Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 1 PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20111

PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY


CHAPTER ELEVEN:CHAPTER ELEVEN:

HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEINGCOPING, AND WELL-BEING


Stress and Coping Stress and Coping

How is health psychology a union between How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology?medicine and psychology?

What is stress, how does it affect us, and What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it? how can we best cope with it?


Health PsychologyHealth Psychology

Investigates the psychological factors Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problemsmedical problems Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)


StressStress

People’s response to events that threaten People’s response to events that threaten or challenge themor challenge them StressorsStressors

Circumstances and events in life Circumstances and events in life


Categorizing StressorsCategorizing Stressors Cataclysmic Events Cataclysmic Events

Occur suddenly and typically affect many people Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously simultaneously

Personal Stressors Personal Stressors Major life eventsMajor life events Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Daily HasslesDaily Hassles Minor irritations of life that we face again and againMinor irritations of life that we face again and again


Categorizing StressorsCategorizing StressorsCommon Daily Hassles and UpliftsCommon Daily Hassles and Uplifts

Figure 1 of Chapter 11


The High Cost of StressThe High Cost of Stress

Psychophysiological Disorders Psychophysiological Disorders (psychosomatic disorders)(psychosomatic disorders) Actual medical problems that are influenced Actual medical problems that are influenced

by an interaction of psychological, emotional, by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties and physical difficulties


The General Adaptation The General Adaptation Syndrome ModelSyndrome Model

Hans SelyeHans Selye

Physiological response to stress follows Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stresscause of stress Three phases: Three phases:

Alarm and mobilizationAlarm and mobilization ResistanceResistance Exhaustion Exhaustion


The General Adaptation The General Adaptation Syndrome ModelSyndrome Model

Selye’s General Adaptation SyndromeSelye’s General Adaptation Syndrome



Psychoneuroimmunology and Psychoneuroimmunology and StressStress

Major Consequences of StressMajor Consequences of Stress



Coping with StressCoping with Stress

Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stresstolerate the threats that lead to stress CategoriesCategories

Emotion-focused copingEmotion-focused coping Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to

change the way one feels about or perceives a problemchange the way one feels about or perceives a problem

Problem-focused copingProblem-focused coping Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of

stress stress


Coping with StressCoping with Stress

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness Occurs when people conclude that Occurs when people conclude that

unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlledcontrolled

Experience more physical symptoms and Experience more physical symptoms and depressiondepression

Social SupportSocial Support Knowledge that we are part of a mutual Knowledge that we are part of a mutual

network of caring, interested othersnetwork of caring, interested others


Coping with StressCoping with Stress Effective Coping StrategiesEffective Coping Strategies

Turn a threat into a challengeTurn a threat into a challenge Make a threatening situation less threateningMake a threatening situation less threatening Change your goalsChange your goals Take physical actionTake physical action

BiofeedbackBiofeedback Exercise Exercise

Prepare for stress before it happens Prepare for stress before it happens Proactive copingProactive coping


Psychological Aspects of Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-BeingIllness and Well-Being

How do psychological factors affect How do psychological factors affect health-related problems such as coronary health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking? heart disease, cancer, and smoking?


The A’s, B’s, and D’s of The A’s, B’s, and D’s of Coronary Heart DiseaseCoronary Heart Disease

Type A Behavior PatternType A Behavior Pattern Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time

urgency, and feeling drivenurgency, and feeling driven

Type B Behavior PatternType B Behavior Pattern Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and

nonaggressive mannernonaggressive manner

Type D Behavior PatternType D Behavior Pattern D is for “distressed”D is for “distressed” Characterized by insecurity, anxiety, and a negative outlookCharacterized by insecurity, anxiety, and a negative outlook At risk for repeated heart attacksAt risk for repeated heart attacks


Psychological Aspects of Psychological Aspects of CancerCancer

Emotional responses have a critical Emotional responses have a critical effect on its courseeffect on its course Those with a fighting spirit are more likely to Those with a fighting spirit are more likely to

recoverrecover


Psychological Aspects of Psychological Aspects of CancerCancer

Relationship Between Patient Attitude and Cancer SurvivalRelationship Between Patient Attitude and Cancer Survival



SmokingSmoking

Why People SmokeWhy People Smoke Heredity Heredity GeneticsGenetics Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

Quitting SmokingQuitting Smoking Nicotine replacement drugs Nicotine replacement drugs Behavioral strategies Behavioral strategies


Promoting Health and Promoting Health and WellnessWellness

How do our interactions with physicians How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with affect our health and compliance with medical treatment? medical treatment?

How does a sense of well-being develop? How does a sense of well-being develop?


Following Medical AdviceFollowing Medical Advice

NoncomplianceNoncompliance

Creative NonadherenceCreative Nonadherence Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a

physician, relying on one’s own medical physician, relying on one’s own medical judgment and experience judgment and experience


Increasing Compliance with Increasing Compliance with AdviceAdvice

Provide clear instructions to patients Provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimensregarding drug regimens

Honesty about nature of medical problems Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatmentsand treatments

Positively framed messagesPositively framed messages Change in behavior will lead to a gainChange in behavior will lead to a gain

Negatively framed messagesNegatively framed messages Highlight what can be lost by not performing a Highlight what can be lost by not performing a

behavior behavior


Well-Being and HappinessWell-Being and Happiness

Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of

both their thoughts and their emotionsboth their thoughts and their emotions Characteristics of happy peopleCharacteristics of happy people

Have high self-esteemHave high self-esteem Have a firm sense of controlHave a firm sense of control Are optimisticAre optimistic Like to be around other people Like to be around other people



Does Money Buy Happiness?Does Money Buy Happiness? Research shows that winning the lottery Research shows that winning the lottery

brings an initial surge to one’s happiness brings an initial surge to one’s happiness level, but then it returns to its set point.level, but then it returns to its set point.



Faces ScaleFaces Scale


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