Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood This multimedia product.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 6

Emotional and Social Development inInfancy and Toddlerhood

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Psychodynamic StagesAge Erikson’s Stage Freud’s Stage

First Year

Basic Trust

versus

Mistrust

Oral

Second Year

Autonomy

Versus

Shame and Doubt

Anal


First Appearance of Basic Emotions

Happiness

Smile – from birthSocial smile – 6 to 10 weeksLaugh – 3–4 months

Anger

General distress – from birthAnger – 4–6 months

FearFirst fears – second half of first yearStranger Anxiety – 8–12 months


Understanding Emotions of Others

Emotional Contagion Early infancy

Recognize Other’s Facial Expressions 7–10 months

Social Referencing


Self-Conscious Emotions

Shame Embarrassment Guilt Envy Pride

Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them


Emotional Self-Regulation Young infants rely in

caregivers to soothe them.

Self-regulation grows over fist year, with brain development.

Caregivers contribute to child’s self- regulation style.


Structure of Temperament

Easy – 40% Difficult – 10% Slow-to-warm-up – 15% Unclassified – 35%


Biological Basis for Temperament

Inhibited, Shy

React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli

High heart rates, stress hormones, & stress symptoms

Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity.

Uninhibited, Sociable

React positively, approach new stimuli

Low hear rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms

Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity


Genetics and Environment in Temperament

Genetic Influences

Responsible for about half of individual differencesEthnicity, gender

Environmental Influences

Cultural caregiving stylesBoys & girls treated differentlyParents emphasize sibling differences

Goodness-of-FitCombines genetics and environment


Ethological Theory of Attachment

Preattachment phase Attachment-in-the-

making phase Phase of clear-cut

attachment Separation anxiety

Formation of a reciprocal relationship


Measuring the Security of Attachment

Secure – 65% Avoidant – 20% Resistant – 10% Disorganized-

disoriented – 5–10%


Cultural Variations inAttachment Security


Factors that Affect Attachment Security

Opportunity for attachment

Quality of caregiving Interactional synchrony

Infant characteristics Family circumstances Parents’ internal working

models


Multiple Attachments

Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional

caregivers


Attachment and Later Development

Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: Preschool Middle childhood

Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development.


Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care

Initial Attachment Quality Family Circumstances Quality of Child Care

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

Extent of Child Care


I-Self and Me-Self

I-Self

Sense of self as agent Separate from

surrounding world Can control own

thoughts and actions

Me-Self Sense of self as object of

knowledge and evaluation Qualities that make self

unique: Physical characteristics Possessions Attitudes, beliefs,

personality


Self-Control Ability to resist impulses Emerges around 18

months Improves through early

childhood Individual differences are

lasting: Gender Sensitive caregiving


Compliance Understanding and obeying

caregivers’ wishes and standards

Emerges between 12 and 18 months

Toddlers assert autonomy by sometimes not complying

Warm, sensitive caregiving increases compliance


Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control Respond with sensitivity and support Give advance notice of change in activities Offer many prompts and reminders Reinforce self-controlled behavior Encourage sustained attention Support language development Increase rules gradually

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