta quinque r.a- tus ; quartum poll annum, quam ex Peloponnefo in Sicilian! redierat.

wards him, by breaking the door, might have fared him, becaufe they being unai med, held him a- live, calling to thofe without for a weapon ; whom whiljl no body relieved, one Lyco, a Syracuf an gave them a fword through the win- dow, with which Dion was flain.

Chap. X. Jlfter the murder was committed, when the people came in to fee him, fame are flain by thofe that were ignorant of the matter, fir the guilty. For a

fpeedy report being fpread, that violence had been offered io Dion, many had run together, whom this fact difpleafed. Theft, moved by a faife fufpicion, lull the innocent, as if they had been guilty. As foon as public notice had been given of his death, the mind of the common people was wonder- fully changed. For they who had ordinarily called him when alive, a tyrant, called the fame man the deliverer of his country, and the banifher of a tyrant. Thus

fuddenly had pity fucceeded their hatred, that they dejtred to re- deem him with their own blood from m hell, if they could. IVhere- fore being buried at the public expence in the mofl frequented part of the city, he was honoured with a monument of a fpulchre. He died about Jifty-five years old ; the fourth year after he had returned out of Peloponnrfus into Sicily.

m \Acherm, arcon'ioj to Geographers, is a river in Epirus; hut according to the poets, it is a river in heft ; and orators, as well as the poets, ufe it for death or the grave.]

XI. Iphi-

f)0 C O R N E L I I N E P O T I S XT. t.

XI.

Iphicrates, tbenienjis.

Cap. I.

IPhicratcs, Athenienfis, non tam magnitudine

rerum geftarum, qmm di- Iciplina militari nobilitatus eft. Fuit enim talis dux, ut non foliim astatis fuas cum primis compararetur, fed ne de majoribus natu quidem quifquam antepo- neretur. Multum verb in bello verfatus, faspe exercitibus pra;fuit: nufquam culpa fua male rcm geffit; femper confilio vicit, tantumque co valuit, ut multa in re militari partim nova attulerit, partim me- liora fecerit. Namque ille pedeftria nrma mutavit: cum, ante ilium imperatorem, maximis clypeis, bre- vibus baftis, minutis gladi- is uterentur ; ille, e contrario, Peltam pro Parma fecit, a quo poftea Peltaftas pedites appeliantur ; ut ad motus concurfufque eflent leviores. Haftse moduirr duplicavit, gladios longio- res fecit. Idem genus Ipri- carum mutavit, et pro fer- reis atque teneis linteas dedit. Quo fafto expeditio- res milites reddidit ; nam pondere detra&o, quod Kque corpus tegeret, et leve effet, curavit.

XI.

Iphicrates, the Athi- nian.

Chap. I.

T Phicrales, the Athenian, zvcti X not fo famous far the great- nef of the things performed by him, as his military dfcipline. For he nuas fuch a general, that he might not- only be compared with the greatefl of his age, but none of the old generals could indeed he preferred before him. But having been much in war, he' oftentimes commanded armict: he never managed his lufinefs ill by his own fault; he always excelled in contrivance, and was fo able that way, that he partly in- vented many new things in the military art, partly made thingi better. For he changed flee foot- arms : when, before he was gene- ■ ral, they mad: ufe of very great f ields, fhort fpeers, and little fwords ; he, or. the contrary, made the Fella inf sad of the Parma, from which the foot are afterwards called Peltajl.r, that they ■ might be nimbler for ruction and engaging. He doubled the 1 nyth , of the Jpear, and mads the fworas . longer. 'The fame man changed the hind of their coats cf mad, and gave them linen ones inflead of iron and brazen ones. By which ad he rendered the foldiers more- light ; for the weightoltheir coats being lejfened, he provided what would equally fecure the body, and- was light.'

XL I P H I C R J T E S. 9T

Cap. II. BJI'.nn cum Chap. II. IE carried on a Thracibusgeflit; Scul.ipn, ivilh the Thracians; rejlored focium Athcnicnfinm, in Scuthcs, the ally of the Athenians, regntim reftituit. Apud to hs kingdom. He comv.aiul- Corintlium tanta feveritate ed the army at Corinth with fo exercitui pra-fuit, ut nullre tnuch Jlriflnefs, that no troops unquam in Grxcia neque were ever better exercif. d in cxercitatiorcs copiae,neque Greece, nor more obedient to then magis ditto audieutes fus- general; and he brought them to rlnt duel; in eamque con- that cujlom, that, when the f.g- fuetudinem p.ddnxit, ut, nal of battle was given by the cum pradii fignum ab im- general, they would Jland fo re~ peratore eflet datum, fine gulariy drawn up without the ducis opera fic ordinata: help of an officer, that they each confiilerent, ut finguli a . of them feemed to have been pojl- peritifEmo imperatore dif- ed by the mojl Jkilful corr.mand- pofiti viderentur. Hoc exer. bVith ih s army he cut off a citc. Moram Lacedsemo- the a Mora of the Laccdamoni- nioru n intercepit; quod a as ; which was mightily celelra- maxime tota celebraturrt ted throughout all Greece. He ell Gracia. Iterum eodem routed all their forces again in bello omnes copias eorum the fame war ; by which afiion fugavit ; quo faCto, ma- he acquired great glory. When gnam adeptus eft gloriam. Artaxerxes was refolved to make Cum Artaxerxcs jEgyptio war upon the king of Egypt, he regi bellum inferre voluit, dtfired Iphicrates for his gene- Iphicratem ab Athenienfi- red of the Athenians, that he bus petivit ducem, quem might place him at the head of prxficeret exercitui condu- his army of mercenaries, the clitio, cujus numems duo- number of which was twelve decim miliium fuit. Quem thoufand; which indeed he fo quidem fic oinni difeiplina itfilruEled in all military dfici- militari erudivit, ut, quem- pline, that as formerly the Ro. admodum quondam Fabi- man foldiers were called b Fabi-

1 A choice body of men among the Lacedxmoniani, concerning the number of which authors are not agreed, fome making them to be five hundred, fome fix, and fome eight.

b If the Roman foldiers were ufed to be called Fabians, which is an account given by none but ojir author, that I know of, it was occafioned by the gallantry of the Fabian family, that undertook to manage the war againft the Veientes by themfelves, and were cut off 300 of them in one battle, about 475 years before Chrift. Or rather, according to others, Irom Q-Fabius Maximus the dictator, that onpofed Hannibal.

am’,

92 CoRNELII NEPOTIS XI. 3.

ani, milites Romani appellati funt, fic Iphicratenfes apud Grxcos in fumma laude fuerint. Idem fubfidio Lacedaemoniis profedlus, Epaminonda; retar- davit impetus: N;tm nili ejus adventus appropin- quafiet, non prius Thebani Sparta abfceiufl'ent, qu'am captam incendio deleffcnt.

Cap. III. Fuit autem et animo magno, et corpore, imperatoriaque forma, ut ipfo afpedlu cuivis injice- ret admirationem fui : fed in labore remiffus nimis, parumque patiens, ut The- opompus memori'e prodidit : bonus verb civis, li- deque magna : quod cum in aliis rebus declaravit, turn maxime in Amyntae Macedonis liberis tuendis. Namque. Eui*}rdice mater Perdiccse et Piiilippi, cum his duobus pueris, Amyn- ta mortuo, ad Iphicratem confugit, ejufque opibus defenfa eft. Vixit ad fe- ne&utem, placatis in fe fuorum civium animis. Cau- fam capitis femel dixit, hello fociali, fimul cum Timotheo, eoque judicio eft abfolutus. Meneflhea filium reliquit, ex Thref- fa natum, Coti regis filia. Is cbm interrogaretur, u-

an r, fo the Iphicratenfians tt- mongjl the Greeks rpere in the highejl reputation. The fame man going to the relief of the Luce- dennoniunt, flopped the efforts of lipamir.ondas : For uulefs hit co mi/10 had been near at hand, the Thebans would not have departed from Sparta, before they had taken and djlroyed it by fire.

Chap. Ilf. He was too a man both of a great mind and body, and the appearance of a general, that by his very afpetl he would have frith any one with an ad- miration of his perfon : but in application to Infinefs too remift, and little able to endure hardfhip, as Theopompus has left upon record; but a good citizen, and of great honour : Which he fsewed both in other things, and efpecially in protecting the children of A- myntas the Macedonian r for Ett- rydice the mother of Perdiccas and Philip, with thofe two boys, after Amyntas was dead, fed to Jphi- crales, and was fecured by his power. He lived to a good old age, with the minds of his countrymen well affected towards him. Once he was tried for his life, in the c foetal war, together with Timothy, and was acquitted in that trial. He left a fen, by name Menefheus,born of a Thra- cian lady, the daughter of king Coins. He being afhed, Whether

c This was carried on by the Byzantians, Coans, Chians, Rhodi- ans, and Mauiblus prince of Cana, againll the Athenians, about 360 years before Chrift,

trum

XII. i. C H A B R I A S. 93

trum pluris patrein ma- tremne faceret ; mat rein, inquit. Id cum omnibus minim videretur ; At ille, Meritb, inquit, facio ; ram pater, quantum in fe fuit, Thracem me ge- nuit: contra, mater Athe- nienfem.

he valued his father1 or his mother more ; fald, His mother. As that appearedJlrange to every body ; But, fays he, 1 do it for good reafon ; for my father, as much as lay in him, begot me a Thracian ; on the other hand, my ntother made me an Athenian, as much as lay in her.

'XII. XII.

Chabrias, Aihenienfs. Chabrias, the Athenian.

Cap. I.

CHabrias, Athenienfis. Hie quoque in fum-

mis habitus eft ducibus, refque multas memoria

• dignas geflit. Sed ex his elucet maxime inventum ejus in praelio, quod apud Thebas fecit, cum Bceo- tiis fubfidio veniflet. Nam- qne in eo, vi&oria ftdente futnmo duce Agdiiao, fugatis jam ab eo conducii- tiis catervis, reliquam pha- lange m loco vetuit cede- re ; obnixoque genu feu- to, projedlaque hafta, impetum excipere hoftium docuit. Id novum Age- filaus contuens, progredi

: non eft aufus, fuofque jam

Chap. I.

CHabrias, the Athenian, he too tvas reckoned amongjl

the greatejl generalt, and performed many things •worthy of memory. But of thefe, his invention in the battle, which he fought at Thebes, when he came to the relief of the Boeotians, is the mojl famous. For, in that battle, that great commander Agefilaus making himfelf fare of the victory, the hired troops being now routed by him, he forbade the rtf of the ^phalanx to quit their ground; and taught them to receive the enemy's attack, with their knee rfing againf their field, and their fpear held out. Agefilaus obferving that new contrivance, durf not advance, and by found

Phalanx properly fignifics a body of Macedonian foot fifteen I thoufand in number, drawn up in very ciofe order, armed with fhield

and fpear ; but the word at laft was ufed to flgnify any body of foot m dole array, as it is here.

K incurrenteg

CoRNELII NEPoflS XII. 2. n

fncurrentcs tuba revoca- vit. Hoc ufque.eb tota Graecia fama celebratum eft, ut illo ftatu Chabrias fibi ftatuam fieri voluerit, quae publice ei ab Atlieni- enfibus in foro conftituta eft. Ex quo faftum eft, lit poftea athletae, ca-teri- que artifices, his flatibus in ftatuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus vidtoriam cflent adepti.

Cap. II. Chabriasautem rr.ulta in Europa bella ad- miniftravit, cum dux Athe- Tiienfium effet: in Aigypto fua fponte gefiit : nam Ke- clanebuin adjutum profe- fftus, regmmi ei conftituft. Eeeit idem Cypri ; fed pu- Hice ab Athenienfibus E- vagorte adjutor datus : neque prius inde difceffit, qu'am totam infulam beilo êvinceret: qua ex re A- thenienfes magnam gloriam funt adepti. Interim fcellum inter Êgyptios et Perfasconflatumeft. Athe- aienfes cum Artaxerxe fo- eietatem habcbant; Eace- ♦iasrronii cum Algyptiis, a quibus magnas priedas A- gefilaus rex eorum faciebat. Id intuens Chabrias, cfim in re nulla'Agefdad cederet, fua fponte eos ad- }utum profeftus, aEgyptioe claffi prxfuit. pedeftribus copiis Agefilaus.

Cap. III. Turn prxfedli

of trumpet called cjfhit men noui rujhing forward. This was fo much c lebrated by fame through all Greece, that Chabrias had a fancy to have the Jlatue made for him in that pojlvre, which was ert Bed for him at the public charge by the Athenians in the forum. From whence it was, that

_ afterwards wrfllers, and other artifls, in the erecting of their fatues, made ufe of'thofe poflwres, in which they had got a victory.

Chap. II. Chalrias hlcwifc carried on many wars in Europe, when he was general of the A- thenians : he carried on many in Egypt of his own accordfor going to afji/l NeSanebus, he Jc- curtd his kingdom to him. He did the fame ut Cyprus ; but being given hy the government of the Athenians as an affjlant to Evagcras : nor did he depart from thence, before he had conquered the whole ifland in the war ; Jrom which thing the A- thenians reaped a great deal of glory. In the mean time a war was commenced betwixt the E- gypfians and the Perfans. The Athenians had an alliance with Artaxerxes ; the Lacedemonians with the Egyptians, from whom Agejilaus their king got abundance of plunder. Chabrias feeing that, as he yielded in nothing to A gift Ictus, gotng of his own accord to afffl them, he commanded the Egyptian feet, Ageflaus the land-forces.

Chap. III. Upon that, the regis

C H A B R 1 A S. 9S XII. 3.

regis T\’rfi:e legates miferunt Athenas, queftum, quod Chabrias adverfum regem helium gereret cum jEgyptiis. Athenienfes diem certam Chabrias prtelti- tuerunt, quam ante, domum nifi rediffet, capitis fe ilium damnaturos denunci- arunt. Hoc ille nuncio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diutius eft moratus, quam fuit necefle. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos civium fuoruin, quod et vivebat laute, et indulgebat fibi liberal ids, quam ut invidiam vulgi poITet efFuge- re. Eit enim hoc commu- ne vitium in magnis liberif- que civitatibus, ut invidia glorias comes fit, et libenter de his detrahant, quos eminere videant altius : neque animo sequo pauperes. alienam ppulentium intu- entur fortunam. Itaque Chabrias, quoad ei licebat, plurimum aberat. Neque verb folus ille aberat Athe- nis hbenter, fed omnes fere principes f.cemnt idem; quod tantum fe ab invidia putabant futures, quantum a confpeftu fuorum recef- fiflent. Itaque Conon plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphi- crates in Thracia, Timo- theus Lefbi, Chares in Si- gaeo. Hiflimilis quldem Chares eorum faftis et mo-

ling of Perjia’s common Art fent tnejfeugi'rs to Athens, to complain, that Chabrias made ovar with the Egyptians ogahijl the king. The Athenians fixed Cha- brius a certain day, before which if he did not return home, they declared they would condemn hint to die. Upon this meffage he •returned to Athens, nor did he fay the nr longer than was necefary- For he was not very willingly under the eyes of his countrymen, becaufe he both lived very hand- fornely, and indulged himfelf more freely, than that he could polfibly efcape the odium of the vulgar. For this is a common fault hi great and free fates, that popular hatred is the attendant of glory ; and they willingly detrall from thofe, whom they fee tower above other people ; nor do the poor look upon Ike fortune of the wealthy, that is fo far different from their own, with an eafy mind. Wherefore Chabrias,at far as was pofible for him, was very much away. Nor was he alone gladly alfent from Athens, but almof ail the great men did the fame ; beeaufe they thought they Jhould be jvf fo far removed from popular hatred, as they retired ft cm the fght of their countrymen. Wherefore Conon lived very much at Cyprus, Iphicrates hi Thrace, Timotheus at b Lef- bos, Chares in c Sigaum. Chares was unlike them indeed, in his actions and manners ; but yet he

I» [An ifle in the Aegean f-a, and now called Mete ling c A town of Tioas, tiear the Hclki'pont.

K Z. . ribus.^

9(5 CoRNELII NepOTIS xn. 4.

ribus ; fed tamen Athenis et hono'-atus et potens.

Cap. IV. Cbabrias autem pei lit bel!o fociali, tali jnodo. 0[>piignabant A- tbenienfes Chimn : erat in elaffeChahrias privatus, fed omnes, qui in magiftratu erant, au£loritate antî- }>at: eurnque magis milites, qu'am qui prseerant, afpici- < bant. Qjtx res ei matura- vJt mortem : nam dum primus ftudet portum intrare, et gubernatorem jubet eb dirigere navcm, ipfe iibi perniciei fuit : cum enim eb penetraffet, cseteras non Jbirt fecutse. Quo fafto cir- cumfufus hoflium concurfu, cum fortiffime pugna- rct, navis, roftro pcrcmTa, capitfidere. Hincrefnge- re cum poffet, fi fe in mare dejeciffet ; quod fuberat elafils Athenienfium, quae cxcipcret natantem ; peri- rc maluit, qu'am, armis ab- jedlis, navem relinquere, in qua fuerat veftus. Id cse- teri facere noluerunt, qui nando in tutum pervene- rur.t. - At die, praltareho- neftam mortem exiftimans turpi vitx, cominus pu- guans telis hoftittm iuter- feftus ell.

was both honoured and powerful at Athens.

Chap. IV. NowChabrias loft bis life in the foetal •war, in this manner. The Athenians were af- fiulting d Chius : Chalrias was on board the fleet without any command, hut be exceeded in authority all thofe that were in cominffton ; and the f Idlers more regarded John, than thofe that commanded them. Which thing haflencd his death for him ; for whilfl he endeavours to enter the harbour firfl, and orders the ma-

jler to fleer the Jbip thither, he was bis own ruin ; for after he had made his way unto it, the rejl did not fallow. Upon which, being furrounded by a concourfe of the enemy, whifl he fought very bravely, his jbip, being Jlruck with a c rojlrum, begun to fink. Tbo' he might have efcaped from thence, if he would have thrown himfelf into the fea, becaufe the

fleet of the Athenians was at band, to have taken him up as he f wam ; he chofe rather to perifh, than, throwing away his arms, to quit thefhip, in which he had

failed. ’ The ref would not do that, who c mie off by fwimming. But he, thinking ah honourable death better than a fc'andalous life, was fain with the enemy's weapons, fighting hand to hand with them.

d An ifland in the TEgean lea, on tie coart of Ionia; it is now called Scia.

e I have nfed the Latin word, becaufc we have none in our language proper for that purport-. It is here put for a rtrong (harp iron 1'pike, with which the prows of their longee naves, or men of war, were armed, io order to fink one another in fea-fights.

XIII. Timq-

XIII. I. TIMOTHE US. n

XIII.

Timotheus, Cono- nisfilius, Atkenienfts.

. Cap. I. Timotheus, Cononls

filius, Athenienfis. Hie apatreacceptamglori- am multts auxit virtutibus. Fuitenimdifertus,impiger, laboriofus, rei militaris pe- ntus, nt'que minus civitatis legenuse. Muitahujus font pra’ciare ‘ fi-Cta, fed haec maxime illullria ; Q- lynthios et Byzantios hello fubegit : Samum cepit, in qua oppugnanda, fuperiore bello, Atheiiienfes niille et ducenta talenta coniumferant. Id ille fine ulla publica impenfa populo reftituit, Adver- fus Cotym bella gefiit, ab toque mille ft ducenta talenta pned® in publicum detulit. Cyzicum obfidione liberavit. Ariorbarzani fimul cum Agefilao auxilio profeftus eft i a quo, cum Laco pecuniam nu- meratam accepiffet, ille cives fuos agro atquemrbi- bus augeri maluit, qu'am id fumere, cujus partem

XIII.

Tl MOT HE us, the fjn ef Conon, the Athenian.

Chap- I. Timotheus was thefon of Co-

tton, tLs Athenian. He in~ creafed the glory received from his father, hy his many excellent qualities ; for he was eloquent^ active, laborious, Jkilled in military affairs, and no lefs in the government of the flate. There are a great many famous actions of Us upon record, hut thefe the' in of l illujlrious ; he fubdued the a Olynthians and Byzantians in war; and took Samus, in the ajfanlting of which, the Atheni- ans, in the former war, had

fpent a thoufand and two hundred talents b. This he reforest to the people without any public charge. He carried on a war againf c Cotys, and brought

from him a thoufand two hundred talents of plunder into the public treafury. He delivered ^ Cyzicus from a ftege- He went along with Agefilaus to the af-

ffiante of e Ariobarzanes : front whom, whilfi the Laeedsmonian received ready caf:, he chofe rather to have his countrymen enriched with lands and dtiesr

* Olynthus was a city of Macedonia, not far from the Toronscats hay.

b [Viz. the fum of the talents, which Timotheus made up for the; people by way of plunder from Cotys, as in the following fentepce.]

c Cotys was a king of Thrace. d Cyzicus was a" town of Afia Minor upon the Propontis. * One of the king of Perfia’s vicetoys in Alia Minor..

K 3 donums

CoUNELIX NePOTIS XIII. 2. 93

flomum fuatn. ferrc poffet. Itaque accepit Cnthoten «t Ssftum.

Ca?. IT. Idem clafll prsfcilus s circumvehens Pelqponnefum, I.aconi- cam popalatus, claflem e- ornm fugavit. Corcyram fub. imperium Athenienfi- xim redegit; fociofque i- dem adjunxit Epirotas, A- thamanas, Cbaonas, o- mnefqtie eas gentes, quce mare illud adjacent. Quo fafto, I .acedxmonii de diutina contentione defli- terunt, et fua fponte Atbe- rienfibus imperii mariti- mi principatur-- conceffe- runt; pacemque his legibus conflituerunt ; ut A- thenienfes mari duces effent. Q_uas vidloria tantas iuit Atticis Ixtitia;, ut turn primum aras Paci publice fint fadlae, eique dese pulvinar fitinflituturn. Cu- jus laudis ut memoria ma- jneret, Timotheo publice Ilatuani in forapofuerunt

tiav take that, part of which h; might carry to his own home : and accordingly hi received Cri- thote and f SrJluj.

Chap. II. The fame mart being admiral of thc jl. et, and falling round Peloponnefus, having laid wife h Laconica, defeated their feet. He reduced Corey ra under the dominion of the Atheni- ans ; and the fame man joined with them as aVi*s> the < Epiro- tians, the k Athaviasiians, the 1 Chaonirns, and all thofe nations ’which lie upon that fa. After doing which, thi Lacedamonians de- ffid from their long d'jpute, an!r

of their own accord, yielded up the command at fa to the Atheni- ans, and made a peace, upon tkefe terms : that the Athenians Jbo'uld he commanders atfa. IVhich -victory was the caufe of f much joy- to the Athenians, that then firf of of all altars- were ere hied to Peace at the public charge, and a 1S bed ordered for that goddefs. And that the memory of this glorious aQion might remain, they erod- ed a fatue to Timothy in the forum at the public charge. Which

f a town of the Thracian Cherfonefe upon the Hellefpont; fo was Oithote.

I [Tor circun-jeHus, viz. claffc. Lambinus prefers ciraimu-ns here, hot Salmaftus maintains circumvehem.]

h The territory of Sparta, in the fouth parts of Peloponnefus. i [The Epirotians, or Epirots, were the inhabitants of Epirus, a

country between Macedonia, Acliaia, and the Ionian fea; it is now tailed Cardna.]

k People of JEtolia, joining upon Epire, 1 The Chaonians were a people of Epire. ra It vvas ufual with the Greeks and Romans to have rich bed's fet

up in the temples of their gods, upon which their images were placed their feftivals,

qu:.

TIM or HE US. 99 XIII. 3.

qui lionos huic uni ante honour happened to him none til! hoc tempus contigit ; ut, that time ; that after the people cam patri populus ilatuam had ereSed afiatue to the father, pofulffet, fiiio quoque da- they Jhou’dgive one to the fan too. ret. Sic juxta pofita recens Thus the frefh ftatue of the fon hlii, veterem patris reno- placed nigh the other’s, revived vavit memcriam. the old memory of the father.

Cap. III. Hie-cum ef- Chap. III. IVhen he-axsas now fet magno natu, et magi- old, and had given over hearing ftratus gerere desiffet, bel- offices, the Athenians began to be lo Athenienfes undiqne aifireffed in war on all hands. premi funt ccepti. Defece- Sanais bad revolted; the Helle- 1 at Sarruis ; defeierat Hel- fpont had left them ; Philip \jke lefpontus ; Ihiiiippus jam MaeecV.nian\ b ing then Jirong, . turn valens£Macedo] null- attempted man'/ things: againfl- ta moliebatur: cui oppofi- whom as Chares was employed, tus Chares cum efiet, non and it was thought there was r.:4 Catis in eo pnsfidii puta- Jr curdy enough in 8 him ; Mene- batur ; fit Meneftheus prse- jlhsus is made commander, the tor, filius Iphicratis, ge- Jin of Iphicrates, fon-in-law of ner Timothei, et ut ad Timothy, anda decree ispajfed,that bellum proficifcatur, de- he fsou Id go to the war. Two, cernitur. Huic in confili- excelling in experience and wif- um dantur dao, ufu et fa- dorn, are given him to advife pientia praft antes, 0 quo- with, his father, and his father- rum confilibuteretur,pater indaw: becaufe there was fo et focer: quod in his tan- great authority in them, that ta erat aubloritas, ut ma- there were great hopes, that what gna fpes efifet, per eos a- had been lofl might be recovered mifla pofie recuperati. Hi by them. After thefe were come to cum Samum profebti ef- Samus, end Chares,having known fent, et eodem Chares, eo- of their coming, was going to the rum adventu cognito, cum fame place with his forces, lejl fuis copiis proficifceretur, any thing fsould feem to be done ne quid, abfente fe, ge- in his abfcnce ; it happened, as

n [Ke was imprudent, fottilh, haughty, headflrong, and every way unfit for this port, which the humour of a faftion at Athens had procured for him.]

_ 0 The words quorum conjd'w uteretur, feem to have been put in the margin by feme body, as a glofs upon the words in conjlium, and at laff, by fome cartiels tranfcribtr of boohs, taken .into the text; for they are wholly needlefs.

Hum

103 C O R N E L I I N E P 0 T I S XIH.

flam videreturj accidit, cum ad infulam appropia- quarent, ut tnagna tempe- ftas oriretur ; quam evita- re duo veteres imperatores utile arbitrati, fuam ciaflem fapprefferunt. At ille, te- meraria ufus rations, non cefiit majorum natii aucdo- ritati ; et, ut in fua navi effet fortuna, quo contende- rat, pervenit, eodemque ut fequerentur, ad Timothe- um et Iphicratem nuncium mint. Hinc male re geda, coifipluribus amiflis navibus, eodem, unde erat profeftus, fe recepit,literafque Athenas publico militj^Si proclive futjfe Samum cape- re, nifi a Tmotheo et Ip ti- trate defertus ejjet. Ob earn rein in crimen vocabantur, Populus acer, fufpicax,mo- bilis, adverfarius, invidus ctiam potentije,domurn re- vocat: accufantur proditionis. Hoc judicio damna- tur Timotheus, lifque ejus seftimatur centum talentis. Ille odio ingratas civitatis coaftus, Chalcidem fe contulit.

Cap . IV. Hujus poll: mortem, ciim populum judicii fui pceniteret, mulcds novem partes detraxit, et decern talenta Cononem filium ejus, ad rauri quandam partem reficieftdam, juffit

they were approaching the ijland, that a gi eatjiorm aroje ; which the two old commanders thinking it convenient to avoid, Jhpped their jleei. But he, taking a rajh courfe, did not yield to the authority of his elders ; and, as if fortune had ban in his fhip, he came to the place he hadfleer- ed for, and fent a meffenger to Timothy and Iphicrates to follow him to the fame place. Upon this, his lufmefs being ill managed, and fcveral ftips being left, he betook himf if to the . fame place from whence he had come, and fent letters to Ath ns to the government; that it had been an eafy matter for him to take Samus, if he had not been deferted by Timothy and Iphicra- tes. They were called to an account fa- that matter. The people being violent,ffpicieus, fickle, all againf them, envious alfo of their powcr*fendfor them home : they are impeached of treafon ; Timothy is condemned in this trial, and his fine fet at an hundred talents. He, forced by the hatred of the ungrateful city, betook himfelf to p Chalcis.

Chap. IV. After his deatby the people being forry for their

fenterice on him, took off nine- parts of the fine, and ordered his fen Canon to give ten talents, to repair a certain part of the wall. In which the incon-

P [A city of Euboea, near to Eunpus, or the channel of Negro- pont.J

dare*

XIII. 4- TIMOTHEUS. 101

dare. In quo fortune varie- Jlancy of fortune ivas olferved : tas eft animadverfa : nam for the grandfm ‘was obliged, quos avus Conon muro.s ex nvhh great dfgrace to his faml- hoftium prasda patrire refti- ly, out of his own efate, to re~ tuerat, eofdem nepos, cum pair the fame ‘walls, which his fumma ignominia familise, grandfather Consn had rebuilt ex fua rei familiar! reficere for his country out of the plan- Coathis eft. Timotheiau- der of its enemies. Now, tho’ we tem moderate, fapieatif- could produce a great many proofs nue vit;e, cum complura of the moderate and wife life of poftimus proferre teftimo- Timothy, we will be content with nia, uno erimus content!, one, becaufe it may be eafily con- quod ex eo facile conjici pictured from thence, how dear poterit, qu'am carus fuis fu- he was to his countrymen. When, erit. Cum Athenis adole- in his youth, he was, upon a fcentulus caufam diceret, certain occafion, brought upon non folum amici privatique his trial at Athens, not only his hofpites ad eum defenden- friends and private hojls met to dum convenerunt, fed eti- defend him, but like wife amongjl am in eis Jafon tyrannus, them, Jafon a prince of Thef- qui iilo tempore fuit omni- faly, who at that time was the um potentiffimus. Hie, mojl pov'erful of all others. He, cum in patria fine fatelliti- tho' he thought himfelf not fafe in bus fe tutum non arbitrare- his own country without guards, tur, Athenas fineullo praefi- came to Athens without any dio venit ; tantique hofpi- guard; and valued his friend tem fecit, ut mallet fe ca- fo much, that he chofe rather to pitis periculumadire,quam run the hazard of b.\s life, than Timotheo, de fama dimi- he wanting to Timothy, nowJlrug- canti, deeffe. Hunc adver- gling for his honour. Yet Timothy fus tamen Timotheus po- carried on a war againfl him af- ftea, populi juffu, helium terwards, ly the order of the peo- geffit: patriaeque fanftiora pie : and he reckoned the rights jura, quhm hofpitii,effedu- if his country more facred than xit. Hsec extrema fuit re- thofe if friend/hip. This was tas imperatorum Atheni- the lafl age of the Athenian gene- eiifium ; Iphicratis, Cha- rals ; i. e. the age if Iphicrates, briae, Timothei : neque Chabrias, and Timothy : neither poft illorum obitum quif- was there any general in that quam dux in ilia urbe fuit city worth mentioning in hifto- dijjnus memoiia. ry after their death.

XIV. Da-

roa CORNELTI NEPOTIS XIV. I.

XIV.

D A T A M E S.

Cap. I.

XIV.

D A T A M E S.

Chap. I. VEnio nunc ad fortifii-

mum vifum, maxi- mique confilii, omnium barbarorum; exceptis duobus Carthaginienfjbus,Ha- milcare et Hannibale : de quo hoc plura referemus ; quod et obfcuriora funt e- jus gefta pleraque, et ea, quce profpere ei cefferunt, non magnitudine copiarum, fed confilii, quo tantum non omnes fuperabat, acciderunt ; quorum nifi ratio explicata fuerit, res apparere non poterunt. Datames patre Camiffa- re, natione Care, matre Scythifsa natus, pnmum militum numero fait apud Artaxerxem, eorum, qui re- giamtuebantur. Pater ejus Camiffares, quod et maim fortis, et belio flrenuus, et regi multis locis fidelis e- rat repertus, habuit provinciam partem Cilicias juxta Cappadociam, quain incolunt Leucofyri. Data- mes militare munus fun- gens, primum qualis effet aperuit, in bello, quod rex

I Come novo to the bravji man, and a man of tbs greatejl

conduct, of all the barbarians } except the two Carthaginians, Hamilcar and Hannibal: concerning whom I fall fax fo much the niore, becaufe mojl oj his actions are fame what objeure, and thofe things that fucceeded well with him, were brought about, not by the greatnefs of force, but conduCi, in which he exceeded almojl all men ; the manner of which unlefs it be declared, the things themfelves cannot appear, Datames was come of a father, by name Camijfarcs, and by nation a Carian, of a mother that was a Scythian. He wasfirjl of all one of thofe fold'sacs under - Artaxerxes, who defended the palace. His father Camijfarcs, b caufe he had been found both brave and altive in war, and faithful to the king upon many occafsons, had for his province a part of Cilicia, ri"ar Cappadocia, which the b Lcucofyrians inha- bit. Datames following the hu-

fnefs of a foldier, frjl difcovered what he was, in the war which the king carried on agai~.fl

1 [This was Artaxerxes Mnemon : and confeqnently the fame With Ahafuerus in the book of Ejiher, according to Dr Frideaux and the Reverend Mr Millar of'Pailky.]

t> [The Deucofyri (i c. white Syrians, afterward Cappadocians) were fo called, to diftingnifh themfefvc- from the tawny Syrians.]

adverfus

XIV. 2. D A T A M E S. 103

adverftis Cadtifios gefiit : namque hie, mulris milii- bus regiorum interfeftis, magni fuit ejus opera ; quo factum ed, ut, cum in eo bello cecidiffet Camiffares, paterna ei traderetur provincia.

Cap. II. Pari fe virtute poftta praebuit, cum Auto- phradates juffu regis beilo perfequeretur eos, qui defecerant: namque ejus opera holies, cum cadra jam in-

l trafl’ent, profligati funt, ex- : ercitufque rel'quus confer- 1 vatus regis ed : qua ex re 1 majoribus rebus praseffe I crepit. Erat eo tempore { Thyus dynades Paphlago- ! niae, antiquo genere natus > a Pyloemene illo,quem Ho- 1 merus Troico bello a Pa- 1 troclo interledlum ait. Is 1 regi ditto audiens non e- 1 rat; quam ob caufam bel- t lo eum perfequi condituit, J eique rei prasfecit Data-

mem, propinquum Papbla- 3 gonis ; namque ex fratre : et lorore erant nati ; quam . pb caufam Datames omnia I primum experiri voluit, ut

! fine armis propinquum ad I officium reduceret. Ad

quem cum venidet fine

the c Cadufiani : for here, after a great many thoufands of the king’s men were Jlain, his fervice was of great account ; for •which reafon it ivas, that. Co- rn fares laving fallen in that war, his father’s province was given him.

Chap. If. He afterwards behaved himfelf with the like gallantry, when Autophradates, by the king’s order, fell upon thofc by war, who had revolted: for by his means the enemies, after they had now entered the camp, were routed, and the ref of the king’s army was faved : after which thing he began to command in greater affairs. Thyus at that time was prince of d Pa- phlagr.nia, of an ancient family, defended from that Pylamenes, who, Homer fays, was fain by e Patroclus in the Trojan war. He was not obedient to the king ; for which reafon he refolved to fall upon him in a war, and placed Datames over that affair, a relation of the Paphlagonian ; for they were brother and fffer’t children ; for which reaforr Da- tames had a mind to try all things fff, to bring back his relation to his duty, without arms. T0 whom when he was come without any guard, becauf he feared

c [The Cadufians were a people of Media, between the Cafpian fea i and the country of Pontus.]

d Paphlagonia was a country in Afia Minor, bordering upon the Euxine fea.

c ! The author feems to be mifta ken here, tl aliquando bonus dormitat u bomerus: Pylsmenes was Haiti by Meneiaus, according to Homer, V; Ihett. lib. V. vet. 576.J

prsefidio,

104 CoRNELII NePOTIS XIV. 3.

praefidio, quod ab amico nullas vereretur infidias,pene Interiit. Nam Thyus e- um clam Interficere voluit. Erat mater cumDatame,a- riiita Paphlagonis; ea, quid ageretur, refciit, filiumque monuit. llle fuga periculum evitavit, bellumquc indixit Thyo. Inquocumab Ariobarzaae,prxfet!:o Ly- diae et lonix, totiui'que Phrygia:, defertus effer, nihilo fegnius perfeveravit, Jfird neverthelefs vigoroujly, and viyumque Thyum cepit, took Thyut alive, with his wife cum uxore et liberis. and children.

Cap. III. Cujus facti ne Chap. III. The feme of which piiiis fama ad regem, quam fact, he did his endeavour, Jhould ipfe, perveniret, dedit o- not com; to the king, before bim- peram. Itaque omnibus fe!f. Wherefore he came to the infeiis, ed, ubi erat rex, place where the king was, whilft venit; pofteroquedieThy- all people were ignorant of it; um, hominem maximi cor- and the day after clothed Thyus, poris, terribiliqui facie, a man of * huge body, and a tcr- (qudd et niger, et capillo rible countenance, (becaufe he longo, barbaque erat pro- was both black, and had long mifsa), optima vefte texit, hair, and a long beard), in a quam fatrapae regii gerere fne robe, which the king's vice- eonfueverant. Ornavitque roys ufd to wear. He drejfedhim etiam torque, et armillis up like wife in a collar and brace- aureis, caeteroque regio lets of geld, and other royal ap- cultu : ipfe agreili duplici parcl: he being clad in a rujlic amiculo circumdatus, hir- coal double, with a coarfe tu- taque tunica, gerens in ca- nic, wearing a hunter's cap pite galeam venatoriam, upon his head, and having in dextra manu clavam, fini- his right hand a club, in his lira copulam, qua vinftum left a chain, in which he drove ante fe Thyum agebat, ut Thyus bound before him, as if fi feram belliam captam he was bringing a wild beqft, duceret. Quem dim omnes which he had taken. Whom whilfl profpicerent, propter no- all people gassed at, becaufe of vitatem ornatus, ignotam- the oddnefs of the drefs and un- que fonnam, ob eair.que known Jlape ; and for that rea-

rem

no treachery from a friend, he had like to have lojl his life. For Thyus deftgned to have killed him '

privately. His mother was with Da tames, the aunt of the Pa- phlagoman ; fl:e underfood whet was a-doing, and warned her fen of it. He avoided the danger by fight, and proclaimed war againjl Thyus. In which, though he was deferted by Ariobarsca- nes, the governor of Lydia, and Ionia, and all Phrygia, he per-

XIV. 4. D A T A M E S. / 1*5

rem magnus effet concurfus ; fuit non nemo, qui a- gn-.-Tceret Thyum, regique mmciaret. Prime non ac- credidit: itaque Pharnaba- zum mifit exploratum ; a quo ut rem gertam comperit, ftatim admitti juffit, magnopere deledlatus cum facto, turn ornatu : in primis, quod nobilis rex in poteilatem inopinanti venerat. Ita,que magnifice Datamem donatum ad exercitum mifit, qui turn con- trahebatur duce Pharnaba- zo et Tithrauite ad bellum iEgyptium, parique cum, atque illos, imperio efie, juffit. Poitea verb, quam Pharnabazum rex revoca- vit, illi f fumma imperii trrj’ta eft.

Cap. IV. Hie cum maximo ftudio compararet cxercitum, iEgyptumque pj-oficifci pararet; fubitb a rege litera: funt ei miffae, ut Afpim aggrederetur,qui Cataoniam tenebat ; quae gens jacet fupra Ciliciam, confinisCappadociac. Nam- que Afpis faltuofam regio- Jiem, caftellifque rqunitam incolens, non folum imperio regis non parebat; fed etiam finitimas regiones vexabat, et quae regi porta- rentur, abripiebat. Data-

fon a great crcivd wtts gathered' about him ; there rwai fame body., •who hnitv Thy us, and told the king. At firjl he did not believe it : wherefore he fent Pharnaba- zus to inquire ; from whom as

foon as he wide flood the thin? done, he ordered him immediately to be admitted, and was mightily pleafed both with the fad, anil the drefs ; efpecially, that a noble king was come into his poffef-

fton, whilft he was unaware of it. Wherefore he fent Datames nobly prefnted to the army, which was then a-raifing under the generals Thar rial ax us and TithrauJles,for the Egyptian war, and ordered him to be in the fame command as they. But after the king recalled Pharnala%us, the chief direflion of the war was delivered to him.

Chap. IV. Whiljl he was raifing an army with the utmojl application, and was preparin'? to march for Egypt; a letter was fudderdy fent him from the king, to attack Afpis, who he A S Cataonia ; which nation lies above Cilicia, bordering upon Cap- padocia. For Afpis inhabiting a woody country, andfortified with cajlles, did not only difobey the king's authority ; but like wife harajfed the neighbouring countries, and intercepted what was carried that way for the king. Datames, though he was a great

f [Summa imperii, tht chief command.] v * Cataonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia, arc all provinces in the caft parts

of Alia Minor. inef; L

io6 Cornet. II Nepotis XIV. 5.

mes, etfi longe aberat ab bis regionibus, et a majore re abilrahebatur; tamen regis voluntati morem geren- tJum putavit. Itaque cum paucis, fed viris fortibus, viavem confcendit ; exilti- inans, id quod accidit, faci- liiis fe imprudentem parva manu opprefnirum, qu'am

•paratum, quamvis magno exercitu. Hacdelatnsir.Ci- liciam, egreffus inde, dies nodtefque iter faciens,Tau- rum transiit, edque, quo iluduerat, venit. Qjaajrit, quibus locis fit Afpis : cog- nofcit, baud longe abeffe, profeftutnque eum vena- turn : Quem dum fpecula- tur, adventus ejus caufa co- gnofcitur. Pifidas,cum iis, quos fecum habebat, ad re- iiitendum Afpis comparat. IdDatames ubi audivit, arma fumit, fuofque fequiju- bet : ipfe, equo concitato, ad hofiem vehitur ; quern procul Afpis confpiciens ad fe ferentem, pertimefcit; atque a conatu refillendi detenitus,fefe dedit. Hunc Datames vinftum ad regem ducendum tradit Mi- thridati.

Cap. V. Hsec dum geruntur, Artaxerxes remini- fcens, a quanto bello, ad quam parvam rem principem ducum mififfet, fe ipfe

way from thof parts, and was taken ftxtm a greater matter, yet thought it necejfary to pay obedience to the king's plea- fare. Wherefore he goer aboard a Jhf with a few, but font men, thinking, that which fell out, that be might more eafly majier him, unaware of him, with a fmnll force, than prepared for him, with an army how great forver. Arriving in this ft:ip in Cilicia, and landing, making his march night and . day, he pajfed Taurus, and caaie to the place which he had intended for. He inquires in what parts /Ifp's was : he underjlands ; he was not far of, and was gone a-hunting : whom whiljl he lies in wait for, the reafon of his coming ii known. Hfpisprepares the h Pfull a ns, and thofe he Lad with him, for a refinance. When Datames heard that, he takes ' arms, and orders his men t»

follow him : he, putting on hi* ■ horfe, rides towards the enemy ; whom Hfpis feeing at a dijlanct coming towards him, is affrighted, and being deterred from his attempt of ref fling, furrenders hinjelf. D at anus delivers him bound to Mithridates, to be led to the king.

C h A P. V. Whilfl thefe thing t are a-doing, Artaxerxes conf- dering,fr»m how great a war, to what an inconfiderable bufmefs, he had fnt the greatefl of his

h Pifidia is a country of Alia Minor beyond Caria, bordering upon Lyda and Pamphylia.

reprehendit,

D A T A M E S. XIV. ic7

reprehendit, et nuncium ad exerckum Acer) mifit, quod nondum DataiTiem profe- <ftum putabat, qin diceret, ne ab exercitu dii'tedrret. Hie priufquam perveniretj quo erat profefdus, in itinere convenit, qui Afpira du- cebant. Quaceleritatecum magnam benevolentiam regis Datames confcqimtus effet, non minorem invidiam aulicorum excepit, qui ilium unum pluris, quam le omnes, fieri videbaut : quo fadlo, cunfti ad eum opprimendum confenferunt. Hajc Pandatet,gazx cultos regiae, amicus Datami, per- feripta ei mitt it: in quibus docet, sum magno fore periculo, fi quid, illo impe- rante, in vEgypto adverli accidiffet. Namqueeamef- fe confuetudinem regiam, ut cafus adverfos hominibus tribuant, fecundos fortunas fus : quo fieri, ut facile impellantur ad eorum perniciem, quorum duttu ivs male geftac nuncientur. Ilium hoc majore fore in d!fcrimine,qu6d quibus rex maxime obediat, eos habe- at inlmiciffimos. Talibus ille liten’s cognitis, ciim jam ad exercitum Acen veniflet, quod non ignorabat ea vere fc;ipta> defeifeere a rege conllituit : neque tamen quicquam fecit, quod

generals, ILmed himfelf for it, and dijpatehes a in ay a meffenger to the army to * Ace, bccanfe he thought Datamcs mas not yet gone, to tell him, that he Jboultl net depart from the army. He, befoie he came mhither he mas going, ?net thofe on the road, that mere carrying Afpis. With mhich expedition mhiljl Data- 771 es gained the great good-mill of the king, he ’net with no lefs eniry from ti:e courtiers, mho fum, that he alone mas more valued . ban they all: upon mhich they ail agreed together to ruin him. Pandates, the keeper of the king's treafure, a friend to Da- tames, fends him thefe things written at large: in mhich he informs him, that he would be in great danger,' if any ill fuccefs happened in Egypt, mhiljl he commanded there. For that mar the cujlom of kings, to impute all unfortunate event! to men, but lucky ones to their own fortune : from whence it came a- bout, that they were eafily per- funded to the ruin of thofe, under whofe conduit matters mere faid to le ill managed. He mould be in fo much the greater danger, becaufe hi had thofe his bitter enemies, mhom the king chiefly hearkened to. He having read this letter, after he mas now come to the army to Ace, becaufe he mas not ignorant, that thofe things were truly writ, refolvet to revolt from the king : nsi-

i Ace, a city of Phoenicia, afterwards called Ptolemais.

L Z fide

lo8 CoRlfELlI Nepotis XIV. 6.

fide fua eflet indignum : t/.’er jet did he do any thing that nam Mandroclem Magne- was unworthy of his honour : for tem exercitui prasfecit: ipl'e he placed JUandrocles the Magne- cum fuis in Cappadociam fan oner the army. He departs diicedit ; conjunctamque with his men into Cappadocia, and imic Paphlagoniam occu- fixes upon Paphlagonia, joining pat, celans qua voluntate upon it, concealing how he was af- eflet in regem ; clam cum felled towards the king; he pri- Aiiobarxane facit amiciti- vately makes an alliance with H- am, manum comparat, ur- riobarzanes, raifes an army, and bes munitas fuis tuendas delivers the fortified towns to his tradit. friends to maintain for him.

Cap. VI. Sedhaecpro- Chap. VI. But theft things,by ptor hiemale tempos mi- reafvn of the winter-feafon, went nas profpere procedebant. on Ifs fuccefsfu/ly. He hears the Audit, Piiidas quafdam co- Pifidians were raifing fame troops pias adverfus fe parare : againfl him: hefends hisfon Hrfi- iilium eo Arfidxum cum daus thither with an army; the exercitu mittit ; cadit in young man falls in battle: the prrelio adolefcens : profi- father marches thither with n» cifcitur eb pater, non ita •very great force, concealing how cum magna manu, celans great a lofs he had received, le- quantum vulnus rccepif- caufe he was defirous to come up to fet ; quod prius ad hoftem the enemy, before the news of this pervenire cupiebat, quam ill-managed affair fisould reach de re male gefta fama ad his men ; lefl, upon knowing the luos perveniret ; ne, cog- death o/"bis fon, the minds of his nita filii morte, animi de- foldiersfioould be difcouraged. He V.ilitarentur miiitum. Quo came whither he intended, and contenderatr pervenit, hif- pitches his camp in tbofe places, que locis cailra ponit, ut that he could neither le furround- ueque circuiri multitudi- ed by the numbers of his enemies, *e adverfariqrum poflet, nor hinderedfrom having his ar- neque impediri, quo mi- my always at liberty tofght. Mi- xuis ad dimicandum ma- throbarzanes was with him, his Kum haberet expeditam. father-in-law, commander of the .Prat cum eo Mithrobarza- horfs : he, defpairing of the con- ucs, focer ejus, prade&us dition e/'bis Jon-in-law, deferts to cquiturn : is, defperatis ge- the enemy. When Datames heard fieri rebus, ad holies tranf, that, he was fenftble, if it Jhould fugit. Id Datames ut au- get abroad in the army, that he divit, fenfit, fi in turbam was forfaken by a man fo near to exiffet, ab homine tam him, it would come to pafs, that

neceffario

XIV. 6. D A T A M E S, \cr?

neceffario fe reliftum, futurum, ut caeteri confilium fequerentur ; in vulgus e- dit, fuo juffu Mithrobar- zanem profeftum pro per- fuga, quo faciliis rece- ptus interficeret hoftes. Quare relinqui euaa non par effe, fed omnes confeftim fequi : quod fi ammo ftrenuo feciiTent, futurum, ut adverfarii non poffent refiftere, cum et intra vallum, et fons casde- rentur. Hac re probata, exercitum educit, Mithro- barzanem perfequitur; qui tantum quod ad holies per- venerat, Datames figna inferri jubet. Pifidas, nova re commoti, in opinionem adducuntur, perfugas mala fide, compofithque fe- eifie, ut, recepti, effent majori calamitati: primum eos adoriuntur. Illi, cum quid ageretur, aut quare fieret, ignorarent, coacti funt cum eis pugnare, ad quos tranfierant; ab hifque flare, quos relique- rant : Quibus cum neutri parcerent, celeriter funt concifi. Reliquos Pifidas refiilentes Datamea inva- dit; primo impetu pellit, fugientes perfequitur, multos interficit, callra hoftium capit. Tali confilio uno tempore et prodito- res perculit, et hofles profligavit; et quod ad perniciem fuerat cogitatum, id ad falutem convertit.

the rejl would follow his courfe. He fpreads a report among/l the common foldiers, that Mithrolar- ocanes was gone over a deferter by his order, that he might the more eafthy by being received as fuch, kill their enemies. Wherefore it was not fit that he Jhould be left, but that they all ought immediately to follow : which if they did with a refolute mind, the confequence would be, that their enemies would not be able to r'M’

fnce they would be cut off both within their ramparts, and without. This thing being approved of, he draws out his army, purfues Mithrolarzanes, who whilft he

. Jcarcely got up to the enemy, Da-' tames orders the Jlandardi to advance. The Pifidians, furpr fed at this odd thing, are brought to a perfuafion, that the deferters ailed with an ill intention, and by compail with their other friends* that, being received into the camp* they might do them the more mif- chief: they fall upon them in the-

Jirfl place. They, as they knew not what was a-doing, nor why it was done, were forced to fight with- thofe to whom they were gone o-- ver, and to Jland by them whom they had deferted : which whilfi neither fide fpared, they were quickly cut to pieces. Datames in- vades the rejl of the Pifidians rc-

Jifiing : he repels them at thefirfi' attack, purfues them flying, kills many, and takes' the enemy's camp. By this management he at once both ruined the traitors, and defeated his enemies ; and turned what had been contrived for his

L 5 Qua

110 CoRNELII NePOTIS XIV.

Quo neque acutius ullius imperatoris cogitatum, ne- quecelerius fadlum ufquatn legimus.

Cap. VII. Abhacta- rnen viro Scifmas maxirno natu filius defciit, ad re- gemque transiit, et de de- ft&ionepatrisdetulit. Quo nuncio Artaxerxes commotus, quod intelligebat fibi cum viro forti ac ftrenuo negotium effe, qui, cum cogitaflet, facere auderet, et prius cogitare, qu'am conari, confueffet ; Autophradatem in Cappa- dociam mittit. Hicnein- traie pofTet faltum, in quo Cilicise portae nint fitae, Datames praeoccupare ftuduit. Sedtam fubitbcopias contrahere non potuit: a qua re depulfus, cum ea manu, quam contraxerat, locum delegit talem, ut neque circuereturabboftibus, neque proeteriret adverfari- tis, quin ancipitibus locis premeretur et, fi dimicare cum eo vellet, non multum obeffe multicudo hoftium fuae paucitati poffet. Cap.VIII. HaecetfiAu-

tophradates videbat, tamen fiatuit congredi, i quam cum tantis copiis refugere.

deJlruBion, to his prefirvatlon. ‘fhan ’which we do not read of any invention of a general, more acute, nor any aRion more expeditious.

Chap. VII. Yet hisddcjl fen, Scifmas, revolted fro>n this man, and went ever to the ting, and informed him of his father's re- . volt. At which news Artaxer- xes leing flocked, h.caufe he underjlood he had to do with a brave and active man, who, when he had confidered of a thing, durfl execute it, and was ufed to confider, before he attempted any thing ; he fends Ant phradates into Cap- padocia. That he might n0t enter the wood in which the ^ Ci- lician gates are floated, Dala- mes endeavoured to fei.%e it before him. But he could not fo fuddenly draw his forces together : from which thing being obliged to recede, with that army which he had got together, he chafe fuch a place, that he neither could be. furrounded by the enemy, nor his adverfary paf, but he would be difreffed in difficult places ; and, if he had a mind to fight with him, the number of the e- neniy could not much hurt his handful of men.

Chap. VIII. Although Auto- phradates was fenfitte of thefe things, yet he refolved to fight%

rather than fiy with Jo- great an

V. A narrow pafs in mount Taurus, and now called the f re'ghts of Zcandcroon.

) jPTins, rather, is omitted here by ellipfis, which frequently hap- pepc, according to YofCus.j

aut

XIV. 8. D A T A M E S, in

aut tam din uno loco fede- re. Habebat barbarorum equitum viginti, peditum centum tniilia, quos illi Cardacas appellant ; ejuf- demque generis tria fundi- torum. Pneterea Cappa- docum ofto, Armeniorum decern, Paphlagonum quinque, Phrygum decern, Ly- dorum quinque, Afpendio- rum et Pifidarum circiter tria, Cilicum duo, p Capti- anorum totidem, e* Grac- cia conduftorum tria [millia] ; levis armaturas maximum numerum. Kas ad verfus copias, fpes omnis confiftebat Datami in fe, locique natura ; namque hujus partem non habebat viceiimam militum : quibus fretus conflixit, adver- fariorumque multa millia concidit; cum de iphusex- ercitu non amplius homi- nummillececidifltt. Quam

army, or to continue fo long in one place. He bad of barbarian horfe twenty thoufand, of foot an hundred thoufand, which they call m Cardaces ; and three thoufand fingers of the fame kind. Bcfides he had eight thoufand Cap- padocians, ten thoufand n Ar- menians, five thoufand Paphla- gonians, ten thoufand Phrygians, five thoufand Lydians, about three thoufand 0 Afpendians and Pifidians, two tboufand Cilici- ans, as many Captains, three \jhoufand men] hired out of Greece ; a vafi number of q light- armed men. All Datames's hopes againfi thefe troops confijltd in himfelf ami the nature of the place ,* for he had not the twentieth part of his foldiers : depend- ing upon which, he engaged, and cut off many thoufands of his enemies ; whereas not above a thoufand men of his own army fell. For which reafon, the day after he erected a r trophy in the

m [The Cardaces were a people of the Leficr Afia. The word (ignifies alfo/iicrai, rtileri. \

n Armenia is a country beyond Afia Minor. ° The Afpendians were a people in that part of Afia Minor, called

Pamphylia. P | The Captiani, it is thought, were a people of Afia, unknown to

geographers; but the learned Schottus thinks it fhonld be Cafpianongn in fit ad of Captianorum ; and Stave ren fee ms to be of the fame opinion. The Cdfpiani were a people about the Cafpian fea, or that great lake of Afia, that lieth between Perfia, Mufcovy, Great Tartary, and Georgia.]

q Men armed with bows or flings only, were called leviter armati or levis armatura.

r A trophy was the trunk of a tree, or a port, hung about with arms, or other fpoiis taken fiom an enemy : thefe were common with the Greeks, they fcarce ever got a viitory but they erefted a trophy ; yet not on metal or ftone, but on wood, to intimate that enmity ought .not to be immortal.

eb

1X2 CoRNELII NePOTIS XIV. 9.

ob caufam, poftero die tro- pseum pofuit, quo loco pridie pugnatutn erat. Hinc cum caftra moviffet. femperque inferior copiis, fuperior omnibus praeliis dif- cederet; quod nunquam manum confereret, nifi cum adverfarios locorum anguftiis clauiiffet : quod perito regionum, caliide- que cogitanti, fxpe accide- bat: Autophradates, ciim bellum duci majore regis calamitate, qu'am adverfariorum, videret, ad pacem amicitiamque hortatus eft, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret. Quam ille, etfi fidam non fore putabat, tamen conditionem accepit, feque ad Artaxerxem legatosmif- furum dixit. Sic bellum, quod rex adverfus Data- mem fufceperat, fedatum : Autophradates in Phrygi- an) fe recepit.

Cap. IX. At rex, quod implacabile odium in Da- tamem fufceperat, poftquam bello eum opprimi non pofle anidmadvertit, infidiis interficere ftuduit; quas ille plerafque vitavit. Sicut,cum nunciatum effet, quofdam fibi infidiari, qui in amicorum erant numero; de quibus, quod inimici detulerant, neque credendum, neque negligen- dum putavit; experiri voluit, verum falfumne effet relatum. Itaque eo profe-

place where they had fought the day before. sifter he removed his camp from thence, and though he was always inferior in forces, he came off fuperior in all hi* battles ; becaufe he never engaged, but when he had inch fed his enemies within fame narro w place y which often happened to the man, being very well acquainted with the country, and contriving fub- tilly : when Autophradates found that the war was continued with greater lofs to the king, than his enemies, he advifed him to peace and friendjhip, and that he would return to a good under-

Jlanding with the king. V/hich though 'he perceived it would not be faithfully kept, yet he accepted the offer, and faid, that he would fend ambaffaders to Ar- taxerxet. Thur the war, which the king had undertaken againjl Datames, was ended; Autophra- dates withdrew himfeif into Phrygia.

Chap. IX. But the king, becaufe he had taken up an impla- cable hatred againjl D-atamet, after he found that he could not be majlered in war, endeavoured to take him off by underhand contrivances ; mojl of which he avoided. As, when it was told him, that feme were plotting againjl him, who were in the number of his friends ; of whom becaufe. their enemies had given the in-

formation, he thought the thing was neither en^rely to be believed, nor flighted; he had a mind to try whether it was true or falfe,

£lus

XIV. 10. D A T A M E S. Ir3

flus eft, quo itinere futu- ras inildias dixerant. Sed elegit corpore et ftatura fi- millimum fui, eique veftitum fuum dedit, atque eo loco ire, quo ipfe confueverat, juflit: ipfe autem, ornatu £veftituque] militari, inter corporis cuftodes iter facere ccepit. At infidiatores, poftqu'am in e- um locum agmen pervenit, decepti ordine atque veftitu, in eum faciunt impetum, qui fuppofitus e- rat. Praedixerat autem his Datames, cum quibus iter faciebat, ut parati eflent facere, quod ipfum vidif. fent. Ipfe, ut concurren- tes infidiatores animadvertit, tela in eos conjecit; hoc idem cum univerfi fe- ciflent, priufquam perve- nirent ad eum, qnem aggredi volebant, confixi ce- ciderunt.

Cap.X. Hictamentam callidus vir extreme tempore captus eft Mithrida- tis,- Ariobarzanis filii, dole : namque is pollicitus eft regi, fe euminterfeftu- rum, ft ei rex permitteret, lit, quodcunque vellet, liceret impune facere ; fi- demque de ea re, more Perfarum, dextra dedif- fet. Hanc ut accepit, fimulat fe fufeepifle cum rege inimicitias ; copias pa- rat, et abfens, amicitiam cum Dalame facit: regis

that hadbeen told\nm. Wherefore he went that way in which they told him the ar.xbujh was to be laid for him ; but he chofe out one that was very like himfclf in per- Jon andjlaiure, and gave him his own attire, and ordered him to go in that part of the cowpany in which he ufed to do : but he him-

fef, in a common military drefs find habit'], begun to march a- mongjl the guards of hisperfon. But the plotters, after the company were got into that place, being deceived by the order and the drefs, make an attack upon him, who had been put in DatamesV place. But Datames had before- hand ordered them with whom he marched, to be ready to do what they fiould fee him do. He, asfoon as he faw the plotters coming on in a body, dfcharged his weapons at them ; and as all the reft did the very fame, they fell down fain, be- fre they could come up. with him, whom they intended to ajfault.

Chap. X. Yet this man, as cunning as he was, at lafl was trepanned by the contrivance of Mitlridates, the fan of Ariobar- %anes : for he promifed the king, that he would kill him, if the king would allovj him to do with impunity, whatfoever he would, and grant him his promife as to that affair, by giving him his right hand, according to the {ujlom of the Perjians. As foon as be had received this, he pretends that he had engaged in a quarrel with the king. He raifes troops, and, tho’ abfent, makes an alliance with

provincia*

V CoRNELII NePOTIS XIV. I I H4

proviticias vexat, caftella expugnat, magnas prnedas eapit; quarum partem fuis difpertit, partem ad Data- mem mittit : pari modo, complura caftella ei tradit. Haec diu faciendo, perfuafit homini, fe infinitum adverfus regem fufcepiffe bellum ; cam nihilo magis, ne quam fufpicionem illi prasberet infidiarum, Deque colloquium ejus petivit, neque in confpedtum venire ftuduit. Sic, abfens, amicitiam gerebat; ut non beneficiis mutuis, fed o- dio communi, quod erga regem fufceperant, conti- neri viderentur.

Cap. XI. Id eiim fatis fe confirmafle arbitratus eft, certiorem facit Data- mem, tempus effe majores exercitus parari, bellum cum ipfo rege fufcipi: de qua re, ft ei videretur, quo loco vellet, in colloquium veniret. Probata re, col- loquendi tempus fumitur, locufque quo conveniretur. Hue Mithridates cum uno, cui maximum habebat fidem, ante aliquot dies ve- nd, compluribufque locis feparatim gladios obruit, eaque loca diligenter notat. Ipfo autem coiloquen- di die, utrique, locum qui explorarent, atqne ipfos ferutarentur, mittunt ; de- iiide ipfi funt cor.greffi.

Didame;, harajfes the king’s provinces, take/ bis cajlles, gets abundance of plunder ; part of 'which he divided amongJl his men, part he fends to Datamcs : in like manner, he delivers h,m J/tany cafles. By doing this a long time, he per. funded the man that he had undertaken an cndlefs war againf the king ; whiijl notavitlflanding, that he might no! give him any fufpicion of treachery in the cafe, he neither dtfired a conference with him, nor endeavoured to come in hisfight. Thus, tho’ abfent, he maintained afriendfhip with him ; that they feemed not to be engaged to one another by mutual kindneffes, but by the common hatred, which they had both conceived a- gainfl the king.

Chap. XL After he thought he hadfujfcuntly confirmed that, he makes Datames acquainted, that it was time that greater armies fieould be raifed, and the war undertaken with the king himfelf: concerning which matter, 'if it feemed to him proper, he might come to a conference with him, in what pace he pleafed. The thing being approved of, a time for con^ firring together is pitched upon, and a place too, wh; re thcyfiould meet. Hither Mithridates came with one, in whom he had the greatejl confidence, fime days before, and but ies /words apart in feveral places, and marks thole places carefully. And upon the day of the conference, each of them fend men to examine the place, and fear ch ihenfilvcs ; and

Hie

XV. i. EP A M IE O X D A S. ”5

Hie cumaliquamdiuin col- then they met. After they had been loquio fuiflent, et diverfi here fome time in conference, and difeeffiffent, jamque pro- had parted different 'ways, and cul Datames abeffet ; Mi- now Datames was a great way thridates, priufqu'am ad off; Mithridates, before he came fuos perveniret, ne quam to his men, that he might not fufpicionem pareret, in e- create any fufpicion in him, re- tindem locum revertitnr, turns into the fame place, and fat atque ibi, ubi telum erat down there where a fword had impolitum, refedit, ut fi been laid, as if he had a mind to a laflltudine cuperet acqui- rejl himfelf after his wearinefs ; efeere; Datamemque revo- and recalled Datames, pretending cavil, fimulans, fe quid- that he hadforgot fomefhing in the dam in colloquio effe ob- conference. In the mean time he litum. Interim telum,quod took out the fword that lay hid ; latebat, protulit ; huda- and being drawn out of theJheath, tumque vagina, vefte te- cohered it under his coat; andfays xit, ac Datami venienti a- to Datames, as he was coming, it, digredientem fe ani- that he had, at parting, obferved madvertiffe locum quen- a certain p'ace, which was in dam, qui erat in confpe- view, to be proper for the pitching

ad caftra ponenda ef- of a camp. Which whilfhe was fe idoneum. Quem cum pointing to with his fnger, and digito monftraret, et ille the other was looking at, he run confpiceret, averfum ferro him through, having his back transfixit : priufque qu'am turned towards him, with the quifquam poffet fuccurre- fword: and before any one could re, interfecit. Itaillevir, fuccour him, killed\\\m. Thus that qui multos confilio, nemi- man, who had taken many by his nem perfidia, ceperat, fi- good conduit, none by treachery, rnulata captus eit amici- was catched himfelf by a pre- tia. tended friendfip.

XV.

Epaminondas, Poly- mni filius, ‘Ihebanus.

Cap. I. EPaminondas, Polymni

filius, Thebanus. De

XV.

Epaminondas, the fon of Polyranus, the fheban.

Chap. I. EPaminondat was the fon of

Polymnus, the Theban. Be- hcc

116 CORNELII NePOTI XV. 2.

.hoc priufquam fcn'hamus, h^c prascipienda videntur le&oribus ; ne alienos more* ad fuos referant; neve ea, quae ipfis leviora funt, pari modo apud cateros fuifle arbitrentur. Scimus enim muficen noftrig moribus abeffe aprincipis perfona; faltare verb etiam in vitiis poni: quae omnia a- pud Graecos et grata, et laudedignaducuntur. Cum autem expnmere imagi- nem confuetudinis atque vitae velimus Epaminon- dae, nihil videmur debere pratermittere, quod per- tineat ad earn declaran- dam. Quare dicemus primum de genere ejus : deinde quibus difeiplinis, et a quibus fit eruditus : turn de moribus ingeniique facultatibus ; et fi qua alia digna memoria erunt: poftremb de rebus geftis, quae a plurimis omnium ante- ponuntur virtutibus.

Cap. II. Natus igitur patre, quo diximus, hone- flo genere $ pauper jam a majoribus reliftus : eruditus autem fic, ut nemo Thebanus magis : nam et citharizare, et cantare ad chordarum fonum doftus eft a Dionyfio, qui non minore fuit in muficis gloria, quam Damon, aut Lamprus; quorum pervul-

J)re <we •write of him, thefe cauti- ons fern proper to be given to our readers ; that they •would not examine other people's fajhions by thofe of their oivn country ; nor’ think thofe things, •which are tri- vial <with them, to have been in like manner fo •with others. For •we bionu, that, according to cur ufages, mufic is far from being; fuitable to the charader of a prince : and that dancing is reckoned even amongjl vices: all •which, amongjl the Greeks, are reckoned both agreeable, and worthy of commendation. But as we defign to draw the pitlure of E- paminondas's way and manner of life, we feem obliged to paf by nothing that may be proper to the fetting it forth. IVherefore we will [peak firfl of his extrac- tion : then in what parts of literature, and by whom he was injlruBed t then o/" his manners, and abilities of mind, and if there be any other things worthy to be remembered: and finally concerning his great actions, which by many are preferred before all virtues whatever.

Chap. II. He yvas come of the father we [poke of, of an honourable family; left now poor by his forefathers : but fo well educated, that no Theban was better t for he was taught both to play upon the harp, and to fng to the found of the firings, by Dionyfius, who was in no lefs

fame amongfi the mtt/icians, than Damon or Lamprus, whofe names are vulgarly celebrated: he was

gata

XV. EPAMINONDAS. 117

gata funt nomina: [car- mina] cantare tibiis ab O- lyrapiodoro ; faitare a Cal- liphrone. At philofophias pneceptorem habuit Lyfim Tarentinum, Pythagore- um ; cui quidem fic fuit deditus, ut adolefcens triftem et feverum fcnem omnibus aequalibus fuis in familiaritate antepofuerit ; neque prius cum a fc dimiferit, quam in dodtrinis tantb anteceflerit condifcipulos, ut facile intclligi poffet, pari modofuperaturumomnes in cseteris artibus. Atque base ad noftram confuetudinem funt levia, et potius contemnenda : at in Grs- cia utique olim magna: laudi erant. Poftquam ephe- bus faAus eft, ct palaeftras dare operam ccepit; non tarn magnitudini virium fervivit, quam velocitati: iilam enim ad athletarum ufum ; banc, ad belli exiftimabat utilitatem pertinere.

taught lo play upon x flutes by 0- lympiodorus, and to dance by Cal- lipbron. But he hadfor his mafltr in philofophy, Lyfls the Tarentine, a b Pythagorean; to whom indeed he was Jo devoted, that, young as he was, he preferred that grave and rigid old gentleman, before all thofe of the fame age with himfelf, in his familiarity. Nor did he part with him from him, before he fo much excelled his fellow-

„ fcholars in learning, that it might be eaflly perceived, that he would in like manner excel them all in 0- ther arts. And thefe things, with refpedl to our ufage, are trifling, and rather to be defpfed; but in Greece however, they wereformer- ly a mighty commendation. After he became a man, and begun to apply to his c exercife, he did not mind fo much the improvement of hisflrength as fwiftnefs ; for that he thought conduced much to the ufe of wrefliers ; but this, to the convenience of war. Wherefore he was exercifed very much in running and wr filing, d to this end,

Itaque

1 As the Latin word is plural, I have tranflated it by the plural, becaufe it was no unufual thing among the ancients for one to play upon two flutes at once, which piese of art is, I fuppofe, now entirely loft. ‘Tibia, a flute or large pipe ; cancre tibia, to play upon a pipe ;

canere ad tibiam, to fing to a pipe. i> [That is, one who adhered to the philofophy of Pythygoras, who

1 was a philofopher of Samos in the reign of Tarquinius Supcrbus, as Ci- : cero, or Servius Tullius, as others fay; and was the author oi Mctem- \pfychops, or the palling of the foul into other bodies.] ' 0 The youth of Greece and Rome ufed to Ipend much of their time tin manly excrcifes, to fit them for the wars, unacquainted with the jfoftnefs of balls, mafquerades, tSV For this purpofe their cities were I provided with fine ftately buildings, called Gymnafa and Palajlra.

d The Latin text here is very much blundered ; (yet every body does II not fo very well fee the great blunder here, poffibly becaufe they may

M be

*i8 CORNELII NEPOTIS ■V-TT , .v\ . 3.

Itaque exerccbatur pluri- jnum currendo et ludtan- dp, ad eum finem, quoad ftans compledli poflet, atque contendere. In armis plurimum ftudii confume- bat.

Cap. III. Ad banc corporis firmitatem plurima e- tiani aniini bona accefle- rant. Erat enim modeftns, prudens, gravis, temporibus fapientcr utens, peritus belli, fortis manu, animo maximo ; adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco quidem mentirctur. Idem conti- nens, clemens, patienfque admirandum in modum ; non folum populi, fed eri- am amicorum ferens injurias: in primifque commif- i"a celans ; quod interdum non minus prodeft, quam diferte dicere. Studiofus audiendi ; ex hoc enim facillime difei arbitrabatur. Itaque cum in circuluin ve- nifi'et, in quo aut de repu-

that as much as poffible he might be able ir, a Jlatui/ng poiture /#

grapple and contend with his adverfary. He employed much of his application in the exercife of arms.

Chap. HI. To this Jlrength of body, a great many good qualities of the mind nvere liketvife added. For he was modejl, prudent, Jle.idy, 'wifely ufing the times, Jhil.ed in tu/ir, brave in aEtion, and of a great mind; fuch a lover of truth, that he would not inched tell a lie in

jejl. The fame man was moderate, merciful, and patient to a wonderful degree, not only bearing with the injuries of the people, but his friends too: e- fpecially a concealer of fecrets ; which fmethnes does no lefs fervice, than to fpeak eloquently. Very fond of hearing others difcourfe ; for by this he thought a man might learn in the mqjl ea-

fy manner. Wherefore, when he came into e company, in which

blica

fee ibmewhat Short-fighttd, or unwilling to fee fo many blunders as Some allege to be in this elegant author, though no doubt he may have been much injured by coming through fo many hands, fume whereof ma- per- haps have ufed too much freedom with him : However, it may be obser- ved here, that among the Greeks the exercife of wreftling cor. Si (fed of two Sorts, viz. one called Ofo-rakr, lucia eretia, becaufe here the combatants w-reftled in an ereft or handing pofture, and endeavoured to throw each other down ; the other was called Avaxxoovdxv, lu8a jacens, becaufe in this the combatants ufed voluntarily to throw them- fclvcs down, and continue the fight upon the ground, by pinching, biting, fcratching, fcrV. See Dr Poilerj antiquities of Greece, vol. 1. 7 4X1.] e It was not the cuftom formerly, as now, for men to club and tip- ple away their time in taverns; that was feandalcus amongft the Hea-

thens

XV. 4. EPAM1N0NDAS. up

blica difputaretur, ant de philofophia i'ermo habtre- tur, nunquam inde prids difceflit, quam ad fiaem fermo effet addutbus. Paa- pertatem adeb facile pcr- pelTus elt, ut de republica nihil praeter gloriain cepe- rit. Amicorum infetuendo caruit facultatibus ; fide ad alios fublevandos 'faepe fic ufus ell, ut poffit judicari, omnia ei cum amicis faille communia. Namcumaut civiiun fuorum aliquis ab hollibus elTet captus, aut virgo amici nubilis propter paupertatem collocari non polfet, amicorum concilium habebat, et quantum quifque daret, procujufque facultatibus imperabat: e- amque fummam cum faceret, priufquam acdperet pecuuiam, adducebat eum, qui qu-jerebat, ad eos, qui conferebant : eique ut ipfi numcrarent, faciebat ; ut file, ad quern ea res perve- niebat, fciret, quantum cuique deberet.

Cap. IV. Tentata autem ejus eft f abftinentiaa Diomedonte Cyziceno:

there rivas either a cfifpute about the government, or any djcoitrfc h id upon a point of phihfophy, he never departed thence, till the difcourfe was brought to a con- clujion. He bore bis poverty /• eafily, that he got nothing by the government, but glory. He did not make life of the ejlates of his friends in maintaining hhn- fef; he often fo vfed his credit to relieve otheri, that it may be judged by that, that he had alt things in common with his friends: for when either any of his country 7/ten were taken by the enemies, or a marriageable daughter of a friend could not be difpofed of, by reafon of his poverty ; he held a council of his friends, and ordered how much every man Jhould give, according to hit eflate: and when he made up the fum, before he received the money, he brought the man who wanted it, to thofe who contributed} and made them pay it to himfclf; that he, to whom that benefit came, might know how much he was indebted to e- very one.

Chap. IV. But his j fice was tried by Diomedon of Cyzi- cus : for be, at the requejl of

tfiens themfelves : their ufual place of refort for converfation in the day-time was the forum, and the public buildings about it, as courts and piazzas, where, as they uhd to (land in rings or circles, for the better convenience of hearing one another, cinulus came to be peculiar- ly ufed for fuch a knot of company.

f [Alfioentia (from aifineo, to abftain from, forbear) is taken by many to fignify, abftinence, honefty, integrity, moderation, arerfion to covetoufncfs; but they do not reckon it juftice to render it bj jujiicc every where through the author.]

M 2 nam-

uarrsque is, rogatu Artax- erxis, Epaminondam pecunia corrumpendum fufceperat. Hicmagnocum pon- derc auri Thebas venit; et Micythum adolefeentulum quinque talentis ad fuam perduxit voluntatcm; quem turn Epaminondas plurimum diligebat. Micythus Epaminondam convenit,

caufam adventus Dio- medontis oftendit: at ille, Diomedonte coram, nihil, inquit, opus pecunia eft: nam ft ea rex vult, quae Thebanis fint utilia, gratis facere fum paratus: fin autem contraria, non habet auri atque argenti fatis ; namque orbis terrarum divitias accipere nolo, pro patriae caritate. Te,quime incognitum tentafti- tuiqne rimilem exiftimalli, non miror; tibiqueignofco: fed egredere propere, ne alios corrumpas, cum me non potueris. Tu,Micythe, ar- gentum huic redde : nifi id confeftim facis, ego te tra- dam magiftratui. Hunc Diomedon cum rogaret, ut tntb exire, fuaque, qux- at- tulfflet, liceret efferre ; i- llud, inquit, faciam ; neque tua caufa, fed mea : ne, fi tibi fit pecunia adempta, a- liquis dicat, id ad me ere- ptum pervenilfe, quod de- latum accipere noluifleTn. A quo cum quaesifiet, quo fe deduci vellet, et ille, A- thenas, dixiffet; prasfidium

Jlrtaxerxes, had undertaken to tj bribe Epaniitiondaj. He came to ,< Thebes ivith a vajl quantity of | gold, and brought over Micy- thus, a young man, by five ta- ' lents, to his lure, whom at that . time Epaminondas loved very much. Micythus went to Epami- nondas, and tells him the occa-

fion of Diomedon’s coming : list : he, in the prefence of Diomedon, faid, there is no need of money in the cafe : for if the king de-

fires thofe things, which may be expedient for tke Thebans, 1 am ready to do them for nothing: but if the contrary, he has not

fiver and gold enough; for l would not take the riches of the whole world for the love of my country. I do not wonder at you, who have attempted me unknown to you, and thought me like your- fdf; and / forgive you : but get you gone quickly, lef you corrupt others, though you have not been able to corrupt me. Do you, Mi- cythus, give him his fiver a- gain: unlefs you do it immediately, I will deliver you to the magifratc. When Diomedon af- ed him, that he might be fuffered to go off fife, and carry away what he had brought with him : that, fays he, I Jhall do; not for your caufe, but my own ; lef, if your money fjould be taken from you, any one Jhould fay, that that was taken' from you, and come to me, which I would not accept of when offered. Of whom when he had inquired, whither he had a mind to be condutted, and he faid, to Athens, he gave

dedit.

UI XV. 5- E P A M IN 0 N D AS,-

dedit, ut co tulo perveniret: neque vero id fatis habuit,fed etiam ut inviolatus in navem afccnderet, per Chabriatn Athenienfem, (de quo fupra mentionem fecimus), cffecit. Abili- nentise erit hoc fatis tefli- monium. Plurima quidem proferre poflemus, fed modus adhibendus eft ; quo- nianr uno hoc volutnine vitas exceHentiam virorum concludere eonftituimus ; quorum feparatim multis millibus verfuumcomplures fcriptores aate nos expii- carunt.

Cap. V. Fait et difertus, ut nemo Thebanus ei par effet eloquentia ; neque minus concinnus in brevitate

. refpondendi, qaam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit obtreftatorern Me- neclidem quendatn, indi- dem Thebis, et adverfarium in adminiflranda republica, fatis exercitatum in dicendo, ut Thebanum, fcilicet: namque illi genti plus in- eft virium, qu'am ingenii. Is, quod in re militari flo- rere Epaminondam videbat, hortari folebat Theba- nos, ut pacem bello ante- ferrent, ne illius imperatoris opera defideraretur. Huic ille,Fallis,inquit, verbo cives tuos, quod hos a bello avocas : otii enim nomine fervitutem concilias ; nam paritur pax bello. Ita-

him a guard, that he might come fafe thither : nor indeed did he reckon that fujficient, but he likewife took care, that he Jhould go on board a jhlp uninjured, by Chabrias the Athenian, (of whom rwe have made mention above). This will be a fufficient tejl]- mony of his jujiice. IVe could indeed produce a great mr.ny, but moderation is to be ufed ; becaufe we have def.gned to comprife, in this fingle volume, the lives of excellent men ; nuhofe lives fever al writers before us have given an account of feparately in many thoufands of lines.

Chap. V. He was Ukewife eloquent, that no Theban was e- qual to him for eloquence, and no lefs dexterous in the Jhortnefs of his replies, than florid in a continued harangue. He had one Meneclides there at Thebes as a detrailor, and enemy to him in managing the government, fuf- fciently exercifed in fpeaking, for a Theban, that is : for that nation has more of bodily Jlrcngth, than wit. He, becaufe he Jaw F-paminondas make a fgure in military affairs, ufed to advife the Thebans to prefer peace before war, that the fervice of that general might not be wanted. Upon which he fays to him. You deceive your countrymen with that word, in diffuading them from war : for you recom- mend favery to them under the name of peace ; for peace is procured by war. 1Vherefore they that

M 3 que

1

122 CORNELIX NepoTIS XV. 6.1i

<jue qui ea diutina volunt frui, bello exercitati effe debent. Quare,fi pnncipes Grtecise effe vultis, calhis eft vobis utendum, non pa- Iseftra. Idem ille Menecli- des cum huic objiceret, quod liberos non haberet, neque uxorem duxiffet ; maximeque infolentiam, quod ftbi Agamemnonis belli gloriam videretur confequutus : at ille, _De-fme, inquit,Meneclide, de uxore mihi exprobrare : nam nullius in ifta re minus h uti confilio volo. (i Kabebat enim Meneclides fufpicionem adult erii). Quodautem me Agamemnonem semu- lari putas, falleris; namque ille, cum univerfa Grscia, vix deccm annis unam cepit urbem : Ego, contra, ex una urbe noftra, dieque uno,totam Graciani,Lace- dsemoniis fugatis, liberavi.

Cap. VI. Idem cum in conventum veniffet Arca- dum, petens, ut focietatem cum Thebanis et Argivis

will enjoy it long, ought to he ex~\'< ercifed in ’war. IVherefore, if you j i have a mind to be the leaders of -1 Greece, you mujl ufe the camp, , and not ife place of txercfe. When the very fame Meneclides1

objefled to him, s that he had no children, nor had married a •wife ; and efpectally objected a- gainft him his infolnce, be canf he feemed to himjelf to have acquired the glory of Agamemnon in war : but, fays he, give over, • Meneclides, to upbraid me about a wife : for I would take no body’s advice in that matter lefs than yours. (For Meneclides went \ under the fufpicion of making too free with other men's wives.J And whereas you think 1 rival Aga- memnon, you are mijlaken ; for he, with all Greece, with difficulty, took k one city in ten years : I, on the other hand, from this one city of ours, and in one day, delivered all Greece, by routing the Lacedemonians.

Chap. VI. When the fame perfon Was come into the affembly of the Arcadians, defiring that they would make an alliance

£ As the ftrength of any government confifts much in the numbers of people, matrimony was fo encouraged amongft the Greeks and Romans, that to live a (ingle life was almoft criminal amongff them ; nay, was indeed fo at laft amongft the Romans, and punilhed pretty feverely ; and, in my opinion, is not to be excufed, unlefs where a roan, in a (ingle itate, may be more (ervieeable to his country, than if he was to marry,

k [Some copies have here qtuim tuo.] i [Stubelius, in his notes here, makes the meaning of this place to be,

that Meneciides entertained a jealoufy of his own wife’s being guilty of adultery.]

k [tfiz. Troy. I facerent £

XV. <5. EP A M IN ON D A S. 123

facerent; contraque, Calli- ftratus Athenicnfnim lesa- tus, qui eloquentia omnes to prajitabat tempore, po- ftularet^ ut potius amicitiam fequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione fua multa in- veftus effet in Thebanos et Argivos, in eifque hoc pofuiffet ; animadvertere dcbere Arcades, quales utraque civitas cives procreaffet, ex quibus de caeteris poffent judicare : Argivos enim fuiffe Oreftem et Alc- ma2onem;m'rtricidas: The- bis OEdip um natum ; qui, ciim patrem fuum inter- fecjffet, ex matre liberos nl procreaffet. Hie in re- fpondendo Epamiuondas, cum de casteris peroraffet, poftquam ad ilia duo op- probria pervenit; admirari fe dixit Uultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui non animadver- terit ; innocentes illos natos ; domi fcelere admiflb, cum patria eflent expulfi, receptos effe ab Athenien- fibus. Sedmaxime ejus eloquentia eluxit Spartae, [legati ante pugnam Leuftri-

j cam] ; quo cum omnium fociorum conveniflent legati, coram frequentifiimo legationum conventu, fie

witS the Thebans and the 1 Ar- gives ; and on the other hand, Cal- lijlratus, ambajfador of the A- thenians, rwko excelled all in eloquence at that time, defined that they 'would rather follow the alliance of the Athenians, and inveighed much in his fpeech again/l the Thebans and the Argives, and put this in amongf other things ; that the Arcadians ought to ol- ferve what fort of citizens each city had produced, by which they might judge of the ref ; for Ore- fes and Alcmaon, murderers of their mothers, were Argives, and OEdipus was born at Tbebes ; who, after he had killed his father, had children by his mother. Here Epaminondas, in his anfwer, after he had fpoke to other points, when he was come to thofe two reproaches, he faid, that he admired the folly of the Athenian rhetorician, who did not confder that they were born innocent; and havbig committed their wiched- nefs at home, after they were banifhed their country, were entertained by the Athenians. But his eloquence Jhined the mof at Spar- ta, [when he was ambafador before the battle of n Leuctra~\ ; where when the ambajfadors of all the allies had met, before a full ajfembly of the embajfes, he did fo make appear the tyranny

1 [The Arrives were a people of Greece, whole principal city was the renowned Argos in the Morea, but now aimoft in ruins.]

m [Some read pracrcafc.\ n [A town of Bceotia in Greece ; but does not appear to have been

that Lcuftie., fiippofcU by Bohun to be the fame with Maina or Maines.]

Lacedsemoniorum

124 Cornelii N E r 0 T I s XV. 7.

Lacedasmoniorum tyrannidem coarguit,ut non minus ilia eratione opes eorum concuflferit, qu'am Leilftri- ca pugna. Tumenimper- fecit, quod pod apparuit, ut auxilio fociorum Lace- dasmonii privarentur.

Cap. Vll. Fuifiepati- entem, fuorumque injuvias ferentem civiurn, quod fe patrise irafei nefas effe ducerct, hsec funt tcilimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam cives pneficere exercitui noluident, duxque effet deleftus belli imperitus, cujus errore ed effet dedufla ilia multitude militum, ut omnes de falute pertime- feerent ; quod, locorum anguftiis clauli, ab hoftibns obfidebantur : defiderari coepta eft Epaminondoe diligentia ; erat enim ibi privatus numero militis : a quo ciim peterent opem, nullam adhibuit memoriam contumeliae, et exerci* turn, obfidione liberatum, domutn reduxit incolu- mem. Neque verb hoc femel fecit, fed faepius. Ma- ,xime autem fuit illuftre, cum in Peloponnefum exercitum duxiflet adverfus Lacedaemon ios, haberet- que collegas duos, quorum alter erat Pelopidas, vjr fortis ac ftrenuus. Hie, cum criminibus adverfariorum omnes in invidiam veniffent, ob eamque rem

of the LacecLttnonians, that he Jhonk their power no lefs by that fpeech, than by the battle oj I.eublra. For then he ejfeBei what afterwards appeared, that the Lacedemonians were deprived rtf the ajffiance of their allies.

Chap. VII. That he was patient, and bore with the injuries of his countrymen, becaufe he thought it a crime to be angry with his country, there are thefe proofs. When his countrymen,, out of ill-nature to him, would' not place him at the head of their army, and a general was chofen- that was un/hilled in war, by whofe mflake that numerous army was brought to fuels a pafsr

that all were much concerned a- bout their fafety, becaufe that being inclofd within a narrow place, they were befeged by the e- nemy : the diligence of Fpamition- das begun to be miffed ; for he was there as a private man in the rani of a foldier : from whom when they defired help, he had no regard to the-affront put upon him, and carried the army, delivered out of tins Jlrait, fafe home. Nor indeed did he do this once only, but often. But that was the tnofl remarkable, when he led an army into Peloponncfus againfl the Laced/tmonians, and had two joined in commtffton with him, one of which was Pelopidas, a gallant and an a (live man. Here, when they were all come under the odium of their countrymen, by the actufafwns of their ene-

imperium

XV. 8. EPAMINONDAS. 125

imperium. his effet abroga- turn, atcpie ineorum locum alii pratores fuccefliflent; JEpaminondas populifcito non paruit; idemque ut faccrent, perfuafit collegis, et bellum, quod fufceperat, geflit. Namque animadvertebat, nifi id feciffet, totum exercitum propter prasto- rum imprudentiam, infci- cntiamque belli, periturum. Lex eratThebis, quae inorte multabat, fi quis imperium diutius retinuifl’et, quam lege prafinitum foret. Hanc Lpaminondas cum reipublicae confervan- das causa latam videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferre noluit; et quatuor men- fibus diutius, quam popu- lusjufferat, gellit imperium.

Cap. VIII. Pollquam domum reditum ell, collegas ejus hoc crimine acpu- fabantur : quibus ille per- mifit, ut omnemcaufam in fe transferrent, fuaque o- pera faftum contenderent, ut leg! non obedirent. Qua defenfione illis periculo li- beratis, nemo Epaminon- âm refponfurum putabat; quod quid diceret, non haberet. At ille in judicium venit, nihil eorum negavit, quae adverfarii crimini dabant, omniaque, quas college dixerant, confefius eft ; neque recufavit, quo minus legis pcenam fubi-

mics, and for that reafon their comnufim was taken from them, and ether commanders fucceeded in their place : Epaminondas did not obey the order of the commons, and perfuaded his colleagues to do the fame, and carried on the war, which he had undertaken. For he was fenfible, unlefs he did fo, that the whole army would he lojl, by reafon of the unfkilfulncft of the generals, and their ignorance in war. There was a law at Thebes, which punifbed with death, if any one kept his comnnjfon longer than was prefcribed by law. As Epaminondas faw that this was made upon account of pre-

Jerving the Jlate, he would not turn it to the ruin of his country ; and kept his command four months longer than the people had ordered.

Chap. VIII. After they were returned home, his fellow-com- mijjioners were impeached for this crime ; to whom he gave leave to lay all the blame upon him, and

Jland to it that it was occafioned by hit means, that they did not obey the law. By which de-

fence, they being delivered from danger, no body thought Epami- nondas would make any anfwer for himfelf; becaufe he could not have any thing to fay. But he came to his trial, denied none of thefe things, which his enemies laid to his charge, and confeffed all things, that his colleagues had faid; nor did he reftife to undergo the punifhmcnt of the law ; but

ret:

126 C O R N E ]

ret : fed unum ab iis peti- v!t, ut in ° periculo fuo in- fcriberent: Epamtnondas * Thebanh moric mult at us fftt quid eos coegit apud Leudra fuperare Lactda- monios; quns ante fe imperatorem, nemo Bceotio- rwn aufus full adj'pkere in Mcie: qubdque uno pnelio non Jolum Thebas ab interitu retraxity Jedetiam univer- fam Graciam in liberta- Jem vindicavit; eoque res utrorumque perduxit, ut Thebani Spartam oppugna- rent, Lacedamonii fatis ha- berenty ft falvi ejfe pcj}ent : tieque prius bellare dejitit, quam, Meffend conflitutu, urbern eorum obfidione clau-

Jit. H;ec cum dixifTet, ri- fus omnium cum hilaritate coortus eft ; neque quifquam judex aufus eft de eo ferre fuffragium. Sic a judicio capitis maxima difceflit gloria.

Cap. IX. Hie, extremo tempore, imperator apud TVlantineam, cum acie in- ftrudta audacuis inftaret heftibus, cognitus a Lace- dsemoniis, quod in unius pernicie ejus, patiijs fitam

ii N e p o t i s XV. 9,'!

one thing he requejled of them# that they would write upon Z'/q tomb ; Epaminondas was put tdi death by the Thebans, becaufa he forced them to beat the Lace-i daemonians at Leuftva ; whomi before he was general, none of the Boeotians durft look at in the field ; and becaufe he not only delivered Thebes from deftruc-* tion by one battle, but likewife reftored all Greece to their liberty, and brought the affairs of both people to that pafs, that theThebans attacked Sparta, and the Lacedsemonians were content, if they could be fecure; nor did he ceafe to make war: upon them, before, the ftate of: pMeffena being fettled,he pinned up their city by a clofe fiege. After he had /aid this, there burjl out a laughter of all prefent, with a deal of merriment ; nor durfl any judge pafs fentence upon him. Thus he came off from this trial for life with the greatejl glory.

Chap. IX. He, at the latter end of his time, being general at n Mantinea, when he preffed very boldly upon the enemies with his army in battalia, being known by the Lacedemonians, becaufe they thought the faving of

0 Tho’ fome pretend to defend the vulgar reading here, pericuh, yet I cannot forbear thinking it to be a miftake for fipvlchro. or f >me other word of like imprt. yPericulum, a libel, an infeription on a tomb:]

P A country of Peloponncuis, bordering upon Laconia to the weftward. There was likewife a noble city of that name there, which the Lacedemonians demolifhed.

^ A city of Arcadia in Pcioponnefus.

putabant

XV. I o. E P A M IN ON D AS.

putabant faint cm. univerfi in unum impetum fecerunt ; neque prius abfcef- ferunt, quam, magna coe- de fafta, multifque occifis, fortiflime ipfum Epami- nondam pugnantem, fpa- ro eminns pcrcuffum, con- cidereviderunt. Hujuscafu aliquantiim retardati funt Bceotii; neque tamen pri- uspugnaexcefferunt, quam repugnantes profligarunt. At EpaminondaSjCum animadverteret, mortiferum fe rulnus accepiiTe, fimulque, fi r ferrum, quod ex hailili in corpore remanferat, ex- traxifftt, animam ftatim a- miffurum ; ufque eb reti- nuit, quoad renunciatum ell,- Vieiffe Bceotios. Id poftquam audivit, Satis, inquit, vixi ; invittus enim niorior. Turn ferro extra- 6to, confeftim exanimatus eft.

Cap. X. Hie uxorem nunquam duxit ; in quo cum reprehenderetur a Fe- lopida, qui filium habebat infamem ; maleque eum in eo patriae confulerediceret, quod liberos non relinque- ret: vide, inquit, ne tu pejus confulas, qui talem ex te natum reli&urus fis. Ne- que verb ftirps mihi poteft deeffe ; namque ex me na- tam relinquo pugnam I.eu-

tbeir country depended upon the dejlrud'wn of him alone, they all made an attack upon him only ; nor did they depart, till, having made a great Jlaughter, and killed many, they fame Epa- tmnondai himfelf, fighting •very valiantly, fall, •wounded nvith a lance at a di/lance. The Bx- otians evere a little retarded ly his fall; neither yet did they quit the fght, before thiy routed thrfe that oppofed them. But Epaminondas, after he perceived he had received a mortal mound, and like wife, that if he drew out the head of the fpear, which remained in his body, he Jhould immediately lofe his life ; he kept it in fo long, till it mas told him, that the Boeotians had conquered. After he heard that, I have lived, fays he, long enough; for I die unconquered. Then the iron head being drams: out, he immediately died.

Chap. X. He never married a wife ; for which, when he mas blamed by Pelopidas, mho had an infamous fon ; and faid, that he did but ill confult the intereft of his country, in thaf he left no children : Confuhr, fays he, whether you do not morfe confult the intereft of your country, mho are like to leave fuch a

fon. But neither can I want •ffue; for I leave a daughter, the battle of Leuflra, which mufl

1 \fcrrum is here put torfpiculum, the head of a dart or javelin.]

ftricam,

128 CoRNELII NePOTIS XV. 10.

modo &ricam, qux non mihi fuperftea, fed etiam immortalis fit, neceffe eft. Quo tempore, duce Pelo- pida, exules Thebas occu- parunt, etprsefidium I.ace- daemoniorum ex arce ex- pulerunt; Epaminondas, quamdiu fafta eft caedes civium, domo fe tenuit; quod neque nialos defendere volebat, neque impu- .rnare, ne manus fuorum fanguine cruentaret: Nam- que omnem civilem viftoriam funeftam putabat. I- dem, poftquam apud Cad- meam pugnar! cum Lace- diemoniis ccepit, in pritnis ftetit. Hujus de virtutibus, vitaque fatis erit diftum, fi hoc unum adjunxero, quod nemo eat 1 inficias : The- bas, et ante Epaminondam natum, et poll ejus interi- tum, perpetuo alieno pa- ruiffe imperio : contra ea, quamdiu ille praefuerit reipublicae, caput fuiffe totius Grsecias. Ex quo intelligi poteft, unum hominem pluris, quam civitatemfu- ifle.

needs not only furvive me, but be immortal too. At the time, •when the banijhed Thebans fei- zeel Thebes, with Pelopiclas their commander, and drove the garrifon of the Lacedaemonians out of the citadel; Epaminondas, ft long as the Jlaughter was made amongjl the citizens, kept himfelf within doors, becaufe he neither had a mind to defend the bad party, nor attack them, that he might not imbrue his hands in the blood of his countrymen : for he thought all victory gained over fellow-citizens very difmal. The fame man, after they be-

gun to engage at 1 Cadmea with the Lacedemonians, flood amongjl the foremofl. Enough will be faid of his virtues and life, if I add this one thing, which no body can deny : That Thebes, both before Epaminondas was born, and after his death, was always fubjeS to a foreign power : on the other hand, fo long as he governed the commonwealth, it was the head of all Greece. From whence it may be under-

Jlood, theft one man alone was more worth than the whole city befides.

f [This was the citadel of Thebes, and built by Cadmus, who likewifc iuiit the city itfelf, which from him was at firft called CaJme*.]

1 Înficias (a!s in privative et fach, quaji nigatio falh) a denial. It is ufed only in the accufative plural, and joined commonly with the verb ee, the prepofition ad being underftood, according to Voflius.]

XVI. Pi.

XVI. 1. PE LOPIDAS. 129 *

XVI. XVI.

Pelopidas, The- ban us.

P e l 0 P r D A s, the The- ban.

• Cap. I. Chap. I.

PElopidas Thebanus, magis hiftoricis,qu'am

vulgo, notus. Cujus de virtutibus dubito quemadmodum exponam : quod vereor, ne, fi res explicare incipiam, non vitam e- jus enarrare, fed hiftori- ain videar fcribere ; fi tan- tummodo fummas attige- ro, ne rudibus literarum Grascamm minus lucide apparent, quantus fuerit ille vir. Itaque utrique rei

• occurram, quantum pote- ro; et medebor cum fa- tietati, turn ignorantia;, le- ftorum. Phcebidas Lace- daemonius cum exercitum Olynthum duceret, iterque per Thebas faceret, arcetn oppidi, qux Cad-

i mea nominatur, occupa- vit, impulfu perpaucorum Thebanorum ; qui, adrer- farise fatiioni quo facilius refiilerent, Laconum rebus lludebant ; idque fuo privato, non publico, fecit confilio. Quo fadio, cum Lacedaemonii ab exercitu removerunt, pecu- niiique multarunt ; neque

PEloptdas the Theban is letter known to hijlorians, than to

the vulgar. Concerning nvhofe ex- cellencies I am in a doubt how £

Jhould write ; becaufe I am afraid, lejl, if I Jhould begin to unravel his actions, I Jhould feem not to recount his life, but to write a hiflory ; if I only touch upon the mojl confiderable, I fear, lejl it Jhould lefs plainly appear to thofe that are ignorant of the Greek tongue, how great a man he was. Wherefore £ will provide againjl both things, as much as 1 can, and prevent both the glut and ignorance of my readers. When Ph Aidas the Lacedcc- monian was leading an 3 army to Olynthus, and made his march by Thebes, he feisced the citadel of the town, which is called Cadmea, at the injligation of a very few The- bans } who, that they might the. more eafily re/ijl the oppofite fatti- on, favoured the interejl of the La- cedeesnonians : and that he did upon his own private, and not on any public reflation of the Spartans. Upon which fad, the Lacedaemoni- ans removed him from his poll in the army, andfined him a fum of money : nor did they for all that refiore the citadel to the Thebans^

3 [To a (lift Amyntas king of Macedonia, who was going to afiaulE this Olynthus, a city in Thrace.]

N cd

*3* CORNELII NepOTIS XVI. 1

eo magis arcem Thebanis reddiderunt, quod, fufee- ptis inimicitiis, fatius du- cebant eos obfideri, quam liberari. Nam pofl: Pelo- ponnefium bellum, Athe- nafque deviftas, cum The- banis fibi rem elTe exiili- mabant ; et eos effe folos, qui adverfus refiftere auderent. Hac mente, amicis fuis fummas poteilates dederant; alteriufque fac- tionis principes partim tn- terfecerant, alios in exilium ejecerant: in quibus Pelopidas hie, de quo feribere exorfi fumus, pulfus, patria carebat.

Cap. II. Hi omnes fere Athenas fe contukrant, non quo fequerentur otium, fed, ut quemque ex proximo locum fors obtu- liffet, eo patriam recupera- re niterentur. Itaque, cum tempus ell vifum rei geren- d?e, communiter cum his, qui Thebis idem fentiebant, diem delegerunt, ad inimicos opprlmendos, ci-

th

iecaufe, a quarrel leing no\< begun, they thought it better, tha, they Jhould be under a check, than at liberty. For after Pcloponnefian -war, and the quejl of Athens, they fuppofec they mufl have to do with tht Thebans ; and that they were th> only people, who durjl make oppofition againfl them. With thef fentiments, they had deliverer the highefl pojls to their friends and the leading men of the other

faction, they had partly killed and partly turned out into ba nifoment : amongJl whom thi. Pelopidas, of whom we have un- el. rt a ken to write, b was banifse'd his country.

Chap. II. Almofl all theft had betaken thenfelvcs to Athens, not that they might lead an idle life, but that, whatfoever c place, in the neighbourhood fortune oft fered them, they might endeavour from thence to recover theit country. Wherefore, when now feemed time to enter upon the bufinefs, they pitched upon day jointly with thofe, who at Thebes had the fame fentiments.

b [Or, (fornewhat mare literally), Icing baniJSed, was deprived of th contort of his country. Thus'Terence, carenspatria ob meas injurias.]

c [Or, frjl opportunity fortune Jhould offer them, they might endeavour thereby to recover their country. Thus it is according to Court in, StuhelM US, and E(Tenuis, ex proximo, dciz. tempore, or fiatirn, or primum, friz jfu,..,; for locus fignifies not only a place, but aifo, an occafwn, time, op » i * .t - / rct’rli 4obU/:i ; lOl boats iivtuiuca ijam, - > j » r put unit". And .Athens (about forty miles from Thebes) is the place ex- prelsly mentioned here, which the exiles chofe as moft convenient foj prcisly menuonca uric, vwii<-n watching their opportunity ; but if they had inclined to a more neigh- -bouring place, they could have ventured themfelvcs, and (very prohaJ* hlv) fafely tro, in iome uty nearer to Thebes; for Eceotia, wherso t't'a; city was the capital, was full of great towns in thole days.]

vitatemqtie

XVI. 2. P E L O P 1 D A S. fjr

vxtatemque liberandam, e- um, quo maximi magiitra- tus fimul confueverant e- pulari. Magnaefiperesnon ita magnis copiis funt geftae: fed profcftb nunquam all tam tenui initio tant$ opes funt proHigatse. Nana duodec'.m adokfeentuli co- ierunt ex his, qui exilio e- rant mnltati, cum ornnino non eifent amplius centum, qui tanto fe.offerreftt periculo; qua paucitate perculfa eft Laced aimonio-

; rum potentia. Kienimnon rnagis ad ver fa riorum fadti- oni, quam Spartanis, eo tempore helium intulerunt, qui principes erant totitis Gracia?: quorum imperii majeftas, neque ila multb

■ poll Lcuclrica pugna, ab hoc initio perculfa, conci-

E dit. llli igituv duodecim, quornra erat duxPclopidas,

^ cum Athenis interdiu exif- fent, ut vefperafcente ccclo

; Thebas poflent pervenire, cum canibus venaticis exie- runt, retia ferentes, veftitu agrefti, quo minore fufpici- one facerent iter. Qui cum tempore ipfo, quo ftudue- rant, perveniffent, domum Charonis devenerunt, a quo et d tempus et dies erat datus.

to fall upon their enemies, and free the city, the very day, upon which the chief magf rates were ufed to feaf. together. Great things have been oftentimes performed ly no very great forces r but indeed never fo great a power was defeated from fo fnall a beginning. For twelve young men of thofe, who had been punijhed with ban'Jhment, agreed, when they were not above an hundred, that offered thenfelves to fo great a danger; with which f/nall number the power of the Lace- daemonians was overthrown. For thefe made war, tint more upon the faction of their adverfaries, than upon the Spartans at that time, who were the lords of all Greece: the grandeur of whofe empire, Jhocked from this beginning, fell not long .after in the battle of Leuhlra. IVherefore thefe twelve, whofe leader war Pclopidas, having gone out of Athens in the day-time, that they might reach Thebes when, the heavens grew dark, they went out with hounds, carrying nets, in a country drefs, that they might make their journey with the lefs fuft cion. Who having come thither at the very time, which they had intended, they went to Charon’s houfe, by whom both the time and the day had been fixed.

Cap.

d The text feems to he faulty here; there can, I think, be no oc» cafion for tempus and elms both. [The day, concerted on by Charon and the exiles was to be that on which the Theban magiftrates, (under the I.acedxnr.onians';, at their anniverfary ele£tion, were to be engaged in feasting; the late {viz, for the exiles to reach Thebes) was

N a t«

\ '

J32 CORNELII NePOTIS XVI. 3.:

Cap. III. Hoc loco li- bet interponere, etfi fe- junftum ab re * propofjta «ft, Nimia fiducia quantas calamitati foleat efle : nam jnagiftratuum Thebano- rum ftatim ad aures per- •venit, exules in urbem devenifle : id illi, vino e- pnlifque dediti, ufque eb defpexerunt. ut ne quae- i;ere quidem de tanta re laborarint. Acceflit etiam, (quod magis aperiret corum dementiam : allata ell enim epiftola Athenis, ab Archia hierophante, Ar- chias, qui turn maximum magiftratum Thebis obti- nebat; in qua omnia de profedlione exulum per- fcripta erant: quae cum jam accubanti in convivio effet data, ficut erat, ii- gnata, fub pulvinum fub- jiciens; in crailinum, in-

Chap. III. fn this place 1 have a fancy tv irifert a remark, altkii’ it be foreign to our fibjefi ; ■ how great a mfchief an exeejive affurance ufes to Lring : fer it ivi- mediate'y came to the ears of the • Thelan magifrates, that fome of the exiles were come to town : that they, intent upon their wine ■ and good cheer, fo far defpifed, ■ that they did not truly trouble then fives to inquire about fo import ant a matter. There was an- * other thing too, which dif covered their madnefs Hill the more : for a letter was brought from j4- tbens, from Archias, an f hierophante s, to Archias, who then had the chief pojl of authority at The- bes ; in which id! things had been written at targe concerning the departure of the exiles from thence : which being given to him as hi now 8 fat at thefeaf, putting it, . jujl as it was, fealed, under hft pillow i / put of, fays he, allferi- ,

to be towards the dole of the evening of that fame day ; and the time of aOion was to be that fame night, when pretty far advanced. Thefe things feem to be plain from the fecond and third chap- ters of Pelopidas’s life; and if fd, it is humbly thought there is nc juft ground for finding fault with the text here.]

e [Some lead pofda, laid'deism, prapefed.] f Hierophantes is explained by feme to be a keeper of the holy

trinkets belonging to the gods. [Hierophantes, among the Atheni- ans, was the prieft of -Ceres the goddefs of corn' and tillage. Dr Potter, in his antiquities of Greece, vol. 1. p. 356. explains the word to be a revealer of holy tilings; and fays, that this perfun was always a citizen 06 Athens, held his office during life, was obliged t<* devote himfelf wholly to ci ine feivice, and to live a chafte and fingic life; and he is faid to have been a type of the great Creator of all things]

S The Latin word properly fignifics lying at, os ly, which was the pofture ufed by the ancients at tables, about which they commonly bad three l>eds placed, on the fidcs of which they lay, with their backs fupported by pillows.

quit,

XVI. 4- PELOPIDAS. *33

quit, diffcro res feveras. At iili omnes, cam jam nox prncefTifftt, vinolenti, ah exulibus, duce Pdopi- da, funt interfedU. Qui- bus rebus confedtis, vulgo ad anna iibertatemque vo- cato, non folum qtii in tu- be Grant, fed etiam undique ex agris concurrerunt; pnefulium Lacedxmonio- rmn ex arce pepulerunt ; patriam obiidioae iibera-

j verunt. AudloresCadmeae ! ecctipandie partim gccide- [ runt, partim in-exiliil'm e- jecerunt.

Cap. IV. Hoc tam tur- bido tempore, (ficutfupra docuimusj, Epaminondas, quot'd cum civibus dimica- tum eft, domi quietus fuit: ilaque ha;c liberandarum Thebarum propria laus eft Pelopidse : casterae fere o- mnes communes cum Epa- minonda. Namque in Leu- dtrica pugna, imperatore Epaminonda, hie fuit dux deledbe manus, quae prima phalangem proftravit Ea- conum.' Omnibus praeterea periculis affuit: ficut, Spartam cum oppugnavit, alterum tenuit cornu: qubque Meffena celeriiis re- ftitueretur, legatus in Per- fas eft profedlus. Henique baec fuit altera perfona Thebis, fed tamen fecunda, it a ut proxima tffet Epa- minondse.

out affairs till to-morrou’. But they all, ‘when now the night war pretty far advanced, being drunk, were Jlain by the exiles, under their leader Pelopidas. Which things being done, and the common people invited to arms and liberty, not only thofe, who were in the town, but likewife others from all parts out of the country, flocked in to them ; drove the garrifon of the Lacedemonians out of the citadel; and delivered their country from that bridle. They partly put to death the advifen of fix- ing the Cadmea, and partly drove them out into lanijhment.

Chap. IV. During this tur- bulent time, (as we have told you before), Epaminondat, fo long as they were engaged with their icWow-citizens, was quiet at home-: wherefore the glory of delivering Thebes is proper to Ptlo- pidas : almojl all his other glorious adtions were common to him with Epaminondas. For in the battle of LeuRra, where Epami- nondas was general, he was the commander of a fried body of troops, which firfl of all broke the phalanx of the Lacedemoni- ans. Befdes, he was prefent with him in all his dangers : as, when he attacked Sparta, he commanded one wing : and that Mejfena might be more expediliaufy rflared, he went ambaffador amongf the Perjians. Finally, this was another confiderable a Li or ai The- bes, but yet a fecond, fo that he was next to Epaminondas.

N 3 Cap.

134 Cornel xi Nepotis XVI. 5,

Cap. V. Confli&atus autein eft cum adverfa fortuna ; nam et initio (ficut oftendimus) exul patria caruit; et cum Theftaliam in poteftatemThebanorum cuperet redigere, legatio- in'fque jure fat is tectum fe arbitraretur, quod apud o- janes gentes fanftum effe confueffet ; a tyranno A- lexandro Pheraso, fimul cum Ifmetiia, comprehen- fus, in vincula conje&us eft. HuncEpaminondasre- cuperavit, bello perfequens Alcxandrum. Poll id fa- ^lum, niinquam is anirco jdacari potuit ineum,a quo «rat violatus : itaque perfuafit Thebanis, ut fubfidio Theflalise proficifce- rentur, tyrannolque ejus ■expellerent. Cujus belli cum ei fumma eftet data, cbque cum exercitu profe- dtus eftet, non dubitavit, fimul ac confpexit hoftem, confligere. In quo prtelio, Alexandrum utanimadver- tit, incenfus ira, equum in eum concitavit, proculque digreftus a fuis, conjectu telorum confoffus concidit. Atque hocfecundaviftoria accidit : nam jam inclina- tas erant tyrannorum co-

Chap. V. T'ct he had tojlnig- gle with crofs fortune ; for he was ■ early baniflied, (as nue have

fheivn) ; and Icing defirous to reduce 11 Thejfaly under the power of the Thebans, and, thinking hhrfelf fujjiciently fecured by the right of an cvilafj'x, which u- fed to be facred amongJl all nations ; he was feized, together with Jfntemas, by Alexander,, the tyrant of' Phene, and thrown in chains. Epaminondas recovered him, falling upon Alexan- der in wat. After that faff, he could never Is reconciled in his mind to him, hy whom he had been injured: wherefore he perfiiaded the Thebans to go to the relief of Theffaly, and drive out the tyrants thereof • IVhen the chief command in that war had. been given to him, and he war come thither with his army, he did not delay to engage, as foon as he faw the enemy. In. which battle, when he fpied Alexander, being fired with rage, he fpurred on his horfe agetinf him, and being gone a good way from his men, he fell down killed with the difehargt of weapons at him. And this happened when vitlory was favourable to him: for the. tyrant's troops were now giving way. After which, all the ci-

h [A very confiderable country of Greece, encompafTed with monn- tainsj except to'the eaft, where it has the Archipelago; on the weft they ftp a rate it from Epirus,'north from JUacedonia, properly ho called, "and fouth from I.ivadia. It is now called Jjrma.]

i A city in that part of Thefliily called Pelaigiotis. pise.

XVir. r. AGES1LAUS. *35

pise. Quo fafto, omnes Theffaliae civitates interfe- £tum Pelopidatn coronis aureis, et ftatuis aeneis, li- herofque ejiis multo agro donarunt.

ties of Thfjfaly k honoured the (lain Pelopidas •veith golden cro'wne, and brazen flatties, and prefcnted his children with a great deal of l%nd.

XVII. XVII.

Agesilaus, Letcedee- imnius.

Agesilaus, the Lacedemo- nian.

Cap. I. Chap. I.

AGefilaus Lacedaemo- A GeJUavs the Lacedtnnonian, nius, cum a cateris f\ has been commended, as ivelb

ftriptoribus, turn eximie a by other 'writers, as by a Xeno- Xenophonte Socratico col- phon the Socratic philofopher laudatus eft; eo enim ufus - extraordinarily ; for he tvas ve- eftfamiliariflime. Hicpri- ry intimate with him. He frfl mumde regno cum Leoty- of all had a difpute with Leoty- chide, fratris filio, habuit chides, his brother's fon, for the contentionem. Mos eft e- kingdom. For it is a cujlom de- nim a majoribus Lacedse- livered to the Lacedamonians by moniistraditus, ut duos ha- their forefathers, to have always berent femper reges, nomi- two kings, in name rather than ne magis qu'am imperio, ex authority, of the two families duabus fatniliis Proclis et of Proclcs and Euryjlkenes, who, Euryfthenie, qui, principes frjl of all the progeny of Hercu- ex progenie Hercuiis, Spar- les, were kings of Sparta. It tae reges fuerunt. Harum was not lawful for a king to be ex altera in akeriusfamiliae made out of one of thefe, in the

k [Some think there is no need for borrowing the word honoured; but as the verb (to bejhru!, toprefent) ferves the whole fcntence in the Latin text, fo it may do in the tranflation, thus : All the cities of Tbefaly bejta-wedgolden cromns and brazen fatues upon the fain Pelopidas, andprtfented bis childreny &c. j

a Xenophon was an Athenian, and flourithed about 400 years before the birth of Chrifl; he was the fcholar of Socrates, and irafter that inftruQed Agcfilaus, and was eminent for religion, jufticc, and all moral and civil virtues.]

locum

CoRNELIX NePOTIS XVII. 2. I36

locum fieri non licebat: i- taque utraque fuum retinebat ordinem. Primum, ratio habebatur,qtti maximus natu effet exliberisejus.qui regnans decefiifiet : fin is •virilem fexum non reliquif- fet, turn deligebatur, qui proximus effet propinquita- te. Mortuuserat Agisrex, i'rater /^gefiiai: filium reli- querat Leotycliidem, quem file natum non agn6rat; e- imdem, morrens, fuum ef- fedixerat. Isdehonorere- gni cum Agefilao fuo pa- trub contcndit ; neque id quod petivit, confequutus cit; nam Lyfandro fuffragante, horr.ine, ut oftendimus fupra, factiofo, et his temporibus pctente, Age- filaus antelatus eft.

Cap. II. Hie, fimulat- que imperii potituseft.per- fuafitLacedaemoniisjUt exercitum emitterent in Afi- am, bellumque regi facerent ; docens, fatiiis effe in Afia,quarainEuropadimi- cari; namque fama exie- ratjArtaxerxemcomparare claffis, pedeftrifque exercitus, quos in Graeciam mitteret. Data poteftate,tanta eckritate ufus eft, ut prius in Aiiam cum copiis perveniret,quam regii fatrapes e- um feirent profeftum ; quo factum eft, ut omnes impa-

ro',m of the other family : wherefore each kept its rank. Fuji, regard was had to him that was the eldejl of the Jons of him who died king : but if he left no male ijfue, then he was chofen that was the next akin. King Agis, the brother of Ageflaus, was dead: he had left a fan, Leotychides by name, whom he had not owned for his fon : but when a-dying, he had faid that he was his. He contended for the honour of the kingdom with his uncle Slgtfilaus ; nor did he get what he fought for ; for A- gefiiaus was preferred before him ; Lyfander, a fa [Pious man, (as we have Jhewn above), and powerful at that time, making interejl for Agefilaus.

Chap. II, He, as foon as he got the kingdom, perfuaded the Lacedemonians, that they Jhould fend an army into Afia, and make war upon the king, telling them, it was better to he fighting in Afia, than Europe ; for a rumour was got abroad, that b Artaxerxes was fitting out

fleets, and railing land-forces to fend into Greece. Leave being granted him, he made ufe of fo much expedition, that he came into Afia with his troops, before the king’s viceroys knew that he was fet forward; from whence it was, that be found them all

b [This was Artaxerxes Mnemon, the fon of Darius Notiuis, and Bionarch of Perfia ]

rates

AQES1LAUS. *37 XVII. 3.

rates imprudentefque of- fenderet. Id «t cognovit Tiffaphernes, qni fumtruim imperium turn inter prsefe- ftos habebat vegios, inducias a Lacone petivit, fi- rnulans, fe dare operam, ut Lacedsmoniis cum rege conveniret ; re autem vera, ad copias comparandas ; e- afque impetravittrimeftres. Juravit autem uterque, fe fine dolo inducias confer- vaturum : in qua pacxione, fumma fide manfit Agefi- laus. Contra ea, Tiffapher- nes niiiil aliud, qukm helium comparavit. Id etfi fentiebat Laco, tamen juf- jurandum fervabat, mul- tumque in eo fe confequi dicebat, quod Tiffaphernes perjurio fuo, et homines fuis rebus abalienaret, et Decs fibi iratos redderet: fe autem, fervata religione, confirmare exercitum, cum animadverteret, Deorum numen facere fecum, ho- minefque fibi conciliar! amiciores, quod his ftude- re confueffent, quos con- fervare fidem viderent.

Cap. III. Poftquam in- duciarum prasteriit dies, barbarus non dubitans, quod ipffus erant plurima dornicilia in Caria, et ea regio his temporibus multb putabatur loeupletiffima,

c [That is, Agefilaus.J J ['1 hat is, Tiffaiiherncs.J

unpriind, cl, and unaware of him. As foon as Tijj'aphernes underjlood it, who bad then the greatejl power amongjl the king': governors, he defined a truce of the c Lacedemonian, pretending?, that he would do bis endeavour, that the Lacedemonians Jhould agree with the king ; but in reality, to ruife troops : and he obtained it for three months. Now each of them fvore, that be would obferve the truce without fraud: in which agreement Agcflaus continued with the greatf punilualnefs. On the other hand, Tifaphernes did nothing elfe but levy war. Al- though the Lactdiemonian perceived that, yet he kept his oath, and faid, that he got much ly it, becaufe Lijfapherncs loth a- limated men from his interef, and made the Gods angry with him by his perjury : but that he, ly keeping his oath, encouraged his army, fnce they cb- ferved, that the power of th* Gods was for them ; and men • made more friends to them, becaufe they were accifamed t» favour thofe, whom they obferved to keep x\\t\r faith.

Chap. III. After the time of the truce was expired, the d barbarian, not doubting, becaufe he had a great many feats in Caria, and that country was thought to be feir the richef at float time, that the enemies

133 Cornelii Nepotis XVII. 3.

co potiffimum hades i:n- petum fa<fturos, oinnes fuss copias eo contraxerat. At Agefilaus in Phrygiam fe convertit, eamque prius de- populatus eft, quarn TiiTir- phernes ufquam fe moveret. Magna prseda militibus locupletatis, Ephefum hiematum exercitum reduxit; atque ibi, ofFicinis anno- riun inftitutis, magna induftria bellum apparavit. Et quo ftudiofius armarentur, infigniufque ■ oinarentur, praemia propofuit, qm'bus donarentur, quorum egre- gia in ea re fuiffetinduftria. Fecit idem in exercitatio- mim generibus, ut, qui c.c- teris praeftitiflent, eos magnis afficeret muneribus. His igitur rebus effecit, ut et ornatiflimum et exerci- tauiUmum haberet exercitum. Huic cum tempus effet vifum copias extrahere CX hibernaculis ; vidit, fi, quo effet iter fafturus, palam pronunciaffet, hoftes non credituros, aliafque regiones prajfidiis occupatu- ros, nec dubitaturos, aliud effe fadturum ac pronunci- afiet: itaque, cum ilie Sar- deis fe iturum dixiiTet, Tif- faphernes eandcm Cariam defendendam putavit. In quo cum eum opinio fefel- liffet, vidfurnque fe vidiftet confilio, ferd fuis praifidio profecfus eft. Nam,cum ilia veniffet, jam Ageulaus, ntultis locis expuguatis,

'would make their inroads there chiefly, be bad drawn all bis troops thither,. But Agejtlaus turns into Phrygia, and availed that, before Tijjaphernes couldJiir any 'whither. Having enriched his foldiers with abundance of plunder, he drew back his army to Ephefus to win ‘ r ; and there, having f;t up forgej for arms, he prepared for war with great indujiry. Jind that his troops might be the more carefully armed, _and more finely adorned, he propofed rewards, wide wh:ch they fjoulJ be prefented, whfe indujiry was extraordinary in that matter. He did the fame in all forts of exercifes, that they who excelled the ref, he k:: erred with great prefer, 's. By ihefe means therefore he ejfcilcd, that be had his army both very well

furnifbed with all things, and very well difcipUntd. Hs feon as it appeared to hire time to d- a w his troops out of their winter- quarters, he faw, that if he declared openly whither he was a- going to march, the enemies would not believe it, and would take up other countries with garrifonr, and would not doubt that he would do quite another thing than what he gave out: wherefore, when he had declared, that he would march for Sardeii, Tijfapkernst thought that the fame country of Cana ought to be defended by him. In which matter, when his opinion had deceived him, and he faw himflf outwitted, he cave too late Jor thepratee- iion of his fubjetls. For when he

XVII. 4- A G E S I L A U &. *39

magna erat prxda potitus. was come thither, Agef.lavs ha- L.aco autem, cum videiet ving already taken many places, hoilts equitatu fuperare, hai got abundance of plunder. nunquam in campo iui fe- But the Lacedamoman, feeing cit poteftatefli, et Ills lo- the enemy exceeded him in horfe, cis manum conferuit, qui- never gave them an opportunity bus plus pedeftres copioe of fitting him in the plain, and valerent. Pepulit ergo, quo- engaged in thofe places, in which tiefeunque congreffu* eft, foot would be of mojl ferulec. multb majores adverfari- Wherefore he routed a much bigger orum copias ; et fie in A- army of the enemies, as oft as he fia verfatus eft, ut omni- fought them; and behavedfj in A- um opinione victor duce- fa, that hs was reckoned the coh- retur. queror in the opinion of all people.

Cap. IV. Hie cum jam Chap. IV. IVhUJl he was animo meditaretur profi- now propofng in his own mind

■eifei in Perfas, et ipfum to march into the country of the regem adoriri ; nuncius ei Perfans, and attach the king hirn-

: domo venit ephorum mif- fdf; a meffenger came to him from fu, helium Athenienfes et home, by way of difpatch from Bceotios indixifle Lacedce- the Ephori, to tell him, that the moniis : quare venire non Athenians and tbs Boeotians had dubitaret. In hoc, non proclaimed war agairjl the Lace- minus ejus pietas fufpici- ' daniouians; for which reafn be enda eft, quam virtus bel- fcould not delay to omc home. In lica ; qui, cum vittori this, kis regard to kis country is no praseftet exercitui, maxi- Ufs to be admired, than his war- mainque haberet fiduciam like bravery ; who, though he cor,.- regni Perfarum potiundi ; manded a victorious arm:, and

■tanta modeftia ditto an- tad a very great'ajfurance of ma- ■diens fuit juffis abfentium firing the kingdom f the Pcrn- magiftratuum, lit ft priva- ans, he was, with jo u.vch mod - tus in 6 comitio edit Jly, obedi. vi is the orders of the Spartss. Cujus exemplum abfr.t magjbate's, us if he had ulinatn imperatores noftri been a pi iv.ite commoner in tie fequi voluiffent ! Sed il- fnafe-houf of dprirta. Whof e\-

e [Comihum properly figriUles any aftcmbly, anl parlioslarly of pc op's met for makiiig laws, tjjc. hut mrjrc nvquf.nt ly'Uie place wf.ere the af- fernbly mtt ; a p.u lia nt.il bo tje, the co irt, or to-vi L AI, the ffaU-pot./e,

Jesuite houft. And Ckxro diitmguilhes it fn;;n ‘.he fomiXy when he lays, coiKitium% curiaitty armatib 'oeenitarr, C c j Se:it. 35-J

h;c

Cornel ii Nepotis XVII. 4.

luc redcamus. Agefilaus opulentidimo regno prae- pofuit bonam exillimatio- nem, multoque gloriofius <Iuxit, fi inftitutis patrias paruiflet, quam fi bello fuperaffet Afiam. Hac i- gitnr mente Hellelpontutn •coplas trajecit, tantaque ufus eft celeritate, ut, quod iter Xerxes anno vertente ccnfecerat, hie tranfierit triginta diebus. Currf jam hand ita longe abeflet a Peloponnefu, obftftere ei conati funt Athenienfes et Boeotii, cteterique eorum focii, apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi pirelio vicit. Hujus vifloriê vel maxima fuit lau$, quod cum plerique ex fuga fe in templum Minervae conje- ciflent, quserereturque ab co, quid his fieri vellet ? ctfi aliquot vulnera acceperat eo prselio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus arma tulerant ; tamen aotetulit irx religionem, et eos vetuit violari. Neque verb hoc folum in Graicia fecit, ut in Greece, that is, treat the tem- templa Deorum fanfta ha- pies of the Gods as facred; but beret ; fed etiam, apud Ukeioife preferved, even amonp/l

f In thefe words our author had a rdpcct to Julius CtBfar chiefly, who refuted to difband his army at the command of the fenate, which was the occalion of the civil war, that ended in the ruin of the liberty and the glory of Rome together.

S LFiz. the Argivcs, Corinthians, Eubceans, and Locrians, according to Xenophon .J

b A city of Eototia. [It is now only a village on the lake of Thebes, near the river Ccphilfo.]

‘ [Which was at Itonia or Iton, a city in Theflaly.]

barbaros,

ample f I imflj our generals would have followed ! But let us return to the lufmefs. Agejdaus preferred a good name before the mojl wealthy kingdom, and thought it much more glorious, if he obeyed the laws of his country, than if he conquered Afia in war. With this mind therefore he drew his forces over the Hellefpont, and ufedfo much expedition, that he made in thirty days a march, that Xerxes was a whole year about. When he was now not very far from Pelo- ponnefus, the Athenians and Bxo- tians, and the rtjl of their s allies, endeavoured to oppofe him at h Co- ronea ; all which hJ conquered in : a great battle. It was the tmf commendable thina in this viSo- O ri, that when a great many after the rout had thrown thstnfelves into the ' temple of Minerva, and it was afhed him, what he would have done with them P a/fho’ he had received fame wounds in that battle, and Jeemed angry with them all, who had here arms a- gainjl him, y et he preferred his religion before the gratifying his rejentment, and forbid them tv be hurt. Kor did he do this only

AGESILAUS. XVII. 5. 141

barbaros, fumma religione, omnia fimulacra araf- que confcrvavit. Itaquc prsedicabat, miravi fe, non facrilegorum numero haberi, qui fupplicibus eorum nocuiflent ; aut non gra- vioribus poems affici, qui religionem k minuerent, quam qui fana fpoliarent.

Cap. V. Port; hoc praelium, caUatuni eil omne helium circaCorinthum, kleo- queCorinthiujn eft appella- tum. Hie, cum una pugna decern milliahoftium, Age- filao duce, cecidiffent, eoque fafto opes adverfariorum debilitata: viderentur; tantum abfuit ab infolentia gloriae, ut commiferatus fit fortunam Graecia:, quod tarn multi a fe vidfti, vitio adverfariorum, concidif- fent: namque ilia multitudine, ft fana mens effet, Graeciae fupplicium Perfas dare potuiffe. Idem, cum adverfarios intra mcenia compuliffet, et ut Corin- thum oppugnaret, multi hortarentur, negavit id fuse virtuti convenire: fc enim cum effedixit, qui ad officium peccantes redire coge- ret; non qui urbes nobilif- fimas expugnaret Graecise.

the barbarians, all the images of the Gods, and altars, with the highejl veneration. Wherefore he faid, he wondered that thofe were net accounted in the number of fa- crilegious villains, who hurt their fuppliants ; or that they were not punijhed with more heavy punijh- vients, who prejudiced religion^ than thofe who robbed temples.

Chap. V. After this battle, the whole of the war was drawn together about Corinth, and therefore was called the Corinthian war. Here, when ten thoufand of the enemy had been fain in one battle, wherein Agefdaus was general, and the frength of the enemy feemed broken by that aflion ; he was fo far from the infolence of boajlihg, that he la- mented the fortune of Greece, that fo many, by the fault of the enemies, had been conquered by him, and fallen : for with that number of men, the Per-

fians might have been puni/bed by Greece, if they had but a right mind. The fame man, after he had forced the enemies within their walls, and many advifed him to attack Corinth, he denied that was agreeable to his con- ducl : for he faid, he was one who would force offenders to return to their duty ; not take the noblef cities of Greece. For if

k If theft words of our author are capable of any good confident fenfe, I confefs, for my part, 1 underfland them not. [Some think that afyli or fani (a fanduary, or fome eonfecratcd placeJ might be Ap- plied after religicnem, and the author’s meaning to be, of thofe that

' violated that religion or regard that was thought due to a fanftuary.]

9. Nam

fays he, we have a mind to ruin thofe, who have ftded with us i againji tbs barbarians, we Jhall . conquer qurfehes, whiljl they are quiet; after which, they will, ' without difficulty, fuldue us when ; they pleafe..

Chap. VI. In the mean time j that calamity at Leuclra befel] the Lacedemonians ; whither, tho*

I quo ne proiicifceretur, hs was prejfed by a great m .ny cum a plerifque ad exeun- to go, as if he had had a divine dum premeretur, ut fi de for,f'ght'of the event, he would cxitu divinaret, exire no- not go. The fame man, when E- luit. Idem, cum Epami- paminondas attached Sparta, and nondas Spartam oppugna- the town was m without wads, ret, efietque fine muris Jhewed h'wfelf ftch a general, eppidum, talem fe impera- that at that time it was vifble ■ torem prrebuit, ut eo tern- to all people, that unlefs he had pore omnibus apparuerit, been there, Sparta would not have . nifi ille fuiffet, Spartam been any more. In which dan- futuram non fuifle. In quo ger indeed the quichntfs of his quidem diferimine, cekri- contrivance was the prefervation tas ejus confilii faluti fuit of them all. For when certain ( univerfis. Nam cum qui- young men, affrighted with the > «am adokfeentuli, hoili- approach oj^ the enemy, .intend-

Nam fi (inquit) eosexflin- guere voluerimus, qui no- bifeum adverfus barbaros fteterunt, nofmetipfi nos expugnaverimus, illis qui- efeentibus ; quo fa£l;o, fine negotio, cum voluerint, nos oppriment.

Cap. VI. Interim accidit ilia calamitas apud Iêuttra Lacedasmoniis ;

1 Ccnrtin, in his edition for the ufe of the Dauphin, reads quo ne groficifcerentur (Ccz. Lactdernumii), and in his interpretatio turns the fen- tencc thus : Shtem in locum (feiz. Leu,lira) tie pergerent, quaft everlum prxfentirct ; pluribus ad ptoficifccr.dum ilium urgentilm, projicifd recufdvitl\

111 [ Sparta or l.actdanion anciently had no walls, becaufe the valour of its inhabitants was reckoned its heft fecurity againft the enemy ; but in after ages, when its h habitants began to degenerate from the bravery of their forefathers, they were obliged to inclofe it with walls. I And there was an ancient people in Great Britain, called the who deem to have followed the example of the Lacedaemonians pretty much in not walling their tow ns, as the learned Buchanan celebrates them in his elegant poem, railed Kpitlalamium Francifci Valefft ct Jtvlaris Stuarte, regum Francia et Scotia :

Jit,l pbaretrat’s ejl propria gloria Scotii, Cingele venatu Jattus, fuperare natando Flumina, ferre farnem, contcmncre frigora et ejtus ; Wee fojfa et muris f atrium, fed rnarte, titers.

XVII. 7. JGESILJUS. M3

um adventu perterriti, ad Thebanos transfusrere vellent, et locum extra urbem editum cepiflent; Agtii- laus, qui perniciofiflimum fore videret, ii animad- verfum effet, quenquatn ad holies transfugere conari, cum fuis eo venit, atque, ut ft bono animo feciffent, laudavitf confilium eorum, quod eum locum occupaffcnt ; et fe id quoque fieri dcbere ani- madvertiffe. Sic adole- fcentulos fimulata lauda- tione recuperavit ; et ad- junflis defuiscomitibus,lo- » cum tutum reliquit: namque illi, “ audio numero corum, qui expertes erant confilii, commovere fe non funt aufi; eoque libentius, quod latere arbi- trabantur, quas cogitarant.

Cap. VII. Sine dubio, poll Leu&ricam pugnam, Lacedasmonii fe nunquam refecerunt,neque priftinum imperium recuperarunt; cum interim Agefilaus non deftitit, quibufcunque rebus pofiet, patriam juvare. Nam cum prxcipne Lace- dsmonii indigerent pecu-

ed to run over to the Theban r, and had fei%ed a high place without the city ; Sfgefilaus, who fdw that that would be of the mojl {er- niciout confequence, if it Jhould be obfcrved t/oat any one endeavoured to jly over to the enemy%

came with fome of his men thither ; and, as if they had done it w th a good intention, commended their thought, in that they had feized that place ; and that he had alfo obferved, that that ought to be dene. Thus he recovered the y oung fellows by a pretended commendation of them ; and having

joined fome of his attendants with them, he left the place fafe } for they, their number being increafed with thofe, who were unacquainted with the defgn, durf not fir ; and they'ftaid the more willingly, becaufe they thought that what they bad intended was not known.

Chap. VII. Without doubt, after the battle of Leuftra, the Iracedamoniant never recovered theftifelves, nor regained their former power; whdf, in the mean time, Ageflaus did not ceafe to help his country by whatfoever meam he could. For when the Lacedemonians very much wanted money, he was the fccurity

n Our author has expreffed himfelf here improperly ; for it is vifible he intended what I have exprefled in my traoilation : but it is as vifible to any attentive reader, that his words will not bear that fenfe, nor indeed any good fenfie at all. ! Jjuclue fignifies inertafed, i/>u!tip!ied, or trade more in number, as in Ovid, Svlva fomribus auCia j and if we read aulli, (as fome think it Ihoulti be, inftead of autlo; where would the nual’enfe be ,:J

O 2 nia.

144 Cornelii Nepotis XVII. 8.

ilia, ille omnibus, qui a rege defecerant, praefidio fuit; a quibus magna donatus pecunia, patriam fubleva- "vit. Atque in hoc illud im- primisfuitadmirabile; cum maxima munera ci ab regi-

- bus, et dyna(lis,civitatibuf- que conferrentur, nihil unquam [[in3 domum fuam contulit, nihil de vidlu, nihil de veilituLaconum mutavit : domo eadem fuit contentus, qua Euryfthe- nes, progenitor majorum fuorum, fuerat ufus ; quart! qui intrarat, nullumfignum libidinis, nullum luxuriae videre poterat : contra ea, plurima patientias atque abftinentiae. Sic enim erat inftrufta, ut nulla in re differret q a cujufvis inopis atque privati.

Cap. VIII. Atque hie tanlus vir, ut naturam fau- tricem habuerat in tribuen- dis animi virtutibus,lie ma- Idicam naftus eft in corpore fingendo. Nam et ita- tura fuit humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus altero pede. Que res etiam non- nullam. afterebat deformi- tatem : atque ignoti, faci- em ejus cum intuerentur, contemnebant : qui autem virtutes noverant, non po-

of 0 all thofe, that had revolted from the p king ; by ’whom be- irg prefented with a great fum of money, he relieved his country. And in this man this was above all other things to be admired ; when very great' prefents were made him by kings, and

princes, and fates, be brought nothing ever to his own home, changed nothing of the diet and drefs of the Lacedemonians : he was content with the fame houfe, which Euryfhenes, the progenitor of his forefathers, had ufed; which he that entered, could fee no fgn of luf, no fign of luxury f hut, on the other hand, many of hardinefs and moderation. For it was fo furnifhed, that it differed in nothing from the houfe of any poor and private perfon.

Chap. VIII. And yet this fo great a man, as he had had nature a favourer of him, in be- f owing the endowments of mind on him, fo he found her mifehie- vous in framing his body. For he was both of a low future, and - fender body, and lame of one foot. Which thing occafoned tike wife fame deformity ; and f rangers, when they beheld his perfon, defpfed him ; but they who knew his abilities, could not admire him fujfciently. Which

° [Such as Thacus king of Egypt, and Maufolus king of Cam.] P [Kiz. of Pcrfia.] q [Some read cu/w hopis atque privati; others, a cuivis, &c. diffsmt

tuiviS, feiz, dtmui, ut apud Hcratium, difert fermoni fermo, <Scc.j terant

XVII. 3. AGES1LAUS. MS

terantadmirarifatis. Quod ei ufu venit, cum annorum ocloginta fubfidio Thaco in JEgyptum iviffct,etin a- ftaci;:n fuis acculniiffet, fine ullo tedlo ; ilratumque haberet tale, ut term tecta efTet ilrameiitit?, neque hue amplius, quam peilis effet injecta; eodeinque comites cmnes aeeubuifl'ent, veftitu humili, atque obioleto, ut eorum ornatiis non modi) in his regem neminem fi- gnificaret; fed hoir.inis non beatiflimi fufpicionem prz:- fceret. Hujusde adventufa- ma cum ad regios eiftt per- Jata, ceieriter munera to cujufque generis funt allata. Hisqnarri ntibus Ageii- laum, vix fides facia eh, u- num effe ex his,qui turn ac- cubabant. Qui cum regis verbis, quae atlulerant, dediffent, ille praeter vitulina, et hujufmodi genera obfo- nii, quae praefens tempus defiderabat, nihil accepit; f unguenta, coronas,

IVbkh happened to him ‘when he ‘went, at fourfeore years of age, inlo Egypt, to the relief of Tha- cus, and 'was laid upon the fhore •with his men, ‘without any co- vering, and had fuch a convenience for'lying on, that the earth ‘was but covered ‘with Jiraw, aifd nothing more than aJhin mjas thrown upon it; and all his attendants likewife lay upon the fame, in mean and thread-bare clothes, that their drefs did not only fet forth, that none amongjl them was a king; but gave a- fufpiciun of a. perfon there not very rich. When the news of h s coming was brought to the - courtiers, prefents were quickly brought him of every kind. 1 Scarce was a perfuafwn wrought in them, upon inquiring for A- gtfdaus, that he was one of thofe that then lay there. Who when they had given him in the king’s name what they had brought, he took nothing but veal, and

fuch forts of viSuals, which the prefent occajion required; he divided the fweet ointments, crowns,

fecundamque

r This is, to my thinking, as pretty a picture as is any where to be met with in all antiquity, and enough to give a man a diftafte for the vanities and fopperies that human life is lb much cumbered and crowded with. Methinks I fee a parcel of empty, gay, fluttering fops, that had no rclKh for any thing truly great and good, exprtfling, by their fneers and fcornful air, a contempt for the greatell endowments of a human mind, becaufe not fe-t off with wbat alone they were capable of admiring ; whilrt the glorious man, with a fedatenefs fuitublc to his grandeur, and a perfeft ftnfe of the folly of the forry animals about him, and as hearty a contempt for their opinion of him, fatisfies the neceflities of nature in the moll proper manner, and leaves them to fneer on.

f [The ancients, at their entertainments, frequently made ule of fweet ointments, or perfumes, (unguenta), as alfo garland* that were

O 3 made

1^6 Cornelii Nepotis XVII. 8.

t fecundamque menfarp fervis difpertiit; cieterare- ferri juffit. Quo facto euni barbari magis etiain con- temferunt, quod cum ignorantia bonarum rerum ilia potifilmuin fumfdfe arbt- trabantur. Hie cum cx vEgypt° reverteretur, donatus a rege Neftanebe ducentia viginti talentis, quee ille muneri populo fuo dnret, veniffetque in portum, qui Menclai vocatur, jacens inter Cyrenas et vE- gyptum ; in morbum implicitus deceffit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius perferre poffent, quod mel non habebant, cera cireumfuderunt, atque ita domum retulerunt.

and fweetmiats amongJt the flaves, and commanded the rejl to be carried back. Upon ivhich

~<the barbarians defpifed him JTill the more, becaufe they jhov.ght he had made choice of thofe things out of ignorance of what was good. When he returned from ■Egypt, being prefented by king Nedantbes <with two hundred and twenty talents, to give as a prefent to his people, and was come into the harbour, which is called u Menelaus,s, lying betwixt x Cyrene and Egypt} falling into a dflempcr, he i died. There his friends, that they might the snore conveniently carry him to Sparta, becaufe they had no z honey, wrapped him in wax, and ,fo brought him home.

made up of rofes, and whatever other flowers were in feafon, or of the leaves of fpikenard richly perfumed, which they did not only wear on their heads, but fometimes too about their necks and arms; and thele perhaps may be meant by the coronas here, and feem to be the fame that Horace diflikes, lib. i. ode 38.

Perftcos odi, filer, apparatus : Difpliccnt nexx philyrd cor ones : Mitte feStari, roja quo locerum

Sera moretur.] I By feellnda menfa, the fecond table, or fecond fermee, may be meant

the bcllaria, deferts, which confided of fweetmeats, fruits, and which were ferved up to the guefls, after abundance of good cheer, for diceftion, or begetting appetites anew in them.

II [So called from Menelaus the Grecian king of Sparta.] * [A city of I.ybia in Africa, upon the Mediterranean, weft from

Egypt. This city is now called Cairoan, and from it the whole country was formerly called Cyrcnaica, now Cyrenaiquei]

y [He lived 84 years, and reigned 41. Ptut.] * The Spartaas made ule of honey in embalming dead bodies.

ftr

XVIII. %-

XVIII. i. E U M E N E S. 147

XVIII.

E u M E N E s, the Cardian.

Chap. I.

EUmenes the a Cardian. If fortune had been allotted him

equal to his great abilities, he would not indeed have been a, greater man, but much more illu- Jlricus, and likenuife more honourable ; becaufe uve meafure great men by their great qualitiei, and not by their fortune. For his life haioing fallen in thofe times, in which the Macedonians flourifhed, it tuck from him very much, as he lived amongJl them, that he was oj a foreign nation :

a [That is, a man of Cardia, which was a city of Thrace, and which Philip king of Macedonia freed from paying tribute, for the good-will he had to this Eumenes.j

b i There feems to be fome difficulty here in reconciling two branches of this fentence; for how can it be faid, defuit Uli firps generofa, ft ’.lie domejlico fummogenere erat ? Courtin (in ufum Delpbini) takes the author’s meaning to be, that Eumenes was indeed defctnded of noble parents, and of the higheft rank ; but fuch as were not very heroic, or remarkable for warlike exploits. Dr Eflenius explains generofa Jlirps by nobiles parentes Maccdonici, i. e. noble parents of Macedonia. Stubelius fays here, that one Duris a Samian, an old hiftorian, relates, that Elimenes’s father earned his living by driving a cart, coach, or chariot. And the author of Mellificium bifloricum fays, part Ip. 398. Fuerat Eumenes exi- gi:<e fortunse parentsbus natus, liberaliter tarr.en in Uteris injlitutus, i. c. Eumenes zuas defended from parents of a fmall ejlaie, yet vuas be genteelly educated. Now for thefe reafons fome do think that thefe words, etfi e- nim ille domejlico fummo genere erat, may be thus Englilhed, for though be himfelf was the chief of the family he fprungfrtms. And it would feem that Eumenes was really, as to extratt, fuch another gentleman-as Phocion, who is fald to have been a fpoonm .ker’s fon, or, as Iphicrates, a fhoe- maker’s fon, who, when one Harmodius upbraided him with his mean birth, replied thus : Meum a me incipit genus, tuum autem in te defsnit; i. e. The grandepr of my family begins with myfelf; but yours ends with you. However, the extraordinary natural abilities of thoie gentlemen, together with the polite education their parents had beflowed upon them, raifed them far above many of their neighbours.)

nerofa

XVIII.

Eumenes, Cardianui.

Cap. I.

EUmenes Cardianus. Hujus ft virtuti par

data eflet fortur.a, non Ole quidem major, fed multb il- luftrior, atque etiam hono- ratior: quod magnos homines virtute metimur, non fortuna. Nam turn aetas e- jus cecidiffet in ea tempora, quibus Macedones flore- rent, multum ei detraxit, inter hos viventi, quod ali- ens erat civitatis : b neque aliud huic defuit, quam ge-

148 Cornelii Nepotis XVIII. r.

nerofa ftirps: etfi enim ille nor was any thing elfe wanting domedico fummo genere to him, hut a noble defcent: for erat, tamen Macedones e- tho' he was of the highejl quali- um fibi aliquando anteponi ty at home, yet the Macedonians indigne ferebant ; neque took it heinoujly, that he was tamen non patiebnntur : fometimes f referred before them ; vincebat enim omnes cura, e and yet they did bear with it: vigilantia, patientia, calli- for he excelled them all in care, dilate, et celeritate ingenii, vigilance, hardinefs, fabtilty, and Hie, peradolefcentulus, ad quicknefs of parts. He, when amicitiam acceffit Philippi, a very young man, was admit- Amyntas frlii,breviquetem- ted to the friendjhip of Phi lip j pore in intimam pervenit the fan of aimyntai, and in a familiaritatem; fulgebat e- Jhort time came to an intimate nim jam in adolefcentulo ^familiarity with him : for even indoles virtutis. Itaque then there appeared in him, tho’ eum habuit ad manuin, very yaung, an able genius. feribse loco; quod multb a- Wherefore he kept him with him pud Graios honoriiicentius in the place of a fecreieiry ; which eft, quam apud Romanos: is much more honourable amongjl nam apud nos revera, ficut the Greeks, than among Jl the Ro- funt, mercenarii feribs ex- mans : for with us, fecretaries iftimantur : at apud illos, are accounted in reality, as they contrarid, nemo ad id offi- are, hirelings ; but with them, cium admittitur, nill hone- on the contrary, no body is ad- fto loco, et fide, et indu- milted to that office, unlefs of a ftria cognita; quod neceffe good family, and of known in- eft omnium confiliorum e- tegrity and indujlry ; bceaufe it um die participem. Hunc is necejfary for him to be a Jha- locum tenuit amicitire apud rer in all counfels. He held this Philippum annos feptem. pojl of friendjhip under Philip Ulo interfedo, eodem gra- feven years. Sifter he was Jlain, du fuit apud Alexandrum he was in the fame place under annos tredecim. Noviffimo Alexander thirteen years. At temporepnefuit etiam alte- laji likewife he commanded one ri equitum alx, quae iHetx- wing of horfe, which was called

rice Hetae-

c [Two negatives, they fay, make an affirmative ; and it looks like better fenfe to render them by way of affirmative here, than to retain thefe two negatives {neque, neither, non, not,) in the Engliih. The author’s meaning feems to be, that the Macedonians were obliged t® bear with this, which they took fo heinoufly ill, whether they would or *ot.]

d Afo is ufed for the wing of an army confifling of horfe, whethd

XVIII. 2. E U M E N E S. 149

rice appellabatur. Utrique Hetasrice. Beftdes, he was with antem in e confilio femper loth of them always one in the affuit, et omnium rerum privy council., and was treated habitus eft particeps. as an ajftciate in all affairs.

Cap. II. Alexandro Ba- Chap. II. Alexander dying at bylone mortuo, cum regna f Balylen, when kingdoms were fingulis familiaribusdifpar- dijlributed to each of his friends, tirentur, et fumma rerum and the chief management of tradita effet tuenda eidem, affairs was delivered to him to cui Alexander moriens an- take care of, to whom Alexan- nulum fuum dederat, Per- der, when a-dying, had given diccae : ex quo omnes con- his ring, to Perdiccas : from jecerant, eum regnum ei whence all had conjeflured, that commendafle, quoad liberi he had recommended his king-

1 ejus in fuam tutelam per- dom to him, till his children veniffent : aberant enim Jhould come to be in their own Craterus et Antipater, qui tuition. For Craterus and An- antecedere hunc videban- tipater were ahfent, who feemed tur : mortuus erat Hephar- to he before him : Hephetjlio was ftio, quem unum Alexan- dead, whom above the rejl Alex- der, quod facile intelligi ander, as might eaftly be un- poffet, plurimifecerat; hoc derjiood, had valued very high- tempore data eft Eumeni ly ; at this time Cappadocia was Cappadocia, five potius di- given to Eumenes, or rather na- fta ; nam turn in hoftium med for him : for then it was im erat poteftate. Huncfibi the power of the enemies. Him Perdiccas adjunxerat ma- Perdiccas had engaged to him gno ftudio, quod in homine with great earnefnefs, becaufe fidem et induftriam ma- he faw in the man great intcgri- gnam videbat; non dubi- ty and indujlry; not doubting, tans, ft eum pellexiffet, ma- if be could but wheedle him over gno ufui fore fibi in his re- that he would be of great fervice

more or lefs ; but here it is put for a certain (landing body of horfe ■ c. -1(1 Hctxricet [feme cal! it the facial •wing], becaule it was made up of gentlemen that were aflbriates, or companions of the king.

' [ Confilium (a confvlcndo) fignifies deliberation, counfcl, a deftgn, advice, &c. a■ ■ o the Roman fenate, the privy council, &c.~—Concilium (u con Ilf ctzlo, i. e. vocoJ lignifies a council, or ajfcmbly of counfellors, a company or multitude, a place of meeting^

f [This was one of the n oft famous cities of the ancient world, in Afia, fume time the capital of Ailyria, or rather Chaldea, feated upon the river Euphrates, but now all in ruins and utterly extinft, about ten leagues from Eagdat, yhich through miftake is fometimes called Babylon.]

bus,

150 CoRNELII NePOTIS XVIII. 3.

bus, quas apparabat. Co- gitabat enim (quod fere omnes in magnis imperils concupifcunt) omnium partes compere atquecom- plefti. Neque verb hoc for lus fecit, fed cceteri quoque omnes, qui Alexandri fuerant amici. Primus, Leon- natus Macedonian! praeoccupare deitinaverat : is multis magnis pollicita- tionibus perfuadere Eume- ni ftuduit, ut Perdiccam defereret, ac fecum faceret focietatem. Cum perdu- cere turn non poffet, interficere coaatus eft: et fe- ciiTet, nifi ille clam notlu ex pnelidiis ejus efiFugiffet.

Cap. III. Interim con- flata funt ilia bella, qua? ad internecionem, poft Alex- andri mortem, gefta funt; omnefque concurrerunt ad Perdiccam opprimendum : quem etfi infirmum videbat, quod unus omnibus refiftere cogebatur, tamen a- micum non deferuit; neque falutis, quam fidei, fuit cu- pidior. Praefecerat eurn Perdiccasei parti Adas,quas interTauriimmontem jacet atque Hellefpontum ; et ilium unum oppofuerat Eu- ropasis adverfariis: ipfe iEgyptmn oppugnatum adverfus Ptolemasum erat

to him in thofe things, ‘which he had in agitation. For he intended (what commonly all in gnat empires covet) to feize and take in the flares of all the reft. For indeed did he aLne do this, but like wife all the ref, who had been Alexander's friends. Firfl, Leonnatus had intended to feizc upon s Macedonia ; he endeavoured to perfuath Eumencs, by many and great promifes, to for-

fake Perdiccas, and to make an alliance ‘with him. When he could siot bring him over to his fide, he attempted to kill him : and had done it, unlefs he had privately efcaped in the night-time out of his garrifons.

Chap. III. In the mean time thofe wars broke out, which, after the death of Alexander, were carried on to the utter ruin of the parties ; and all agreed together to ruin Perdiccas: whom tho' he faw but weak, becaufe he alone was forced to fund a- gainfl them all, yet he did not forfake his friend; nor was he more defirous of his own fecurity, than of preferving his honour. Perdiccas had fet him over that part of Afa, which lies betwixt Mount Taurus and the Hellefpont; and had pofled him alone againfl all his Euro- pean adverfaries : he himfelf had marched againf Ptolemy,

£ [An ancient famous kingdom of Greece, now a province thereof, ' inclofed in a half-circle of mountains, and I'ukjeft to the Turks.]

profeftus.

E U M E N R S. XVIII. 3. 15*

profeftus. Eumenes, cum neque magnas copias, De- que firmas haberet, quod inexercitata:, et non multo ante erant contraftce ; ad- ventare autem dicerentur, Hellefpontumque tranfiif- fe Antipater et Craterus, magno cumexercitu Mace- donum, viri cum claritate, turn ufu belli prallantes : (Macedones verb milites ea tunc erant fama, qua nunc Romani feruntur: et- enim femper habiti font fortiffimi, qui fummam imperii ‘ potirentur). Eume- nes k intelligebat, fi copias fuae cognoffent, adverfus quos ducerentur, non modb non ituras, fed fimul cum nuncio dilapfuras : i- taque hoc ejus fuit pruden- tillimum confilium, ut de- viis itineribus milites (ûce- ret, in quibus vera audire non poffent ; et his perfua- deret, fe contra quofdam barbarosproficifci. Itaque tenuit hoc propofitum, et prius in aciem exercitum e- duxit, praeliumque commi- fit, quam milites fui fcirent, cum quibus arma confer- rent. Effecit etiam Mud lo-

to invade h Egypt. Eumenes, though he had neither a great army, nor a Jlrong one, becaufe it was unexcrcifed, and raifed not long before, and Entipater and Craterus were faid to be coming, and to have pajfed the Hel- lefpont with a great army of Ma- cedonians, men excelling both in fame and experience in war: (for the Macedonian foldiers were then in that repute, in which the Romans now are reckoned; for they have been always accounted the mojl valiant, who held the chief jway in the world). Eumenes was Jenfble, if his troops underjlcod againjl whom they were ltd, that they would not only not march, but would

fip away immediately with the news of it. Wherefore this contrivance of his was very prudent, to had hi* foldiers by out-of-the- way marches, in which they could not hear the truth ; and to per- fuade them, that he was march- ing againjl fame barbarians. And accordingly he carried this point, and drew his army out into the field, and joined battle, bfure bis foldiers knew with whom they were engaged. He like wifi gained that point, by his timely f ixing of places, that

h [The mod fruitful, mod ancient, and molt celebrated kingdom of all Africa, of old famous for wealth and learning, but now lies groaning under Turkifh flavery ; yet the people (till affett a fort of divining.]

i [Other authors, befide Nepos here, have potior (which commonly governs the ablative, and fometimes the genitive) with the accufative ; as Tacitus, An. xx. 10. 8. Juft. 6. 4. 8.J

k [Some, after Eumenes, add igitur, i. e. inquam, according to Lam- kinus.J

eorum

✓

i<;z Cornelii Nepotis XVIII. 4.

corum prseoccupatione, ut he fought more with his horfe, cquitatu potius dimicaret, in which he was f ranger, than quo plus valebat, quam pe- with his foot, in which he was ditatu, quo erat deterior. but weak.

Cap. IV. Quorumacer- Chap. IV. lifter they had rimo concurfu cum ma- fought in a very defperate en- gnam partem diei eflet pu- gagetncnt a great part of the gnatum, cadit Craterus day, Craterus the general falls, dux, et Neoptolemus, qui and Neoptolemus too, who had fecundum locum imperii the fecondpojl of command. With tenebat. Cum hoc con- him Eumenes himfelf engages; currit ipfe Eumenes ; qui, who, when grappling one another, cum inter fe complex!, in they had fallen upon the ground terram ex equis decidif- from their horfes, that it might lent, ut facile intelligi pof- eafily be underflotd, that they had fet inimica mente conten- engaged with a pernicious intcn- diffe, animoque magis e- tisn, and fought even more with tiam pugnafie, quam cor- mind than body, they were not pore ; non priiis diitradti feparated, before life left one of funt, qu'am alterum anima them. Eumenes is wounded by him reliquerit. Ab hoc aliquot with fame Jlrokes ; nor did he for plagis Eumenes vulnera- that go out of the battle, but prejf tur: neque ed magis ex ed more brifkly upon the enemy. prielio exceffit, fed acrius Here, the horfe being routed, their hoftibusinftitit. Hic,equi- general Craterus fain, many be- 1 tibus profligatis, interfedlo ftdes, and efpecially noblemen, de- duce Cratero, multis prse- ing taken; the infantry, lecaufe terea, et maxime nobili- th y were got into thofe places, bus, captis; pedefter exer- from whence they could not efcape citus, quod in ea loca erat without Eumcnes’s leave, begged dedudlus, lit invito Eumene peace of him; which when they. elabi non poffet, pacem ab had obtained, they did not con- to petiit; quam ciim impe- tinue in their engagement, and traffet, in fide non manfit, withdrew themfelves, as foon as et fe, fimul ac potuit, ad they could, to Antipater. Eumenes Antipatrum recepit. Eu- endeavoured to recover Craterus, menes Craterum, ex acie being carried half alive out of the fernivivum datum, recreare feld: when he could not do that, lluduit: cum id non poffet, he buried him with a noble fune- pro hominis dignitate,pro- ral, according to the dignity of quepriftina amicitia (nam- the man, and their former friend- que illo ufus erat, Alex- f tp, (for he had been very fami- andro vivo, familiariter) liar with him, whilft Alexander

amplo

E U M E N E S. *$3 XVIII. 5.

amplo funere extulit, offaque in Macedonian! uxoti ejus ac liberis remifit.

Cap. V. Hasc dmn apud Hellefpontum geruntur, Perdiccas apud flumen Ni- luna interficitur a Seleuco et Antigono; rerumque fumma ad Antipatrum de- fertur. Hie, qui deferue- rant, exercitu fuffragium ferente, capitis abfentes damnantur : in his Eume- nes. Hac ille perculfuspla- ga, non fuccubuit, neque eo fecius bellum admini- ftravit. Sed exiles res animi magnitudinem, etfi non frangebant, tamen immi- nuebant. Hunc perfequens Antigonus, cum omni genere copiarum abundaret, faepe in itineribus vexaba- tur ; neque unquam ad manum accedere licebat, nifi his locis, quihus pauci poffent multis refiftere. Sed extremo tempore, cum confilio capi non pofiet, mukitudine circumventus eft: hinc tamen, multis fuis am'jfas, fe expedivit; et in catlellum Phrygiae, quod Nora appellatuv, confugit: in quo, cum circumfedere- tur, et vereretur, ne, uno

was living) ; and fent his bonet into Macedonia to his wife and children.

Chap. V. IVhilJl theje tidings are done at the Hellefpont, Per- diccas is Jlain at the river 1 Nile, by Seleucus and /hitigonus ; and the chief direction of affairs is conferred upon Antipater. Here, they who had forfalen them, the army giving their voter, are cosidemned in their abfence to the lofs of life: amongfl thefe was Eumencs. He being flocked with this Jlroke, yet did not

fink under it, nor ever a whit the lefs go on with the war. But little things, though they did not break the greatnefs of his mind, yet they lejfened it. Antigonus purfuing him, though he abound- ed in all forts of troops, was often fadly plagued by him in his marches ; nor could he ever come to Jlrokes, but in thofe places, in which a few might refljl many. But at loft, when he could not be taken by con- dud, he was furrounded by their vajl number: yet he got clear from hmee too, many of his men being loj), and fled into a caflle of Phrygia, which is called Nora: in which, when he was befleged, and afraid, left, by

flaying in one place, he flould

1 [The Nile is a famous river in Africa,’arifing from a mountain of the kingdom of Goyama in Abyflinia ; it erodes the countries of the Abyflines, Nubia, and Egypt, and difeharges itfelf into the Mediter- ranean fea at feven mouths. The fertility of Egypt is owing to the overflowing of this liver once a year, which fupplies their want of rain.]

_ P loco

*54 Cornel

loco manens, equos milita- res perderet, quod fpatium non eflet agttandi; callidum full ejus inventum, 'quemadniodum ftans ju- mentum calelieri exerceri- <jue poilet, quo libentius et cibo uteretur, et a corporis motu non removeretur. Subftrihgebat caput loro nltiiis, quam ut prioribus pedibus plane terram poffet attingere ; deinde poll verberibus cogebat exulta- re, et calces remittere : qui motus non minus fudo- rem excutiebat, qu'am fi in ^ fpatio decurreret. Quo failum eft, quod omnibus mirabile eft vifum, ut jumenta reque nitida ex ea- ftelio educeret, ciim complures menfes in obfidione fuiftet, ac ft in campeftribus ea locis habuiflet. In hac conclufione, quotiefeunque •voluit, apparatum et muni- tiones Antigoni alias incendit, alias disjecit. Tenuit aatem fe uno loco, quaradiu fuit biems : quod caftrurn fublidia habere non poterat, et ver appropinquabat, fmnilata deditione, dum de conditionibus traflat, pne- feftis Antigoni impoluit; feque ac fuos omnes extra- xit incolumes.

v Cap, VI. Ad hunc O-

[I N e p 0 T i s XVIII. 5,

fpoil his 'war-lorfei, lecaufe there ‘was no room to exercife them; his invention <was cunning, hoiv a horfe might be tvarmed and exercifcd Jlanding, that he night both eat his provender more freely, and not be kept from bodily motion. He tied up his head tviih a leathern Jlrap, higher than that he could quite torch the ground tviih his forefeet ; then he forced him, tvith lafh- ing behind, to bounce, and throw back his heels : which motion fetched the fweat no lefs, than if he had run in the open field. By which was effiBed that which

feemed wonderful to all, that he drew his horfe< as neat out of the cajlle, though he had bun

fevered months under a fiege, as if he had had them in the o- pen fields. In that fiege, as often as he had a mind, he ft on

fire the works and feme of the fortifications of Antigonur, and tore others a-pieces. But he kept hi niff in one place, as long as it was winter ; yet in regard the cajlle could have no fuccour, and " fl,rt’ S approached, pretending to furretii'.. r, whilfi he treats upon the terms, he impojed upon the commanders of Antigo- tius, and drew off himfelfi and all bis men fafe.

Chap. VI. When Olympias,

® [Spalium, a fpac: ojgreuni or time ; a fiage, or be-ml in racing.] n [Eumtnes expired a dofer ficgc in the fpring than what had been

Jn the wkter-fcafon.j lympias,

XVIII. 6. E U M E N E S. '5$

lymphs, mater qute fuerat Alexandra, com litsras ct nuncios mill (let in Afiam, confultum, utrum repeti- tum Macedoniam veniret, (nam turn in Epirc habitabat), ct eas res occuparet: huic ille primum fuafit, ne fe moveret, et exipedlaret, quoad Alexandri iilius regnum adipifceretur : iin a- liqua cupiditate raperetur in Macedoniam, omnium injuriarum oblivifceretur, et in neminem acerbiore u- tereturimuerio. Horum nihil ca fegit: nam et in Ma- cedoniam profedta eft, et ibi crudeliffime fe gefiit. Petivit autem ab Eumene abfente, ne pateretur Phi- lippi domus et familiae ini- mitiftimos ftirpem quoque interimere; ferretque opem îberis Alexandri: quam veniam ft fibi daret, quam- primum exercitus pararet, quos fibi fubfidio adduce- ret: id quo facilius faceret, fe omnibus praefedftis, qui in officio manebant,-mifif- fe literas, ut ei parerent, e- jufque confiliis uterentur. His verbis Eumenes per- niotus, fatius duxit, ft ita tuliflet fortuna, perirebene ineritis referentem gratiam, qua n ingratum vivere.

Cap. VIE Itaquecopias contraxit, bellum adverius

ivho had been the mother of' Yl- lexander, had fent letters and viejfengers into /ifia to him, to con full him, -whether Jhe Jhould come to recover Macedonia, (for

fire then ° lived in Epire), and f-i%? the government there ; he firjl of all advifed her not ter Pr, and to flay till the fon of yllexander Jhould get the kingdom ; but if Jhe was carried by any Jlrong defire fur Macedo- nia, to forget all injuries, and to ufe a rigid government towards no body. She did nothing of this : for foe both went into Macedonia, and there behaved kerfelf mof cruelly. She begged too of Eumenes, though abfent, that he would not fuffer the bitter enemies of Philip’'s houfe and family to cut of" his race too, and bring affifance to the children of Alexander : which favour if he would do her, he might raife armies as foon as pofiblc, to bring to their relief: that he might do that the more eof- ly, Jhe had writ to all the governors of provinces, that continued in their duty, to obey him, and take his advice. Eumenes being moved with thefe p words of hers, thought it better, if fortune would have it fo, to peri/h in making a return to thofe that had' deferred •well from him, than to live ungrateful.

Chap. Vi I. Wherefore he got together troops, and prepared for

0 [She was the daughter of Neoptolemus king of Epire.] r fOiUi have reins iaftcad of veriu in the Latin text.]

P 2 Antigoncm

J5tS Cornelii Nepotis XVIII. 7.

Antigonum comparavit. Quod una crant Macedo- Jies complures nobiles, in his Peuceftes, qui corporis ctiftos fuernt Alexandri, turn autem obtincbat Perfi- dem ; ct Antigenes, cujus fob imperio phalanx erat Macedonum; invidiam verens, (quam tamen effuge- renon potuit),fipotiusipfe alienigena fummi imperii potiretur, qu'am alii Mace- donum, quorum ibi erat multitude; inprincipiisno- toine Alexandri ftatuit ta- fcernaculum, in ecque fel- lam auream, cum feeptro ac diademate, juflit poni; eoque cmnes quotidie convenire, ut ibi de fummis rebus confilia caperentur; credens minore fe invidia fore, fi fpecie imperii, no-

minifquefimulatione Alex- andri, bellum videretur ad- miniftrare : quod et fecit. Nam cum non ad Eumenis pvincipia; fed ad regia conveniretur, atque ibi de rebus deliberaretur, quodammodo latebat: dim tamen ]icr cum unum gererentur omnia.

Cat. VIII. Hie in Pa-

ri war again/} Antigonus. Be- caufe there were with him a great many nolle Macedonians, and rt- mcngjl them Peucejlcs, who had been a lifeguard-man of Alex- ander's, and at that time held Perfta ; and Antigenes, under whofe command the phalanx of the Macedonians was ; fearing envy, f winch yet he could not c- fcape), if he a fir anger Jkould rather lave the chief command, than others of the Macedonians, of which there was a great number there; he eredls a tent in the 11 principia, in the name of Alex- ander, and ordered a gold chair, with a feeptre and a diadem,' to be placed in it ; and all to repair thither every day, that there counfel might be taken about hn- portant matters ; thinking that he Jhould be under lefs envy, if he appeared to manage the war, under Jhew of the command, and under pretence of tke name of A- lexander : which he likewife did. For as they did not meet at the principia of Eumenes, hut at the king's, and there debated about their afjairs, he in a manner was concealed: though notwith-

Jlanding all things were done iy him alone.

Chap. VIII. He engaged in the

n The frinclpia was that place in the camp where the general’s tent was, where the ftandards were thick in the earth during the encamp- ment : there likewife courts for the cognifance of mifdemeanors, and councils of war, were held. [It is called hy lome the head-quarters, alfo the centre of an army, the place of fafety ; hence, ff frine fia, Ln the rearguard, a prmcipiis, in the vanguard.]

rsctacis

XVIII. 8. E U M E N E S. *57

rcstaciscum Antigono conflixit, non acie inttrufta, fed in itinere; eumque male acceptum in Mediam lii- ematum coeget redire. I- pfe in finitirha regione Per- iidis hiematum copias divifit ; non lit voluit, fed nt militum cogebat volun- tas. Namque ilia phalanx Alexandri Magni, quae A- fiam peragrarat, devicerat- que Pei-fas, inveterata cum gloria, turn etiam licentia, non parere fe ducibus, fed imperare pollulabat, ut nunc veteran! faciunt no- flri. Itaque periculu n eft, ne faciant, quod illi fecerunt fua intemperantia, ni- iniaque licentia, ut omnia perdant ; neque minus e- os, cum quibus fteterint, quam adverfus quos fecerint. Q_ubd ft quisillorum veteranorum legal facta, paria horum cognofcat ; neque rem ullam, nifi tempus, intereffe judicet. Sed ad illos revertar. Hiberna fumferant, non ad ufum belli, fed ad ipforum luxu- riam ; longeque inter fe dif- cefferant. Hoc Antigonus cum comperifltt, intellige- retque £e parem non effe paratis adverfariis,fbituita-

countr}^ of the r Par/r.laci, with Antigonus, n->t with his army re- gularly drawn up, hut upon lus march ; and forced him, being ill handled, to return into f Me- dia, to winter. Hedijlributed hist troo[s into winter-quarters, in the neighbouring country of Per- fia, not as be had a mind, but ae the pleafure of the foldiers obliged him. For that phalanx of Alex- ander the Great, which had overrun all Afia, and overcome the Perfians, being grown old both in glory and iicentioufnefs too, ex- ptSed not to obey their generals, but to command them, as cur veterans now do. Wherefore there is fome danger, Icjl they fhould do what thofe did, by their difor- dcrly behaviour, and extravagant heentionfnefs, ruin all, no l-.[s thofe with whom they have fi- ded, than thofe ngainjl whom they fought. And if any one reads the actions of thofe veterans, he will fnd the a£tions of thefe of ours like them ; nor will he judge there is any thing of difference betwixt them, but that of time. But I

Jhall return to them. They had taken up their winter-quarters, not for the convenience of war, but for their own luxury ; and had feparated at a great difiance from one another. When Antigo- nus had found this, and was fen-

r' fThe Parxtaci are reckoned by fome authors to have been a people in the fouth parts of Media ; by others, to have been rather between Perfia and Media.]

f [Media, an ancient kingdom of Afia, is now part of New Per- fia, viz. all Schirwan, Aderbeitzan, Kilan, and part of Yerack A- gemi; and Ecbatana, that was the capital, is now called Tauris. Itjs J'ubject now partly to the Turks, and partly to the Perfians.]

P 3 liquid

158 CORNELII NePOTIS XVIII. 9.

liquid fibi confilii novi e(Tc capiendum. Duoeerantvire, qua ex Medis, ubi ille bie- mabat, ad adverfariorum hibernacula pofi'et perveni- ri: quarum brevier per loca deferta, quae nemo incole- bat, propter aquteinopiam: cseterum dierum erat fere decern. Ilia autem, qua o- innes eommeabant, altero Lanto longiorem habebat anfradtum ; fed erat copio- fa, omniumque rerum a- bundans. Hac fi proficifceretur, intelligebat priiis ad- ■verfarios refeituros de fuo adventu,quam ipfe tertiam partem confeciffet ttineris: lin per loca fola contende- ret, fperabat fe imprudentem hoftem opprelTurum. Ad banc rem conficien- dani, imperavit quam plurimos litres, atque etiam culleos comparari ; poll base pabulum: prastereaci- baria cocla diemm decern: utque quam minime fieret ignis in caftris. Iter, quod babebat, omnes celat. Sic paratus, qua conflituerat, proficifcitur.

Cap. IX. Dimidium fere fpati'Jm confecerat, ciim ex fumo caftrorum ejus, fufpicio allara efl; ad Eutne- nein, holfem appropinqua- re. Conveuiunt duces ; quxriturquidopusfit fadto. Intelligebant omnes, tam celeriter copias ipforum contrahi non pofle, quam

ftbli that he ‘was not a match for his enemy prepared for him, he refohes to take fame new cour'je. There were two ways, ly which they might come from the country of. he Me dee, where he winter- ed, to the winter-quarters of their enemies : the foorter of which was through} defert places, which no body inhabited, by reafon of the

fcarcity of water ; but it was only about ten days march. But the c- ther, by which all people travelled, had a windabout us long a- gain, hmt it was plentiful, and a* bounding in all things. If he went this way, he was f nfible his enemies would knew of his coming, before he had made a third part of his march ; but if he Jhould go through the defert places, he hoped he Jhould come upon the enemy unawares. For the doing of this matter, he ordered a gnat many leathern bottles and fads to be got together ; after that forage : befider meat ready drejfed for ten days : and that as Utile fore as pffibte

Jhould be made in the camp. He conceals Jrotn all people the march, which he was about ^ Being thus provided, he goes the way which he had intended.

Chap. IX. He had got almojl halj way, when, from the fowl* of his- camp, a fufpicion was brought to Eumenes, that the e- nemy was coming. The generals meet. : it is debated among!! them, what was necejfary to be done. They all knew, that their troops could not fo foon be got together, as Antigonus feemed likely to be

Antigonus

E U M E N E S. XVIII. 9. *59

Antigorms afiuturus videbatur. Hie enmibus titu- bantibus, et de rebus fuin- mis defperantibus ; Eume- res ait,Si eeleritateir. velint adbibere, et imperata facere, quod ante non fecerint, fe rem expediturum : natn quod di^bus quinque boltis transiffe poffet, fe effectu- rum, ut non minus toiidem dierum fpatio retardaretur. Quare circumirent, fuas quifque copiascontraheret. Ad Antigoni autem refre- nandum impetum, tale ca- pitconfilium: certos mittit homines ad infimos mon- ies, qui obvii erant itineri adverfariorum •, hilqueprce- cepit, ut prima nocle qu'am latifiime poffint, ignes faciant quam maximos ; atque hos fecunda vigilia minu- ant, tertia perexiguos red- dant: et, aflimulata caftrorum confuetudine, fufpicionem injiciant hoftibus, his locis effe caftra, ac de eorum adventu elfe pramun- tiatum ; idemque poftera nofte faciant. Quihus im- peratum erat, diligenter proeceptum curant. Anti- gonus, tenebris obortis, i- gnesconfpicatur; credit de fuoadventuefreauditum,et adverfarios illuc fuas con- traxiffe copias. Mutat confilium, et, quoniam impru- dentes adoriri non poffet, fleftit iter fuum, et ilium anfraclum longiorem eopi- ©hs viae capit} ibique diem

there. Here all of them hefitat- big upon the matter, and de- jpairing of the wain flake ; Eu- menes fays, If they would but

expedition, and perform orders, which they had not done before, he would clear the matter : for whereas the enemies might pafs in file days, he would take care that they fiould be retarded not lefs than as many days time. Wherefore he ordered them to go about, and every man to get together his troops. New he takes this method to retard the progrefs of Antigonus ; he fends trufty men to the bottom of the mountains, which were oppofite to the enemy's march, and ordered them to make as large fires, and as far and wide, as they could, in the beginning of the night; and lejfcn them the fecond watch, make them very little the third; and, by imitat- ing the ufage of a camp, give the enemy a fufpicion, that there was a camp in thofe parts, and that notice had been given of their coming ; and to do the fame the following night. They, to whom this order was given, take care to execute their order di- UgLntly. Antigonus when the darknefs of night begun, fees the pres, believes that they had heard of his coming, and that the enemies had drawn their troops thither. He alters his defign, and, becaufe he could not fet upon them unawares, he turns his march, and takes that longer wind of a plentiful route; and there he flays one day, to re-

unum

CoRNELII NePOTIS XVIII. 10. 160

unutn opperitur, ad laffitu- dinem fedandam militum, ac reficienda jumenta, quo integriore exercitu dccer- neret.

Cap. X. Hie Eumenes callidum imperatorem vicit confilio, celeritatem- que impedivit ejus: neque tamen multum profecit; nam iavidia ducum, cum quibus erat, perfidiaque militum Macedonum veteranorum, cum fuperior pradiq difcefiiffct, Antigo-

lieve the wearinefs of his foldiers, and refrejh th'.- horfes, that he might engage 'with his army in better condition.

Chap. X. Here Eumenes prevailed againjl this crafty general by his contrivance, and Jlackened his fpeed: but yet he did not much good to himfelf : for through the envy of the generals 'with 'whom he ‘was, and the treachery of the Macedonian veteran folctiers, tho’ he came off fuperior in the battle, 1 he vs as delivered up to Antigo-

no

* [Tiie following (hort account about this remarkable affair is taken from Diodorus, Plutarch, and Jullin.

Eumenes’s infantry had defeated thofe of Antigonus; but he being ftrong in cavalry, and taking the advantage of the duft raifed by his horfes in a fandy ground, came upon Eumcnes unawares, and having put his cavalry to flight, took his baggage, together with-the women and children that followed the camp ; yet Eumenes, having rallied his horfe, was very defirous to engage Antigonus a fecond time, with a deiign to retrieve his lofs : but Pcuccftes, (one of the deceafed Alexander’s great captains, and of his lifeguard, and now in Eumencs’s army), who had behaved lhamefully in the former engagement, refufed now to obey orders; whereupon Eumenes was obliged to drop his defigu. In the mean time one Teutamus, in Eumenes’s army too, having afked his effe£ts from AntigonuS, was anfwered, That he (hould not only receive all belonging to him, but alfb that the Argyrafpides (that is, a company that wore filver Ihields, and had been in Alexander’s army, and now with Eumenes) flrould he kindly entertained by him (Antigonus), on condition they delivered Eumenes to him. Which anfwer and demand of Antigonus being laid before the Argyrafpides, they agreed to it; and in order to recover their wives, children, and baggage from An- tigonus, they wrefi the fword out of Eumenes’s hands, and tie them behind his back. Upon this he expofhilates the matter with them, begging that, rather than deliver him alive into the hands of his enemy, they themfelves would put him to death, or at lead untie him, and let him have a fword to put hand in himfelf; but when he could prevail nothing with them, he poured out bitter imprecations againft them, and was at lad bafely given up to Antigonus, with whom be had fuch a lament- able undeferved end as Nepos here relates. AfterthisAntigonus,reckoning the Argyrafpides to be but a pack of unnatural, barbarous villains, for betraying their excellent general Eumenes, ordered their captain Antigenes

to

XVIII. II. E U M E N E S.

no eft deditus, cum exercitus ei ter ante, feparatis temporibus, juraffet, fe e- um defenfurum; nec unquam deferturum. Sedtan- ta fuit nonnullorum virtutis obtreflatio, ut fidem amittere mallent, qu'am e- um non prodere. Atque liunc AntigonuSjCumeifu- iftet infeftiflimus, confer- vaffet, ft per fuos effet licitum, quod ab nullo fe plus adjuvari poffe intelligebat in his rebus, quas impendere jam apparebat omnibus. Imminebant e- nim Seleucus, Lyfimachus, Ptolemaeus, opibus jam va- lentes : cum quibus ei de u fummis rebus erat dimicandum. Sed non pafli funt hi, qui circa erant; quod videbant, Eumene recepto, cmnes prae illo parvi futures. Ipfeautem Antigonus adeb erat incenfus, ut, nifi magna fpe maximarum rerum, leniri non poffet.

Cap. XI. Itaque, cum eum in cuftodiam dediflet, etprjefedtuscuftodunfquae- siifet, quemadmodum fer-

161

nus, tho* the army had /wore t» him thrice before, at feveral times, that they 'would defend him, and never forfakc him. But fuch ivas the endeavour of fame people to detrnQ from his 'worth, that they chof rather to part 'with their honour, than not betray him. And yet Antigonus nuould have faved him, tho’ he had been very litter againf him, if he could but have done it for his friends, becaufe he •was fenfble he could be more af- ffted by no body, in thof things, •which novo it voas apparent to all people voere ready to happen. For Seleucus, Lyftnacbus, and Ptole- my, novo mighty in frength, •were coming upon him, •with •whom he •would be obliged to engage for hi* all. But thofe that ivere about him did not fujfcr him ; bccauf they favo, that if Eumenes was entertained by him, they foould all be of fmall account in comparifon •with him. Befdes, Antigonut himflf •was fo incenfed, that he could not be mollifed, but by a great expec- tation of the greatef advantages from him.

Chap. XI. Wherefore, •when he had put him under confinement, and the commander of the guardhad inquired, ho vs he tuould

to be burnt alive, and delivered the other officers and foldiers of that company to Sibyritus governor of Arachofia, f now Candahar), in pretence for the ufes of war, but in reality for deflruftion ; for he gave him private orders to employ them in fuch work, as they might thereby be utterly deflroyed, not thinking it proper to keep (uch traitors in his fervice ; fo that none of them returned into their own country, Macedonia.]

u [Resfummu, the commonwealth, empire, foverergnty.] vari

CORNELII NEPO-As XVIII. I 162

vari vellet ? Ut acerrimum, inquit, leonem, aut feroctf- fimum elephantum : non- ium enim ftatuerat, ferva- ret eum, necne. Venicbat autcm adEumenemutruin- que genus hominum ; et qui, propter odium, fruftum oculis ex ejus cafu ca- pere vellent; et qui, propter veterem amicitiam, colloqui, confolarique cu- perent. Multi etiam, qui e- jus formam cognofctre ftu- debant, qualis efTet, queni tamdiu, tamque valde ti- muiffent, cujus in pernicie pofitam fpem habuiffent viftorite. AtEumenes,cdm diutius in vinculis effet, ait Onomarcho, penes quern fumma imperii erat cufto- diae, Si mirari, quart jam tertlum diem Jic tenere- tur; non enim hoc cotivs- nire Antigoni 'prudent'ue, u ut Jic fe uterctur miBo ; quin aut inter/ici, aut mif- Jum fieri jubcret. Hie ciim fenocius Onomarcho loqui

' videretur : Quid, tu, inquit, animo fi ijlo eras, cur non in preelio cecidijli potiiis, quam in potefiaiem inimici venires ? HuicEume- nes, Utinam quidem ijhid evewjjct, inquit : fed cot on accidit, quod uunquam cum fortiore fum congreffus ; non cnbn cum quoquam anna contuli, quin is mihi fine-

hive him kept? he faid. As a vwjl furious lion, or a very fierce elephant: for he had not yet determined auhethOP he Jhould five him or no. Now two forts of peo-- pie came to Euwenes ; loth tbofe who, becaufe of their hatred of him, had a mind to receive a fatif-

faclion by their own eyes from his fall; and thofe who, becaufe of their old friendjldp for him, dfired to fpeak with him, and to comfort him : many likewife, wht were dfirous to know his perfon, and what fort of man he was, whom they had feared fo long, and

fo very much, in whsfe def ruction they had placed their hopes of victory. But Eumencs, after he had been long in chains, fays it Onomarchus, in whom the chief command of the guard was. That he wondered why he was thus kept now the third day ; for this was not agreeable to the prudence of Antigonus, thus to abufe him he had conquered ; that he fhould order him either to be flain, or to be difeharged. As he

feemed to Onomarchus to talk very boldly on this point : What, fays be, if you were of that mind, why did not you rather fall in battle, than come into the power of your enemy ? To him Eumenes replied, I wifh that bad befallen me indeed ; but it therefore did not happen, becaufe I never engaged with a il outer than myfelf; for I did not fight with any one, but he fell under me : for 1 fell not

rSoitif prefer this reaJinj, c: fic Jeuteretur viflo. ill life ul.J •

Dculor, to make

cubuerit .•

XVIII. 12. E U M E N E S.

euluerit : non en'nn virtute hojlnnn, fed amicorum perfidia decidi. Neque id fal- fum : nam et dignitate fuit honefta, et viribus ad laborem ferendum firmis, neque tam magno corpo- ve, qu'am figura venulta.

Cap.XII. DehocAnti- gonus, cum folus conflitu- ere non auderet, ad concilium retulit. Hie, cum plerique omnes,ptimo pertur- bati, admirarentur, non jam de eo fumtum effe fupplicium, a quo tot annos adeo effent male habiti, ut fa:pe ad defperationem forent addufti, quique maximos duces interfeciflet; deni- que, in quo uno effet tan-

163

by the bravery of my enemies, but by the treachery of my friends. Nor was that falfe : * for he 'was a man both of genteel graeefulneft of perfon, and of Jlrengtb fufficient for the bearing oj fatiguet

yet not of fo large a body, as a handfome Jhape.

Chap. Xll. sis Slntigonus dttrjl not alone determine about him, he propofed the matter to a council. Here, ‘when almojl all of them, being much difturb- ed at frjl, 'wondered he was not already punijbed, by whom they had been fo ill handled for fo many years, that they were often brought to defpair, and who had taken off the greatejl generals ; finally, in whom alone there was fo much weight, that fo

x This feems but an odd kind of a rcafon for his being too hard for ail he fought with. Had he encountered ladies with the like fucceft, then indeed his dignitas bonefa, his venuflajigura, might well be fuppoftd to have flood him in good llead ; but what they could fignify againll hard hangs and cold iron, I cannot imagine. [If Nepos had kept out of this fentence theie words, et viribus ad laborem ferendum femes, there might have been fome occafion for the ially Mr Clarke makes here; bujt W'lien we read them jointly, as they ought to be, with the dignitas honefa and venufafgura, it may be thought ftrangc to fee him treat the accurate author w ith fuch a fneer; for he could not but know, that both ancient and modern writers take particular notice of the dignitas honefa and menufafgura in great warriors. See, amongft many, another inftance in this lame author, in his firll chapter of the Kings, what he fays of Artaxerxes Macrochir, or Longimanus; as alio in Virgil, JEn. vi. 860,

—— namque ire videbat Egregium forma juvenem et fulgentibus armis.

and in JEn. v. 344. Gratior et pluchro veniens in corpore virtue.

and what Tacitus Tys of Agricola, 44. a. Si babitum ejuspoferi nofeere •Dclint, dcccntior q:tdm Jublimier fuit. But if what is above faid does not fatisfy, we may fuppofe, with the learned gentlemen Buchner and Stavcrcn, that there is fomething wanting in the text here, which, however, they do not attempt to fupply.j

turn,

164 Co RNELII NePOTIS XVIII. 134

tum, ut, quoad ille viveret, long as he lived, they could net ipfi fecuri effe non poffent; be fecure : if he was Jlain, they interfcfto, nihil habituri Jhould have no difficulty. At negotii effent. Poftremb, fi lajl, if he gave him his life, they illi redderet falutem, quae- ajhed him, What friends he in- rebant, Quibus amicis effet tended to make ufe of? for they, ufurus ? Me enim cum Eu- •would not be -with him, together mene apud eum non futu- •with Eumenes. Having known ros. Hie, cognita concilii the mind of tlfe council, yet voluntate, tamen ufque ad he left himfelf time to confder, feptimum diem deliberan- till the feventh day : but di fibi fpatium reliquit : then, when he was now afraid, tum autem, ciim jam vere- lef any mutiny ef the army retur, ne qua feditio exerci- Jhould arife upon it, he forbade tus oriretur, vetuit ad eum any one to be admitted to him, quenquam admitti, et quo- and ordered his daily food to be tidianum vidtum amoveri withdrawn : for he denied that jufiit : nam negabat, fe ei he would offer violence to him, vim allaturum,qui aliquan- who had once been his friend. do fuiffet amicus. Hie ta- Tet he being tormented with hun- men non amplius, quam ger no more than three days, tiiduum, fame fatigatus, when the camp was removed, cum caftra moverentur, in- was butchered by his guards, feiente Antigono, jugula- Antigonus being ignorant of the tus eft a cuftodibus. matter.

Cap.XIII.SicEumenes, Chap. XIII. Thus Eumenes, annorum quinque et qua- being five and forty years old, draginta, cumabanno vige- after he had attended Philip as fimo(uti fupr'aoftendimus) his fecretary for feven years, feptem annos Philippo ap- from his twentieth year, (as we paruifftt; et tredecim apud haveffewn above), and had held Alexandrum eundem lo- the fame place under Alexander cum obtinuiffet; in his u- thirteen ; in which he commanded ni equitum alas praefuiffet; only one wing of the cavalry ; poll autem Alexandri Ma- but after the death of Alexan- gni mortem, imperator ex- der the Great, had ted armies crcitus duxiflet, fummof- as a general, and had partly que ducespartimrepuliffet, defeated, and partly fain the partim interfeciflet ; ca- greatef generals ; being taken ptus,non Antigoni virtute, prifoner, not by the good con- ied Macedonum perjurio, dud of Antigonus, but the per- talem habuit exitum vitae, jury of the Macedonians, had In quo quanta fuerit omni- this end of his life. Of whom

urn

XIX. r. P H 0 C I O N.

um opinio eorum, qui poft Alexandrum Magnum re- gcs funt appellati, ex hoc facillime poteft; judicari ; quod nemo, Eumenevivo, rex appellatus eft, fed prae- fetftus. lidem, poft hujus occafum, ftatim regium or- natum nomenque fumfe- runt: neque, quod initio praedicaraat, fe Alexandri liberis regnum fervare, id prxftare voluerunt: et,uno propugnatore fublato, quid fentirent, aperuerunt. Hu- jus fceleris principes fuerunt Antigonus, Ptolemas- us, Seleucus, Lyfimachus, Caffander. Antigonus autem Eumenem, mortuum, propinquis ejus fepelien- dum tradidit. Hi militari honefto funere, comitante toto exercitUjhumaverunt; offaque ejus in Cappadoci- am ad matrem, atque uxorem, Liberofque ejus, de- portanda curarunt.

i6t;

how great the opinion of all thofe was, who were called kings after Alexander the Great, may be very eafily judged from hence ; that none, whilft Eumcnes was alive, was named king, but governor : the fame, after his fall, prefently took upon them the regal habit and name too ; nor would they perform that, which at frjl they had given out, that they would keep the kingdom for the children of Alexander: and this their only protector being taken off, they difcovered what they intended. The leaders in. this villany were, Antigonus, Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lyfimachus, and Caff under. But Antigonus gave Burner,es, when dead, to his relations to be buried. Thofe buried him with a military and a handfome funeral, the whole army attending; and took care that hit bones were carried into Cappadocia to his mother, wife, and children.

XIX. XIX.

Phocion, Athenienfis. Phocion, the Athenian.

Cap. I. Chap. I. PHocion, Athenienfis.

Etfi faepe exercitibus praefuit, fummofque magi- ftratus cepit; tamen multb eju» notior integritas eft vitae, quam rei militaris labor; itaque hujus me-

PHocion the Athenian. Though he oftentimes commanded

armies, and bore the greatejl offees, yet the integrity of his life is much more noted than his performance in military affairs : wherefore there is tit account of

Q xnoria

• s6t5 Cornelii Nepotis XIX. 2.

rnoria etl nulla, illius autem magna fama ; ex quo, cognomine Bonus eft appellatus. Fuit enim perpetuo pauper, cum divitifii- iTms effe poffet propter fre- '<[uentes delatos honores, poteftatefque fummas, quae ci a populo dabantur. Hie cum a rege Philippo mu- r.era magnse pecuniae re- pudiaret, legatique hortarentur accipere, limulque admonerent, fi ipfe his facile careret, liberis tamen ibis profpiceret,quibus difficile effet, in fumma pau- •pertate, tantam paternam tueri gloriam: His ille, Si Tiie'i fimiles enmt, idetji hie, inquit, agellus illos aid, qui vie ad kanc dignitatem perduxit : Jin dijjimi- ies Junt futuri, nolo rneis

■impenfs i lorum all auge- trique luxuriant.

Cap. II. c Eidem cum prope ad annum oftogefi- mum profpera permanfiffet fortuna, extremis temporibus magnum in odium pervenit fuorum civium. Primo, quod cum Demade deurbe tradenda Antipat ro confenferat: ejufque confi-

this, but the fame of the other is | great ; from whence he was called by furnarhe, a The Good. For h. was always poor, though he ' miolst have been very rich, be- cau/e of the frequent offees confer- : red upon him, and the greatpojls, that were given him by the people. IVhen he refufed the prefent of a great fum of b money from king Philip, and the ambajfadors advfed him to receive it, and at the fame time told him, that thd he could eafly want it, yet he ought to provide for his children, for whom it would be df'cult, in the utwcjl poverty, to maintain the mighty glory of their father : to thefe he replied. If they be like me, this fame little eftate will maintain them, which has brought me to this dignity : but if they ihall prove unlike me, I would not have their luxury maintained and increafed at my charge.

Chap. II. sifter fortune had continued favourable to him, almojl to his eightieth year, at the latUr end of his time, he fell under the great hatred of his countrymen. Firjl, lecaufe he had agreed with Demades about delivering the city to Antipater: and by his advice, Demojlkenes

a [The Greek name is xprroi, tie Benefcent, which was conferred sipon him in a common hail, ncm.ne contrudicente, for his great good fervices to many ]

b [ The fum was loo talents of fiber, about 8000 pounds Englilh.] c 1F°r eidem ionic read idem, that profpera fortuna maybe taken in

the ablative cafe . and inltead of permanfiffet, others have pervenijfet, had come to him ; and profpera fortuna, if we do not read idem, may be the nominative to either of the verbs.J

lio

XIX. 2. P H 0 C I 0 N. iSj

lioDemofthenescum crete- r!s, qui bene de -.epublica merer! exiftimabantur, populifcito in exilium erant expulii. Neque in eo folum oiFenderat, quod patrix male coufuluerat, fed etiam quod amieitias fidem non prselliterat: nair.queaudlus adjuturque a Demoilhene, eum, quem tenebat, afcen- derat gradusn, cum adverfus Charetem.eum fuborna- ret ; ab eodem in judiciis, cum capitis cauiamdiceret, defenfus, aliquoties libera- tus difcefferat ; hunc non folum in periculis non defendit, fed etiam prodidit. Concidit autem maxime u- no crimine ; quod cum a- pud eum fummum effet imperium populi, et Nicano- rem, Caffandri prasfeflum, infidiari Piraeeo Atbenien- fium, a Dercyllo monere- tur; idemque pofl;ularet,ut provideret, ne commeati- bus civitas priraretur : hie, audiente populo, Phocion negavit effe periculum, feque ejus rei obfidem fore poilicitus eft; ueque ita multb pod Nicanor Piraeeo eil potitus : d ad quem recuperandum, (fine quo A-

'wilb ihe rejl, ivho were thought to deferve well of the commonwealth, had been forced in- to banfbment by an act of the commons. Nor had he only offended in this, that he had advfed ill for his country, but lile- wife in that he hail not performed the faithful part in friend-

fhip : for being fupported and affjled by Dtmoflhencs, he hart mounted to that height,' which he then h.ld, when he fulorned him againfl Chares ; being defended by the fame in fome trials, when he was tried for his life, he had come off feveral times fafe; he not only did not defend him in his dangers, but lilt wife betrayed him. But he fell chiefly by one crime; becaufe, when the fupreme government of the people was in him, and he was told by Dercyllus, that Nicanor, Caffander's governor, had a de-

fign upon Pyraeus, a port of the Athenians, and the fame man dfired, that he would tale, care the city was not deprived of its provi/i.ns : here, in the hearing of the people, Phocion denied there was any danger, and promifed that he would be fecurity for that matter; and not long after Nicanor got Pyneeus: to recover which port (without

d The accurate Bofius and Staveren, with fome others, (who own a difficulty in the words, as they have them placed), make this whole: fenlencc to (hand thus : jt-i yue/n recuperandum, cum populus arrnstus con- curnjfct, illc non r/todo ncvtlncm ad acma rjucavit1 Jed ac artnatis (juidem pret- cjfe vsluit. Sine quo Athens omn no ejfe nun pojfunt. But in regard the order in which Meflieurs Clarke and Courtin have thefe words feems to be fomewhat plainer, it was therefore thought proper to copy after them here.]

(^2 theme

i68 CoRNELII NePOTIS XIX. 3.

then® omnino efle non pofiiint) cum populus ar- tnatusconcurriffet, ille non modo neminem ad arma vocavit, fed ne armatis quidem prasefle voluit.

Cap. Ill, Eranteo tempore Athenis du® fadllo- r.es ; quarum una populi caufam agebat, altera opti- niatum: in hac erat Phoci- on et Demetrius Phalereus. If arum utraque \i acedo- num patrociniis nitebatur : nam populares Polyfper- chontifavebant; optimates cum Caflandro fentiebant. Interim, a Polyfperchcnte Caffander Macedonia pul- ftis eft. Quo fadto, populus fuperior faftus, ftatim duces adverfari® fafh’onis capitis damnatos, patria pepulit: in his Phociunem et Demetrium Phalereum: deque ea re legatos ad Po- lyfperchontem mifit, qui ab eo petcrent, ut fua de- creta confirmaret. Huceo- dem profedlus eft Phocion; cub ut venit, caufam apud Philippum regem verbo, re ipsa quidem apud Polyfper- chontem, juffus eft diccre ; namque is turn regis rebus prxerat. HiccumabAgno- n.'de accufatus£efietj quod Piraeeum [NicanoriJ pro-

whicb Athens cannot be at all), •when the people run together in arms; he not only called out no body to arms, but •would not fo much as comviand thofe that were armed.

Chap. III. There •were at that time two fa flit ns at A- thens ; one of which food up for the caufe of the people; the 0- ther that of the quality : in this •was Phocion and Demetrius Pha- lereus. Each of thefe relied upon the protection of the Mace- donians : for the popular party favoured Polyfperchon ; the gentry fded with Cajfander. In the mean time, Cajfander was driven out of Macedonia by Poly-

fperchon. Upon which, the people becoming fuperior, immediately forced out of their country the beads of the oppofte party, condemned to the lofs of life; a- mong thefe Phocion and Demetri- us Phalereus : and fent ambaffadors about that matter to Po- lyfperchon, to defire of him that be would confrm their decrees. e To the fame went Phocion ; whither as foon as he was come, he was obliged to plead his caufe before Ling f Philip in pretence, but in reality before Poyfper- chon; for he at theft time di- rected the king's affairs. Be- ing accufed by Agnonidcs for having betrayed Pyrxeus [to Nica-

e 1T0 the fame perfon and place, vis. Macedonia, where Poiyfpcr- chon was at this time.]

f [Vis. Philip Aridaeus the huthnnd of Eurydice, and baftard-fon of that Philip, who was the Ion oi Amy 111as.]

didiffet,

XIX. 4- P H 0 C I O N.

didiflet, ex conciui fententia in cuftodiam ccnjeclrs, Atlier.as dedadlus eft, ut i- bi de eo legibus neret judicium.

Cap. IV. Hue ubi ner- ventum eft,cum propter -js- tatem pedibui jam non valeret, veliiculoque po'rtare- tur, magni concurfus fimt fafti; cum alii, remir.ifcen- tes veteris fama;, statis mi- fererentur*; plurimi verb ir.V cxacuerentiir, propter proditionis fufpicionem Pi- va;ei; maximeque,qubdad- verius populi cotnmod'a in feneftute fteterat. Q_ua de re, ue perorandi quidem t i data eft facultas, et dicendi caufam. hide judicio, legi- timis quibufdam conFeftis, damnatu?, tradit'us eft un- decimviris ; qutbus ad fupplicium, more Athenienii- um, publice damnati tradi folent. Hicciim ad mortem duceretur, obvius ei fuit Emphyletus, quo familiari-. ter fuerat ufus: is cum la- erymans dixifiet, 0 quam inJ'igna perpeter'is, P hoc ion ! huic ille, At non inopinata, jnquit ; hunc enim ex'ilum pleriqu: dart viri hcibue- r.unt Athenhnfes. In hoc tantum fuit odium multi- tudinip, ut nemo aufus fit eum liber fepelire : itaque a fervis fepultus eft.

i<59.

nor~\, being put under confinement by order of the council, he <was carried to Athens, that he might have his trial there accord- ir ^ to law.

Chap. IV. After he was come hither, beirig now lame of lus feet by rcafm of his age, and was carried in a chariot, great crowds of people gathered about him ; whiff, fame, remembering his former fame, pitied his age; but v ry many were incenfed becaufe of the fufpicion of bis betraying-

" Pyreeeus ; and chiefly, becaufe he had flood up againfl the interefi. of the people in his old age. Wherefore he had not, indeed, leave given him to fpcak for himfeif, and plead his caufe. Then feme formalities of law being performed, he was condemned, and delivered to- the unde- cimviri, to whom, according to the cuflom of the Athenians, thofe condemned for offences againjl the ft ate ufe to be delivered. When he was led to execution, Emphy— letns met h m,. whom he had been very inf mate with : when he find,, vjeeping, O ! what unworthy things do you fuffer, Phocion ! To him he‘replies. But not un- expefted ; for moft of the famous men of Athens have had this end. So great was the haired of the people againjl him, that no freeman durjl bury him : wherefore he was buried by his fiaves.

XX. Tj*

CORNELII NePOTI-S XX. i. 170

XX.

Timoleon, Corinthius.

Cap. 1. 0 r

TlTioleon Corinthius. Sine dubio magnus

omnium judicio hie vir ex- titit: namque huieuni contigit, quod nefoio an ulli, ut et patriam, in qua erat Ti at us, oppreffam a tyranno liberarct ; et a Syracu- iis, quibus auxilio erat miffus, invetcratani fervitutem depelleret; totamque Sicilian!, multos an nos hello vexatam, a barbarifque oppreffam, fuo adventu in priftinum reftitueret. Sed in his rebus non fimplici fortuna confli£latus eft; et, id quod difficilius pu- tatur, multb fapientius tulit fecundam, qu'am adver- fam, fortunam : nam cum frater ejus Timophanes, dux a Corinthiis delectus, ty’rannidem per a milites mercenarios occupaffet, particepfque regni poffet efle ; tantum abfuit a focietate fceleris, ut antetu- lerit fuorum civium libertatem fratris i'aluti, et patriae legibus obtemperare lanctius duxerit, quam imperare patriae. Hac mente.

XX.

the Corinthian. Timoleon,

Chap. I.

Timoleon the Corinthian. Without doubt he <ioas a

great man in the judgment of every body : for that happened to him a- lone, avhich I know not whether e- ver it happened to any other, that he both delivered his country, in ‘which he was born, opprejfed by a tyrant ; and removed an inve- terate favery from Syracufe, to the ajjijlance of which he was fait; and rcjlored, by his coming, to its former ftate, all Sicily, that had been harajfed with war many years, and opprejfed by barbarians. Rut in tbefe things he f nig- gled not with one fort of fortune only. And that which is thought much the more difficult, he bore his good fortune much better than his ill fortune : for when his brother Timophanes, being chofen general by the Corinthians, had feized the government, by the means of the mercenary foldiers, and he might have been a partner with him in his kingdom ; he was fo -far

from having a Jhare in his villany, that he preferred the liberty of his countrymen before his brother*! life, and efeemed it more upright to obey the laws of his country, than to rule over

a [Mercenarii milites are foldiers hired from another country, and 400 fuch foreigners were in the fen ice and pay of the Corinthians at this time, iu the war they had with the Argives and C'ieonians.J

per

XX. 2. T 1 M 0 L E 0. N. Hi

per b harufpicem, commu- nemque affinem, cai foror ex iifdem parentibus nata, nupta erat, fratrem tyrannum interficiendum curavit. Ipfe non modo manus non attulit, fed ne alp'eere quidem fratenuim fangui- nem voluit. Nam dum res conficeretur, procul in c praelidio fuit, ne quis fa- telles poflet fuccurrere. Hoc prasclarifiimum ejus facinus non pari modo probat urn eft ab omnibus: nonnulli enim laefam ab eo pietatem putabant, et invidia laudem virtutis obte- rebant. Mater verb, poft id facftum, neque domum ad fe filium admifit, neque afpexit ; quin eum fratrici- dam impiumque deteftans compellaret. Quibus rebus ille adeb eft commotus, ut nonnunqua'm vitae finem facere voluerit, atque ex ingratorum hominum confpeftu morte decedere.

Cap. II. InterimHione Syracufts interfedto, Dio- nyfnis rurfus Syracufarum potitus eft : cujus adverfarii opem a Corinthiis petiverunt, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, poftula- runt. Hue Timoleon mil- fuSjincredibilifelickateDi-

his country. With this mind he took care to have his brother the ufurper Jlcun by a foothfayer, and their common relation, to 'whom their Jifler, born of the fame parents, was married. He not only did mi put a hand to the work, but he would not indeed fee his brother's blood. For whilfl the thing was a-doing, he was at a diflance upon the watcj}, left any lifeguard-man Jhould fuccour him. This mofl noble ahlion of his was not approved of in the like manner by all: for fame thought natural ajfehlion had been violated by him, ami out of envy endeavoured to Uffm the praife of his virtue. But his mother, after that fail, did neither permit her fon to come home to her, nor would look at him ; hut curfwg him, called him the murderer of his brother, and a wicked villain. With which things he was fo much moved, that fometimes he had a mind to put an end to his life, and to withdraw by death out of fight of ungrateful men.

Chap. II. In the mean time, Dion being flam at Syracufe, Di- on fins again got Syracufe ; whofe enemies begged affijlance of the Corinthians, and defired a general, whom they might make ufe of in the war. Timoleon being fent hither, drove Dionfius out of all Sicily, with incredible

b Harufpex, or arufpex, (from haruga, a facriiice, or ara, an altar, anil fpecio, to view), fo called, becaule his chief hufinefs was to judge of futu;e events, by confuiting the entrails <>, the facrilkes.j

c [Precjidium, a ganifon, guard ; a ftaiion or poft.J onyfium

172 CoRNELII NepoTIS XX. 2.

onyfium tota Sicilia depu- lit: ciim interllccre poffet, noluit; tutoque ut Corin- thum peryenirct, eftecit, quod utrorumque Dionyfi- orum opibus Corinthii fsepe adjuti fuerant: cujus he- nigriitatis memoriam volebat exflare ; eamque prae- claram vicloriam ducebat, in qua plus efTet clementite, quam crudelitatis. Poflre- mo, ut non folum auribus acciperetur, fed etiarn oculis cerneretur, quern, et ex quanto regno ad quam fortunam detrufiffet. PoftDi- onyfii deceffum, cum Hice- ta bellavit, qui adverfatus uerat Dionyfio; quern non

odio tyrannidis diffenfifle, fed cupiditate, indicio fuit, quod ipfe, expulfo Diony- fio, imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc fuperato, Timo- leon maximas copias Car- thaginienfinm apud Cri- meffum flumen fugavit, ac fatis habere coegit, fi lice-, ret Africam obtinere, qui jam complures annos pof- fefiionem Sicilire tenebant. Ce it etiam Mamercum, Italicum ducem, hominem bellicofum et potentem, qui tyrannos adjutum in Sicilians venerat.

good fortune : and when he might have killed him, would not, and took care, that he fboidd, come fafe to (1 Corinth, becavfe the Co- rinthians had been often ajjijled by the power of loth the t)io- n ft ufe s ; the memory of which kindnefs he had a mind Jlould continue; and he reckoned that a noble vidory, in which there was more of clemency than of cruelty. Finally, that it might not only be beard by the ears, but alfo feen by the eyes, whom, and from how great a kingdom, to what a fortune he had reduced. After the departure of Dio- nyfius, .he made war with Hi- cetas, who had oppofed Di any fi- lls ; with whom that he did not d'jfer, out of hatred of his tyranny, but out of a defire to reign, this was a proof, that he, after Dionyfius was forced away, would not quit his power, tie being conquered, Timoleon overthrew a great army of the Car- thaginians at the e river Cri- mejftis, and forced them to be content, if they could but keep Africa, who had now kef pof-

fejjion of Sicily for feveral years, lit like wife took Mamercus an Italian general, a warlike and a powerjul man, who had come into Sicily to help the tyrants.

d !It is now called Coranto, a city of Sacania in the Morea; has been a very confuierable city, but now in a very declining (late. It is in the miilll ot the iflhmus of Corinth, which is a neck of land that joint Morea to the reft of Greece, being about two leagues broad, betwee - the gulfs of Lepanto and Engia.]

* [In Sicily.] Cap. HI.

r I M 0 L E 0 N. »73 XX. 3.

Cap. III. Quibus rebus confe&is, ciim propter diu- turnitatem belli non folum regiones, fed etiam urbes defertas videret; conquifi- vit, quos potuit, primum Siculos ; deinde Corintho arcefllvit colonos, quod ab his initio Syracufse e- rant condit$. Civibus ve- teribus fua reftituit, novis bello vacuefaftas poffelTi- cnes divifit; urbium moe- nia disjefta, fanaque de- leta refecit; civitatibus le- ges libertatemque reddidit; ex maximo bello tantum otium toti infuke concilia- ¥it, ut hie conditor urbium earum, non illi, qui initio deduxerant, videretur. ArcemSyracufis,quam munierat Dionyfius ad urban obfidendam, a fundamentis disjecit; caetera tyrannidis propugnacula de- molitus eft, deditque ope- rant, ut quam minime multa veftigia fervitutis manerent. Cum tantis effet opibus, ut etiam invitis imperare poflet, tantum autem haberet amorem omnium

i Siculorum, ut nullo recu- fante regnum obtineret ; maluit fe diligi, quam metui. Itaque, cum primum potuit, imperium depofuit, et privatus Syracufis, quod reliquum vita; fuit, vixit. Neque verb id imperite fecit ; nam quod catteri reges imperio potuerunt, hie be-

Chap. III. IVhich things being done, •when he fans not only the country, but the cities likewife forfaken, by rcafon of the long continuance of the •war ; he fought up firjl all the Sicilians •which he could, and then fent for planters from Corinth, becaufe Syracufe had been built at firjl by them. He rejlored to the old inhabitants their own, and divided the pojfef-

fions that were made void of own- ers by the war, to the new ones ; he repaired the walls of cities that had been thrown down, and temples that had been defrayed; he rejlored to the cities their laws and liberty ; and procured fo much quiet to the whole ifland after a very great war, that he feemed to be the founder of thtfe cities, and not thofe, who at firjl had brought the colonies thither. He demolijk- ed, to the foundations, the citadel at Syracufe, which Dionyfius had fortified to awe the city ; he pulled down the other bulwarks of the tyranny, and did his endeavour, that asfew marks as pofiible of the former fervitude Jhould remain- 'Th(J, he was in fo great pnwer, that he might have ruled over them, e- ven againfi their wills, and had

fo much the love of all the Sicili- ans, that he might have had the fovereignty, no body refufng him, he chcjc rather to be beloved than feared. Therefore, as foon as he could, he laid down his commif-

fion, and lived a private perfon at Syracufe the remaining part of his life. Nor did he do that im- prudently ; for what other kings

nevolentia

174 CoRNELII NePOTIS XX. 4.

nevolentia tenuit. Nullus honos huic defuit ; neqtie poftea Syracufis res ulla gefta eft publice, de qua prius fit decretum, qu'am Timo- leontis fententia cognita. Nullius unquam confilium non modo antelatum, fed ne comparatum quidem eft : neque id niagis behe- volentia factum eft, qu'am prudentia.

Cap. IV. Hiccumoetate jam prove£tus eftet, fine ullo morbo lumina oculorum amifit: quam calamitatem ita moderate tulit,ut neque eum querentem quifquam audierit, neque eo minus privatis publicifque rebus interfuerit. Veniebatautem in theatrum, cum ibi concilium populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vedtus jumentis jundtis, atque ita de vehiculo, quas videbantur, dicebat. Neque hoc illi quifquam tribucbat fuper- bias ; nihil enim unquam neque infolens, neque glo- riofurn, ex ore ejus exiit: qui quidem, cum fuas. Ino- des audiret praedicari, nunquam aliud dixit, qu'am fe in ea re maximas diis gratias f agere, atque habere.

could do by theirpo-zu;r, he carriA etl by the good 'will ot the people: he noanted no honour : nor zvas any public thing done after at Sy- ratufe, concerning which a decree' was made, before the opinion of. Timoleon was known. Not only no man’s counfel was ever preferred before his, but not indeed compared with it: nor was that occa-\

fioncd more by their good will for him, than his prudence.

Chap. IV. IVhen he was now, advanced in age, he lojl the fight of his eyes without any dijlemfr to occafion it: which misfortune he bore fo meekly, that neither any one heard him complain, neither was he the lefs engaged in private and public bufmefs : but he came into the theatre, when any ajfem-. bly of the people was held there, riding in a chariot lecaufe of his llindnefs, and fo fpoke fro?n the. chariot what feemed proper. Nor did any one impute this to his pride ; for nothing ever, neither irfoltnt nor loafing, came out of his mouth : who truly, when he heard his own praifes celebrated, never faid any thing elfe, than that in that cafe he gave very great thanks to the immortal:

gods, andJIM would thank them, : that fince they had refolved to put Sialy again into a good condition.

f [The author elegantly difiinguilhes here between gratias agere et habere. Gratias agerc. eft verbis, to give thanks by words. Gratias velgratiam habere, eft animo et voluntate; to fee thankful in one’s mind ; | to have a grateful remembrance of a favour done, and an inclination to Ihow gratitude as occafions offer- And grjtiam referee, vel red- , dere, eft fattis ■, to thank by deeds; to requite a courtefy or good,1

turn. .

T I A1 0 L E O N. 'IS

quod ciim Siciliam recreare conilituiffent, turn fe potiffimum ducem effe voluif- fcnt. Nihil enim rerum hu- mauarum fine deorum nu- mine s agi putabat. Itaque fuse domi facellum (ixTictf fautomatias) con- ftituerat, idque fantliffime colebat.

Cap. V. Ad hanc hominis excellentem bonita- tem mirabiles accefferunt cafus : nam pradia maxima natali die fuo fecit omnia ; quo faClum eft, ut ejufdem natalem feftum haberet u- niverfa Sicilia. Huic quidam Lameftius, homo pe- tulans et ingratus, vadimonium cum vellet imponere, quod cum illo fe lege agere diceret; et complures con- curriffent, qui procacita- tem hominis manibus coer- cere conarentur : Timole- on oravit omnes, ne id facerent ; namque, id ut La- meftio, caterifque liceret,

they had thought fit, that he, alcve all others, Jhould be the conductor of that affair, > For he thought, that nothing of human afjairs was tranfatted without the providence of the gods. Wherefore he had built a temple of h fortune in his own houfe, and frequented it mojl rcligioujly.

Chap. V. To this excellent goodnefs of the man, wonderful accidents were fuperadded : for he Jought all his greatejl battles upon his birth-day; whence it came to pafs, that all Sicily kept his birth-day as a fejlival. When one Lamejlius, a faucy ungrateful fellow, would needs put bail upon him, bccaufe he faid he would go to law with him; and feveral ■profit gathered about him, who endeavoured to correct the fauci- ncfs of the fellow by blows : Tt- mo/eon legged of them all, that they would not do it ; for that he had undergone the greatef fa- tigues and extreme hazards, that that might be lawfulfor Lamejlius

turn. Thus, in the life of Themiftoelcs, at the end of chap. 5. we have prt mentis gratiam pofiea retulit; he afterwards made a requital (to the fhipmafter) according *0 his deferts : for it is faid, that The- miftocles gave him a iirm of money.]

8 Some read geri. h Timoleon and the Sicilians feem to have worfhipped Fortune un-

der the name of Automatia, (i. e. the illue, event, or fuccefs, that comes freely, or of itfclf;, becauie fortune was reckoned by the Greeks and Romans to be the miftrefs and governtfs of all fucctffes; upon which account they erefted many temples to her: Yet the judicious poet Juvenal (peaks thus of her :

Nullum numen alefi, ft fit prudentia : fedte Nos facimus, Par tuna, dejm, co toque locamus. Fortune is never worlhipp’d by the wife: But Ihe, by fools fet up, ufurps the Ikies.

fe

176 CoRNELII NePOTIS XX. 5.

fe maximos labores fum- maquc adiifie pericula : hanc enim fpeciem libertatis effe, fi omnibus, quod quifque vellet, legibus experiri liceret. Idem, cum quidam Lameftii fimilis, nomine Demsenetus, in^ condone populi, de rebus geftis ejus detrahere coepif- fet, ac nonnulla invehere- tur in Timoleonta ; dixit. Nunc demum fe ' voti effe damnatum ; namque hrec a

and others : for this was a vi fible appearance of freedom, if it was allowed all people to try at law, what every one plea-\ fed. The fame man, when one like Lamejlius, by name Dema- nd us, had beguti to detratt from his actions in an affembly of the people, and inveighed fame- what againjl Timoleon ; he faid, that now, and never till now, he had his wifh ; for he had always begged this of the immortal gods, that they would re-

diis immortalibus Temper fore fuch freedom to the Syra- precatum, ut talem liberta- cufans, in which it might 'be

allowed any one to fpeak his mind with impunity, of whom he would. When he died, he was buried at the public expence by the Syracufans, in the k gymna-

fanis in gymnafio, quod fum, which is called Timoleon- Timoleonteum appellatur, team, all Sicily celebrating his tota qelebrante Sicilia, fe- funeral, pultus eft.

tern reftituerent Syracufa- nis, in qua cuivis liceret, de quo vellet, impune dicere. Hie cum diem fupremum obiiffet, publice a Syracu-

i [Damnatus vet!, bound to perform a vow or promife.] k [Gymnafium was a place where wrcfHers, or other gaincfters did

exercife their hrength, in trying mafteries, and other feats of acti- vity. A fchool, college, or hall in an univeriity. The gymnafta are faid to have been firll in ufe at Lacedaemon, but were afterwards very common in all the parts of Greece, and imitated, very much augmented, and improved at Rome. They were not fingle edifices, but a knot of buildings united, being fo capacious as to hold a great many thoufands of people at once, and have room enough for philoib- phers, rhetoricians, and the profellbrs of all other fciences, to read their leftures; and for wreftlers, dancers, and all others that would, t* exercife at the fame time, without the leaf! diflurbance or interrup- tion. They confided of a great many parts, the chief of which (with the above) are to be feen deferibed by Dr Potter, in his Cr. Ant. vol. I. p. 39, 40. Now, the Sicilians buried Timoleon, according to Plutarch, in the forum, at the public charge, (which was ordinary among the ancients to do to feveral of their great men, whether rich or poor); and, for the great refpeft they had to him, built fuch a gymnafum over his fepulchre, and called it Timoleonteum,

XXI. Z>«

XXL i. 177 De kEGIBUS.

xxr. XXL

De R E G I B U 5. 0/ K I N G S.

Cap. I. HI fere fueruntGrseciae

gentis duces, qui memoria digni videbantur, praeter reges: namque e- os attingere tioluiums, quod omnium res geftx feparatim funt remae-i neque tamen hi admo'dum funt muiti. I.acedaemoni- us autem Agefilaus, Bo- mine, non pdteftate, fait rex, ficuti casteri Spartani. Ex his verb, qui domina- tum irnperio tenuerunt, excellentiflimifueruntj (tit nos judicainus),Perfarum, Cyrus,et Darius Hyilafjjis hlius; quorum uterquepri- vatus virtute regrrum eft adeptus. Prior horum a- pud Maffagetas in pnelio cecidit: Darius feneftme diemohiit fupremum. Tres funt prxterta ejuftlem ge-

Chap. I. r" V , H.‘fe ’zuere near all the gene-

I 9 rah of Greece, that feeined worthy of rememlratice, befides the kings : for we would not meddle with them, becaufe the anions of them all are feparately related; neither yet are thefe lery many. But the Lacedemo- nian Agefdaus was a king in name, not in power, as the rejl of the Spartan kings. But of thefc, who held the government with an abfolute fway, the mojl excellent were (as we judge) Cyrus king of the Perfians, and Darius the fon cf Hyjlafpes; both of which being private perfons, got the kingdom by their good behaviour. T he for- wer of thefe fell in battle amongfl the a Maffag tee : Darius died in old age. There are three befides cf the fame nation, Xerxes, and the two Artaxerxes, b Macrochir and Mnetnon, The mof itiu-

a [They were a people inhabiting the Eaflern part of Scythia in A- fia : hut, with refpeft to the death of Cyrus the account that Xe- nophon gives feems more probable, •vix. That he died peaceably in his bed, and was buried at Pafdag*rda in I'erlia, where his monument, according to Strabo, continued to the time of Alexander the Great. See the Revfand Mr Millar’s h.fory of the Jews, p. 234.]

b [This was the fon of Xerxes, and by prefixing clrt, (which, a- mongft the Perfians, fignifies j-rrat), the name will fignify 0 great lord, governor, or ruler The Greeks called him Aducroci'ir, which the Latins render by Lonfmanri fi. e. lor.ghanded), becaufc of the more than ordinary length of his hands; for they were fo long, that, on his (lending upright, he could touch his knees with them. The other Artaxeixes (the fon of Darius Nothus) was, for lib extraordinary memory, called by the Giccks Mneinon, that is, rc- tncaikerer.]

R peri?.

n7S CORNELIX NepoTIS XXI. 2.

rierls, Xerxes, & duo Arta- xerxes, Macrochir & Mne- mon. Xerxi maxime ell illuftre, quod maximis poll hominum inemoriam exercitibus, terra marique bellum intulit Grcecias. At Macrochir prrecipuani lia- betlaudem atnpliffima; pul- cherrimscque corporis for- mse, quam incredibiii ornavit virtute belli ; namque illo Perfariun nemo fuit manil fortior. Mne- mpn autem juftitise fama floruit. Nam ciim matris fuse fcelere amifilfet uxorem, tantum indulfit dolo-

• ri, ut eum pietas vinceret. Ex his, duo eodem nomine, morbo naturae debi- tum reddiderunt : tertius ab Artabano pisefedto ferro interemptus eft.

CAP.II.ExMacedonum autem genere, duo multo cseteros antecefferunt rc- rum geftarum gloria ; Phi- lippas Amy ntse fill us, & A- lexander magnus. Horum alter Babylone morbo con- fumptuseft: PhilippusiE- gis a Paufania, cum fpefta- tum ludos iret, juxta theatrum occifnseft. UnusEpi- rotes,Pyrrhus, qui cum populo Romano bellavit. Is ciim Argosoppidum oppu-

flricut thing of Xerxes is, that he made war upon Greece by land and fea, with the great/jl armies that have been known f ace we have had any hijlory of mankind. But Macrochir has a mighty commendation in ftory, for the large and mcfl comely snake of his perfon, which he adorned with an incredible bravery and conduit in war ; for nine of the Ptrfans were more

font in aUion than he. But Mnetnon feurifjed in reputation

for jujlice. For, after he had hjl his wife by the wicked contrivance of his mother, he fo far indulged his forrow, that his duty to his mother overcame it. Of thefe, the two of the c fame name paid their' debt to nature by a difeafe : the d third was fain with the fword by Artaba- nus, a governor of his.

Chap. II. But, of the nation of the Macedonians, two much excelled the ref in the glory of their exploits ; Philip the fon of Amyntas, and Alexander the Great. One of thefe was taken off by a dijlemper at Babylon : Philip was fain at c Alga: by Paufanias, as he was going to fee the public games, nigh the theatre. There was one of 11- pire, Pyrrhus, who made war with the Roman people. He died of a frc>ke with a fone, when

c [Viz. The two Artaxerxtils, Macrechir and Mremon.] il [Viz. Xerxes.] J [Viz. Xerxes.] •» c [Aigac was for fome time the royal city of Macedonia, but Pella cam: io afterwards.]

gnaiet

De R E G 1 B U S' . ■179 xxr. 3.

gnaret in Peloponnefo, la- pide iftus interiit. Unusi- tem Siculus, Dionyfius pri- or : nam et manu fortis, et belli peritus fuit; et, id quod in tyranno non facile, reperitur, minime iibidino- fus, non 1 u'uriofus, non a- varus ; nullius rti dtnique

' cupidus, nil! (ingularis per- petuique imperii, oh eamque remcrudejis: nam dtim id (luduit munire, nuUtnS peperiit vit^, quern ejtis infidiatorem putaret. Hie, cumvirtutetyrannidem fibi peperiffet, magna retiun- it felicitate, majorque annos fesagiula nates, deceffit fiorente regno : ncque, in tam multis annis, cujuf- quam ex fua liirpc funusvi- dit, cum ex tribus uxoribus liberos procreaflet, multi- que ei nati effent nepotes.

Cap. 111. Fuerunt praeterea rnagni reges ex amicis Alexandri Magni, qui, poll obitum ejus, imperia ceperunt : in his, Antigo- nus, & hujus filius Deme- trius ; Lyfimacbus, Seleu- cus,Pto3emteus. ExhisAn- tigonus, cum adverfus Se- Icucum Lyfjmachumque dimicaret, in praslio occifus eft. Pari letho affeftus eft Lyfimachus a Seleuco : nam, focictate diffoluta, bellum inter fe gefferunt. At Demetrius, dim filiam fuam Seleuco in /natrimo- niym deuifl'et, utqtie eo

he was attacking the town of Argos in Peloponnefus. There was one like wife of Sicily, Dionv- fas the Firjl: for he was loll) brave in aftlon, and fulfill in war; and, that which is not eafly fund in a tyrant, he was not at all lUfful, not luxurious, not covetous ; finally, very dcfl- rov.s of nothing- but of arbitrary power, and for life, and for that reafon cruel: for whilfl he endeavoured to fane that, he /pared no man's life, whom he thought to be in a plot again/ it. He, after he had got the government by his able management, kept it with great good fortune ; and died above fxiy years of. ag~, in a fourjhiug kingdom : nor, in fo many years, did he f e the funeral of any cf his ijfue, tiio’ he bad children by three wives, and had. many grand/ns lorn to him.

Chap. III. There were befdes, great kings of the friends of Alexander the Great, who, after his death, f ined the government : among/ thefe, Antigonus, and his fon Demetrius ; Lyfma- chus, Seleucui, and Ptolemey. Of thefe, Antigonus was fain in a. battle, when he fought again/ Seleucus and Lyfmachus. ify-

fmachus was taken off with tls like death by Seleucus t for, upon a breach of the alliance, they carried on a war together. But Demetrius, after he had given his daughter to Seleucut in marriage, and the alliance betwixt them was never the more

R 2 magis

jFo C 0 Jl N E L I I N E P O T 1 S XXI.

magisfidaintereosamlcitia faithfully olfrvcrl for that $ the. m an ere potuiffet ; captus fat her-In-lan) being taken in marl, hello, in cuftodia focer ge- din! of a difcafe in cuflody of liia Tieri periit morbo : neque [on In-law : and not long after^ ita multo poll, Seleucus a Seleucus aqas Ireacheraujly fuurt j Ptolemffio Cerauno , dplo by Ptolemy Ceraunus f ; whom,,1

interfedtus eft ; queTn, illc wh^n driven by his own father \ a patre expulfum Altxan- out of Alexandria, an,d in need \ dria, alienarum opum indi- of ethers relief, he had enter- gentem.receperat. Ipfeau- tained. But Ptolemy haying de-\\ tem Ptolemaeus, cum vivus. livered, hilit living £, his king- fllio regnum tradidifiet, ab dom to his fen, is faid to have i illo eodem vita privatus di- been deprived of his life by that citur. De quibus quoniam fame fon. Ctnc< rning whom be- falls diftnm putamus, non caufe we think enough has been i incommodum videtur, non ' faid, it does not feem improper, praeterire Hamilcarem et not to pafs by Hamilcar and Han- Hannibalem ; quos et ani- nilal; who, ’tis certain, did ex- uu magnitudine, et callldi- cel all that were lorn in Africa, . tate, omnes in Africa na- both in greatnefs if mind, and tps prteftitiffe conllai. fubt'tlty h.

f [He was called Ctravnus (i- e. the thunderer), becr.ufe in war he, as it were, thundered.]

S [The otherwift accurate author teems to be mifiaken here, and to have blended this part of the hiftory of Ptolemy Soter (the Ion of Lagus), and Ptolemy Euergqtes his grandfoii, both kings of Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. For Ptolemy Soter, after he had reigned about 35, or, as others lay, 39 years, reiigned, the government to his youngeft fon Ptolemy Philadetphus, having banifhed his elder fon Ptolemy'Ceraunus, as Nepcs fays; or, as others have it, Ceraumis not being able to bear the preference of his younger brother before him, fled to Lyfimachus, and afterwards to St- leucus, who received him with great kindnefs, And Ptolemy Euerge- tes, after reigning 25.years, was put to death by his fon Ftokmy Philopater, fo. called by antiphrafis (or his barbarity to his father; whereas Ptolemy Ceraunus was never king of Egypt, but of Ma. c- don, and was (lain by a company of Gaul-, who had invaded that kingdom under the command of one Btlgius. See, amongft others, ISu&Lr Hi/lcricus, vol. I. n. 309. & 358, and the Rev. Mr Millar of Paifley ins hpery of the j-'u’.ij p. 3~°- & 3 2 z. ]

ft [GAfidhas lignifies alfo prudence, policy, circumfpeftioo.]

XXII. Ha- t.

XXII. T. HAM IL CAR- !?!.

XXII. XXII.

H A M I L C A R. H A M I L C A R.

Cap. I. H Am Hear, Hannibali's

filius, cognomine Barcas, Carthaginicnfis, primo Punico bello, fed temporibus extremis, ad- modiiPA adolefcentubis, in Sicilia prseeffe coepit exercitui. Ci\m ante ejus adventum, et mavi et terra male res gercrentur

^Cartl’.aginiennnm ; ipfe libi affuit, inmq'iam liofti cetlit, neque locum no- cendi cedit ; faepeqr.e. e cor.trario, occafione data, laceffivit, femperque fupe- rl or difcclut. (ûo faCto, cam, pens omnia in Sici- lia PceuI amifiirent, ille Erycem bed. fendit, utbel- lum eo loco geltnm non videretur. Interim, Car- thsginienfes claffe apud infuUs xltgatcs a C. I.uta- tio Coufnlc Romanorum f.-iperati, flatii^riint belii ftnem faccre, eamqv.e rem

Chap. I. HAmilcar the Jm if Hanni-

bal, by furname Barcas, the Carthaginian, begun, when ’very young, to command an army in Sicily, in the firjl a Carthagini- an war, but about the latter end of it. And whereas, before his coming there, the ajj'alrs of the Carthaginians were ill managed, both by fe i and land; wlyn he came there, he never flinched before the enemy, nor gave them any opportunity of hurting him ; and oftentimes, on the contrary, when an opportunity offered, he attached the enemy, and always came off fuperior. Upon which, tho' the Carthaginians had alntcft ¥ all in Sicily, he Jo defended b Er\a, that the war did notfeen: to have been carried on at all / - that place. In the. mean time, the Carthaginians being routed by Jia, at the ifunds called c Aga- tes, ly Cains Lute tins the cm* fui if the Ron;cm,, refolded to nahe an end of the war, and

8 iThe Carthaginians, were hy fyr.eedxbe called Peitl, (a people-of Atsica mar Cr.i tliag?), the fame as Pbtmi, becaufe they were del ceil'!-.! from the I’licenicians, a people,.of Afia : hence Pamcus, [or ■; author' form times ul'e Puduu-, of, or belonging to Carthage, or J.ii,; 1

Tunic.] ' t ['1 his is reckoned the highrfl mountain of Sicily, (after idi'.nal',' l.ar-

A'ing a town built npcin it, and a temple on the .top of.it, foiled t? Venus. Some call it now Pf.ute S. 'Juliana.']

0 [The-/ligates., 'called by Polybins JEygfa), arc a knot.of fr-ali iflimfis in the Atc.li!err: n an fea, overagaintt the sveftern point of Si- cily, upon the coaft of Africa; they are now called, according to Bo- bun, Oeliam.J

*3 arbitriq

C'ORNELII NePOTIS XXII. 2. liTz-

arbitrio permiferunt Ha- left that matter to the difcrA milcaris. Ille etfi ' flagra- lion of HamiJcar. He, altho’ hi bat bellandi cupiditate, ta- burnt with dfire of carrying on I men pad ferviendiim pu- the tvar, yet thought it necef- tavit, quod patriam, ex- fary to endeavour after peace, b - I hauflam fumptibus, diuti- caufe he •was fenfble, that hia us ealamitatem belli ferre country, being exhaujled by the. non poffe intelligebat: fed chargee, was not able to bear ita, ut ftatim mente agita- the diflrefs ef the -war ary ret, fi paulii in modb res longer; but fo, that he immedi- effent refedre, bellum re- ately purpofed in his mind, if novare, Romancfque ar- their ajj'airs jhculd be hut a little mis perfequi, donicum aut recruited, to renew the war, and d certe viciiTent, aut vi£ti to.fall upon the Romans with rcanus dediffent. Hoc arms, until they Jhould either conflio pacem conciliavit; manfejlly conquer, or, being con- in qua tanta fuit ferocia, quered, give up the caufe'. With ut cum Catulus negaret, this dejign he made a peace, in fe bellum compofiturum, which fo great was his refolu- liifi ille cum fuis, qui E- tion, that when Catulus denied rycem tenuerunt, armis that he would agree vpotu ending relidis, Sicilia decedcrent; the war, unlefs he with his men, fuccumbente patria, ipfe that held Eryx, quitting their periturum fe potius dixe- arms, left Sicily; tho’ his conn- . rit, quam cum tanto fla- try wasJinhing, he faid, he would gitio demum rediret: non perijh rather than return home , enim fuas efle virtutis, ar- with fo great a fcandal; for it \ ma a patria accepta adver- was not fuitable to his conduct fus hoftes, adverfariis tra- to deliver up his arms, received dere. Hujus pertinacias. from his country againjl its ene- ceflit Catulus. it/ies, to his adverfaries. Catulus

yielded to his refolution. Cap. II. At ille, ut Car- Chap. II. But he, as foon as.

thaginem venit, multh alir he came to e Carthage, found the ter,

fi’[Cert's, or ceitc -vinc-re, imports fuch undoubted viflory, as that the enemies themfelves behoved to acknowledge it.]

e [Carthage,. Rome's great rival, was once the mofl famous and potent city in Afsiea; it was built by a colony of the Phoenicians, and, aecordin.g to the learned VufTius was in its greateft dignity, e- t«n before the Trojan war; it was at laft rated by bcipio iEmilianas, after it had fuftained three lharp «ars with Rome : yet it was made a Roman colony, and rebuilt by the Romans about years after it bad

beta

f "

XXII. 2. HA MIL CAR.. 1*3

ter, ac fperabat, remmiVrl'i- cam fe habentem cognovit. Namquediuturnitateexter- ni mail tantum exariit in- teftinum bellum, ut nunquam pari periculo fuerit Carthago, nifi cum de- leta eft. Pvimd, mercenarii milites, qtiiad-vefi’us Ro- manos fuerant, defcive- runt ; quorum numerus e- rat viginti millium : hi totam abalienarunt Africam, ipfam Cartiraginem oppu- gnaipint. Quibus malis adeo funt Poeni perterriti, ut auxilia etiam a Romanis petiverint, eaque impetra- verint. Sed extremd, cum prope jam ad defperationem perveniflent, Hamil- carem imperatorem fecerunt: is non foliim holies a muris Carthaginis removit, cum amplius centum -millia facia effent armatorum ; fed etiam to compulit, ut locorum anguftiis claufi, plures fame, qu'nm ferro, interirent. Omnia oppida ahalienata, in his L’ticam atque Plipponem, valentif- fmiatotius Africac, reftituit patriae. Neque eo fuit con-

cotnmonnuealth to be quite otherwife than he e\pefted. For fo great a civil war had broke out, occalicned by the long continu. ance of the foreign <war, that Carthage wras never -in the like danger, but- when it wias de-

Jtroyed. Firfl of all, the foreign foldiers in their pay, who had been employed aguinfl the Re- mans, revolted; aohofe number was twenty thaufand: thefe drew along with them all Afri- ca, and attacked Carthage itfelf. With which misfortunes the Car- thagnians were fo terrified, that they begged affiance even from the Romans, and obtained it. But at lajl, when they were come new almojl to defpair, they made Ha- milcar their general; he not only drove the enemies from the walls of Carthage, though they were become above an hundred thoufahd armed men ; but likewife reduced them to that, that being inclofed within a narrow place, snore of them died by famine, than by the fword. He re-

Jlored to his country all the revolted towns, and amongJl thefe, f Utica and S Hippo, the flrongefl of all Africa. Her was he content with that, but like wife extended

been ruined. After this it flcuriftied greatly a long time, till about A. D. 1169, the Saracens totally ruined it ; and out of its ruins, about three leagues from it, was built f unis, a city on the coaft of Barbary, upon the Mediterranean fea.]

f [Utica (now* Biferta or Benfcrt) was the next famous city to Car- thage in Africa, remarkable for the filicide of Cato, who is from hence called Cato Uticcnfis; it Hands in the kingdom of Tunis in Barbary.]

£ [Hippo (now Bone) is a city of Africa in the kingdom of Algiers in Barbary, and famous for being the birth-place of St Auguftire.j

tentus,

134 C 0 It N E L I I N E P 0 T I S XXII. 34

tentus, Ted etiam fines im- periipropagavit; totaAfri- ca tantum otiutn reddidit, ut nullum in ca helium videretur multis annis fuiffe.

Cap. III. Rebus his ex feritentia peraftis, fidenti ammo, atque infeRo Ro- manis, quo facilius caufam bellandi reperiret, effecit, ut imperator cum exercitu in Hifpaniam mittere- tur ; eoque fecum duxit filium Hannibalem, annorum novem. Erat prasterea cum co adulcfcens il- luRris et formofus, Haf- dnibal ; quern nonnulli diligi turpius, quam par e- rat, ab Hamilcare, loque- bautur: noa enim male- dici tanto viro deefie poterant. Quo factum eft, ut a praifetto rrouun Haf- drubal cum co vetaretur efie. Huic iile filiam fuam in matrimonium dedit, quod moribus eorum non poterat interdici locero ge- rer. Dc hoc ideo mentio- nam fecimus, quod, Ha- inilcarc occifo, ilk exercitui praefuit, refque magnas geflit: et princeps largitione vetuftos pervertit meres Carthaginienftum ; ejuf- demque poft mortem, Han- nibal ab exercitu accepit imperium.

Cap. IV. At Hamilcar, pofteaquam mare - trailhit, in Hifpaniamque venit, rnu-

tbe hounds of their empire; andj' r fared fuel) a peace throughout all Africa, that there feemed not1

to have been any war in it for ‘ many years.

Chap. III. Thfe things being'\ performed according to his wijh, . w: lha mind full of expectations? 1| and incenfed againjl the Roman;? that he might the more eafdy find ’ out a pretence for making war, he procured to be fent general with an army into Spain; and thi- * tier he carried'along with him his fn Hannibal, nine years old. ? here was befdes with him an ilhjirious and beautiful youth, ■ Hafdrubal, who, fame faid, w::s beloved mere fcanJaloufiy than " was fitting, by Hamilcar: for \ backbiters could not be wanting i to fo great a man. From whence it was, that Hafdrubal was forbid to be with him by the over ft er \ of the public manners. He gave him his daughter in marriage, be- . cauf, according to their fajhiotis, j a fon-in-law could not be dfcharged the company of his father-in-law. IVe have therefore J made mention of him, btcaufe, when Hamilcar was fialti, he com- . manded the army, and performed great things : and f fi of all, corrupted the ancunt manners of the Carthaginians, ly his dylri- busing money to the troops ; and after his death, Hannibal receiv- ihe command from the array.

Chap. IV. Rut Hamilcar, after he peffed the fa, and was come into Spain, perfoi read great

gr.as

XXIII. 1. HANNIBAL.

gnas res fecunda gefTu far- tuna ; maximas bellicojilji- mafque gentes fubegit : e- (juis, annis, viris, pecunia, totain locnpletavit Afri- cam. Hie ctan in Italiam bdlum inferre meditaretur, nono anno, poftquum in Hifpaniam venerat, in praelio pugnans adverfus Vet- tones occifus eft. Hujus perpetuum odium erga Ro- manos maxi me condtafle videtur fecundum bellum Punicum : namqtie Han- nibal, filius ejus, aftiduis patris obteftationibus eb eft perdudhis, ut interire, qiiam Romanos non ex- pend, mallet.

185

things 'with good fuccefs : hi fuhdued very great and mojl warlike nations ; he enriched all Africa with horfes, arms, men, and money. IVhilJl he was in- tending to carry the war into Italy, he was Jlainfighting in a Little agaitfl the Vetlones h, in the ninth year after he came in- to Spain. His conjlant hatred of the Homans feems chiefly to have rafed the fecund Cartha- ginian war: for Hannibal his fun was brought to that, by the perpetual in fa rices of his father%

that he chafe rather to . perijh, than not make trial of the Ro- mans. ,

XXIII. XXIII.

Hannibal. Hannibal.

Cap. I.

H Annibal, H armloads x filius, Carthaginieq-

iis. Siverum eft, quod nemo d obi tat, ut populus Roma- nqs. omnes gentes virtute

Chap. I.

H Annibal, the fon of Hamil- car, the. Carthaginian. If

it be true, which no body doubts, a that the Roman people have excelled all nations in bravery

h (A people of Spain, about the river Tagus or Taio.] a Our author has here exprefTed himfelf after a very unufual man-

ner, if the reading-be good. When a fentence, that is a pofitive af- firmation or negation, is the i'ubjeft or objeft of a verb, i. c. an- hvers the queftion. What ? before or after it, the accufative cafe and infinitive mood are commonly ufed; but form-times, though very rarely, quid with the nominative, and indicative, or fnbjunetive. Mdiere are fisme of opinion, that qmi and ut have, in this period, changed places, and that we ought to read thus: Si verum ejl, ut nemo duiitut, quid.

fuperadt.

CORNELII NePOTIS XXIII. 136

fuperarit, non eft infician- dum, Hannibalem tanto prseftitiffe casteros imperatores prudentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fprtitudine cunftas nationes : nam quotiefcunque cum eo congTeffus eft in I- talia, femper difcefiit i'upe- rior. Quod nili domi civium fuorum invidia debili- tatus effet, Romanos J vi- deturiuperarepotuifle. Sed nmltorum obtredlatio de- vicit unius virtutem. Hie autem, velut hxreditate re- luflum,odium paternum erga Romanos fic confirma- vrt, utprius animam, quam id, depofuerit: qui quidem ciiim patria pulfus effet, et alienarum opum indigeret, nunquam deftiterit animo btllare cum Romanis.

Cap. II. Nam, ut omit- tam Philippum, quern, abfens hoftem reddidit Ro- manis ; omnium bis tem-

and conduft, it is net to be d, nied, that Hannibal as much ex ceeded other commanders in pni dence, as the Roman people ex- ceeds all nations in valour b

for as oft as he engaged with than in Italy c, he always euBiiji off fuperior. And unlefs he been weakened, by the envy his countrymen at home, he fern to have been capable of conquer* ing the Remans. But the detrac- tion cf many prevailed agai/Jl the great abilities of one. Now, he fo firmly fixed in his mind his fathers hatred of the Ro- mans, left him, as it were, by inheritance, that he laid down his life before that : who, even when he was banijhed hfs country, and food in need of other

people’s relief, never ceafed in his mind to make war with the Romans.

Chap. II. For, to fay nothing cf Philip e, whom, tho’ at a di-

fiance from him, hs made an enemy to the Romans ; f Antiochus was

poribus

£> I wonder our author fli ruld affirm a thing fo r.otorioufly falfe, as is plain from all other accounts. See Livy and Plutarch.

c [Italy is the molt celebrated country in ail Europe, and was the mid refs and civilizer of all the red. It is wafhed on all fides by the fea, but to the north, where it is bounded by the Alps, which feparate it from Germany, and north-well from Fiance, and north-call from Tin ky. It is reckoned about 250 leagues long, and in breadth in fome places to he 45 leagues, in others 2J, anej.-in others iefs; in fiiape it refembles a man’s leg.l

<1 [Some read viiteretur, might have Itemed.] e [This was Philip IV. king of Macedon, a very martial prince,

aiming at nothing lefs than becoming univern! monarch of the world, and was for pufhing his conqueds to the very walls of Rome ; yet was beat Icveral times by the Romans, and forced at lafl to make a peace with them.]

f [This Antiochus was king of Syria, and of a great deal of" Af:a : he

XXIII. 2. HANNIBAL. 187

poribus potentiffimus rex Antiochasfuit. Hanctar.ta cupiditate incendit bellai)- di, ut ufque a rubromari ar- jna conatus fit inferre Ita- lia? : ad quern cum legati veniffent Romani, qui de ejus voluntate explorarent, darentque operam confdi- is clandeltinis, ut Hanni- balem in fufpicionem regi adducerent, tanquam, ab ipiis corruptum, alia atque antea fentire ; neque id fruftra feciffect; idque Hannibal comperiffet, feque ab interioribus eonfi- liis fegregari vidiffet: tempore dato, adiit ad regem, eique cum multa de fide fua, et odio in Romanos commemoraflet, hoc ad- junct : Pater (inquit) me- tis HamUcar, puerulo me, nt- pott non amp Hus no-.iem an- tics nato, in Hfpaniatn imperator projidfeens, h Car-

the mojl powerful prince of all in tbofe times. He fired him with fa frong a pajfion for making war, that he endeavoured to bring his arms upon Italy, even as far at

from the Red fea % : to whom when the Roman ambaffadors were come, to make a difeovery of his intention, and did their endeavour, by clandefline contrivances, to bring Hannibal -in fufpicion with the king, as if, being bribed by them, he had other fentiments than formerly ; and had not done that in vain ; and Hannibal perceived it, and faw that he was fecluded from his fecret counfels : an opportunity being given him, he went to the king ; and after he- had faid much to him about his

faithfulnefs to him, and his hatred of the Romans, he added this s My father Kamilcar, fays he, when I was a little boy, as being no more than nine years old, going general into Spain, offered facrificcs at Carthage to Jupiter

he was furnamed The Great, on account of his vaft conquefts 1 but was always unfucccfsful in his wars againft the Romans; fo that he was obliged at laft to fuc for a peace.]

S [The Red fea, or Aralnan Golf, is that branch of the Kaflcrn or Indian ocean, that runs up (from louth to north) between Arabia on

■ the eaft, and Egypt and the coafl of Abes on the weft, extending from the ftreights of Babelinanrlel to the illhmus of Suee, being about 370 leagues long, and about 80 broad. Towards the north, it is not above 8 or 9 miles over, as Mr Thevenut obferves, who travelled on its fliores five days. There are different opinions about the name of it, fome laying it fhould be called mare Erytbr itm, the Erythrean fea, from one Erythra, that was a king thereabouts : but others tliii k, that it fhould be ftill called the JieJ Jea, bccatife tl e children of Efau, who is abb Edom, pcflefled tire coaft near it ; for Edom f'ghifks red: feme call it no w the fea of Chifona, i. e. drowning, tecaufe Pharaoh and his holt

1 were drowned in it.] h [Others have the comma at Carthagine, (not at profc'ftr.i), and

make the fenle to be, going from. Curling: j thagine

-

C O R N E L I 1 N E P 0 T I s XXIII. j

thagine Jovi Optimo Ma- ximo hojlias immolavit : ana divina res dum ccnfi- ciebutur, quafnnt a me, Vellsmtie J'ecum in cajlra

projkifci ? Id cum libenter •eiccepiffem, citque ah eo petere capijjtm, Ne dulitaret due ere ; turn ille, Fuel am, inquit, _/? fideru mi hi, quam ptjiulo, dederis. Simd ad drain adduxit, apud quam facrificare iqjiituerat; eamque, cateris remotis, tenen- tem, jurare jujjit, Nun- quam me in amicitia -ciim Romanis fore. Id ego juf- jurandvm patri datum, ifque ad har.c dum ita con- Jervavi, ut nemini dubiurn ppfe debeat, quin re/iquo tempore eiidem mer.te Jim

Juturvs. Square, Ji quid amice de Romanis cogita- lis, non in.prudcnhr jece- ris, fi me celiiris : ci-.m quidem ledum paralis, ieipfum

frujlraberis, ft non me in co principem poftteris.

Cap. 111. Hue igitur k£e- tate cum pat re in Hifpatn- am profeftusdl: cujuspoft cbitum, Hafdrubale imperatore fuffefto, equitatui o- mni prafuit. Hoc quoque rr.terfedo, exercitus fummam imperii ad eum dtf-u- lit : id Carthaginem dela- tum, publice con.proba-

i Tliefe are epithets -g'eil Jupiter.

* [Some in hot here dixinr.tl i\

the befl and the greateft i; whirl divine vvordiip whilil it was pc ! forming, he inquired of me, If would go along with him to tl: camp ? As I willingly accepted c i that, and begun to beg of hit! that be would not fcruple to ca ry me; upon that he fays, 1 will d it, if you will give me the promifi which 1 demand s/joh. And attb fame time he brought me to titU altar, at which he had begun ti facrifice; and commanded me, tH red being ordered away, hole 1 ing that, to fwear, That I won! . never be at friendfhip with thil Romans. 1 have fo kept that oatl i fwore to fry father, all along ti. [ this day, that it ought to he : doubt with no body, but that i: {hall be of the fame mind for tbi time to come. Wherefore, if yoi defign any thing friendly as to thi Romans, you will net do utiwifej Jy, if you conceal it from me but if, indeed, you will prepare for war, you will deceive your fell, if you do not place me the foremoli in that affair.

Chap. III. IVhereforehe nveni at this age nvith his father into Spain : after ivhofe (hath, Haf drubulbeing.put in his room as general, he commanded all the horfe. He too being fain, tha army gave the chief command to him ; which being carried to Carthage, was-approved if by the government. ‘Thus Hannibal, bvl

frequently applied by Ibwtl.cn autl.cn to their

turn

HANNIBAL XXIII. 3. 189

turn eft. Sic Hannibal mi- nor quinqneet viginti annis natus, imperator fa&us, proximo triennio otnnes genres Hilpanise bello fubegit. Saguntum,fcederatam civitatem, vi expugnavit: tres exercitus maximos comparavit: ex his unum in Africammifitjalteramci’m Hafdrubalefratre in Hifpa- nia reliquit, tertium in Ita- liam fecum duxit : faltum Pyrenasum tranfiit : qua- cunque iter fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit : neminem, nifi viftum, dimi- f;t. Ad Alpes pofteaquam venit, qua; Italiam a 0 Gal-

ing made general when left than Jive and twenty years old, in the following three yean fuhdued all the nations of Spain in war. He took by force 1 Saguntum, a city in alliance with the Ro- mans : he raifed three very great armies : he fer.t one of thefe in- to Africa; another he left with Haflrubal his brother, in Spain ; the third he led along with him- f lf into Italy. He pajfed the m Pyrenean forefl : wherefoever he made his march, he engaged with all the inhabitants of the country : he fent none away any otherwife than conquered. After he came to the n Alpes, which divide Italy from Gaul, which

lia

I rSaguntum was anciently where the city Morviedro is now, viz. in Valentia in Spain. Pliny fays, it was built aoo years before the deftrudYion of Troy ; and it was a very faithful ally to the Romans: for when they had held oat againft Hannibal, and were reduced to iVeletons by famine, infomuch that Sagr-ntina fames (extreme famine) became proverbial, rather than fubmit, they chofe to burn themlelves, wives and children ; which was the caule of the lecond Punic war.]

m The Pyrenean Saltus is a great ridge of mountains betwixt France and Spain, reaching from the bay of Bifcay to the Mediterranean. Our author calls it by the name of daltus, becaule it was then almoft wholly covered with wood.

II [The Alpcs arc a great chain of mountains that divide Italy front France, (as Vepos fays here), and Germany too, extending from Mo- naco in the republic of Genoa, to the gulf of Carnaro in the Venetian gulf; they run through many countries, are very remarkable for their length and height, and are divided by geographers into eleven parts; and that part which Hannibal palled, was from him called Alpes Pccni- nx, (i. e. the Alpes which Pcenus or the Carthaginian crofted) 1 and is probably the fame with that part now called Alpes Pennine, which runs through the country of Valais, between the mountains Great St Ber- nard and St Gothard. See the new geographical dictionary. j

0 Gallia, Gaul, now France, one of the bell countries of Europe, is "bounded on the call by Germany, Swiflerland, and the duchy of Savoy; ■well, by the Britilh fea and the bay of Bifcay ; north, by the Englilh channel and the Netherlands; and fouth, by the Mediterranean lea and the Pyrenees, which feparate it from Spain. It is in length, from

S the

1^3 CORNELII NefoTIS XXIII. 4.

lia fejungunt, quas nemo unquam cum exercitu ante cum, praster Herculem Oraium, tranfi^rat ; (quo fadlo ishodie faltus Grains sppellatur), Alpicos co- nantes prohibere tranfitum concidit: loca patefecit, itinera muniit, effecitque, nt ea elephantus ornatus ire poflet, qua antea unus homo iuermis vix poterat repere. Hac copias tradu- xit,in Italiamque pervenit.

Cap. IV. Conflixerat a- pud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio Scipione confide, eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem q de Claitidio apud Padum decernit; fau-

110 lody had ever puffed nvitb an army before him, bcfides Hercides the Grecian ; (from nvbicb fail that forejl is called at this day the Grecian forcjl), he cut to pieces the Alpiant, endeavouring to hinder his pajfagc: he opened the places, made roads, and brought it to pafs, that a harnajfed elephant might go that nvay, ’where before a fmgle tnan unarmed could fcarce creep. This way he drew over his troops, and came into Italy.

Chap. IV. He had engaged at the p Rhone with Publius Corne- lius Scipio the esnful, and had defeated him. He engages with the fame near the TPo, where they difputed for f Clajlidium ; he fends

cium

the weft parts of Brittany to the eaft parts of Provence, about 220 ieagues, and from Calais to Toulon about 187. [See the modern geographers for a fuller defeription ; and, for its ancient diviftons, Mr Stirling’s geographical index to KutropiusA

P Our author was, in all likelihood, miftaken here; for Livy, a much better writer in all refpeOs, gives a different account, i. e. that Scipio deligned to have engaged him ; hut finding Hannibal gone from Jus camp, altered his intention, and put his men on board his fhips to return to Italy, judging it more eafy and fafe for him to engage Hanni- bal as he came down from the Alpes upon Italy, which accordingly he slid (as in the nfvt fentence) near the Po; and this is (aid to have been the firft engagement Scipio had with Hannibal. Thus Liry, Polybius, l-lorus, &c. | As for the Rolhe, it is a very rapid river, and one of the Jargeft of France, arifmg out of the mountain La Fourche, one of the .Alpes, runs by Geneva weftward through France, and falls into the iMeiliterranean fea with many months.]

‘1 [Some copies want the prepofuion de here, filch as Bofius’s and Staveren’s; but Puteanus, Courtm, Stubeliiis, and Efleniiis, have it.]

r [The Po (called Eridanus by Ovid) is the chief river of Italy, and comes from Vifo a noted mountain of the Alpes, runs through feveral countries, and falls into the gulf of Venice with four large mouths, betides many lefler ones.]

f [Claf.ldium (now Chiaftczo, or Chiafteggio, according to Cellarius) is a city of Liguria (or the republic of Genoa) in Italy, between Placentiaând Tortona. The Romans, had laid up in ClqfUdinm a great

quantity

XXIII. 4. HANNIBAL.

cium inde ac fugatum di- mittit. Tertidrdem Scipio, cum collega Tiberio I,on- go, apud Trebiam, adverfus cum venit. Cum his manum conferuit, utrofque profligavit. Inde per Ligu- res Appenninum tranfit, petens Etruriam. Hoc itinere adeb gravi morbo affi- citur oculorum, ut poflea nunquam dextro seque bene ulus lit. Qua valetudine cum etiam nunc premeretur, lefticaque ferretur, C. Flaminium confulem apud Tranfimenumcum exercitu infidiis circumventum, oc- cidit: neque multb pbil C. Centenium prsetorem, cum delefta manu faltus occu- pantem. Hinc in Apuliam pervenit: ibi obviam ei venerunt duo confules, C. TerentiusVarro, et L. Pau- lus iEmilius: utriufque ex-

I9I

him away from thence wounded and routed. The fame Scipio%

with his colleague ‘Tiberius Lon- gus, came againft him a third time, at 1 Trebia. He engaged them, and defeated them -loth. After that he paffes the u Appen- nine mountain through the country of the x Ligurians, marcl:~ ing for 1 Etruria. In this march he was afflicted with fuch a violent dijlemper in his eyes, that he never had the ufe of his right eye fa well after. With which malady though he was even then troubled, and carried in a chairt

he killed C. Flaminius the conful, at the 2 Traftmene lake, trepanned with his army by an amluffe: and not long after C. Centenius the prator, feizing upon the forejls with a choice body of troops. After that he camd into a Apulia. There the two confuls, C. Terentius Varro, and L. Paulas Emilias, met him : he

quantity of corn, which Hannibal’s army ftanding in great need of, refblved to fight for it; which accordingly they did, and gained it And in this battle the Roman general Publius Cornelius (the firft of that noble family that was furnamed Scipio, i. e. a flejf, becaufe of his. leading about his father when blind) was not only wounded, but ira great danger of being (lain or taken, had not his young fon (afterwards the great Scipio Africanus, who conquered Hannibalj feafonably interpofed and refeued him.J

1 A river falling into the Po on the fouth fide. u The Appetm.ne is a mountain that runs quite through the middle

of Italy. x The Ligurians were a people of Italy, hordering on France, betwixt

the f.a and the Po. Liguria is now called Rivera di Genoua. t Etruria is a countiy below Liguria in Italy, and now called Tuf-

cany. z The Trafunene lake is in Etruria, and is now called Lum </i-Pj-

■* A country in the fouth part of Italy, [and was one of the old di- vilions of the kingdom of Naples; it contained the Capitanate, ‘Terra di Otranto, and Terra di Sari.]

S 2 ercitus

192 CoRNELII NepOTIS XXIII. ^

ercitus uno prselio fugavit: L., Paulum confulem occi- dit, et aliquot prasterea confulsres; in his Cn. Ser- vilium GeHiinum, qui anno ruperiore fuerat conful.

Cap.V. Hac pugna pu- gnata, Romam prof'e&us, nullo refiftcnte, in propin- touis urbis mpntibus mora- tuseft. Ciim aliquot ibidies callra habuifTet, et reverte- rei.ur Capuam, Q^Fabius Ivjaximus,Diftator Roma- mis, in agro Falerno ei fe objecit. S HinOjclaufus lo-

■ corum anguiliis, noftti fine «!’o detrimento exercitus

* fe expedivit: Fabio calli- difiimo imperatori verba dedit: namque obdufta uofte, farmenta in cprni- bus juvencorum deligata

i) ’Tlmt is, fuch as had hcen formerly confuls.] c j Rome was once the capital city of the world, ftill a very confi-

eerable one, and the metropolis of all Italy, in the Papacy, and province called the Campania of Rome. It was built by Romulus and Re- mus about 750 years before the birth of Chrift, and Hands on both lilies the river Tiber, four leagues from the mouth of it in the Me- liitcrranean fea ; they lay it is now four leagues and an half in circuit, very populous, full of magnificent buildings, as well ancient as modern ; and is about 400 miles from Vienna in Germany, 680 from l\<ris in France, 750 from Amfterdam in Holland, and £40 from London in England.]

d A veiy great city of Campania, a country towards the bottom of Italy.

c The didlator was an extraordinary officer, nominated in times of danger, and inverted with very great power, almotl abfoiute, but confined within the fpace of fix months. He had an officer under him, called maftcr of the horfe, becaufe in the day of battle he commanded the horfe, as the diftator did the foot.

f [A hill of Terra di Lavcro in Naples, formerly noted for its excellent wine; fome call it now Monte Majjico.]

£ [Some have this part of the fentence thus : Hie, daifts locorum an- grfiis, Here, (tevgl the narrow palliigts (about his camp] were ibut up J

inceiidit,

routed loth their armies in on, battle: he Jlenv L. Paulus th, conful, ami fome b confular*gentlemen lefides ; amongJl thefe Cn Servilius Geminus, tvho had been tonfd the year before.

Chap. V. After this battle was fought, he marched to c Rome, no body reffing him, and made a halt in the mountains, righ the city. When he had kept his camp there for fome dayr, and ivas returning to d Capua, iA Fabius Maxima,, the Roman e diBator, thre-zu himfe f in his way in the territory of f Falemum. Tito’ in- clojed in a narrow place, he ex- tricated hinfelf thence in the night-time, without any dimi- nution of his army : he put a trick upon that tnofi crafty commander Fabius : for after night was come on, he fet fire to fome

H A N N 1 B A L. xxin. 5. 193

incendit, ejufque generis multitudinem rnagnam dif- palatam immifit. Quo re- pentino objedtu vifo, tantum terroiem injecit exercitui Romanoruin, ut egre- di extra vallum nemo fit aufus. Hanc poft Vein ge- ilam,nouita multis diebus, M. Minutiutn Rufum ma- giftrum equiium, pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo produftuiT! in praelium,,fugavit : Ti. Sempronium Gracchtim, iterum confu- 3i rn, in Lueanis abfens, in infidias indudtum iuftalit : M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquies comultm, apud Wnniiarn paii mode inter- fccit. Longum e!t enume- rare piarlia : quare hoc u- nam fatis erit dictum, ex quo intelligi polfit, quantus ille fuerit : quamdiu in Italia fuit, nemo ei in a- cie reftitit; nemo adverfus emn pod. Canneniem pugnam, in campo caitra pofuit.

twigs,, tied upon the horns of fome bullocks, and fnt up a 'Vijl number oj that fort of cattle fal- tered here and there. Which fudden appearance being feen, it

Jlruck fo great a terror into the army of the Romans, that none durjl go without their ramparts. Not 1:1 any days after this ex- ploit, he routed M. Minutius Ru- fus, viafer of the horfe, invclted ■with the fame power as the dictator himfelf, being drawn to a.t engagement by a wile : 8 he likewife, though then in the country of t!>: Lucanians^, took ojf Tiberi- us Semprorius Gracchus, a fecqnd time conful, being drawn into an ambujh : in like manner he cut off at Ten ejia ‘ M. Claudius Alar- cellus, a fifth time conful. It is loo Lug to reckon up all the battles : wherefore this one thing will be enough to be faid, from whence it may be underfood, how great a man he was : So bong as he was in Italy, no body couldfund before him in the field; no body, after the battle of Ca/mse k, pitched his camp in the plain againjl him.

£ [Flavius, a man of Inicania, made the Conful Gracchus believe, that the chief of the Italians would come in to the Romans, upon his engaging an army of the Carthaginians commanded by Mago in Han- nibal's abfence; whereby he was decoyed to ght, but was (lain, and his dead body fent by Mago to Hannibal. And this battle feerns to have been fought at the river Trcbia, according to Eutropius, lib. 3. cap. 9.j

h [The Lucanians were a people of Italy, defeended from the Sam- nites.

i [Vcnnlia, now Vcaafa, is a city of the Baifdicate, a province of the kingdom of Naples, and the birth place of Horace.!

k Cauna;, now in ruins, was a pitiiul viUaee of Apulia in the kingdom of Naples, where Hannibal He* 40,000 Romans, and among them fuch a number of gentry, that he lei.t to C : •hage three bulhels of rings, in that battle at the end of the preceding chapter.]

S 3 ** Cap. YL

Cornelii Nepotis XXIII. 6. *94

Cap. VI. Hicinvi&us Chap. VI. This unconquered. patriam defenfum revoca- man being called home to defend tus, bellum geflit adverfus his country, carried on the nxiar P. Scipionis filium, quem agalnjl the fon of that P. Scipio,' ipfe primum apud Rhoda- 'whom he had routed frjl at the-' rum, iterum apud Padum, Rhone, again at the Po, and a . tertio apud Trebiain fuga- third time at Trebia. The -wealth •verat. Cum hoc, exhauftis of his country being noiv exhaujl- jam patriae facultatibus,cu- ed, he -was defirous to make an end pivit1 in praefentiarum bel- of the -war by treaty -with him i lum componere, quo va- . for that time, that he might en- lentior poftea congredere- gage the Romans after-wards, tur. In colloquium conve- when more able. He came to a nit; conditiones non con- conference with him ; the articles venenmt. Poll id faftum, -were not agreed upon. /}few days paucisdiebus,apudZamam after that tranfaflion, he engaged cum eodem conflixit: pul- -with the fame at Zamam ; be- fus (incredibile dihtu) bi- ing routed (it is incredible to be duo et duabus noftibus A- faid), in t-wo days and two nights drumetum pervenit, quod he came to Adrumetumn, -which abeft a Zama circiter mil- is about three hundred miles di- lia paffuum trecenta. In Jlant from Zama. In this fight, hac fuga, Numidae, qui fi- feme Numidians, who had come mul cum eo ex acie exceffe- out of the battle with him, form- rant, infidiati funt ei: quos ed a plot againf him ; -whom non folum effugit, fed eti- he not only efcaped, but likewife am ipfos opprefiit. Adru- killed them. At Adruvietum he meti reliquos ex fuga colic- picked up thofe that were left af- git; novis deleftibus, pau- ter the fight ; and by new levies, cis diebus, multos contra- in a few days, raifed a great xit. many.

Cap. VII. Ciim in ap- Chap. VII. JVhilf he was parando acerrime effet oc- mighty bufy in making prepara-

1 fi. e. hi prsfentia rerun ; in prsfenhurum et mprxjcniiarum, adverb, are both of the fame fignification, viz. at this time, for this prefent, at prefent.]

m [Zama was a town of Africa in Numidia Propria, fowh-wefl from , Carthage ; it is now called Zamora, and was the capital of Numidia, a large country in that part of Africa that is now Bildulgerid.]

n Adrumetum a town of Africa in the province of Byzacium upon the fea, to the eaftward from Carthage, fit is Bow called Mahemeta, and Hfimamctlia.]

cupatus-

XXIII. 7- HANNIBAL, 195

cupatus, Carthaginienfes helium cum Romanis com- pofuerunt. Ille, nihilo fecius, exercitui poftea prasfu- it, refque in Africa geflit £itemque Mago frater e- jus],ufqueadPublium Sul- picium et Caium Aurelium confules. Hisenimmagi- ftratibus,kgati Carthagini- enfes Romam venerunt,qui fenatuipopuloque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum his pacem feciffent, oh e- amque rem corona aurea eos donarent, fimulque peterent, ut obfides eorum Fregellis effent, captivique redderentur. His ex fena- tufconfulto refponfum ell, Munus eorum gratum ac- ceptumque effe ; obfides, quo loco rogarent, futuros; captivos non remiffuros, quod Hannibalem, cujus opera fufceptum bellum foret, inimiciffimum nomini Romano, et nunc cum imperio apud exercitumhabe- rent ; itemque fratrem e- jusMagonem. bloc refponfo Carthaginienfes cognito, Hannibalem domum [Ma- gonemque] revocarunt. Hie, ut redi it, prxtor faftus eft, poftquam rex fuerat an-

tions, the Carthaginians ended * the war by treaty 'with the Ro-

mans. He, notwithjianding, after wards commanded the army, and performed feveral actions in A- frica [and likewife ° Mago his brolbi rJ, utdd P. Suifcius and C. Aurelius were confuls. For under thefe magiflrates, Cartha- ginian ambajjadors came to Rome, to give thanks to the fenate and people of Rome, becaufe they had made peace with them, and to prefent- them with a golden crown up'.n that account; and at the fame time to requejl, that their hojlages might be at Fregella: P, and their prifoners be rflared. 'To thefe anfwer was made by order of the fenate. That their prefent was grateful and acceptable ; that the hoflq- gei fiould be in the place they deftred; but that they would not fend back the prifoners, becaufe they had Hannibal, by whofe means the war had been occa-

ftoned, a bitter enemy to the Ro- inan name, even now with a command at the army ; and likewife his brother Mago. The Carthaginians having heard this anfwer, fent for Hannibal [and Mago~] home. He, as foon as he returned, was made prater in the two and twentieth year, af-

0 One Mago, Hannibal’s brother, was flain in a battle before this time, according to Livy; fo that this muff either be a millake, or

v Hannibal had two brothers of the name of Mago. p Fregellse is a town of Latium, nigh the borders of Campania in

Italy It is now a village called Ponte Corvo.] q_ A, fort of, a lord-chief-juftice, or fuperintendant in their courts of

judicature.

ipS Cornelii Nepotis XXIII. 8,

no fecundo et vigefimo. Ut ter he had been made king. FoA . enim Romas confides, iic as confuis are made at Rome, fo\

Cartbagine quotannis an- at Carthage every year two kingr nui bin! reges creabantur. were made jar a year. In tiah In eo magiftratu pari dili- office Hannibal behaved hinfflj gentia fe Hannibal praebu- with the like diligence, as he had it, ac fuerat in bello : nam- done in the war: for he took' que effecit, ex novis vefti- care not only that there Jl.ould galibus non folum ut effet be money from the new taxes, pecunia, quae Romanis ex to be paid the Romans, accord- foedere penderetur, fed eti- ing to the treaty, but likewfe am fupereffet, quae in asra- that there Jhould be an overplus no poneretur. Dei tide, an- to be laid up in the treafvry. no pofl: praeturam,M.Clau- Then, a year after bis prater- dio, Lucio Furio Coff. Ro- fhip, when M. Claudius and L. man! legati Carthaginem Furius were confuis, Roman am- venerunt; bos Hannibal fui baffadors came to Carthage ; Hnn- expofeendi gratia miffos nibal fuppojing they were fent ratus, priufquam his fena- upon account of demanding him, tus daretur, navem con- before an audience of the f- feendit cliun, atque in Syri- note was given them, privately am ad Antiochum profu- goes aboard a Jhip, and fed into git. Hac re palam fa ft a, r Syria unto Hntiochus. This Poeni naves duas, quae eum thing being made public, the comprchenderent, fi pof- Carthaginians fent two Jhtps to fent confequi, miferunt ; f ixe him, if they could overtake bona ejus publicarunt, do- him ; they conffcated his fate, mum a fundamentis disje- they pulled dawn his houfe to cerunt ; ipfum exulem ju- the foundations, and declared him dicarunt. an exile.

Cap. VIII. At Hanni- Chap. VIII. But Hannibal, bal, anno tertio poftquam in the third year after he fed domo profugerat, L. Cor- from h.me, when L. Cornelius nelio,C)mntoMinutioCoff. and SC Minutius were confuis, cum qiunque navibus Afri- came with fve fhips to Africa in cam acceffit, in finibus Cy- the country of the Cyreneans, if renaeorum, fi forte Cartha- perhaps he might induce the Car- ginienfes ad bellum, Anti- thaginiant to a war, through the

r [Syria, called alfo Souria and Siurifan, is a great country of Afiatic Turky, and was of old much larger than it is now. The rivers Eu- phrates, Pharphar, Jordan, and many others, water it. Anciently Da- niai'cus was the capital of it, then Antioch, and now Aleppo.j

cclii

XXIII. 8. HANNIBAL. '97

ochi fpe fiduciaque, indu- cere poffet; cui jam per- fnaferat,utcum exercitibus in Italian! proficifceretur. Hue Magonem fratrem ex- civit. Id ubi Pceni refei- verunt, Magonem, eadem, qua fratrtm abfentem, pce- na afFecerunt. Uli, defperatis rebus, cum folviffent naves, ac vela ventis dediffent, Hannibal ad' Antio- ebum pervenit. De Mago- nis interitu duplex memoria prodita ell: namque alii naufragio, alii a fervis ipfius interfedlum eum, feriptum reliquerunt. Antio- chus autem, fi tam in agen- do bello parere voluiflet confiliis ejus, quam in fuf- cipiendo inflituerat, propius 1 Tiberi quam Ther- mopylis de fumma imperii dimicaflet: quem etfi multa ftulte conari videbat, tamen nulla deferuit in re. Praefuit panels navibus, quas ex Syria juflus erat in

bofe and confidence of Ant'io- chus’’s fupport ; 'whom be bad no'w perfuaded to go 'with his armies into Italy. Hither he fent for his brother Mago. When the Carthaginians underjlood that,

they punijlsed Mago ivith the fame punijhment as his alfent brother. Their condition being defperate, after they had loafed their Jldps, and given their fails to the 'winds, Hannibal came to Antiochus. Where is a double account given of Mago's death : for fame have left upon record, that he f pe- rilhed by Jhipvircck, others, that he was Jlain by his Jlaves. But Antiochus, if he would have obeyed his advice, as well in carrying on the war, as he had refolved in undertaking of it, he would have

fought nearer u Tiber than Ther- mopyla for the empire of the world: whom, tho' he faw to en- t rprife many things foolijbly, yet he forfook in nothing. He commanded a few ftps, which he had been ordered to bring out of Syria into Afia, and with thefe

f There Teems to be Tome word wanting in the text after navfragU, filch as periijfe or ititeriijfe; for naufragio interfeBus is, I take it, juft as good l.atin as, killed by a Jbipavreck, is good Engliih.

1 [Peter Mortier’s edition from Bofms has Tilerim and Tkermopylas ; and it is owned, that, nmongft approved authors, propius is found ukh tlie accufutivc rather than the dative; yet Staveren and others retain the dative here ]

u Titnris, Tiber, is a famous river of Paly, [ft was anciently called Albula, and riftth in Faltcrcna, one of the App mine hills, near Monte Coryato, a village in the dukedom of Florence, twelve miles from Surfina. It receives fcveral little rivers in its courfe, flows by perufia, Todi, pafieth through Rome, and falls into the TuTcan Tea, about twelve miles below that city', between the ruins of Oftia and Pprtus Aiigr.tli, and about one hundred miles from its fountains. Its waters are foul, its current rapid, arid caufes great damage by its frequent overflowings.]

Afiam

I98 CoRNELII NePOTIS XXIII. 9.

Afiam ducere, hifque ad- he engaged againjl the fleet of the verfus Rhodiorum claffem x Rhodians in the y Pamphylian in Pamphylio mari confli- fea ; in which fight* tho' his men xit; quo cum vnultitudine were'o’oerpoivered by the numbers adverfariorum fin fupera- of their enemies, he was however rentur, ipfe, quo cornu fuperior in that wing in which he rem gefiit, fuit fiiperior. aided.

Cap. IX. Antiocho fu- Chap. IX. Alter siatiochu s ww gato, verens ne dedere- routed, fearing left he fcould be tur, quod fine dubio ac- given up, which without doubt cidiffet, fi fin feciffet po- would have happened, if he had teftatem, Cretam ad Gor- given them an opportunity of tynios venit, ut ibi, quo fnapping hbn, he came to z Crete fe conferret, confideraret. to the 8 Gortynians, that there he Vidit autem vir omnium* might confider whither he fcould callidiffimus, magno fe fo- betake himjelf. But this man, re periculo, nifi quid pro- the mojl cunning of all men, faw vidifiet, propter avaritiam that he jhonld be in great danger, Cretenfium : magnam e- unlefs he took fame care, by reafn rim fecum pecuniam por- of the b covetmifnefs of the Creti- tabat, de qua feiebat ex- ans : for he carried 3. great deal of iffe famam. Itaque capit money with him, of which be knew tale confilium. Ampho- a rumour was got abroad. Where- ras complures complet fore he takes this courfe. Hefils plumbo ; fummas operit feveral pots with lead, he covers

* |The people of Rhodes, a celebrated ifland in the Mediterranea* fea, between Cyprus to the Eaft, and Crete or Candy to the weft, and upon the coaft of the Lefler Afia near its fouth-weft point. It is 130 miles in circuit; the capital is of the fame name, and Hands on the cart coaft, with a good port, having two rocks at its entrance, on which are two towers for its defence. On thefe two rocks, it is thought, was the famous Colc/fus, one of the wonders of the world; it was a ftatue dedicated to the fun, 70 cubits in height, made of brafs by Chares a Lydian; it ftood aftride over the mouth of the harbour, fo that (hips failed between his legs; but was at iaft thrown down in an earthquake.]

V [That part of the Mediterranean fea that wafhes the fouth of Pamphylia, an ancient province of the Lefler Afia, is called here the Pamphylian fea. |

z A famous ifland in the fouth parts of the jivgean fea. [It is now called (tiii.Iy ]

8 iGortyna, now in ruins, was of old a city in the middle of Crete.]

b Upferti «£< tfcvrff*, x«xa SapiV, yxrlptc upyod. Titus i. u. aur*

XXIII. io. HANNIBAL. ipy

anro et argento : has prae- fentibus principibus depo- nit in templo Dianx ; fimulans, fe fuas fortunas illorum fidei credere. His in errorem indutlis, fta- tuas xneas, quas fecum portabat, omnes fua pecunia complet, eafque in propatulo domi abjicit. Gortynii templum magna cura cullodiunt, non tarn a cxteris qu'am ab Hanni- bale ; ne quid ille, infcien- tibus his, tolleret, fecum- que duceret.

Cap. X. Sic confervatis fuis rebus, Poenus, illulis Cretenlibus omnibus, ad Prufiam in Pontum pervenit; apud quern eodem. animo fuit erga Italiam : neque aliud quicquam egit, quam regem armavit, et exercuit adverfus Roma- nos ; quem cum videret do- mefticis rebus minus efie robuft'um, conciliabat cx- teros reges, adjungebatque bellicofas nationes. Diffi- debat ab eo Pergamenus rex Euraenes, Romanis a- inicifiimus ; bellumque inter eosgerebatur et mari et terra: quo magis cupiebat

the upper parts with gold andfil- ler ; he depofites thefe, whilft the chief men of the city were prefent, in the temple ofc Diana ; pretending he would intrujl his fortune t» their honejly. Thefc being led into

' a 7/ii/lake, he Jills all his brazen Jlatues, which he carried with him, with his money, and throws than in an open place at home. The Gortynians guard the temple with great care, not fo much againjl others, as againjl Hannibal; left he Jhould remove any thing without their knowledge, and take it along with him.

Chap. X. Thus the Cartha- ginian having faved his money, and fooled all the Cretans, he came to Pruftas, into d Pontus ; with whom he was of the fame difpofition as to Italy; nor did he do any thing elfe but arm and exercife the king againjl the Ro- mans ; whom when he faw to be not at all flrong in his own circumjiances, he brought over other princes, and joined warlike nations to him. Rumenes, king °f e Pergamui, a very great friend to the Romans, was at difference with him ; and a war was carried on betwixt them both by fea and land : for which reafon Hannibal was the

c [The daughter of Jupiter by Latona, at the fame birth with A- pollo : (he was called in heaven Pbcebe, on earth Diana, and under it Hecatei]

d A province of Afia Minor, lying upon the Euxine fea. [Bithynia, where Prufias reigned, was called Pontus.]

e A city of Myfia Major in Afia Minor. [It is now called Pergamc, was the capital city of the kingdom of Pergamos, and one of the feven churches of Afia.]

eum

CORNELIX NePOTIS XXIII. I I. 2o*

eumHannibalopprim!; fed more defirous to have him taken f utrobique Eumenes plus off; but Eumenes prevailed every valebat, propter Romano- •where by virtue of the alliance rum focietatem ; quern ft •with the Romans ; nuhom if he removiffet, faciliora bbicas- could but remove, he thought other tera fore arbitrabatur. Ad tilings luould be ?nore eafy for him. hunc interficiendum talem He took this method to kill him : iniit rationem : claffe pau- they were to engage with their cis diebus erant decreturi : fleet in a few days : he was quite fuperabatur navium multi- outdone in number of Jhips : he tudine : dolo erat pugnan- was therefore toflight with fultil- dum, cum par non eflet ar- ty, flnce he wa< not a match for mis. Imperavit quam plu- him in arms. He ordered as many rimas venenatas ferpentes poifonous ferpents a< poflfible to be vivas colligi, eafque in vafa got together alive, and to be put in fictiliaconjici. Harumcum earthen pots. After he had made \ confeciffet magnam multi- up a good number of them, upon tudinem, die ipfo, quo fa- the very day, whereon he was to (fturus erat navale prEelium, fight this battle by fea, he calls his clafliarios convocat, hifque marines together, and orders them prascipit, omnes ut in unam all to gather about the Jhip of king Eumenis regis concurrant Eumenes alone, to be content to de- navem, a caeteris tantumfa- find themfelves only againfll the tishabeant fe defendere; id rfl ; that they might eafily do, by facile illos ferpentium mul- the great number of ferpents ; and titudineconfequuturos; rex he woidd take care they flhould autem in qua nave vehere- know in vflnnt fluip the king flail- tur, ut feirent, fe fa ft u rum; ed ; whom, if they either took or quern ft aut cepiffent, aut killed, he promifis they Jlsouhl interfeciflent, magno his have a good reward for it. pollicctur praemio fore.

Cap. XI. Tali cohorta- Chap. XI. Having made this tione militum fafta, claffis exhortation to his foldiers, the ab utrifque in pnelium de- fleet is drawn out to battle by ducitur: quarum acie con- both fldes : the line of battle in Hituta, priufquam fignum each being formed, before the pugnae daretur, Hannibal, fignal for the flight was given, ut palam faceret fuis, quo Hannibal, that he might make loco Eumenes effet, label- known to his men in what place larium in fcapha cum ca- Eumenes was, finds a letter-

* [UtrMqm, on both fulcs and parts, i. t. Eumenes prevailed both by fea and land.]

duceo

lot 'XXHI. t i. ti I N N I B A L.

duceo mittit: qui, abj ad naves adverfanorum per- ■venit, epiftolam oftendens, fe regem profe Jus eft qute- rere ; ftatim ad Eumenem dedac»us eft, quod nemo dubitabstt aliquid de pace effe fcriptum. Tabellarius, ducis nave declarata fuis, eodem, unde mrat, fe recepit. At Eumenfcs, foluta epiftola, nihil in ea repe- rit, nift quod ad irriden- duin eum pertineret : cujus etfi caufam mirabatar, neque rcperiebatur, tamen pmlium ftatim committe- re non dubitavit. Horutn in coneurfu, Bytliini, Han- nibalis pnecepto, univerfi navem Eumenis adoinun- tur ; quorum vim cum rex fuftinere non pofttt, fuga lalutem p“ it; quam con- ftquotas non eftet, niu i i- tra fua prjeiidia fe recepif- fet, qua: in proximo litto- re crant collocata. Reliquae Pergamente naves cum adverfarios premerent acrius, repenfS in eas vafa fiftilia, de quibus fupra mentio-

i nem fecimus, conjici ccc- pta funt; qucejafta, initio rifum pugnantibus conci- tanuit, neque, quare id fi- erct, potcrat intelligi. Poft- quam autem naves com-

cirrlcr in a boa!, ivith aJlaJf f of peace : ’who, after he came to the enemies fypit Jleew'ing the letter, told them he wanted the king ; immediately he was brought to Eume- tiis, becaufc no body doubted there was forrything writ in it about peace. The letter-carrier having thus difeovered the king’s Jhip to his own fide, withdrew himfelf to the fame place from whence he was come. But Eumenes having opened the letter, found nothing in it, but what tended to banter him : the rtafoh of which although he wondered at, nor was it difeovered, yst he fcrupled not immediately to join battle. In their f ht the Bithynians, by order of Hannibal, all of them attack the fhip of Eumenes ; the fury of whom when the king was not able to witfland, he fought his fecurity by fight; which he would not h ive obtained, v.nlefs he had betaken bimfef within his guards, wh'.ch were pojled upon the neighbouring Jhore. When the rfl of the Pargamem Jhips bore hard upon the enemy, on a fuden the earthen pots, of which we made mention above, begun to be thrown amongJl them, which, when cap at them, at JlrJl raifed a laugh amongJl the foldiers, nor could it be Comprehended for what reafon it was done. But after they faw the flips filed with fer-

f The caduceus was a ftaff with the figure of two ferpents twifl- ed about it, borne by heralds, and other mtflengers, lent to an enemy to fignify their coming in a peaceable manner. [Hence caduccatar, an. herald fent to treat of peace, as the faialis (an herald at arms) did «f war.)

T pie tat

102 Cornel ii Nepotis XXIII. 12.

pletas confpexerunt fer- pcntibus, nova re perterriti, cum, quid potiffimuin vitarent, non viderent, puppes avevterunt, feqiie iid fua caftra nautica retulerunt. Sic Hannibal coniiiio arma Pergaraenovutn fupe- ravit : neque turn folum, fed faepe alias, pedeflribus copiis pari prudentia pe- pijlit adverfarios.

Cap. XII. Qine dum in Afia geruntur, accidit cafu, ut legati Prufiae Romae apud L. Quintium Flami- ninum s confularem coe- narent: atqne ibi, de Han- nibale mentione fadlii, ex his unus diceret, cum in Prufix regno effe. Id po- Itero die Flamininns fena- tui detulit. h Patres con- fcripti, qui, Hannibale vivo, nunquam fe fine infidiis futuros exillimabant, legates in Bithyniam mife-

pents, being affrighted at this new thing, as they knew not what chitjiy they Jho'uld avoid, they turned their Jhips, and betook themjelves to their fea camp. Thus Hannibal, ly this contrivance, prevailed againjl the arms of the Pergamenians : nor did he do that th, n only, but often at other times, he defeated the enemy with his landforcet with the like con- duff.

Chap. XII. Which things whiljl they are a-doing in HJfa, it happened by chance, that the ambaf-

fadors of Prufias at Rome flipped^ with L. df Flamininus, a confulaip gentleman : and there, mention being made of Hannibal, one of them faid, that he was in the kingdom of Prufias. Flamininus, the day after, carried that to the fenate. The fathers of the fenate, who thought they JhoUld never be without contrivances again!! them, fo long as Hannibal was n- live, fent ambaffadors into ‘ Bi-

runt.

g [CofuUir'u, fubft. (fc. w>), one who had been conful, a prefident of a province.] . ’

I' [Patres cmfcripii, inrolled fathers, was a general title given to thofe Anators that were added by Tarquinius Prilcus, as alfo to thoie who were taken into that order out of the gentry by Brutus and the people, upon the eftablUbment of the commonwealth after the ex- pulfion of Tarquin the Proud; which fenators then began to be called Ccnfcripti, to diftinguifh them from the Patricii, (men of the higheft nobility), who were in diluted by Romulus; at which time the number, which in the time of Romulus was an hundred, and doubled by Tarquinius Prifcus, was augmented to three hundred : but in after times, all the number were promifeuoufly flyled Pulres, and Patres Confcriptii] xi [Bithynia (called alfo Pontus, according to Ainfworth) was former-

ly a ccnfiderabfe kipgdom of Alia Minor, and bounded on the (aft by i'aphlagonia, weft by the Thracian Bolphorus and the Propontis,

north

XXIII. 12. HANNIBAL.

runt, in his Flamininum, qui a rege peterent, ne in- imiciflimum fuum fecum haberet, libique dederet. His Prufias' negare aufus non eit ; illud recufavit, ne id a ie fieri pollularent, quod adverfus j :s liofpitii

- elfei ; ipfi, ii poffent, eom- prehenderent; locum, ubi eflet, facile inventuros. Hannibal enim uno loco fe teaebat in caltello, qu6d ’ei ab retre datum erat mu- ®<ri ; idcue fic acdificarat, ut in omnibus partibus x- dificii exitum libi haberet,

L Temper verens ne ufu eve- niret, quod accidit. Hue cum legati Romanorum venifient, ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedif- fent; puer ab janua' pro- fpiciens, Hannibali dixit, plures prseter confuetudinem armatos apparere; qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores sedificii circumiret, ac propere fibi renunciaret, num eodem modo undique obfideretur : puer cum ce- Icriter, quid effet, renun- ciaffet, omnefque exitus

j occupatos oflendjflet ; fenfit id non fortuitd factum, fed fe peti, neque fibi diu- tiiis vitam effe retinen- dam ; quam ne alieno ar-

: bitrio dimitteret, rnemor liriltinarum virtutum,’ve-

2cj

ihyma, amongJl theft: Flainininui, to dtjlre of the ting, that he would not keep their bitterejl enemy with him, and that he wouldfurrender him up to them. Prufias durjl not deny tl\m; but he refufed cue thing, and delired, they would not expetl that to he done by him, which was contrary to the right of hofpitdlity; they might catch him, if they could ; they would ea-

fily find the place where he was. For Hannibal hept htmfelj in oyie place, in a cafile, which had been given him as a prefint by the king ; and he had fo built it, that he might have a way out for himfelf on all fides of the building, fearing always lef that fieould come topafs, which fell out. II hen the ambaffadors of the Remans were come thither, and had bejet his houfe with a good number of men, a boy lading out at a gate, told Hannibal, that feveral armed men appeared contrary to cu-

fiom ; who ordered him logo round' to all the doors of the cafle, and bring him word quickly, whether he was blocked up on all fides in the fame manner : when the loy quickly brought word again how it was, and informed him, that all the ways out were fecured; be was fenfble that was not acciden- tally done, but that he was aimed at, and that he ought to keep his life no longer; which that he might not part with at another's pleafure, mindful of his former

north by the Euxine or Dlack tea, and tbuth by Phrygia; and did j contain thefe cities, viz. Chalcejon, Nice, Hcraclea, Apamca, Prufla, ! now Burfa. All this country is now called Bccfa»gil.\

T 2 nenum» *

204 Cornelii Nepotis XXIII. 13.

penum, quod Temper Te- cum habere con£ueverat, fumfit.

Cap. XIII. SicviYTor- tiffimus, multis iariiTque perTunftus laboribus, ?p- mo acquievit TeptuageTirao. Quibus conTulibus interierit, non convenit. Nam Atticus, M. Claudio Mar- cello, Fabio Labeone Coll, mortuum, in Annali fuo Tcriptum reliquit: at Polybius, L. -ZEmilio Pau- lo, et Cn. Babio Tamphi- lo: Sulpitius autem, P. Cornelio Cethegc, et M. Basbio Tamphilo. Atque hie tantus vir, tantiTque bellis diftridlus, nonnihil temporis tribuit literis; r.arr.que aliquot ejus libri funt Grsco Termone con- fefti: in his ad Rhodios de Cn. Maalii VulTonis in Afia rebus geftis. Hujus Bella gefta multi memorise prodiderunt: Ted ex his duo, qui cum eo in cailris fuejunt,fimulque vixerunt, qtiamdiu Tc/tuna paffa eft, Silenus, et SaTilus Lace- daemonius. Atque hoc So- lilo Hannibal literr.rum Graecarum uTus eft dccto- re. Sed nunc tempus c hujus libri Tacere finem, et Jlomanorum cxplicare imperatores; quo facilius collatis utroiaimque fadtis, qui

nnl k qualitiest. he took pclfon,, 'which he had Iccn accvjlomed ta carry always about hlvi.

Chap. XIII. Thus this, mrjl gallant man, after l:e had run through many and various toils, rrjled In. hipfvenilrthyear k. Un- der what cor fids he died, is not a- greed. For Atticus has left it written in hjs Anna!, that lie died when M. Claudius Marcellus, and J®. Falius Labeo were cartfuls ; lut Polybius lays under L. JEmi- lius Paulus, raid Cn. Bcdius Tam- philus : on the contrary, Sulpitius lays he died in the time oT A. Cor- nelius Cethegus, and M. Biebius Tarnphilus. And yet this great man, and To prodigioufly taken up with the proTecution oT ftcb great wars, employed fame part of his time in letters ; for there are

fame boohs of hit writ in the Greek tongue: amongfl thefe one to the Rhodians concerning the actions of Cn. Manlius Vulfo in Afa. Many have tranfmitted to memory his wars which were carried on by him. But two of them were Tuck, who were with him in the camp, and lived with him, as long as his circurnfl: r.ces allowed it, SiLrtus, and Sofdus the Lacedemonian. And Hannibal made ufe of this Sc-

f/us, as his inf ruBor in the Greek tongue. But now it is time to make an end of this book, and to relate the lives oT the Roman commanders, thc.t by comparing the actions cf both, it may be the

V [Some are of opinion, that the author wrote, fexagefrtio quinto.']

:

vtn

•V ;

XXIV. x. CATO. -205

viri prreferendl fint, pofiit more ea/Uy difcerned, <which men judicari. are to have the preference.

XXIV. XXIV.

M. P o r c 1 u s C a t o.

Out of the Second Book of

Cornsoius Nepos.

C H A P. I. b tT^ Ato was born in the borough

H y tovmcf^ TufculuiVy and, when a very young man, before he made fuit for any public %pojls in the government, lived in the country of the e Sabines, becauft he had an ejlate there, left him by his father. By the advice of L. Valerius Flaccus, whom he had for his colleague in the confulfiip and cenforjhip, as M. Perperna, who had been cenfor, ufed to fay, he removed to Rome, begun to appear in the f forum. He frjl

diuir.-

a [Others have pijlericre, latter.] b [This was the great grandfather of Cato Utieenfis.] c [Municipium, a borough, any city, or town corporate, that hail

fome or all the privileges and liberties of Rome, and yet had particular laws and cuftoms of its own to Ik- governed by.]

d A town of Latium in Italy, near upon twenty miles call: from Rome. [It is now called Frapatii]

e [An ancient and religious people of Italy, (between the Umbrian; and Latins), famous for gravity, fobriety, and chafHty, and of incor- rupt manners. Cicero caMeth them valiant, and the very flower ot Italy. After the rape of their women by the Romans, Tatios (king of the Sabines) and Romulus agreed to incorporate them . into • one people.]

f The forum was a large fqirare in the middle of the cities of Italy and Greece, where the courts and markets were kept, and where t! : people ufually met for the choice of magilhrates, and cnadting of laws.

E [Stipsmiiuin^ wages, or pay for ioljiers; a campaign... Mir to, to T 3 earn

M. P O R C I U S C A T 0.

Ex Libro a Secundo

Corn elii Nepoti s.

Cap. I. CAto ortus c mmicipio

Tufculo, adolefcen- tulus, priufquam honori- bus operam daret, vcrla- tus eft in Sabinis, quod i- bi hoeredium a patre reli- fium habebat. Hortatu L. Valerii Flacci,, quem in confulatu cenfuraque habuit collepram, ut M. Per- perna Cenforius narrare folitus eft, Romam demigravit, in foro [que] effe ccepxt. Pjrimum s ftipen-

Cornel ii Nefotis XXIV. i. 206

dium meruit annorum decern feptemque: Fahio Maximo, M. Claudio Mar- cello Coff. tribuuus milr- tum in Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, caftra fequutus eft C. Claudii Neronis, magnique ejus exiftimata opera eft in pndio apud Senam, quo cecidit Haf- drubal frater Hannibalis. Quaeftor obtigit P. Corne- lio Scipioni Africano con- fuli: cum quo non pro fortis neceffitudine vlxit; jiamque ab eo perpetua diffenfit vita. Aldilis ple- bis faftus eft cum C. Hel- vio. Praetor, provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quae ft or fuperiore tempo-.

entered the fervice of his country in the nvars, when he was /events en years of age : he was a h tribune offoldiers in Sicily, when £9. Fabius Maximus and M. Claudi- us Marcellas wcreconfuls. As foon as he came from thence, he fallow- ed the camp of C. Claudius Nero, and his fervice was highly valued in the battle at i Sena, in which Hafdrubal the brother of Han nU balfell. He happened to be k quit-

Jlor to P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- nus when 1 conful, .with whom he lived not according to the m obligation his chance liad brought him under ; for he differed with him all his life-long. He was made n ,t- dile of the commons with C. Hel- vius. When 0 prater, he got the province of p Sardinia, out of

re

earn or gam, deftrve, ferve in toe war far pays Trytlum plpendkim mennt, earned his firft wages, made his fil'd campaign.]

h A tribune was a military officer, pretty much like our colonels. There were at firft fix in a legion, which had the command of it in their turns; but afterwards they were reduced to the command of one Angle cohort or regiment, of which there were ten in a legion; and therefore it is fuppofed there were the like number of tribunes.

i A city of Italy, in that part of it formerly called Umbria, nigh the Adriatic fea. |It is now-called STm.]

k The Quteftor in Rome was a fort of lord treafurer. The proconfuls and propraetors too, that were lint governors into the provinces cf the Roman empire, had their qureftors, who had the charge of the public money, the plunder that was not giver to the foldicrs, &c.

1 [The Conful was a chief officer among the Romans, of which two were yearly chofen to govern, the city.]

m The quneftors, as well as proconfuls and proprattors, had their provinces afligned them by lot; and ufually lived in a ftrfift friendihip with thofe under whom their lot fell.

n An officer whofe bufmefs it was to take care of the markets and public buildings.

° The praitor at Rome was fupsrintendant or director of their courts of juftice.

p [Sardinia is’one of the larjeft iflands of the Mediterranean fea, having on the call the Tyrrheuean fta, weft that of Sardinia, feuth

that

XXIV. 2. CATO. 207

re ex Africa decedens, Enniutn poetam deduxe- rat ; quod non minoris ex- iftimamus, quam quemli- bet amplifiimum Sardini- enfem triumphum.

Cap. II. Confulatum geflit cum L. Valerio Fiac- co ; forte provinciam na- iftus Hifpaniam citerio- rem, exque ea triumphum deportavit. Ibicumdmtius moraretur, P. ScipioAfri- canus, conful iterum, cujus in priore confulatu quaellor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere, et ipfe ei iuccedere ; neque hoc per fenatum efvicere potuit, cum quidem Scipio in civir

tate principatum obtineret; quod turn non potentia, fed jure, refpublica admin i- ftrabatur: qua ex re iiatus,

which, when coming qu/rjlor fome time before out of Africa, he had brought away l.un'ius the poet; which we value no kfs, than any the nollejl triumph over Sardinia.

Chap. II. He bore the office of conful with Ll Valerius Flac- cus ; he got by lot hither Spain for his province, and brought home from thence a triumph. As he Jleiid there long, P. Scipio Africamis, a fecond time con-, ful, whofe qua for he had been in the former confulate, .defined to out him of his province, and to

fucceed him hinfelf; but couid not effcfl it by the fenate, even tho’ Scipio had the greatejl fnxny in the. city ; becauft the government was then managed not by interfl. but jufiice: for which reafon being angry, when that fef- fion of the fenate was ended, he

that of Africa, and north the ftt-dt of Bonifacio (eparates it from the ifle of Corfica. It is of an oval fisure, and is 57 leagues from north to fouth, 32 from eaft to weft, and about 130 in circuit. It had in the times of the Romans al ove 40 cities, but now no "more than 8. The Duke of Savoy is now king of Sardinia.]

s [Hifbania,. the kingdom of Spain, the moft weftern country in F.urope ; hence it was called Htfpetia from He per us. the evening-ftar; as alfg iZ/cWa, from Ibcms, the l-.bro, one of the greateft rivers in it; and Celtiberia, from the ancient-.nhahitants the Csil.t: living about Herns. It was divided into two parts, viz. the citerior and ulterior, by the river Herat in old Caflile. It was aif> divided into three parts, I. Hif- pan':a Tarraconenjis, (in the Citerior, the hither Spain, or nearer to Italy), which contained Old Caftiie, Arragon, Catalonia, and Valentia. a. Hifpania Bcetica, which included New Caftiie, Granada, Andalufia. 3. Hifpania Lufitanica, which took in Portugal,' Gallicia, and the weft part of Spain. The Batica and Lifitanictf were reckoned in the Ulterior, the farther Spain, viz. from Italy. This large kingdom of Spain is almoft a peninlula, being feparated from France by the Pyrenean hills ; north-weft and fouth it has the weftern ocean, on the other fides the ftreights of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean fea, and is in length above *00 leagues, and about 160 in breadth.)

fen at u

/

208 Cornelii Nepotis XXIV. 2.

fenatu perafto, privatus in nrbe manfit. At Cato, cenfor cum eotlem Flacco fa- £tus, fevere prafuit ei pote- ftati : nam et in complures nobiles animadvertit, et multas res novas in edi- ftum addidit, qua re luxuria reprimeretur, quse jam turn incipiebat pullulare. Circiter aqpos odioginta, ufque ad exftemam aetatem, ab adolercentia, rei- publicse causa fufcipere inimicitias non deftitit. A multis tentatus, non modb nullum detîmentum exiftimationis fecit, fed quoad vixit,virtutum laude crevit.

Cap. III. In omnibus rebus fingulari fuitpruden- tia et induftria : nam et a-

continued a private perfon in the city. But Cato bting muds r ceifor luith the fame Flaccui, behaved very Jlriftiy in that poji ; for he bo>h punijhed feveral noblemen, and put a great many new things in his edict, whereby luxury might be refrained, which even then began to bud. He never ceafed for about four-

fcore years, from his youth to the end of hjs life, to engage in quarrels upon the commonwealth's account. Though he was attacked by many, he not only foffered no lofs of reputation, but greev in fame for his excellent qualities, as long as he lived.

Chap. III. In all things he O nxias a man of excellent prudence and indufry: for he was both

T [Cen/or, (from ccnpo, to rate or value), a matter of discipline, a judge or reformer of manners. The Cm/Si-.was a magiftrate amongrt the Romans, who fupirintended the W, i. e. the valuation of every man’s eftate, the regiftering himfclf, his years, tribe, family, profci- fion, wife, children, and iervants. And this was firft inftitnted by

■Servius Tullius their hxth king, and managed as part of his kingly office. In the confular (late, the coirfuls themfelves executed it as part of their bufinefs, till the year of the city 3tl, when, by rtafon tlicc had too much employment on their hands, the fenate were willing, for. feveral politic reafons, to eafe them of this part of their burden, by creating two of thele officers, Papirius and Sempronius, whofe office then being only to take an account of the number of the people, and the value of their edates, and to afTefs them accordingly, was looked upon as mean ; but afterwards the fucceeding cenfers, upon the accef- fron of more bufinefs, gained fo great authority, that even the Empe- rors themfelves-exercifed tin it office. They were to correct indecencies, and puniffi ill manners, fuch as the law took no cognifanee of, by de- grading the fenators and knights, and disfranchifing the commonalty. They had the care of,public buildings, bridges, and ways, making and abrogating certain laws, eSfc. ; and their fiction was reckoned more honourable than the confulffiip, though their authority in matters of Gate was net fo conftderable.J

Fricola

XXIV. 3- CATO.. 20<>

gricola folers, et reipubli- a ilcxtcrcus Irtjbandman, 'well cjs peritus, et jurifconful- Jhillcd in the bufmefs of govern- tus, et rnagnas imperator, n/ent, and a Lawyer, and a great et probabilis orator, tt cu- commander, and a plaufible o- pidiflimus literarum fait ; rato'r, and very fond of learn- quarum rtudium et!i fenior ing ; the jtudy of 'which though he iiirlpnerat, taraen tantum took up wlien old, yt, be made [m eisl progrefTumtccit,ut jo great a progrejs \_m /V], that non facile reperive polbs, you cannot eaftly find any thing, neque de Grscis, netjue de neither of the Grecian nor the Italtcis rebus, quod ei fuerit Italian affairs, 'which was tin- incognitum. Ab adolefcen- known to him. He made fpeech- tia confecit orationes : fees from his youth : when old, nex hiflorias feribere infti- he began to write hflory, of tuit, quarum funt libri fe- which there are feven books : the ptem : primus continet res frjl contains the actions of the geftasregum populi Roma- kings of the Roman people : the ni: fecundus et tertius, un- fecond and third cxsnVsdn an ac- de quseque civitas orta fit count, from whom every city off italica; ob quam rent o- Italy had its rife; for which mnes Originss videtur ap- reafon he feems to have called pellafTe : in quarto autem, them all Origines : and then in bellum Punicum primum : the fourth is the firjl Cartbagi- in quinto, fecundum: atque nian war : in the fifth, the fe- hxcomniacapitufetim flint cond: and all thefe things are dicta. Reliquaque bellapa- fummarily related. And he has ri modo perfecutus eft uf- gone through the other wars, in que ad pneturam Ser. Gal- the like manner, unto the pmc- bce, qui diripuit Lufitanor. loffjip of Ser. Galba, who rifled Atque horum bellorumdu- the t Lufit a mans. And he 1ms cts non nomisavit, fed fi- not named the generals in thefe ne nominibus res notavit. wars, but has fet down the ac-. In iifdem expofuit quse in tions without names. In the Italia, Hifpaniilque vide- fame books he has given an ac- rentur admiianda ; in qui- count of what feemed remarkable bus multa indtiftria et dili- in Italy and Spain; in which gentiaxoinparet, multa do- there appears much indujlry and

f [Luftania, Portugal, a fmall kingdom of Europe, but about IIO leagues in length, and 50 in breadth, bounded on the eaft by Leon and Spanifh Eftremadiira, weft by the Atlantic ocean, north by Gali- cia, and fouth by Andalufia. It was anciently called Luftama, from the Lufrtam its firft inhabitants, and took the prefent name about the filth century, from PortoeaU, a celebrated mart ]

dlrina.

210 Cornelii Nepotis XXV. Ir

ftrina. Hujus de vita et monbus plura in eo libro perfequuti fumus, quem fcparatim de eo fecimus, rogatu TitiPomponii At- tici ; quare ftudiofos Ca- tonis ad illud volumen de- leg amus.

diligence, and much learning. IVe have faid more concerning his life and manners, in that look 'which rzve made feparately about him, at the requeft of T. Pompo- nius At tic us ; wherefore we fend thofe that are defirous of knowing Cato to that volume.

XXV. XXV.

T. Pomponii Attici Vita, ex Cornelio Ne- pote.

fhe life cf T. Pomponitjs Atticus, out j/*Cornelius Nepos.

Cap. 1. Chap. I.

TPomponir.s Atti- e cus, ab c originc J

ultima itirpis Romante general us, perpetuo a majori-

Ta Pcm'ponius b Atticus, de- 0 fended of an ancient Ho-

man family, kept the c equefri- an dignity, received by uninter-

* [This Pompocian family was delcended of Numa Pompiiiiis the fecond king of the Romans, whofe fourth fbn was called Pompo, from whom his poftcrity were called Pompomi. Plutarch and Courtin.]

b [He was called Atticus, becaufe he had lived long at Athens, and was a perfect matter of the Greek tongue.]

c [Origo, a flock, or top of nobility, whence a family is defccnded.j <1 \Ultimus, the laft; but here at fignifies the firf) ; and it may feem

fcmcwhat ftrange it fhouid have fuch a figniiication, wijre it not that other authors of the Auguftan age ufed it in the fame fenfe. Thus le v. 40. 6. Ab ultima origini Macedonia rcgutn ; and Picg- Ain. vii. 48. and 49. Pauno Picus pater ; ifque parentem Pe, Satanic, refert; tv fanguinis ultimas audlor.

So thefe words, genera/us'ab ultima origins Romance Jlirpis, may be Eng- lilhcd perhaps fomewhat more literall;, thus : Sprung trom the firil flack of a Roman race, or family.]

c The Roman people were divided into three orders, the Plebeian, Equcftrian, and Senatorian : thofe whofe e-flates were 400,000 liftcr- ces, (upwards of 3000 pounds), were reckoned of the EqueArian order, till they were chofe into the fenatc, and then they were of the Senato- rian. Atticns’s anceltors had never any of them been in the female; and he, treading in their fltjrs, declined all preferment.

bus

XXV. 2. T. P. A T T I C U S. 21 J

"bus acceptatn equeftrem obtinuit dignitatem. Patre ufuseftdiligente, indulgen- te, et, ut turn eraiutempo- ra, diti, imprimifque itudi- ofo literarum : hie, prout ipfe amabat literas, omni- busdodtrinis, quibus pueri*

1 is astas impertiri debet, fi- liumerudivit. Eratautemin puero, praster docilitatem ingenii, fumma fuavitas o- ris ac vocis, ut non folum celeriter acciperet, qusetra- debantur, fed etiam excel- lenter pronunciaret: qua ex re, in pueritia nobilis inter asquales ferebatur, clariufque explendefcebat, qu'am generofi condifcipuli animo sequo ferre poffent; itaque incitabat omnes Au- dio fuo : quo in numero fuerunt L. Torquatus, C.Ma- riusfilius,M.Cicero: quos confuetudine fua lie fibi devinxit, ut nemo iis perpetuo fuerit carior.

Cap. II. Patermature decefiit. Ipfe adoldeentulus, propter alfinitatem P. Sul- picii, qui tribunuspl. inter- fedlus eft, non expers fuit iHiuspericuli: namque Ani- cia, Pomponii confobrina, •nupferat M. Servio, fratri P. Sulpieii. Itaque interfe-

ruptecl fuccejfion from his anct- Jlors. He had a diligent and in- dulgent father, and, as tie times muere then, rich, and above all things, a lover of learning: as he loved learning himfelf, he inf rucled hh fun in all that fort of literature, that youth ought to be acquainted with. Novo there was in him when a lay, befdes a do- cility of ‘-wit, a mighty fiveetnefs of countenance and voice, that he not only quickly took in what was taught him, but alfo pronounced excellently ; upon which account he was reckoned famous among ft his fellows in his childhood, and

fthone out more brightly than his noble fchool-fellows were able to bear with a patient mind; wherefore he puftied them all forward by his great application, in which number were L. Torquatus, C, Marius the f fon, M. Cicero ; whom he fo engaged to him by his acquaintance with them, that no body was all along more dear to them.

Chap. II. His father died early. He being a v. ry young, man, by reafon of his aff.nity with P. Sulpicius, who was jlain vvhea E tribune of the commons, was not clear of that danger: for Atiicia, the conjin of Componius, had mas sued M. Scsvius, the brother of Sulpicius : nsberefore-P.

f [Viz. of Cains Marius, who had hecn feven tinfes conlul.] £ [The tribunes of the commons were Reman ira gift rates, being

ten in number, of extraoidinary authority. They were the keepers ef the liberties of the people againft the encroachments of the fenate.]

fto

212 Corn f. l xx Nepo t is XXV. 2.

floP. Sulpicip.pofteaquam Sufpicius Icing flair, after he viditCinnanotumultu civi- found the ciiy mightily difturled tatem effe perturbatam, ne- <with the l-fflie railed ly Civna, que libi dari facultatcm pro and there ’was no poflililiiy for dignitate vivendi, quin al- h'nn to live fuitaVy to his dignity., terutram partem ofFende- Lut he mujl offend one party tr the ret, diffociatis am’mis civi- other, the winds of his country- um ; cum alii Syllanis, alii men being divided; vjhifi feme Cinnar.is faverentpartibus; favoured Sylla's party, and 0- idoneum tempus ratus ftu- there China's ; thirling it a pro- diis obfequendi fuis, Athc- per time to follcw his Jludies, he nas fecontulit ; neque eo •vsithdre’w himfelf to Athens ; but fecius adolefcentem Mari- neverthelefs he affjfled young Ma- um, hoftem judicatum, ju- rius, declared an enemy, with vit opibifs fuis ; cujus fu- his efate ; and relieved him in gam pecunia fublevavit. his banijhment •with money. And; Ac, ne ilia peregrinatio de- Iff that his living abroad Jhould trimentumaliquodafferrret prove a detriment to his ejhi.e, rei familiar!, codem ma- he carried over to the fame place gnam partem fortunarum a great part of his fulffance. trajecit fuarum. Hicitavi- Here he livedfc, that he was de- xit, utuniverfisAthenienfi- ferved/y very dear to all the A- bus meritd effet cariffimus: thenians : for, beftdes his h in- nam, prater gratiam, qua terefl, which was already coif- jam in adoleicentulo ma- deruble, in him, tho’ a very young ' gna erat, fsepe fuis opibus man, he often relieved their pu- inopiam eorum publicam 11 ic want out of his own effatc : levavit: cum cnirn verfu- for when the government was ol- ram facere publics necefie liged'1 to larrow money to pay off effet, neque ejus conditio- a public debt, and could have r.em aequam haberent ; no'fair offer for it, he always in- femper le interpofuit, at- terpofed, and fa, that he neither que ita, ut neque ufuram ever received any ufe of them, nor tinquam ab iis acceperit, foffered them to ewe him the mo- neque longius, quam di- ney longer than had been agreed; dfum effet, eos debere paf- both which things were very good fus fit ; quod utrumque e- for them : for he neither ff- rat iis falutare : narn neque fered their debts to grow old up-

h Fy gratia is here meant the intereft he had amorrgft feveral of the leading men at Rome, by which lie was in a condition of ferring the Athenians fevera! ways.

i Verf.ira figniiies borrowing of one upon intereft to pay another, which has no word to anfwer it in oar language.

indulgendo

r. P. All l cu s. 213 xxv. 3.

if.dulgendo inreterafcerc on them, iy forbearing them, eorum as alienum patieba- nor to increafe, by the multi- tiir,nequemultiplicandisu- plying of ufe. He added to thir furiscrefeere. Auxit hoc of- khidnefs by another piece of ficium alia quoque liberali- genero/ity too : for he prefentei t?.te : nam univerfos fro- them k all with corn, fo that fc- ftierto donavit, ita ut fin- vtn rno.iii of wheat were given gulis feptem 1 modii triti- to every man, which kind of ci darentur, qui modus meafure is called a Medimnus at menfurce Medimnus Athe- Athens. nis appellator.

Cap. III. Hie a at cm fie Chap. HI. He like wife leha- fe gerebat, lit communis ved fo, that he feemed upon a /e- infimis, par principibus vi- vel with the lowejl, and yet equai deretur ; quo faftum eft, to the grtatejl; from whence it ut huic omnes honores, was, that they publicly conferred quos poflent, publice ha- upon him all the honours which berent, civemque facere , they could, and endeavoured ta ftuderent ; quo beneficio make him a freeman of their ci- ille uti noluit: quod non- ty ; which kindnefs he would not nulii ita interpretantur, a- accept, becaufe feme cemftrue the initti civitatem Romanam matter fo, that the freedom of alia afeita. Quamdiu af- Rome is loji by taking another. fuit, ne qua fibi ftatua po- A> long as he was there, he made neretur, reftitit ; able ns, fuch oppofttion, that no flatus prohibere non potuit : i- was erected for him 5 when ab- taque aliquot ipfi, et Phi- fent, he coidd not hinder it i due, locis fanftifiimis po- wherefore they fit up feme both fuerunt ; bunc enim in o- for him an i Phi Has, in the mod mni procuratione reip. a- Jacred places ; for in the whole Ctorem, aucloremquc ha-' management of their govern- bebant. Igitur primum il- ment, they had him for their a- lud munus fortiTna?, quod gent and advifer. Wherefore that in ea potifiimum urbe na- was an efpecialfavour offer tunet

tus eit, in qua domicilium that he was born in that city, a-

k Our author has here exprefied himfel ' very carelefsly; to be fure" he did not prelim them a!!, vni-jtrfns, hut only the poorer fort; it would have been fo far from a kindnefs, that it would have been 3, moft ftupid affront, to have offered a hrgefs of a few pecks of con* to people of quality, or any tolerable falhion. [Yet it is kid, the Great Cicero (6. al Alt. ep. 6.) approves of this piece of generofity in Atticus.]

1 A a til'll// is reckoned by feme to be about two pecks.

orbis

214 CORNELII NePOTIS XXV. 4.

orb’s terraVum effet impe- hove others, in which was the feat rii, ut eandem et patriam of the empire of the world, that he haberet, et domum : hoc had the fame both for his native fpecimen prudentiae, quod place, and his home: this was cum in cam civitatem fe a fpecimen of his prudence, that contuliffet, quae antiqui- when he withdrew h'mfelf into tate, humanitate, dociri- that city, which excelled all o- na praeftaret omnes ; uhus thers in antiqui y, politenefs, and ci ante alios fuerit cariffi- learning, he was f ugly very dear mu5. to it above all others.

Cap. IV. Hue ex Afia Chap. IV. JVhen Sulla was Sulla decedens cum venif- come hither in his departure from let ; quamdiu ibi fuit, fe- ffa, fo long as he was there, he cum habuit Pomponium, kept Pomponius with him, charm- captus adolefcentis et hu- ed both with the politenefs and man it ate et do&rina : fic learning of the youth ; for he fpoke enim Grasce loquebatur, ut Greek fo, that he feemed to have Athenis natus videretur ; been born at Athens : but fuch tanta autem fuavitas erat was thefweetnefs of Latin di- fermonis Latini, ut appa- a lei}, that it appeared there was rcret, in eo nativum quen- a certain natural pleafantnefs in dam leporem efie, non a- him, not acquired. The fame feitum. Idem poemata man pronounced poems both in pronunciabat et Grasce et Greek and Latin fb, that nothing I.atine, lie ut fupra nihil could be btyciid it. For which poffet addi. Q_uibus rebus things it was, that Su ’la would factum eft, ut Sulla nuf- part with him no whither from quam eum ab fe dimitte- him, ami was deficits to take him ret, cuperetque fecum de- along with him to Rome ; whom ducere ; cui cum perfua- when he endeavoured to Jserfuade dere tentaret, Noli, ero te, to that, Do not, I befeech you, {inquit Pomponius), ad- (fays Pompon;us), defire to had verfum eos me velle ducere, me again!! thofe, with whom that cum quibus tie contra te ar- I might not bear arms aganift via. ferrem, Italiam rtliqui. you, I left Italy. But .Sulla, At Sulla, adolefcentis offi- commending the behaviour of the cio collaudato, omnia mu- young man, upon his departure 11 era ei, quas Athenis ac- ordered all the prejents which he ceperat, proficifcens juflit had received at Athens, to be car- deferri. Hie complures an- ried to him. HavingJhdJbc. efe- aos moratus, cum et rei veral years, whilft he both ev.ploy- familiari tantum operas da- ed as much care upon his ejlatc, as ret, quantum non indili- a diligent mafler of a family ought

gepe

XXV. 4- r. P. ATTIC u s. 21 •m 3

gens deberet paterfamilias; et Omnia reliqua tempora aut literis, aut Athenienfi- um reip. tribueret; nihilo- minus amicis urbana ofli- cia prasftitit: tram et ad comitia eorum ventitavit, et fi qua res major atta eft, non defuit ; ficut Ciceroni in omnibus ejus periculis fingularem fidem prasbuit ; cui ex patriafugienti LLS. ducenta et quiaquaginta ruillia ilonavit. Tranquilla-

to do ; and bcftoiued all the rcjl of his tune either upon books, or the government of the Athenians ; ra notavithjlanding he performed all manner of good ojfces in the city of Rome to his friends; for he both came frequently to their elec- tions, and if ar.y important matter of theirs was tranfaBed, he was not •wanting ; as^he fsewed a

fingular faithfulnefs to Cicero in all his dangers : to whom when n banifhed his country, he prefented two hundred and fifty thostfard

m. I am fomewhat furprfted to'find tins paflaae thus tranflated by. Major Pack : “ He found many opportunities to perform very im« “ portant fervices to his friends on the fulfering fide; he frequently “ aflifled at their private rendezvous.” Our author is not here talking of his friends on the fiiffrring fide, !. r. on the fide of Marius; but of his friends in general, or rather thofe on the conquering fide ; for fuch alone, dining the tyranny ot Sylla, were permitted to fiis for the great offices of tbe government, and fuch he here means, as. is plain from what follows, ad comities corutn veiititavit, which is not to be rendered, “ afiifted at their private rendezvous,” words hard- ly intelligible, Lut in the fame manner, or to the fame purpofe, as h have dene, comitia never fignifying any thing elfe than meetings of the people for their thoice of magiflrates, emitting laws, or public trials. The relative pronoun earum, feeros to reftrain it to the firlt kind, meetings of the people for the choice of magiftrates or elec- tions. The Major has miftaken too the fenfe of urlana offtcia, which fignifies here fuch fervices or good offices as were confined to the city of Rome, and could nor elfewhere be performed at all, or fo ef- fectually ; fucb as, waiting upon the candidates to the forum, or in their rounds about tbe town, making of interefl among the citizens for them : thefe, and the like, are the urhana ojficia here fpoken of. I make not this remark to depreciate Mr Pack’s performance, which is as good, at leafi, if not better, than any thing of the kind 1 ever read ; but to do jultice to -Cornelius Nepos, and myfelf too, who might otherwife be condemned, upon the authority of Mr Pack, as having here groisly mitlaken the fenfe of my author.

n 1 choofe to render fugienti ex fatria, being baniffied out of his country. Major Pack’s tranliation, being obliged to fly his country, is, to my thinking, too general, to convey the author’s meaning to fuch as are unacquainted with Cicero’s flory ; he was banifhed by the people ot Rome, and that is what the author meant. He ufes the word fugi» l i re, as the Greeks do their verb pruj/ir, which is commonly put for being liatiilhed, iometimes with the accufativc but oftener, L think,-without.'

U 2 ti*

216 Cornelii Nepotis XXV. 5..

tis auterii rebus Romanis^ remigravit Romam, ut o- pinor, L. Cotta, et L. Tor- quato Coff. quern diem Jic univerfa civitas Atheni- cnlium profecuta eft, ut la- crj-mis defiderii futuri do- lorem indicaret.

Cap. V. Habebatavun- culum, Q. Csecilium, e- quitem Roinanum, fami- liarem L. Lucuiii, divitem, difficillima natura ; cujus fie afperitatem veritus eft, lit, quern nemo ferre polfet, hujus fine offanfione ad fummam feneftutem retinUerit benevolentiam ; quo fafho tuiit pietatis fru- stum. Caecilius enim mo- xiens teftamento adopta- \it eum, ha;redemque fecit ex q dodrante ; ex qua hsereditate accepit circiter

ofejkrces. But aherthe Romanaf- Jairs were pretty well fettled, he returned to Rome,as I think, when L. Cotta, endL. Torquatus, were confuls ; •which day the ivhale city of the Athenians did fo oljervetx

that they difcovered by their tears their forrow fir their future lefs.

Chap. V. He had an uncle, Of Cacilius, a Roman knight, a

friend of L. Lucullus, rich, but, of a very rugged temper ; •wbofe peevijhnefs he bore fo meekly, that he kept in his favour, •without any offence given, to an extreme age, •whom no body elfe was able to bear with ; for which hereaped the fruit of his p dutiful behaviour towards him. For Cacilius, when a-dying, adopted him by Ins will, and made him heir to three fourths of his ejlate ; by which inheritance he got about a hundred times an hundred thoufand r fefterces,

centies

0 A feftercc was the fourth part of a denarius, which was about id. of cur money ; the whole fum therefore here mentioned is near upon aooo pounds.

P PietaS, I render, dutiful behavimr. Piety, which is Major Pack’s translation of the word, has nothing at all to do here. See the note «n the fifth chapter of Conon’s life.

q Ped.ans is nine unciee or twelfths of the R.oman a;, which was sriginally a la gc brafs coin, almofl an Jinglifh pound, but by fevernl reduttions brought at lafl tq one four and twentieth part of that ■weight. An cflate was likewife termed as, and divided into twelve farts called under ; and accordingly hares ex uf{ vjis heir to the whole cflate, hares ex dodrante was heir to nine vnetee or twelfths, i. e. three fourths of the eftate.

r Sefertius, as I have already remarked, is near upon two pence rf our, money. Sefertium figniiies a thonfand feferiU, i. e. about 7/. ifo. cj. According to the Roman way of reckoning, after a numeral adverb is always to be under flood a hundred thoufand ; fo that centies J.LS. is a hundred times a hundred thoufand lefterces, or ten millions, i. e. 70,000 pounds of our money nearly. It feems flrange the Ro- mans (hould ufe no‘higher a denomination, than that of a two-pen-: My piece, in their reckoning of money; it muft have rendered their

accounts

r. p. a r-ricus. 217 XXV. 5.

centies LLS. Erat nupta The * Jifter of Atlicus was marri- oror Attici Q. Tuilio Ci* ed to Tullius Cicerot and M-

accrrants high, and trcmblefome enough. [If two pence is the value of-the ftjltrtius, (which fone do reckon it to be), tl>en the fum here mentioned amounts to 83,333 I- 4 J- and ûm 'n îe foutih chapter to 4083 l. 6 x. Stirling. There are lb many different o- pinions, both of Britiih and foreign writers, about the true value of fejlrrtius, (though but a I'mall coin among the Romans), that it is not fo very eafy for one to fatisfy himfelf about it. Mr Clarke feems to make it want half a farthing of our two pence, which is indeed the: opinion of fome ethers. Mr Kennett, towards the end of his Ro- man antiquities, feems to make it one farthing and a half above two pence. However, they generally agree as to the marks of both the as and fejiertius. The as, (which fame reckon a coin of three farthings value), becaufe at fiift it was a pound weight, is expreded by /. tbe firft letter of litra, a pound. And the feftertius, by LLS. the two /./. ftanding for dux. Mrs, two pounds, and the .9 for femi, half a pound ; which afterwards, by turning the two AX into an H, was thus marked, HS ; fo that LLS, or HS, Hand for fejiertius a felterce, being two ajjes and- an half, x. c. two pounds of brafs coin and an half; the value of which in our money is hinted at above, and in Mr Clarke’s note here.

In reckoning by fejltrecs, the Romans had an art which may be underftood by thefe three rules.

I. If a numeral noun agree in gender, cafe, and number, with fejhr- titts-, then it denotes prccifcly fo manyJejleriu as mentioned, as decern fc- f.crtii, ten fefterees.

II. If a numeral noun of another'cafe be joined with the genitive plural of fejiertius, it denotes f> many thoufands, as dccem fejiertium (for fejiertiare.mj figni ies, ten thouland feflerces.

III. If an adveib numeral be joined with the genitive plural ofyi- f.ertius, it denotes fo many hundred thoufands, as decies fefteitium lig- niries ten hundred thoufand fellerces ; or, if the numeral adverb be put by itfeif, the fignification is the fame, as decies or m.ics Ifond for ten or twenty hundred thoufand ftflcrccs, or, as they fay, fo many hundred feficrtia.

As for the remark which Mr Clarke makes towards the end of his note upon theJeJUrlius here, it is hard to fay what be means by it: for he could not but know that the Romans had and did life higher denominations than that of the fejleriius in their reckoning of money ; fuch as, the new denarius, in vahte about feven pence two farthings, the old denarius, about eight pence two farthings, the cen}uf-

fis, about fix llullings three pence, 'c5c. befides their fums, fuch as their libra of 3/. the fejiertium of 7/. ifix. 3x1. and talent of 187! IQs. All which do.occur in their writers either of profe or-poetry. But there not being fo much ai t in reckoning by any of thefe as by the fejiertius, it would therefore frem their ingenious authors choofe to reckon by it, which may probably be the reafoa why it is.in..matt

-frequent ufe amongtl them.] f [Her name was Fomponia.]

r.T 3 cerom;

218 Cornelii Nepotis XXV. 6.

ceroni; eafque nuptias M. Cicero conciliarat; cum quo a condifcipulatu vive- hat conjunctiflime, multo etiam familiarius quiun cum Quinto : ut judicari poffit, plus in amicitia va- li?re fimilitudinem morum, qunm affinitatem. Uteba- tur autem intime Q^Hor- tenfio, qui iis temporibus principatum eloquent!* tenebat, ut intelligi non poffet, uter cum plus dilige- let, Cicero an liortend- us ; et id, quod erat diffi- (cillimum, cfficiebat, ut inter quos tantae laudis effet aemulatio, nulla inter- •cederet obtredlatio ; effetque talium virorum 1 copula.

Cap. VI. In repub. ita eft verfatus, ut femper o- ptimarum paftium et effet, et exifthnaretur; neque ta- Tnen fe civilibus fluftibus ■committeret, quod non magis eos in fua poteftate exiftimabat die, qui fe ijs dediffent, quam qui

Cicero had made up the match i with ’whom he lived in a very clofe

friendJ}jip from the time of their being fchool-fello'ws, and much more familiarly than with Quin- tus ; that it may be thereby judged, that a fmilitude of manners does more in frier)J/hip, than af-

finity. He was like wife intimate iv'itb Sf Ilortenfus, who in thof: times, had the kighejl reputation for eloquence, that it. could not he underfood whether of them loved him rnoriy ficcro or Hortenfus ; and Ire effefted that, which was very difficult, that there was no endeavour to lefen one another puffed betwixt thofe, betwixt whom there was a rivalry for fo corfder able a prize of fame ; and he was the bond of union betwixt thofe.great men.

Chap. VI. He behaved himfdf' fo in the commonwealth, that he both always was,and was reckoned cf the a party of the quality ; and yet would not engage himfelf in civil broils, bccauj:■ he did not tbinkthem to. he more in their own power, whd trufed themfelves upon thofe waves, than thofe, who

1 properly fifnifies a dog-ci ap!*, alfo a bond or tie, which Mr Clarke has well Englifted here by beni of union . and as Atticus w as 'Inch between Cicero and Hortenfrus, io Julia the daughter uf C;clA, who was married to Poinpey the Great, was, while alive, the copula betwixt thefe two great men ; but alter her death, they broke out into war, which ended in the ruin of Pompey.J

u Major Pack renders optimarum pprtium, by right fid* > hut, in my •pinion, thofe words can iignify nothing but; the belt or a very good fide or party; which would imply, that there were more parties than, two in Rome, which is fake. Optimarum is undoubtedly a wrong reading for optimalUiu. Sec note the fhi! uu the hxth chapter oi I-'i-

■wX lift*. • • . mantmiis.

XXV. 6. T. P. 4 r T I c u s.

maritimis x jaclarentur. Honores non petiit> cuin ei paterent, propter vej gratiam, vel dignitatem ; quod neque peti more majorum, neque cap! poffent, cenfervatis legibiis, in tarn eiFuiis ambitus lar- gitionibus ; neque geri e republica fine pericu]o,cor- ruptis civitatis moribus. Ad haftam publicam nun- quamacceffit. Nulliusrei neque prass, neque 2 man- ceps fadtus eit. Neminem [neque] fuo nomine, neque fubfcribens, accufavit. in jus de fua re nuuquam

219

were tcjfed about by the waves of the fea. He did net fue for any preferment in the fate, though it lay ready for him, by rtafon either of his interejl or quality ; lecaufe it could neither be fued for after the manner of our ancefors, nor be attained, if the laws were ob-

ferved, in fo prodigious an extravagance of corruption ; nor be managed to the fervice cf the commonwealth without danger, the morals of the city being fo much dtp raved. He never came to a public fate y. He neither became furety for, nor a farmer of, any part of the public revenue a. He \pteithtr\ b accufcd any one in his

iit ;

x [Some think it Ihould rather be mannis, which fignifies of the nature of the fea, inhabiting the fca. Marititius, being or dwelling by the fca-coalh]

y He means chiefly the fale of the eftates of fuch as were taken off in the profeription of that barbarous butcher Sy Ha. Atticus in that afted the part of a generous man, and a lover of his country, that fcorned to increafe his eftate out of the fpoils taken from his innocent fellow-citizens. In thofe fales it was ufual for the prteco, or îic perfon that fuperintended or managed the fate, to fix down a fpear by him, which is the rcafon of our author's wording himli.lt as he docs.

2 Manseps properly fignifics a farmer of the public revenue, as the cuitoms, taxes, &c. and pr&s a perlbn bound to the government, for the farmer’s due performance of his bargain.

a [The author feems to be Ibmewhat mirtaken here : for, according to Cicero, 2 epijl. 15■ Atticus was a publican, or farmer of the taxes, and employed therein, particularly amongft the Sicyouians, (a people of Greece), as the fame Cicero writes, lib. I. epijt. 19, yet this was no way derogatory to his high rank at Rome ; for tho’ the effice of a publican was reckoned infamous by the Jews, yet it was very honourable, among the Romans, as Cicero (pro Plane. <),) fays, Flos equitum Remanorum, ornamentum cinitatis, frmauicntum rcipublic* pu- blicanorum ordine continetur, ]

b When any perfon of figure was impeached of any crime, there were ufually feveral managers of the trial againfl: him ; but yet the burden lay chiefly upon one perfon, who preferred the bill of indict- ment, or impeachment, to the Prater, or lord-chief-juftice, with his name to it, and was called ascufator. Others, that had a mind

to.-

2-20 Corn el ii Nefoxis XXV

lit; judicium nullum habuit. Multorum Confu- lum PraEtorufnque pi\efe- dtuvas delatas fic aceepit, ut neminem in prorinci- am fit fecutus; honore fuerit contentus, rei fami- liaris defpexerit fruftum ; qui ne cum Q^quidem Ci- cerone voluerit ire in Afi- am, cum apud Cum legati locum obtinere poffct; non enim decere fe arbitrabatur, cum Pranuram gerere noluifiet, affeclam efie pratoris : qua in re non foliim dignitati fcrvi- ebat, fed ttiam tranquilli- tati, cum fufpiciones quoque vitaret criminum : quo fiebat, ut ejus obfer- vantia omnibus effet carior, ciim earn ofneio, non timori, neque fpei tribui viderent.

CAr.VII.InciditCcefa-

own name, nsr in the quality of a fubfcrlber or aff.ftant. He never went to law about any thing of h 's oaten ; had no trial. He Jo accepted of the commiflont offereral confuh andpreeiors, when offered him, that he followed none of them into his province ; was . content with the honour, defpifed the itn- ■

provement of his (fate that way ; who would not indeed go along with Cicero into Aft a, though he might have had the pod of c Ucu- tenant-general under him ; for he did not think it became him, fince he would not bear the office of prit- tor, to be'an attendant upon a pr,t- tor: in which thing he not otdy confulted his dignity, but likewife his quiet, fince he avoided even the fufpicions of crimes : from whence it was, that his refpehi was the more dear to all people, when they faw that it proceeded

from kindnefs, net far or hope. Chap. VII. Ceefar's civil

to countenance the matter, and give-their affiftance for the management of the caufe, fubferibed their names, but either fpoke hut very little, or not at all, in the court; the bufinefs of (peaking there be- longed chiefly, if not (olely, to the accofator. What Major Pack means by tranflating this paflage, “ He never openly or privately ac- “ cufed any man,” I cannot tell. Was 1 as much at my liberty in my tranflation as the Major was, I Ihould have turned it thus : “ He «« never was concerned in the prefect)Cion of an indiftmrnt againft any “ perfon, either as principal manager of the trial, or affiftant.”

c Mr Pack tranflates legatus, by legate or general officer, as if thofe were words of the fame import in our language. How far the title of a general i fiicer may extend, the Major knows much better than I; and becaufe I am fomewhat uncertain about it, 1 chufe to make ufe of the word lieutenant-general, bccaufe that, I take it, the word legatus figni'ies here, and that only. A legates in the Roman armies uas next to the general in power, and ufed to command, by the general’s appointment, fome part of the army in the day of battle, and likewife the whole in the general’s abience. There were fcveral of them in an army.

nanum

XXV. 8. r. P. A T T I C U S.

riannm civile bellum, cum haberet annos circiter fexaginta. Ulus dt xtatis vaca- tioned,neque[fe]qubquam movit ex urbe. Qiii amicis fuis opus fuerant ad Pom- peium proficifcentibus, o- mnia ex fua re famiiiari dedit. Ipfum Pompcium conjuntdum non oflendit, nullum enim ab eo habebat e ornamsntum, ut caeteri, qui per eum aut honores, aut divitias ceperant; quorum partim invitifiimi ca- flrafunt fecuti,partim fumma cum ejus offenfione domi remanferunt: Attic! autem quiets tantopereCaefari fuit grata, ut victor, cum privates pecunias per epi- llolas imperaret, huic non folum moleftus non fuerit, fed etiam fororis filium et Q. Ciceronem ex Pompeii callris concefferit. Sic ve- tere indituto vitas, effugit nova pericula..

Cap. VIII, Secutum eft illud. Occifo Ca:fare, cum refpub. penes Brutos videretur elfe, et Caftium, ac tota civil as fe ad eos convertiffe videretur ; lie M. Bruto ufus eft, ut nullo ille adolefcens aequali farailiarius, quam hoc ie-

<war fell out, when he was a- bout fexty years old. He made ufe of the privilege of his age? nor did he Jlir any whither out of the town. He gave all things that were neceffary for his friends, upon their going to Pompey, out of his own flute. He did not offend Pompey, though a friend ; for he had no obligation from him, as others, who by him had got eh hr great pfls or riches ; part of which followed his camp very unwillingly, part fluid at home, to the great offence of him : but Athens's neutrality was fo agreeable to Ctefar, that after he was conqueror, when, he commanded feveral private gentlemen by letters to furniih him with money, he was not only not troublefome to him, but Ukewife gave him out of Pom- pey's camp his flfler's fon, and Quintus Cicero. Thus, by his old way of life, he avoided new dangers..

Chap. VIII. ’Thenfollowed this. After Ccefar wasJlain, when the government feemed to be in the hands of the Brutufes and Caffeus, and the whole city was feen to turn themflves towards them ; he was fo kind with M. Brutus, that that young gentlemen had more intimacy with none of his own

d [Vocario, leiftire, time of ceafinjr from common bufinefs; a (lift ebarje, immunity, exemption from Serving in the wars, which was a privilege allowed by the Roman i'enateio thole who were above fifty years of age.] _

c fftrnamer.tum, (here), advantage, vi: of honour or profit.] ne j

222 Cornelix Nepotis XXV. S'.

nc e ; neque folum eum principem confilii haberet, fed etiam in convi- <ftn. Excogitatum eft a quibufdam, ut privatum :erarium Csefaris inttrfe- ftoiibus ab equitibus Ro- manis conftitueretur : Id facile effici pofie arbitrati funt, fi et principes illius ordinis pecunias contulif- fent. Itaque appellatus eft a C. Flavio, Bruti familiari, Atticus, ut ejus rei princeps efle vellet. At ille, qui ofticia amicis prseftanda fine faftione ex- iftimaret, femperque a talibus fe confiliis removiffet, refpondit; fi quid Bru- tus de fuis facultatibusf uti voluiflct, ufurum, quantum eae paterentur : fed neque cum quoquam d* ea re collocuturum, neque coiturum. Sic ille confen- fionis globus hujus unius diffenfione disje&us eft. Neque multo poll fuperior efte ccepit Antonius ; ita ut Brutus et Caflius h pro- vinciarum, qua; iis dicis

age than with that old gentleman ; and not only nfed him as bis principal counfellor, hit bad him pretty conftantly at bis table. It was projcSed by foies, that a iert of private fund Jhould be fettled ly the Rtnum kn'ghts for the af~ faffmators of C/efir : they thought that might cafily be effected,•if the hading perfons of that order loo would contribute money towards it* Wherefore Atticus was fpoke to by C. Flavius, Brutus's friend, that he would be the beginner of that matter. But he, who thought good offices were to be performed to his friends without regard to party, and had always kept himfef at a dlflanct from fuch ca- bals, replied ; That f Brutus Lad a mind to make qny ufe of kis e-

flate, he niiglxt ufe it, as far as it would bear ; but that be would neither confer, nor have a meeting with any one upon that affair.. Thus this s ball of agreement was dafhed in pieces by the diffent of him alcne. And not long after, An- tony begun to be uppemofl; fo that Brutus and Coffins, thdr cafe being defperate, went into the provinces which had been given them

caufa

« '[Sell. uJUs/;.] f [The verti utur (which governs the ablative calc) is here confiniel

with the accufative ywW, by a figure cailed arcliiUjrr.ti, by which anti- quated wards or phraks are fometimes uicd.j

S [Ot, company of united fentiments.] 11 Tire test is here molt vilely corrupted. 7fr, Provinciarua Ihotdd,

I think, be in provincial, as fonie critics would have it, for thither, it is certain, they did go, that is, into Macedonia and Syria ; betides,-ei4.tr previnriaruix defperatis, can fignify nothing, in- my mind, hut the. cafe or condition of their provinces being looked upon as detperate, i. e. hy them ; which, had it been true, as it was not, would be a ftrange kind of a. reatbir for their going into banilluncnt, and into.

thofe

r. p. a t: r i c u s. 223 XXV. 9.

caufa data: erant a con- fulibus, defperatis rebus, in exilium proficifceren- tur. Atticus, qui pecuniam fnnul cuaicaeterls conferre noluerat florenti ilb parti, abjefto Bruto, Itali.ique ce- deati LLS. centum millia muneri mifit; eidem in E- piro abfens CCC. juflit dari: neque eo magis poten- ti adulatus ell Antonio, neque defperatos reliquit.

Cap. IX. Secutum eft bellum geftum apud Muti-

by the cinfuls as dt were into lanijhment. Atticus, nuho 'would not contribute money, together with the rejl, to that party when

jlourijhing, font as a prefent a hundred thoufandfejlerces to Bru- tus, in dijlrefs, and retiring out of Italy ; and, tho’ alfent, ordered three hundred thoufand more to be given him in k Epire : nor did he therefore fatter Antony now in power, nor leave thofe that ■■ were in a defperate condition.

Chap. IX. After thisfollowed the war carried on at 1 Mutina ;

•thofe very provinces : the provinces were in no danger; they found and raifed together, confiderable armies there, enough, any one would have then thought, to have chafed the three tyrants, Antony, Lepidus, and Cxfar, out of the Roman empire, idly, Dicis caufa, for form’s fake, cannot Hand, becanfe not true. Thofe provinces had been given them by Cxfar, and confirmed to them by the fenate, not in formal empty ceremony, or compliment, whilft they were at bottom never intended for them, but ferioufiy, and out of regard to the public intercft, which required that two of the richeft provinces of the Roman empire, and the beft provided with troops, fliould be in able and trudy hands, -well a defied to the public liberty, and fuch as the honed party could depend upon, at fo dangerous a juncture. This our author knew as well as any body, and therefore could not be guilty of faying, the provinces were given them diets caufa. Nor will the other reading r.ec'u do, without the word Ctcfaris, though 1 fomewhat queflion even the propriety of -that expreffion-, however, without that addition, the word nccis can relate to none but the perfons mentioned, according to the cor.llant ufage of the Latin tongue, and then the fciile will be ridiculous, <w*. that thofe provinces were given them upon acccunt of their own death. 3dly, The words a ccnfdibus look very much like the glofs of fomc ignoramus in the Roman culloms ; for provinces were never difpofed of by the confuls, but either by lot, by the fenate, or by the votes of the people.

k [Epirus was formerly a kingdom of Greece, now a province thereof in European Turkey; it is divided into tuo countries, viz. Chimera, or Canina, to the north, and Arta to the fouth.J

1 [JWutiua, now Modena, an ancient, and fit!! a pretty city of Lom- bardy in Italy, the capital of a fovereign dukedom of the fame name. It is feated in a plain upon the river Secthia, with a good citadel, and a fine' palace belonging to the Duke; it is very populous, and Hands 44 miles aim oft fouth-eaft of Mantua, and almoft 200 north of ■Rome.]

nam ;

-224 CORNELII NePOTIS

nam; in quo fi tantum eum prudentem dicam, minus, quam debeam, praedicem, cum illc potius divinus fuerit; fi divinatio appellanda eft perpetua naturalis boni- ias, qua; nuliis cafibus au-

^getur,nequeminuitur. Ho- 'ftisAntoniusjudicatus,Ita- lia cefferat; fpes reftituendi nulla erat: non folum ejus inimici, qui turn erant po- tentiflimi et plurimi, fed e- tiam amici adverfariis ejus fe dabant, et in eo laedendo fe aliquant confecuturos fperabant n commodita- tem; Antoniifamiliares in- fequebantur ; uxorem Ful- viam omnibus rebus fpoli- are cupiebant, liberos etiam extinguere parabant. Atticus, cum Ciceroni’s intima familiaritate uteretur, amiciffimus effet Bruto, non modb nihil iis indulfit

' ad Antonium violandum ; fed e contrario familiares

XXV.

in which, if I only Jlyle hirH prudent, IJhall commend him left than I ought, fince he was rather divine, if an uninterrupted na tural goodnefs, which is neither ittcreafed nor diminijised by any events of fortune, is to be called divinity. Antony being declared an enemy, had quitted Italy ; there was no hope of re-

Jloring him : not only his enemies, who then were very powerful and very many, but likewife his quondam friends, joined themjetvcs with his enemies, and hoped they Jhould make their advantage by doing him a mif- chief; they perfeculeJ Antony’s

friends ; fought to Jlrip his wife Fulvia of every thing ; and endeavoured too to defray his children. Atticus, though he had an intimate familiarity with Cicero, and was a very great

friend to Brutus, not only complied with them in nothing for the mifufing of Antony; but on the contrary protected, as touch

m Compare this paljkge with another in the clofe-of the 16th chap, •where onr author, in commending Cicero’s forelight, fays, frudeaiiaut quedammedo efe divinationem. 1 am very inclinable to think that divinati* here is falie reading for divimtjs, which is the only falvo, 1 believe, can he found for our author. Perhaps fome ignorant perion, finding the two paiTsges fomtthing alike, has pretended to correct the former by the latter, which coneftion at laft got into all the copies. It is plain, the Jext, according to the prefent reading, is nonfenfe. There is no manner of affinity or fitnilitude betwixt divinatio in the only fenfe it can here have, that of prophefying, or foretelling by virtue of a divine impnlfe j upon the mind, or infpiration ; I fry, there is no manner of likenefs betwixt divinatio in that fenfe, and the unalterable goodnefs or humanity in Atticus, which the author is here commending, and conftquently no foundation for Inch an application of the word divinatio. If we read divinit.is for divinatio, the ftnle will be then what I have exprefled in my tranflation.

n [Some read eomntendathnetrt, recommendation.] ejus,

XXV. 9- T. P. A T T I C U S.

ejus, ex urbe profugientes, quantum potuit.texit; quibus rebus indiguerunt, ad- juvit. P. vero Volumnio ea tribuit, ut plura a parente proficifci non potuerint. I- pfi autem Fulvias, cum litibus n diftineretur, magnifque terroribus vexaretur, tanta diligentia officium fuum praellitit, ut nullum ilia ftiter.it vadimonium fine Attico ; hie fponfor o- mnium rerum fuerit: quinetiam, cum ilia 'fundum [fecunda fortuna] «miflet in diem, neque poll calamitatem verfuram facere po- tuiflet ; ille fe interpofuit, pecuniamque fine focnore, fineque ulla 0 ftipulatione el credidit; maximum exiftimans quseftum, memo- rem gratumque cognofci"; fimulque aperire, fe non fortunae, fed hominibus folere efte amicum; quae cum faciebat, nemo eum tem-

22 C

as be coulJ, his friends fying out of the city ; and ajfjled them with what things they wanted. He did thofe things far P. Vo- lumnius, that more could not have come from a father. But he performed his good offices with fo much care to Fuivia berfelf when Jhe was embarrajf- ed with law-fuitsy and haraf- fed with great terrors, that Jhe nenscr appeared upon hail without Atticus; he was in all ca- fes her bondfnan : moreover, when fee had bought an ejlate [in their profperity~] to be paid for by a certain day, and could not tahe up money for it, after this unhappy turn, be interpo- ftd, and trifled her the money without ufe, or requiring any formal promife of repayment; thinking it the greatejl gain, to be found mindful and grateful; and at. the fame time to Jhew the world, that he did not ufe to be a friend to fortune, but to men; which when he did.

n Dijlinea feeans originally and properly to fignify to fallen, or pin down a thing on feveral fides, as in that paffage of Csefar, in B. i. c. 15- the Civil war : Has (naves-) quaternis aneoris ex quatuer angulis di-

ftinebat, ne fiuciibus meverenter. Thence it was put figuratively for ein- barrafs, ini umber, &c. Thus we meet with dijlentus hello, curls, occupa- tionihus, for a perlbn whole attention is wholly taken up, pinned down, as it were, to the bufmefs of war, various concerns or employs, which keep the mind, as it were, on all fides attached to them, fo as not to leave it at liberty to move, llir, or apply itfelf to any thing clfe.

0 Stipules, from -whence the neun Jtipulatio comes, fignifies to require, upon the conclufion of a bargain or agreement, a promile, by repeating in dear and full terms, the fubltance of the agreement, as in Plautus, Habifne argents mibi bodie viginti minus ? is aJiipulatio, to which the other party anfwers, Dabo. Atticus was lb little concerned for the fecurity of his money, that he did not fo much as infill upon a fet formal promife for the repayment of it.

pom X

5 C O R N E 1 I I N E F O T I S XXV. I®

poi is causa facere poterat •cxidiraare. Nernin! euim in opinionem veniebat, Antonlum rerum potitu- rum. Sed p fenfus ejus a noimullis optimatibus re- prehendebatur, quod pa- l um odifle malos cives videretur.

Cap. X. Ille autem liu judicii, potius, quid fe facere par effef, intuebatur, quam quid alii laudaturi forent. Converfa fubitb fortunaeft. UtAntonius rediit in Italian!, nemo non magno [inj periculo Atticum [futurum] puta- rat, propter intimam fa- iniiiaritatem Ciceronis et Bruti; itaque ad adventum imperatorum de foro decefferat, timens profcri- ptionem ; latebatque apud P. Volumnium, cui, ut o- flendimus paulb ante, o- pem tulerat. (Tanta varie- tas iis temporibus fuit fortune, ut mode hi, modb illi, in fummo effent aut fadigio, aut periculo) : ha- btbatquc fecuin Q^Gclli-

no body could think that he did it for time-fei ’vmg. For it came into no body’s thoughts, that Antony would ever have the Ju- feriority again. But his conduct ’was blamed by fame of the party of the q quality, lecaufe he

feemed not fujjicicnlly to hate bad citizens.

Chap. X. But he being under the guidance of his own

judgment, regarded rather what •was ft for him to do, than what others would commend. On a fudden fortune was changed. IVhen Antony returned into Ita- ly, every body thought Alticns fwould beji in great danger, lecaufe of the intimate familiarity of Cicero and Brutus with him ; wherefore, upon the coming of the f generals to town, he had withdrawn from the forum, fearing the f prufeription; and al-

fconded with P. Volumnius, to whom he had given h 'l&sajfpt.mce, as I have Jhewn a little above, (So great was the variety of fortune in thofe times, that one while tiefe, another - while thofe, were either in the greatfl height of grandeur, or the greatf dan-

1* [Fot fenfus ejus, Slaverer, and Stubelius read fenfm is, 8<c. lie was tdamed by degrees, or in private, as Stubelius explains

Thofe in Rome that were for advancing the power of the fenate, were called Optimates; and thofe, on the other hand, that flood up for the rights and privileges of the peopfe, were called populares. In the former party were the gentry generally, in the latter the populace.

r Antony, I.epidHS and Crefar. f Profcription was the potting up of gentlemens names in the moft

public parts of Rome, with the promife of a reward t6 fuch as fhould fering their heads. This abominable butchery was firlt ufed by Sylla, Spoken of above.

um

XXV. X. r. P. AT T I C IT S. 2

urn Canum, ssqualem, G- m:ll!mumquefui. Hocquu- q\ie fit Attici bonitatis ex- eraplum, quod cum eo, quern puerum in ludo cog- noverat, adeb conj unite visit, ut ad extremam aetatem anncitia eorum creve- r’t. Antonius autem, etfi tanto odio ferebatur in Ci- ceronem, ut non fulum ei, fed omnibus etiam ejus a- micis efTct inimicus, eof- que velkt profcribere ; mult is hortantibns tamen, Attici manor fuit officii ; et ei, cum requisiffet ubi- nam effet, fua nianu fcripfit, ne timeret. ftatimque ad fe veniret; fe eum, et iilius caufa [Gellium] Ca- num de profcriptorum numero exemiffe ; ac, ne quod in periculum incide- ret quod noftu fiebat, praefidium ei mifit. SicAt- ticus in fummo timore non folum fibi, fed etiam ei, quern carifiimum habebat, prsefidio fuit: neque enim fuse folum a quoquam auxilium petiit falutis, fed conjunitirn ; ut appareret nullam fcjunitam fibi ab eo velle feifej fortunam : qubi fi gubernator prseci- pua lauds fertur, qui na-

ger): and he had with him Q* Gcllius Canus, equal in age, and •very much tike himfelf. This hi wife may be another injlance of Athens's goednefs, that he lived in fuch a clsfe union nvith him, whom he had known when a boy at fchool, that their friend-

Jhib grew even to their old age. But Antony, tha' he was pvjhcd on with fo great a refentment againjl t Cicero, that he was not an enemy to him only, but to all his friends too, and intended to proferibe them ; yet, many people advifitig him to it, he was mindful of Aitic-us's kindnefs ; and when he had inquired where he was, writ to him with his own hand, that he fhould not fear, and that he Jhould come ts him out cf hand ; that he had taken him, and [Ge/Z/wr] Canus for his fake, out of the number of the proferibed; and, that he might not fall into any danger, which was then u- fual in the night, he fent him a guard. Thus Atticus, under the~ utmojl apprehenfion, .was not only a fecurity to himfelf, but aifo to him, whom he held rr.ofl dear ; for he did not defire help in order to his own fecurity' only, but in conjunction with his friend ; that it might âppear that he had a mind to have no fortune apart

from him : but if a pilot is ex*

' This Cicero was a perfon of the higheft abilities in Rome," a good jihilolopher, and the greateft maftcr of eloquence that ever lived ; which t.ne talent coft him bC Ide : tor having exerted it in fcvcral harangues before the f.nate againft Antony, he fo iucenfed him, that nothing r iuld fatui'y him but the head of the fptaker, which he got at lafi, t.iough Caefar flruggled a long time to fave him.

X 2 vent

!28 Counelii Nepotxs XXV. I I.

vem ex hyeme, marique fcopulofo fervat ; cur non iingularls ejus exiftimetur prudentia, qui ex tot, tamque gravibus procellis ci- viljbus, ad incolumitatem pervenit ?

Cap. XI. Quibus ex ma- ils ut fe u emerl'erat, nihil aliud egit, quam ut pluri- jr.is, quibus rebus poffet, wTet auxilio. Cum profcri- ptos, piEetniis imperato- mm, vulgus conquireret, nemo in Epirum venit, eui res uila defuerit: nc- mini non ibi perpetub ma- nendi potellas fadta eft. Quinetiam, poft praelium Philippenfe, interitumque C. Caflii, et M. Bruti, L. Julium Mocillam Praetori- uni, et filium ejus, Au- lumque Torquatum, cce- terofque pari fortuna per- culfos, inftituerit tueri; atque ex Epiro his omnia Samothraciam fupportari juffit. Difficile z enim eft; omnia perfequi, et non

tolled with Jingulitr commendation, who faves a jhip out of a

Jlorrn, and a rocky Jea; why Jhould not hh prudence he thought fingular, who, out of fo bany and fuch 'violent civil forms, came to a ftate offecurity ?

Chap. XI. Out oj which df refs after he had delivered himfdf, he minded nothing elfe, but that he might be aiding to as many as pof-

fible, in what things he could. JVhilf the common people fought after the proferibed, upon the promifed rewards of the generals, no body came into Epire, to whom a- ny thing was wanting : every me had liberty granted them of faying there confantly. Moreover after the battle of x Philippi, and the death of C. Caff us, and M. Brutus, he refolved to protect L. ‘Julius Mocilla who had been pra tor, and his fon, and A. Torqua- tos, and the ref that were bore down by the like ill fortune ; and ordered all neceffaries to be carried to them from Epirus to y Sa- mothrace. But it is difficult to run through all the particulars of this

u [Emesgo is a neuter verb ; yet not only Nepos here has it with an accufative after it, but alfo Terence, /imir. III. iii. 30. Emergere Jefe ex malii.]

* Philippi was a city of Macedonia, nigh the borders of Thrace, f [Sumctbracia, now Samandrachi, is one of the ifics of the Archi-

pelago, between that of Stalimene and the coaft of Romarda. It is about feven leagues in circuit, and was anciently very famous for rcligi- gious rites, efpecially the myfteries of Ceres and Profeipina. It was accounted facred, and allowed to he a Is actuary or place of refuge for all offenders, except murderers, to fly to.]

A 2 Enim feems to have been put here by the hccdlcITnefs of fome copier of books for mdem; for what follows is no reafon for what goes before, as it fhould be, if enim was the true reading.

neceffaria :

r. P. A T T I c u s. 229c XXV. II.

' * neceSaria : illud umim and not neceffary : wwcu/J •ntelligi vohimus, illius have this one thing underjlood, îberalitatem neque tempo- that his gtnerofiiy war neither rariam, iieque call;darn temporary, nor Jlily intended; that furfl’e ; id ex ipfis rebus may be difeerned by the things ac temporibus jtidican po- and times themfelves ; becaufe he left ; quod non fioreuti- did not make his court to thofe bus fe venditavit, fed af- that were in a JlouriJhing condi- flidbrS Temper fuccurrit: qui tion, but always fuccoured the di- quidem Serviliam, Bm- JlreJJed: who verily treated with ti unatrem, non minus poll honour Servilia the mot her of mortem ejus, quam 2 flo- Brutus no lefs after his death., rentem, colutrit. S:c ii- than when in aflourijhing condi- beralitate utens, nu'.las in- tion. 'Thus employing his gmero- iinicitias geffit; quod ne- fty, he had no quarrels with any que ixdebat quenquam, body, becaufe be neither injured ceque, fi quam injuriam any one, nor, if he had received a- acceperat, a iri'alebat ulci- ny injury, did he chufe rather to fei, quam oblivifei. Idem revenge it, than forget it. The immortali memoria prre- fame man kept in perpetual remem- cepta retinebat beneficia ; brance kindneffes formerly recei- qux autem ipfe tribuerat, ved; but what he biwfelf bejlow- tamdi\i meminerat, quoad ed, he rememberedfo long as he was iile grains erat, qui acce- grateful, that had received them ; perat; itaque hie fecit, ut wherefore this he ejfeded by his vere dictum videatur, Sul behaviour, that it feems to have caique mores fngunt for- been truly, faid. Every one’s man- t'unam. Neque tamen ners make his fortune neither prius ille fortunam quam yet did he form his fortune before fe ipfe Enxit ; qui cavit, he formed himfelf who took care ne qua in re jure pleftere- that he Jhould not be defervcdly tur. punijhed in any cafe,

y This !i';e(faria, I think, fhould be neceJTsrium; for eife 1 fee not how it is poffinle to make fenfe ot this pallagc.

2 Stave I en ha- Jlorente, fc Brute.} 1 t he fame gentleman, with fome others, read'here rt,n mahhat;.

and he obierves,. that Latin authors fombtimes have two negatives* which do not always make an affirmative, hut rather infoiee th, negation ; as in 1 erence, neque haust Jicus tibi non pradiflum cave. Hoc.

b Wliat our author here fays, is, in my opinion, ver> fiily. Tamerr- always intimates fomt feeming oppofition Oetwi t what goes he. re and what follows; but there is fo far from being any fiich feeming oopolifion* here, that there is a very manifeft agreement, ii following verv evi- tk'njy from the maxim aforegoing, if true, that Attkus, to form his fortune, mud form himfelf fird.

x 3 Gap.

230 Cornelii Nepotis XXV. 12.

Cap.XII. Hisiofiturre- bus effecit, ut M. Vipfaui- us Agrippa, intima famila- ritate conjunftus .adolefcenti Cxfarf,cum, propter fuam gratiam, et Caefaris potentiam, nullius coudi- tionis non haberet potefla- teirr, potiflimum ejus deli- geret affinitatem, prseopta- retque cquitis R. filiam ge- nerofam nuptiis: atquelia- rum nuptiarum conciliator fuit {non efl enim celan- dum) M.AntoniusjTrium- \ir veip. conftituendae; cu- ius gratia cum augere pof- i'effiones poffet fuas, tantum abfuit a cupiditate pe- cunis, ut nulla in re ufusfit ea, nifi in deprecandis amicorum aut periculis, aut in- commodis: quod quidem fub ip fa profcriptione per- iiluitre fuit: nam cum L. Saufeii equitis R. aequalis fui, qui cum eo complures annos, ttudio duftus philo- fophite, habitabat; habe- batque in Italia pretiofas poffefiionee, Triumviri bo-

Chap. XII. By thefe things, therefore he brought it about, that M. Vipfanius shgrippa, unihd 'with the youth Ctefar in a clofe familiarity, when, by reafon of his own interejl, and Ca far’s power, he had a pojfibility of attaining any match whatever* chafe his affinity -above all o- thers, and preferred the c daughter of a Roman knight befui e the matches of the d, jnof nolle ladies: and the maker up of • this match was (for we mujl not conceal it) M. Antony, the e Triumvir Jor fettling the commonwealth ; by whofe inter jl when he might have increajed his pffeffwns, he was fofar from a greedy dfire of money, that he made ufe of that intereft in nothing, but begging off either the dangers or troubles of his friends : which indeed was very remarkable in the time of the profeription ; for when the Triumviri, according to the way, in which things were then managed, had fold the efate of L, Saufeius a Roman knight, his

friend, who, moved by his fan-

c [This lady, the daughter of Atticus, was called Attica; and Ci- cero, 6. epijl. 5- in a fond and friendly «ay calls her Atticula; and fhe items to have been her father’s darling.]

d Gencrefam (liould be, in my opinion, generfarum ; for thongh the; lady was of an Equcftrian family, yet fince none of the family had ever arrived to the Senatorian order, fhe could not be calittl gener<:fti, \i\ comparifon of many other ladies in Rome, that vyere far beyond her ixv point of quality. .EfTenius, Stubelius, and Staveren, agree with Mr Clarke here, tor they all have gcruiojarum, which fhould have likewife. been inferted in this text ; but that might have rendered Mr Clarke’s note needlefs, in which there is fomething curious j

e ' Triumvir was one of the three officers that were in like authority, fuch as Qttavius, Anthony, and Lepidus.J

na-

231 XXV. is- T. P. A T T 1 C U S.

na vendidiffent, confuetu- d-ne ea, qua turn res gcre- bantur; Attici laboreatque induftria fadtum, ut eodem nuntio Saufeius beret certi- or, fe patrirnonium amifif- fe, et recuperaiTe. Idem L. J ulium Calidum, quem poft Lucretii Catullique mortem, multo elegantiffitnum poetam, noilram tulifTe as- tatem, vere videor pofTe contendere ; neque minus virum bonum, optimiTque arjibus eruditum; port pro- fcriptionem equitum, propter magnas ejus Africanas pofiefliones, in profcripto- ram numerum a P. Volum- nio, praefeddo fabrum An- tonii, abfentem relatum, expedivit; quod in prsefen- ti, utrum ei labcriofius an gloriofius fuerit, difficile f uit judicare ; quod in eorum periculis, non fecus ab- lentes, qu'am praefentes, a- micos Attico effe curae, cognitum eft.

Cap. XIII. Neque verb minus ille vir, bonus paterfamilias habitus eft, qu'am civis. Nam, cum effet pecuniofus, nemo illo minus fuit emax, minus sedilica- tor; neque tamen non in primis bene habitavit, o- mnibufque optimis rebus ufus eft : nam domum ha-

cy fur philofophy, had lived feve- rat years with him, and had in I- taly valuable pojfefions ; it was brought about by the pains and induftry of Atticus, that Saufei- us was made acquainted by the fame mejfage, that he L\id lojl his ejlate, and recovered it. The fame perfon likewife brought off L. Julius Calidus, whom, methinks, I may truly affirm our age has produced much the fintjl poet, fnce the death of Lucre- tius and Catullus ; and no lefs a good man, and Jk'dled in the left arts; after the profeription of the knights, put, though abfint, into the number of the proferibed, becaufe of his great e/lute hi A- frica, by P. Volumnius, a di- reSor of Antony's engineers j winch, whether it was mere laborious or more glorious for him at that time, was hard to judge ; becaufe it was obferved, that Atticus’s friends, in their dangers, were no lefs his care when abfent, than when prefent.

Chap. XIII. Neither was this gentleman reckoned a lefs good mrfler of a family, than a citizen, For though he was a mo- nied man, yet no body was lefs addiQed to buying than he, nor Ufs a builder ; anti yet he had a very convenient dwelling, and had all things of the very bejl : for he had the f Tamphibian houfe

f [So called from fdme Roman gentleman of the name of Tamphilus, probably Barbius Tamphilus a conlhl, mentioned in the 13th chap, of Hannibal’s life, from whom Atticus’s nude might have purchafed this houle.J

buit

232 CORNELII NEPOTIS XXV. 13.

buitlncoileQuirinali Tam- phiianam, ab avunculo hae- reditate relitlain ; cujus a- moenitas non asdificio, fed fdva conftabat; ipfum e- nim teftum antiquitus con- ftitutum, plus falls, qu'am fumptus habebat ; in quo nihil comrruitavit, niii fi quid vetuftate coaftus eft. Ufus eft hfamilia, fi utilitate judicanduni eft, optima; fi forma, vix mediorri ; namque in ea erant pueri li- teratiilimi, anagnoftte opti- rr.i, et plurimi librarii ; ut ne pedifeqnus quidem quifquam effet, qui non utrumque horum pulchre facere pofiet. Pari modo artifices caster!, quoscultusdomelli- cus defiderat, apprime bold ; neque tamen horum quenquam, nifi domi natum, domique fatftum, habuit ; quod eft fignum non foliim continentia-, fed etiam diligentias: nam et non intemperanter concupifcere, quod a plurimis videas, continenris debet duci; et [potius] diligentia, qu'am preiio, parare, non medio- ens eft induftria:. Elegans, non magnificus ; fplendi- dus, non iumptuoJus: omni diligentia inunditiem non

in the s Quirinal hill, an ejlate left him by his uncle ; the pica* fantnefs of which did not ccniid in the building itfelf, but in a wood: for the houje it fell htirg old built, had 7?iore of, neutnefs than cy.penc ■ about it ; in which he changed nothing, unlefs he was forced by the oldnefs of it. He had a family of fervents, if we are to judge by convenience, very good', f by outward appearance, not quite fo good as the ordinary kind : for in it were very learned boys, very good readers, and many tranferibers of books ; that there was not indeed ary footman, that could not do both thefe very well. In like maimer, ether artifts, which do- viefic ufe requires, were ex- tremely good; neither yet had he any of thofe, but what was born in his houfe, and injlruticd in his houfe; which is a fign not only of moderation, but ddigence too : for not extravagantly to cle- fre, what you jee to be fo defined by many, ought to be accounted the part of a moderate man ; and to procure things by diligence [>athsr~] than pur chafe, is a matter of no finall indujlry. He was elegant, not magnificent ;

Jjplendid, not prodigal: he off died, with ail poflible care, a neatnefs that was not extrava-

g (The Quiriral hill, now Monte CavalU, is one of the celebrated hill:, on wi ich old Rom - flood. It was (.ailed Quirinalh, as fome lay, from the t topic ot gluirinut, another name of Romulus. The popes, hav c built a palace there.]

It Familia is often, as rete, put for the fervants of a family only ; <v t'.ot. : ton why, fince the word kerns plainly derived from jamului,

die the latter from the former, * x N . aiBuentem

XXV. I4.. T. P. A T T I C U s. 233

afHuentem affe&abat: fu- pellex modica, non multa, ut in ncutrana partem con- fp'ci poffet. Ncc hoc prx- teribo, quanquam nonnul- lis kve vifum iri putem< cum in primis lautus eflct eques Rom. et non parum liberaliter domum fuam o- mnium ordinum homines invitaret ; fcimus non amplius, qu'am terna millia k a;ris, perasque in fingulos menfes, ex ephemeride e- um expenfum fumtui ferre folitum : atque hoc non au- ditum, fed cognitum pras- dicamus : fsepe enim, propter familiarftatem, dome- fticis rebus interfuimus.

Cap.XIV. Nemoincon- vivio ejus aliud axpoxp.* (acroama) audivit, qu'am anagnoften ; quod nos quidem jucundifiimum arbi- tramur: neque unquam fine aliqua ledtione apud e- um ccenatum eft ; ut non

gant: his furniture was moderate, not much ; fo as to be remarkable neither ivay. Aor fhall I pafs this by, although I fuppofe it may feem a flight matter to fame ; tho' he was a genteel Ro- man knight of the firfl rank, and invited, not a little generoufly, men of all ranks to his houfe; we knots) that he did not ufe to reckon from his i day book expended more them three thoufand 1 offer a month, one with another: and this nve affirm, not as a thing heard, but a certainty ; bccaufe tvc were often, by reafon of our intimacy, actually prefent in the management of his domefic affairs.

Chap. XIV. No body ever heard any other m entertainment for the ears at his meals, than a reader ; which we truly think very pleafant : nor was there ever a fupper at his houfe, without fame reading ; that his guefls might be entertained in their

i It was ufual with the Romans to keep an exa£t account of their daily diibuifements, and receipts too, as appears from many pafTages in tire Roman writers. The hook in which thefe accounts w>ere kept

. was called tpbtmeris, in Latin dianum, a journal, or day-hook. k , It is taken for as, according to Varro, i. e. terna millia ajjiusn.

But fume think it Ih uld be tricena, thirty, ioftead of terna; if fo, it makes Atticus’s monthly charges to have been about I30/. Gronov. & Lipf.\

1 dhe as was nrar upon a penny of our money, and fo the whole furo near eleven pounds. Things muft have been very cheap in Rome, jn comparifon to what they have been now-a-days with us, otherwife Atticus could not have frequently entertained, arid that handfomely and genteelly, perfons of the heft quality, at his table, at fo fmall an expence monthly.

111 It was ufual, at the tables of perfons of quality in Rome, to en- tertain ths guells with mulic, farces, isV.

minus

234 CORNELII NEP O.T I S XXV. IJ.

minus animo, quam ven- tre, convivae deleftaren- tur ; namque eos vocabat, quorum mores a fuis non abhorrerent. Cum' tanta pecuniae fafta effet accef- fio, nihil de quotidiano cultu mutavit; nihil de vitae confuetudine : tantaque ulus ell moderatione, ut neque in fellertio vicies, quod a patre acceperat, parum fe fplendide gefferit; neque in feftertio centies, affluentius vixerit, qu'am inftituerat; parique falli- gio fteterit in utraque fortuna. Nullos habuit hor- tos, nullam fuburbanam aut maritimam fumtuofam villam; neque in Italia, prseter Ardeatinum, et No- mentanum, rufticum prae- dium : omnifque ejus pecuniae reditus conftabat in Epiroticis, et urbanis pof- feflionibus ; ex quo cognofci poteft, eum, ufum pecuniae, non magnitudine, fed ratione metiri folitum.

Cap. XV. Mendacium neque dicebat, neque pati poterat; itaque ejus P comitas non fine feveritate erat ; neque gravitas fine facilitate ; ut difficile ef-

minds, as well as their Jlomachs ; for he invifed thofe, whofe manners were net different from his own. And after fogreat an addition was made to his ifflate, he changed nothing of his daily way of life ; nothing of his ufual method of living : and ufed fo much moderation, that neither in an etlate of twenty times a hundred thoufand feferces, which he had received from his father, did he behave himfef ungentecl- ly; nor in an eftate of an hundred times a hundred thoufand

fflerces, did he live more plenti- fully than he had been ufed to do ; and flood upon an equal height in both fortunes. He had no gardens, no magnificent feat nigh the city, or upon the fea; nor any land-eflate in Italy, befides that at n Ardea and at 0 Momentum : and his whole income of money confijled in his pofflffions in Epire, and the city Rome ; from whence it may be underjlood, that it was his way to mcafure the ufe of ino-

.ney, not by its quantity, but by the manner of ufing it.

Chap. XV. He neither told a lie himfelf, nor could he endure it : wherefore his complafance was not- without a jlnd rcgardjio truth, nor his gravity without a good degree of compliance;

a Arrlea, now in ruins, was a city of Latium, nigh the lea, about twenty miles from Rome.

0 Nomentum, a town in the country of tiie Sabines. It is now called Lament,mu, about fifteen miles from Rome.

P Gumiias fignifies complsifance or civility, in the expreffion of which it has always been but too cuftomary to have fmall regard to truth.

fet

XXV. 16. r. P. ATT 1C us. 23$

•fet intelledu, utrum eutn amici magis vererentur, an amarent. Quidquid ro- gabatur, religiose pronjit- tebat; quod non liberalis, fed levis, arbitrabatur, pol- liceri, quod prxftare non poffet. Idem in nitendo quod femel annuiffet, tanta erat curii, ut non man- datam, fed fuam rem videretur agere. Nunqiiam fufcepti negotii eum pertoe- fum eft ; fuam enim exi- ftimationem in ea re agi putabat, qua nihil habebat carius ; quo fiebat, ut omnia Marci et Qninti Ci- ceronum, Marii, Catonis, Q^Hortcnfii, A.Torquati, midtorum praeterea eqnitum Romanonim negotia procuraret: exquoju- dicari poterat, non iner- tia, fed judicio fugifle rei- pub. procurationenr..

Cap. XVI. Humanitatis verb nullum afierre majus teftimonium poffum, qu'am quod adolefcens, idem feni Sullae fuerit jucundiflimus; fenex, adolefcenti M. Bru- to ; cum aqualibus autcm fuisQ^Hortenlio, etM. Ci- cerone, ficvixerit, utjudica- ri difficile fit, cui setati fuerit aptiffimus; quanquam e-

that it was hard to be underjlood, •whether his friends reverenced or loved him more. Whatfoever he •was qjhed, he promifej q fcrupu- loufly ; becaufe he thought it the part not of a generous, but an in ] confiderate man, to prom fe what he could not perform. The fame man was a perfon of fo much application, in endeavouring to effect what he had once promifed, that he did not f cm to manage an affair recommended to him by another, but his own. He was never weary of a buftnefs he had undertaken ; fur be thought his credit concerned in that matter, than which he accounted nothing more valuable ; from whence it was, that he managed all the affairs of the Ciceroes, Marcus and Quintus, of1 Marius, of Cato,of Q. Horten-

fius, A. Torquatos, and many Ro- man knights befides : from which it might be judged, that he declined the bufinefs of government, not out of laszinefs, but judgement.

Chap. XVI. Rut I can produce no greater proof of his politenefs, than that the fame man, when young, was very agreeablt to Sylla an old man ; and when old, was the fame to M. Brutus a young man ; but he fo lived with his friends of the fame age with hhnfelf, Q. Hortenfius, andM. Ci\ cero, that it is hard to be judged, to what age he was mojl foiled;

q He was not very forward in his promises, left the performance fhould not be in his power.

r [That Marius, the fon of old Marius, was intimate with Atticus, appears from the firlt chapter of his life.]

um

236 Cornelii Nepotis XXV. 1 7.

um prjecipue dilexit Cice- ro, ut ne frater quidem ei Quintus carior fuerit, aui. familiarior. Ei rei funt indicio, prater eos libros, in quibus de eo facit mentionem, qui in vulgus [jarnj funt editi; fexdecim volu- mina epiftolarum, ab confulatu ejus ufque ad extre- mum tempus ad Atticum mifiarum ; quas qui legal, non multum defideret hiftoriam contextam illorum temporum : lie enim o- mnia de ftudiis principum, vitiis ducum, ac mutationi- bus reip. pei-feripta funt, ut nihil in iis non appareat ; et facile exiftimari pofiit, prudentiam quodammodo efie divinationem ; non e- nim Cicero ea folum, qu®, vivo fe, acciderunt, futura pradixit ; fed etiam, quae nunc ufu veniunt, ce- cinit ut vates.

Cap. XVII. De pietate autem Attici quid plura commemorem ? cum hoc ipfum vere gloriantem au- dierim, in funere matris fuse, quam extulit annorum nonaginta, cum effet feptem et fexaginta ; fe nunquam cum matre in gratiam rediiffe ; nunquam cum forore fuiffe in limultate, quam prope aequalem habebat; quod eft fignum.

tho' Cicero loved him in a particular wanner, fo that his brother Quintus tvas not more dear to hem, or more familiar with him. Sind fifteen volumes of epijlles

fent to Atticus, from the time of his confufhip, to the latter end of his life, are a proof of that thing ; lefides thofe books, wherein he makes mention of him, which are [now']publjhedto the world', which he that reads, won t much want a continued hiflory of thofe times ; for fo all particulars are put down, relating to the defgns of the leading men, the faults of the commanders, and the revo- lutions of the government, that e- very thing appears in them ; and it may he eafily thought, that prudence is in fame meafure a divine forefight: for Cicero did not only foretel thofe things would be, which happened whilft he was alive ; but likcw fe predidled, as a prophet, what now conus to pafs.

Chap. XVII. And then as to At tic us's ajftdicn for his relations, why Jhould 1 fay much ? having heard him boajl of this, and truly too, at the funeral of his mother, whom he buried at nine- ty years of age, when he was fix- ty feven ; that he ** never returned to a good underjlanding with his mother ; never was at any difference with his fjler, which he had nearly of the fame age ; which is a fgn, either that no com-

f [The author’s meaning is, that Atticus never fell out with his mother. In gratiam ttdirc, to fall out. enticed, pro cotfi]

aut

XXV. 13. r. P. AT T 1 C US.

cut nullam unquam inter eoa querimoniam intercef- iifTe, aut hunc eafuille in fuos indulgentia, ut qjos a- mare deberet, irafei eis nefas duccret. Neque id fe- <.it natura folum, quan- qnatn cmnes ei paremus, fed etiam doftrina: nam et principum philofopho- rum ita percepta habuit prnecepta, ut iis ad vitam agendam, non ad often- tationem, uteretur.

Cap. XVIII. Moriseti- am majorum fummus imitator fuit, antiquitatifque amator ; quam adeo diligenter habuit cognitam, ut cam totam in eo volumine expofuerit, quo magiflra- tus ' ornavit. Nulla enim lex, neque pax, neque bellum, neque res illuftris eft populi Rom. quae non, in eo, fuo tempore fit nota- ta : et, quod difficillimum fuit, fic familiarum origi- nem fubtexuit, ut ex eo cla- rorum virorum propagines pofiimuscognofcere. Fecit hoc idem feparatim in aliis libris: ut, M. Eruti rogatu, Juniam familiam a ftirpe ad har.c aetatem ordine e- numeravit, notans, qui a quo ortus, quos honores, quibufque temporibus ce-

237

plair.t had pa/fed betwixt them, cr that be was a man of fo much indulgence for his relations, that he reckoned it a crime tv be angry with thofet whom he. ought to love. Nor did he dm this from nature only, although we all obey her, but likewife out ofprinciple ; for he had fo learned the precepts of the greateji philofophefs, that he made ufe. of them for the conduct of hist life, and not for ojlentation.

Chap. XVIII. He was likewife a great imitator of the cujlom of oar ancefors, and a lover of antiquity ; which he had fo diligently inquired into, that he gave art account of it thoroughly in that volume, in which he has put down, in order of time, the feveral magiflrates of Rome. For there is- r.t law, nor peace, nor war, nor illujlrious affair of the Roman people, which is not fet down in it, in its proper time : and, what was very difficult, he has fo inter- woven the original of families, that we may learn from thence, the defcents of famous men. He did this fame thing apart in other books; at, at the reqwjl of M. Brutus, he reckoned up in order the f uni an family from their o- rjginal to this age, noticing, from whom every one was defended, what offices he had bore, and at

c I am of the opinion of thofe who think, that for trnavlt we ough(S to read ordmavit. Ornare mogijlratus is indeed a Latin expreflion, but:

ears a fenfe quite foreign to any purpofi; of our author here, as alf know that know much of the Latin tongue.

Y piffet;

5JS CORNELII NePOTIS XXV. 19.

pifiet : pari , modo, Mar- nvhat times. Li like manner, at eelli Claudii, u de Marcel- the requell of Marcellas Claucli- lorum ; Scipionis Corne- us, he enumerated that of the lii, et Fabii Maximi, de Marcelli; at the requeft of Sci- Corneliorum, et Fabiorum, pio Cornelius and Fabius Maxi. et uEmiliomm : quibusli- mus, that of the Cornelii, and the bris nihil poteft die dulci- Fabii, and the JEmilii: than us iis, qui aliquam cupidi- nuhich books nothing can be more tatem habent notitise claro- pleafant to thofe, who have any rumvirorum. Attigit quo- fancy for the knowledge of fa- que poeticen, credimus, mous men. He Hkewife had a ne ejus expers effet fuavita- touch at poetry ; we imagine, that

■tis. Namque verfibus, qui he might not be unacquainted with honore, rerumque gdla- thepleafife rf it. For he has rela. mm amplitudine easterns ted in verfes, the lives of thofe, Romani populi prseftite- who excelled the rejl of the Roman runt, exppfuit; ita ut, fub people in honour, and the great. fingulorum imaginibus, fa- nefs of their exploits ; fo that he <5la magiftratufque eorum has deferibed, under each of their non amplius quaternis qui- images, their alliens and offices, nifve verfibus deferipfe- in no more than four orfive verfes .- rit; quod vix credendum which is fcarce to be believed, that fit, tantas res tarn breviter fitch great things could be Jo brief. potuiffe declarari. Eft eti- ly delivered. There is likewije a am liber Grrece confeftus, look of his writ in Greek, con- de confulatu Ciceronis. caning the confidfhip of Cicero. .Haftenus, Attico vivo, e- Thus far was publfhed by us, dita base a nobis funt. whiift Atticus was living.

Cap. XIX. Nunc, quo- Chap. XIX. Now, fince for- niam fortuna nos fuperfti- tune had a mind that we Jhouhl tes ei effe voluit, reliqua be the furvivors of him, we will perfequemur : et, quan- go through the remainder of bis turn poterimus, rerum ex- life : and, as far as we can, emplis let!ores docebimus, will inform our readers by in- .frcUt fupr'a fignificavimus, fiances of fad, as we have figni- Suos cuique mores plerum- fief above. That every man’s qae conciliare fortunam. manners for the moft part make Namque hie contentus or- his fortune. For he b ing con- dine equeftri, quo erat or- tent with the equefirian order, tus, in affinitatem pervenit from whence be was defended,

•“ The prepofition Je fhould certainly be put, and accordingly feme manuferipts have it not.

Imperatons,

XXV. 20. r. p. a ? r i c u s. 239

Imperatoris, Divijulii filii, cum jam ante familiaritatem ejus efiet confecutus nulla al!a re, qu'am degan- tia vita-, qua caeteros ceperat principes civitatis, dignitate pari, fortuna humi- liore. Tanta enim profpe- ritas Cadarem eum ell confecuta, ut nihil ei non trj- bueiit fortuna, quo<l cui- quam. ante detukrit; et conciliarit, quod nemo ad- huc civis Romanus quivit confequi. Nata autem eft Atiico neptis ex Agrippa, cui virginem fiiiam coilo- carat: hanc C ..far, vix an- niculam, Tiberio. Claudio Neroni, Dnifilla nato, pvi- vignofuo, defpondit ; quse co-ijuncdo necd51udiuein torum fanxit, familiaritatem reddidit frequentio- rem.

Cap. XX. Quamvisante haec a fponfalia, non folum cum ab urbe abeflet, nun-

came into the alliance of the % Emperor Julius’s Jon, after he had before gained a familiarity nvith him, by nothing efe bat the elegance of his life, by which y he had charmed the z other great men of the city, of equal quality, but a lower fortune than Cadar. For fo much profperity attended this Cafar, that fortune gave him every thing, that Jloe had befewed- upon ary one before; and procured him what no Roman citizen could hi- therto accomplfh. Now Atlicus had a orand-daufiler loin of Agrippa, to whom he had dij- pof-d of his daughter when a- virgin: Ceefar ccntrafled her, when fcarce a year old, to T. Claudius Nero, born of ■Drtfilla, his jlepfon ; which match eftablijh- ed aJirict. friendj!d;p between them, and rendered their familiar con- verfe mare frequent.

Chap. XX.. A It l o' before this match, not only when he was abfent from town, he never fent

* I have not thonglit it worth while to tranflate divui; it would found very oddly in our language, to give the flyie of a god to luch an ambitious wicked mortal as Julius Cscfar was. It was a profane ftupiit practice amongfl the Romans, not to be outdone by any thing amongft the moll barbarous nations, to rank their emperors, (unlefs they were devils indeed), after their deceale, amongfl the gods. Which continued even fome time after the Emperors became Chriftians, if Eutropius may be traded.

y Here I have the misfortune again to differ very widely from Ma- jor Pack ; which of us is millaken, mud be referred to the judgment of the intelligent reader, that diall think it worth while to compare our tranflations with the original.

z [Such as Pompey the Great, Julius Cscfar, M. Anthony, Cicero, Vipfanius Agrippa, la’c.]

[S/Jutfalia, efpoufals, the contract, or betrothing of a maa or woman before marriage-J

Y 2 quant

C 0 R N E L I I N E F O T I S XXV. 20. 24<3

ad fuorumquenquam literas mifit, quin Attico znitteret, quid agerct; imprimis, quid legeret, qui- feufque in locis, et quamdiu cflct moraturus; fed etiam cum effet in urbe, et propter fuas infinitas occupati- «nes, minus facpe quam >ellet Atticc. frueretur, nul- ius dies tamen temere in- terceflit, quo non ad eum 'fcriberet, quo non aliquid ê antiquitate ab eo requi- xeret ; modb aliquaSi qux- .■ftionem poeticam ei pm- iponeret ; interdum jocans <jus verbofiores eliceret e- pillolas : ex quo accidit, cum aedes Jovis Feretrii in Caoitolio, ab Romulo con- flituta, vetuiiate atque in- curia detecta prolaberetur, ut Attici admonitu, Csefar cam reficiendam curaret. Fieque verb ab M. Antonio minus, abfens, literis cok- batur; adebut accurate iiie, ex ultimis terris, quid age- ret, quid cune fibi haberet, Certiorem faceret Atticum.

a Utter to any of bis friends, but fent one to Atticus, to ac- cuaint him -lehat he was doing ; J. cjpeciaV.y what he was readingi and in what places, and -hew lot,g he wouldfiay ; but aljo, -when he was in town, and bccauf* of his infinite bufnefs, ■ enjoyed At- ticus not fo oft as he had a mind, yet no day farce puffed, in which he did not write to him, in which he did not mahv fine inquiry of him relating to antiquity; fometimes would propofe fame poetical quflisn to him; fomet 'mes jcfl- ing, would draw from him a long letter ; from whence it happened, when the temple of 3 Ju- piter b Feretriw., built in the c Capitol ly Romulus, leing un- covered through age and negltfi, was coming down, that upon the admonition of Atticus, Cafr took care that it was repaired. Nor was he lefs civilly applied to in letters by M. Anthony, when abfent. So that he made Atticus acquainted particularly, from the re motif parts of the earth, what, he was doing, what care he had upon him. Iluw con-

a [Jupiter, the fon of Saturn and Ops, was the fupreme god of tha Heathens, called optinms, becaufe of his benefits, and maximus, for bis power : but it is wonderful how they could give him fuch appellations,, when guilty of fb many weaknefles, as Arnch. 1. .4. & 5. jufily chaiges him withal; or that of hnmerte.Hs, when they confcfs he was both born and died. He was tailed

b Ferdrius, quid hefes prat, becaufc he fin ’.US his enemies ; or a. Jerenda pace, becaufe he brings or gives peace ; or laftly, from, fs. drum, the wooden ir,ftrument, on which, after they ■ had overcome tiieir e- pemies, they carried the gland fpoils in triumph to his temple ]

c [The Capitol was a hill in the city of Rome, on which a fironj caftle of very difficult acsefs was built, called iikewife the Capitol, from a man’s head being found there at laying the foundation of it.J

Hoc.

Xxv. 21. r. P. ATTIC US. 241

Hoc quale fit, facilius exi- rtftmbit is, qui judicare j-'Oterit, quanto? fit fapien- tf* eorum retiuerc ufum Venevo’ientiamque inter qnos maxhnarum rerum non folum semulatio, fed rbtreftatio tanta interce- debat, quantara fuit ir.cide- re necciTe inter Cnefarem atque Antonium ; ciim fe uterque principem non foliim urbis Romans?, fed orbis-terrarom effe cuperet,

Cap. XXI. Tali mode, cum feptem et feptuaginta annos complifTet, atque ad extremam feneftutem non minus di^nitate,quam jjra- tin, fortimaque, creviffet ; (mnltas enim haereditates nulla alia.re, quam bonitate,eltconfecntus),tEntaque profperitate ufus dfet vale- tudinis, ut annos triginta medicina non indignilfet; nadlus efl morbum, quena initio et ipfe et medici con- temferunt : nam putarunt die Ttnc-u.lv, (temfmon) ; cui remedia cekria facilia- que proponebanttir: in hoc cum tres nuenfes fine ul- lis doloribus, prxterquam quos ex curatione capiebat, confurofifiet ; fubito tanta vis morbi in unum in- teitinum prortipit.ut extremo tempore, per lumbos

confiderable this is, he will wore eafily imagine, who can judge ho'uf great a point of wifdom it it to k>-ep the friend/kip and favour of thofe, betwixt whom there pajjed not on;y fo great an emulation upon account of onaiters of the vt-_ moil importance, but a mutual. f niggle to kffen one another, as was neeejjary to happen betwixt Ciefar and ethtony, whiljl each of them defied to be the prince, not only of the city of Rome, but of the world.

Chap. XXI. After he had com- pleted, in this manner, feventy- fven years, and had advanced no lefs in dignity, than in favour and fortune, to an extreme old ' age, (for he had got feveral inhe- ritances by no other thing than his goodnefs), and hadfuch a happy Jlate of health, that he food not in need of any phfc for thirty years together ; he controlled a difemper, which at frf both he and bis phyfeiam defpifed; for they thought it to be d a tenefmos > for which fpeedy and cafy reme- dies were propofed ■' after he had paffed three months in this dif-' temper without any pains, he-

ftier what he received from the method taken for his cut ; on a ftdden fo great a violence of the difemper broke out- upon one of his intefines, that at Lngth, a pu- tridfjinla broke thro' his loins t and before this happened to l imy

d A tencfmti (to ufe Major Park’s p.wd') is a violent motion witKoi't a power ot going to (tool; or {fit Ainfnrorih'i in his diitionaryj a. diteafe at the arfe-gut, a tkfire of going to. ftcol without effect,

Y 3 Mqla .

242 Cornel ii Ne p otis XXV. 22 .

fiftula putrls eruperit. At- after he found that his pains greiv que hoc priufquam ei acci- upon him every day, and that a deret, poiiquavn indies do- fever veas fuperadded to them lores accrefccre, febrem- he ordered his fan-in-law Agrip- queaccefT'fle fer.fit; Agrip- pa to be called tc him, and with pam generum ad fe arcef- fn i jullit, et cum eo L. Cor- nclium Balbum, Sextum- que Peducssum. Hcs ut ve- riffe vidit, in cubitum in ni- xus, dpuentam, inquit, cu~ ram diligeniiamque in va- hludine mea tuenda hoc tempore adbibuerim, cum vos trjles kabeam, nihil neceffe ejl phrilus verbis com- vumorare ; qu'lus quotzi-

< am, ut fpero, fati feci, me nihil reliqui feciffe, quod ad fanandum me pertineret, rcliquum cjl, ut egomet mifii confulam. Id vds ignora- re twlui; nam mihi flat, aikre morbum defnere:. namque hit diebus quic- quid cibi fimji, ita proditxi •uilam, ut a jxerim dolors t,

fine Jpe fahitis. fuare a vobis peto, privi'um, ut con-

Jilium probetis menm; de- lude, ne frufra dehortando conemini.

Cap. XXII. Hac orati- •one habita, tanta conftaiT>. tia TOcis,atque vultus, ut non ex, vita,, ied ex domo in domum videretur migra- re 5 cum quidem Agrippa ’rum hens, atque ofculans, oraret atque obft*raret, r.e id, quod natura. coge- ret, ipfe quoque J;bi acce- kraret j et quoniam. turn

him L. Cornelius Balbus,and Sex- tus Pedttcseus. IVhen he faw.they were come, leaning upon his el- bow, he fold. How much care and diligence 1 have employed to reilore my health, fmee I have you for my wknefies, there is no need to recount in many words. Whom fince I have fatisfied, as I hope, that I have left nothing un- done, that was proper in the judgment of the doctors to cure me, it remains that I provide for myfeif. I had no mind you fhould he ignorant of it ; for my rcjolu- tion is fixed, to give overfeeding the diftemper: for whatsoever meat I have taken for fome days, I have fo prolonged my life, that I increafed my pains, without any hopes of recovery. Wherefore 1 beg of you, in the firit place, that you would approve my refolution ; if not, that then you would not labour ia vain by diffuading me.

Chap. XXIf. Having made this Jpeech, with Juch a- Jhasinefs of voice and countenance, that he jteemed not to be removing out cf life, but out of one houfe into another houfe; when Agrippa weeping and hiffing, begged and intreatfd him, That he would not haflen that, which nature would oblige him to ; and fince he might yel live for fomc time longer, that

quoqus; .

XXV. 22. 243 1r. P. A T T I C U S.

quoque poffet e tempori- he would five bimfelf for himfef bus fuperefie, fe iibi fiiil'» and his friends ; he put a flop to que refervaret : preces ejus- his intreaties by his, obflinate fi- taciturna fun obtlinatione lence. Thus, after he hadabjlained deprdiit. Sic, cum bid'u- from all Pood for two days, on a um cibo fe abftinuiffet, fu- faddtn his fever went off, and the bito febris deceffit, levior- dijlcmper began to be more eafy ; que morbus effe coepit : yet notwitbjlemding he executed tamen propolitum nihilo his purpofe. JVherefore upon the fecius peregit. Itaque die fifth day after is: had entered up- quinto, poilquani id conon that refolution, f the day be- lilium inicrat, pridie Kal. fore the Calends of April, when April. Cn. Domitio, C. Cn. Domiiius and C. So/ius were Solio Coff. decefiit. Ela- Confuls, he died. He was carried tus eft in lectieula, ut ipfe" to his funeral upon a little couch, prseferipferat, fine ulla as he himfelf had ordered, with- pwmpa funeris, comitanti- out any ^ pomp of funeral, all bus omnibus bonis, maxi- good people attending him, with ma vulgi frequentia. Se- a great crowd of the populace. pultus eft juxta viamAppi- He was buried near the h Appian

am.

e ’ I have trart(rated the words temporiius fuperffe, by live fame time tourer, becaufe it feems pretty plain by the context, the author intended to fay fome fuel) thing ; but I look upon the reading to be faulty, for the words will not bear that fenfe, nor, in my opinion, any feuieatall.

f The iaft of March, for the firft day of every month was called the Calends.

S (The Romans ufed to celebrate the funerals of fome of their great and rich men, with extraordinary' fplendor and magnificence, the people being prefented on fuch occafions with public Ihows,. and other uncommon divertifements : but the grave and wife Attica?, it feems, difliking this extravagant cuftom, had forbid it to be ufed at his funeral ]

*> [This was dre mod nobit of all the public ways or cauftys about Rome, and took its name from Appius Ci. udius, who, according to Eutropius, was cenfor of Rome when he Vgun ir, and very probably was conful before he had done wido it. Lipfius computes it at 350 miles in length, reaching from Rome to Brindifi or Brundufium in the kingdom of Naples, by the Adriatic fea. An account of as much of this way as lies between Rome and the city of Naples, (about 105 miles), the Reverend Dr Burnet -hath obliged us with in ins letters, (letter 4). He tells us, “ It is twelve feet broad, all made of huge “ (tones, mod of them blue, and they are generally a foot and a “ half large of all fides.’* And prefently after, admiring the extraordinary drength of the work, he faith, “ That though it hath laded “ above 1800 years, yet in moft places it is for f.vertl miles together as

“ cl th e

2.44 CORNF. LII N E P 0 T I S, ^CC. XXV. 22

am, ad quintum Lipidtm, in monumento Q^Cscciiii avunculi fui.

tv.iy, > at the fifth nv\e-J}one, in the monument cf Csetfras his uncle.

entire ns when it was fir ft im.hv” ■ Here many of the great tr.en of Rome had their burying places in fields or gardens belonging to their families; and, if it was poftlble, they always buried in that part of the field or garden which lay neareft to the common road, both to put pat- fengers iu mind of mortality, and to fave the heft part of their land. And here, as Ncpos.tells us, was Atticus buried, and not within the city, hreaufe of an exprefs law in their twelve tables, by which none were allowed the honour of a burying place in it except the Veftal vir- gins, according to Servius; as alio according to Plutarch and Cicero, to Valerius Poplicola and I'abricius. See Kennett’s Roman antiquities, part 2. chap, to.]

i There was, in all the great roads from Rome, fit up at every milt’s end a ftonc.

VE R-

i

VERBA CORNEL I/E

GRACCHORUM MATRIS,

Ex Cornelii Nepotis lihro excerpt a.

DICi.S, Pulchrum eiTe inimicos ulcu'ci : Id neque majus, licque pulchrlus ciliquam atque mihi effe videtur ; fed

ii liceat rep. falva eos perfequi: fed quatenus id fieri non po- tefl, mnlto tempore, multiiqne partibus, inimici noftri non peribunt, atque uti nunc fuut, erunt, potias quiim refp. pro- fiig’etur atque pereat.

Verbis conceptis d«jevare aafim, oneterquam qui Tiberium G raechum ntcirunt, neminem iniinicum taatum moleftiie, tan- t'.unqut laboris, quantum fe ob has res mihi tradidiffequern oportebat omnium eorum quos anteiiac habui libcTos, partes eorum tolerare, atque curare, ut quam minimum folicitudinis in fenett i haberem, utiqae quarcumqtte ageres, ea velks irjaxi- i.ie milii placert; atque uti nefas haberes rerum majorum ad- vetfum meain fententiam quicquam facere; prafertim mihi, cui parva pars vita: hiper eft. Ne id quidem tarn breve fpatium j'otefi. opituiari, quin et mihi adverferis, et remp profiiges. De- nique qua: paufa erit, et quando definet familia noftra infauirej et quando modus ei rei haberi poterit ? et quando definemus et babentes, et prxbentes, mcleltiis defiftere i et caando per- pudefcct mifeenda atque perturbanda rep. Sed fi omnino id fieri non poteft, ubi ego mortua ero, petito tribunatum, fa- cito quod lubebit, cum ego non fentiam : ubi mortua ero, parentabis mihi, et invocabis deum parentem in eo tempore. Nec pudet te eorum deum preces expetere, quos vivos atque prafentes, rcliftos atque deiertos habueris ? Ne ille finat Ju- piter, te e:i perfeverare, nec tihi tantam dementiam venire in animo; et, fi perfeveras, vereor ne in omnern vitam tat.tum laboris culpa tua recipias, uti in nullo tempore tute tibi placers poiTis,

Ex I. chronicorun libro.

Homerus et Ilefiod *: vixerunt ante Romam conditam ann. cirdter centum et quinquaginta. GcLius, lib. 17. cap. 21.

Ex I. l.h orum tie vita CEeronis. M. Tullius Cict .*ro tres et viginti annos natus, primmn

campum judicii publici egit, Sextumque Rofcium purricidii reum defendit. Geliius, lib. 25. cap. 2d.

Ex

CORNELII NEPOTIS 246

Ex II. hire (It viris Uluflnbus.

Carlfnu, I. 2. chat vocem fubinde ; et ex 15. idem, lib. J. Cl tat ilium modum dicendiy harum partum ; et ex 16. ilia •verba, a fratre patruele rera ncceffitudinis, fed pcrfonam o- ftendat.

Ex incerto libro de viris illufiribui.

Jufte venufteque admodum reprehendiffe dicitur.A. A!bi* num M. Cato. Albinus, qui cum L. Lucullo confu! fuit, ref Romanas oratione Graeca fcriptitavit: in ejus hiltoriae pn'nci" pio fcriptum eit ad banc fententiam : nerninem fuccenfere fibi convenire, fi quid in his libris parum compoiite, atit minds de- ganter fcriptum foret. Nam fum, inquit, homo Romamis, natus in Latio : Gneca oratio a nobis alienifTirna eft. Ideoque veniam, gratiamque mala: exiftimationis, ft quid dfet erratum,, poftulavit. Ea ciim legiftet M. Cato, fve tu, inquit, Aide, ni- mium nugator es, cum maluifti culpam deprecar!, quam culpa vacare, Nam petere veniam folernus, aut cum hnprudentes erranmus, aut cum compulii peccavimus. Tibi, ii.quit, oro te, quis perpulit, ut id committeres, quod priufquam faceres,. peteres ut ignofceretur ? Celine, lib. ix.caj). ft.

Archilochus, ‘Eu lo Hojliiio Runes regnar.te, jam tunc j'uii poematis clarui, et nobilis. Idem. lib. 17. cap. 21.

Ex libris exen/plorum. A virgine veftale. Hoc chat Carifius, lib. 1. ex 2. exem-

plorum hlro. Multis in fenatu placuit, ut ii, qui redire nollent, datis cu-

ftodibus ad Annibalem dcducerentur ; fed ca featentia numero plurium, quibus id non videbatur, fuperata eft ; ii tamen, qui ad Annibalem non redierunt, ufque adeo inteftabiles, in- viiique fuerunt, ut tsedium vitas ceperint, nccemque fibi con- feiverint. Gellius, lib. 7. cap. 18. ex 5. exemp{orvm libro.

Ex incerto libro. Aides Martis eft in circo Flaminio archite&ata ab Hermo-

doto Salaminio. Prifcianur, lib. 8. Eudoxus quidam, mea tetate, cum Lathyrem Regem fuge-

ret, Arabico !inu egreifus, Gades ufq:,e perveCtus eft. Pli- uius, lib. 11. cap. 67.

Latitudims ubi minimum, feptem millia pafluum ; ubi verb plurimum, decetn millia. Plinhis, in proa-mi0, lib. 3.

Melpum, opulentia prsecipuum, ab Infubribus, et Boiis, et Senonibus deletum eft eo die quo Camillus Veios cepit. Idem Pliniui, libri ejufdem cap. 1 7.

Iftro

PRAGUE NT A. 247

Iftro in Adriam effluentri e Danubio amne ex adverfo Pa- di fauces, contrario coruin percuffu, mari interjefto, dulce- fcente. Plintus, libri ejufd. cap. 18.

Alpes in latitudinem C. M. Idem, lib. ejufd. cap. 19. Cerne infula abeft ex adverio maxiroe Carthaginis a con-

tinente paffus mille, non amplior circuitu duobus millibus. Idem, l. 6. c. $\.

Poll accipenferem, praecipua auftoritas fuit lupo, et afel- lis. Idem, l. 9. c. 18.

Mejuvene, violacea purpura vigebat, cujus libra denariis C. veniebat, nec multb peft rubra Tarentina. Huic fucceffit dibapha Tyria, quae in libras denariis mille non poterat emi. Hac P. Lentulus Spinther, aedilis curulis, primus in pretex- ta ufus, improbatur. Qua purpura quis non jam triclinaria facit ? Idem, l. 19. c. 19.

Turdi pauld ante Augufti principatum coepti faginari. Ciconiae magis placent, quam grues. Idem, l. 10. c. 23.

Magnitude loti arboris brevis. Idem, l. 23. c. 17. Vinum exprimitur illi fimile mulfo, quod ultra denos dies

non durat, baccaeque contufae cum alica ad cibos doliis con- duntur. Idem Plinius, ibidem.

Scandula contefta fuit Roma ad Pyrrhi ufque bellum, annis quadringenîs feptuaginta. Idem, l. 16. c. 10.

Ante Syllae viftoriam duo tantum triclinia Romae fuerunt argentea. Idem, l. 33. c. 11.

Cleophantus Corinthius fecutus ell in Italiam Demaratum Tarquinii Prifci Romani Regis patrem, fugientem a Corin- tho injurias Cypfellii tyranni. Idem, l. 35. c. 3.

Primus Romje parictes crulla marmoris operait totius domus fuse in Ccelio monte mamurra, Formiis natus, eques Romanus, prsefedlus fabrorum C. Cxfaris in Galiia. Idem, l. 36. c. 6.

Mamurra primus totis aedibus nullam nifi e marmore co- lumnam habuit, omnes folidas e Carydio, aut L.unenfi. I- dem Plinius, ibidem. .

Fuit magno miraculo, cum P. Lentulus Spinther ampho- ras ex onyche Chiorum magnitudine cadorum oftenriiffet : poll quinquennium deinde triginta duoruaa pedum longitudi" r.e vidi. Idem, libri cj-.ifdem cap. 7

P I N I S.

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cornel ii nepotis

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