Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Functional Assessment of the Causes of Problem Behavior Chapter 23
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Functional Assessment of the Causes of Problem
Behavior
Chapter 23
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Functional Analysis?
• Examination of the relationship between behavior and its antecedents and consequences
• Antecedents– Eliciting stimuli
• Consequences– Positive or negative reinforcement
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Types of Assessment
• Questionnaire– Completed by those familiar with client
– Reliability issues
• Observation– Observe what is going on– Form hypotheses about antecedents and consequences
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Types of Assessment
• Functional Analysis– Systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role in behavior maintenance
– Limitations•Infrequent behaviors•Not applicable in dangerous behaviors
•Expensive and time-consuming
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Attention from Others – Social Positive Reinforcement– Attention follows behavior– Individual approaches attention giver prior to behavior
– Smiling prior to behavior– Treatment
•Give attention at other times•Reduce attention to behavior
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Self Stimulation – Internal Sensory Positive Reinforcement– Continue doing the behavior because it offers a desired level of stimulation
– Behavior continues at a steady rate
– Treatment:•Increase sensory stimulation•Reduce stimulation level of behavior
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Environmental Consequences – External Sensory Positive Reinforcement– Behavior maintained by reinforcing sights and sounds from the nonsocial external environment
– Behavior continues undiminished even though it appears to have no social consequences over numerous occasions
– Treatment:• Sensory reinforcement of a desirable alternate behavior
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Escape from Demands – Social Negative Reinforcement– Escape from aversive stimuli– Problem behavior as a way to escape various undesirable demands
– Behavior only happens when certain types of requests are made of the person
– Treatment• Persist with requests (demands) until compliance
• Teach other responses• Program where level of difficulty of requested behavior starts low and is gradually increased
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Elicited – Respondent– Some behavior is elicited rather than controlled by consequences
– Behavior consistently occurs in a certain situation or in the presence of certain stimuli
– Behavior seems involuntary– Treatment
•Establishing one or more responses that compete with problem behavior (counterconditioning)
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Causes of Problem Behavior
• Medical– Problem emerges suddenly and does not seem to be related to any changes in the individual’s environment
– Behavioral diagnostics• Therapist diagnoses the problem after examining antecedents, consequences, and medical and nutritional variables as potential causes of problem behaviors
• Develop treatment plan based on diagnosis
– Physician should be consulted prior to treatment
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Figure 23-1 – Causes of operant problem behavior. “Causes of operant problem behavior can be further subdivided into the categories shown in Figure 23-1.” (page 286)
Categories of the causes of operant problem behaviors.
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Guidelines for Conductinga Functional Assessment
• Define the problem behavior• Identify antecedents• Identify consequences• Consider health/medical/personal variables• Form hypothesis based on information
collected• Collect data to determine if hypothesis is
correct• If possible, do a functional analysis by
directly testing the hypothesis• Design treatment program• If treatment is successful, accept the causal
analysis as confirmed• If treatment is not successful, redo the
functional analysis