Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 1 The Relationship of Nutrition and Health.

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 1

The Relationship of Nutrition and Health


Objectives

• Name six classes of nutrients and their primary functions

• Recognize common characteristics of well-nourished people

• Recognize symptoms of malnutrition

(continues)


Objectives

• Describe ways in which nutrition and health are related

• List four basic steps in nutrition assessment


Nutrients

• Chemical substances necessary for life

• Functions:– Provide energy

– Build and repair tissue

– Regulate body processes• Circulation, respiration, digestion, and elimination

(continues)


Nutrients

• Six classes:1. Carbohydrates (CHO)

2. Fats (lipids)

3. Proteins

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

6. Water

(continues)


Nutrients

• No nutrient can work alone

• Essential nutrients– Found only in foods

• Organic nutrients– Must be broken down to be used by body

• Inorganic nutrients– Already in their smallest components


The Six Essential Nutrient Classes and Their Functions

Organic nutrients FunctionCarbohydrates Provide energy

Fats Provide energy

Proteins Build and repair tissues and provide energy

Vitamins Regulate body processes

(continues)


The Six Essential Nutrient Classes and Their Functions

Inorganic nutrients FunctionMinerals Regulate body processes

Water Regulate body processes


Stop and Share

• Consider the following scenario:– A client is recovering from surgery at home. You ask what

she has eaten during the last 24 hours. She answers:• Breakfast: two doughnuts, orange juice

• Lunch: lettuce salad with oil and vinegar, soda

• Snack: pretzels, soda

• Dinner: spaghetti with tomato sauce, garlic bread, wine

– What nutrients are missing in her diet? Why are these nutrients important for her?

(continues)


Stop and Share

• She is missing protein and water in her diet

• Protein is needed to build and repair body tissues after surgery

• Water is needed to prevent dehydration


Characteristics of Nutritional Status

Good PoorAlert expression Apathy

Shiny hair Dull, lifeless hair

Clear complexion Greasy, blemished complexion

Good color Poor color

Bright, clear eyes Dull, red-rimmed eyes

(continues)



Good PoorPink, firm gums and well-developed teeth

Red, puffy, receding gums and missing or cavity-prone teeth

Firm abdomen Swollen abdomen

Firm, well-developed muscles

Underdeveloped, flabby muscles

Well-developed bone structure

Bowed legs and “pigeon breast”

(continues)



Good PoorNormal weight for height Overweight or underweight

Erect posture Slumped posture

Emotional stability Easily irritated or depressed and poor attention span

Good stamina Easily fatigued

(continues)



Good PoorSeldom ill Frequently ill

Healthy appetite Excessive or poor appetite

Healthy, normal sleep habits Insomnia at night and fatigued during day

Normal elimination Constipation or diarrhea


Stop and Share

• Divide into groups of two

• Assess your partner for signs of good nutrition

• Identify common characteristics associated with good nutrition exhibited in your partner

(continues)


Stop and Share

• Shiny hair• Clear skin• Clear eyes• Erect posture• Alertness

• Firm flesh on well-developed bone structures

• Pink gums and well-developed teeth

• Normal weight for height


Malnutrition

• Overnutrition– Excess energy or nutrient intake

• Undernutrition– Deficient energy or nutrient intake

• Overnutrition is larger problem than undernutrition in United States (U.S.)– Supersizing, fast-food industry contributes to problem


Supersize USA: The Fattest Cities in the U.S.

1. Miami, FL

2. Oklahoma City, OK

3. San Antonio, TX

4. Las Vegas, NV

5. New York, NY

6. Houston, TX

7. El Paso, TX

8. Jacksonville, FL

9. Charlotte, NC

10. Louisville-Jefferson, KY


Cumulative Effects of Nutrition

• Excesses– Excess nutrients over time

– E.g., atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, some cancers

• Deficiencies– Nutrients lacking for extended period

– E.g., iron deficiency, beriberi, scurvy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets, goiter


Nutrient Deficiency

• Primary– Inadequate dietary intake

• Secondary– Due to causes other than dietary intake

• Both can result in malnutrition


Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency disease Nutrients lackingIron-deficiency anemia Iron

Beriberi Thiamin

Night blindness Vitamin A

Goiter Iodine

Kwashiorkor Protein

(continues)


Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency disease Nutrients lackingMarasmus All nutrients

Osteomalacia Calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride

Osteoporosis Calcium and vitamin D

(continues)


Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency disease Nutrients lackingPellagra Niacin

Rickets Calcium and vitamin D

Scurvy Vitamin C

Xerophthalmia Vitamin A


Nutritional Assessment

• Anthropometric measurements

• Clinical examination

• Biochemical tests

• Dietary and social history


Anthropometric Measurements

• Height

• Weight

• Head, chest, and abdominal circumference– For children

• Upper arm measurement

• Skinfold measurement with caliper


Clinical Examination

Clinical signs Possible deficienciesPallor, blue half-circles beneath eyes

Iron, copper, zinc, B12, B6, or biotin

Edema Protein

Bumpy “gooseflesh” Vitamin A

Lesions at corner of mouth Riboflavin

(continues)



Clinical signs Possible deficienciesGlossitis Folic acid

Numerous black-and-blue spots and tiny, red pin-prick hemorrhages under skin

Vitamin C

Emaciation Carbohydrates, proteins, or calories

(continues)



Clinical signs Possible deficienciesPoorly shaped bones or teeth, or delayed appearance of teeth in children

Vitamin C

Slow clotting time of blood Vitamin K

(continues)



Clinical signs Possible deficienciesUnusual nervousness, dermatitis, and diarrhea in same client

Niacin

Tetany Calcium, potassium, or sodium

Goiter Iodine

Eczema Fat


Biochemical Tests

• Serum albumin level– Measures main protein in blood

– Determines protein status

• Serum transferrin level– Indicates iron-carrying protein in blood indicates iron stores low indicates body lacks protein

(continues)


Biochemical Tests

• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)– May indicate renal failure, insufficient renal blood supply,

or blockage of urinary tract

• Serum creatinine– Indicates amount of creatinine in blood

– Used to evaluate renal function

(continues)


Biochemical Tests

• Creatinine excretion– Indicates amount of creatinine excreted in urine during 24-

hour period

– Used in estimating body muscle mass

– Muscle mass depleted, as in malnutrition• Level will be low

(continues)


Biochemical Tests

• Other tests– Hemoglobin (Hgb)

– Hematocrit (Hct)

– Red blood cells (RBCs)

– White blood cells (WBCs)

(continues)


Biochemical Tests

• Other tests– Lipid profile

• High- and low-density lipoprotein

• Serum triglycerides

– Urinalysis


Dietary and Social History

• Evaluation of food habits– 24-hour recall

• Types, amounts, and preparation of all foods eaten in last 24 hours

– Food diary• Written record of all food and drink ingested in specified period

– Computer diet analysis• Determines nutrient deficiencies or toxicities

(continues)


Dietary and Social History

• Social history– Consideration of financial resources to do the following:

• Obtain needed food

• Properly store and cook food

– Food-drug interactions that can lead to malnutrition


Conclusion

• Nutrition and health directly related

• Effects of poor nutrition cumulative

• Six essential nutrient classes:– Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water

• Nutritional assessment– Best way to determine deficiencies that can result from

lack of nutrients

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 1 The Relationship of Nutrition and Health.

Documents

cengage learning

health slide

dehydration slide

rights reser

classes of nutrients

essential nutrients

body inorganic nutrients

nutrition assessment