Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 21 Mental Health Diseases and Disorders.

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 21

Mental Health Diseases and Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Common Signs and Symptoms

• Typically begin with behavioral changes

• Slow-developing and very subtle

• May not be noticed early in development of disorder

• Forgetfulness, anxiety, and temper tantrums


Diagnostic Tests

• Physiologic tests– Brain scans, EEGs, and MRIs

• Referral to psychiatrist for psychological testing– Aptitude and personality tests


Developmental Mental Health Disorders

• Intellectual disability– Formerly known as mental retardation

– Symptoms:• Decreased intelligence

• Decreased ability to learn, socialize, and mature

– Known causes:• Genetic

• Acquired



• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder– Symptoms:

• Inability to concentrate

• Hyperactivity

• Impulsiveness

– Cause unknown, but seems familial

– Treatment:• Amphetamines



• Eating disorders– Compulsion to eat or avoid eating that affects individual’s

mental and physical condition

– Most common:• Anorexia nervosa

• Bulimia



• Tic disorders– Sudden, rapid muscle movement or vocalization

• E.g., eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat clearing, snorting, grunting

• Enuresis– Bedwetting

– Urinary incontinence after toilet training


Substance-Related Mental Disorders

• Diagnosis used– Instead of drug addiction

• Common terms:– Addiction

– Dependency

– Tolerance

– Withdrawal



• Alcohol– Alcoholism

• Physical and mental dependence on alcohol

– Chronic

– Progressive

– Often fatal



• Marijuana– Also known as pot

– Euphoric effect

• Cocaine– Accelerant to CNS and anesthetic



• Methamphetamine– Fastest growing abused drug today

– Addictive potent CNS stimulant

• Caffeine and nicotine– Most common addictive substances

• Sedatives or depressants– Anti-anxiety medications



• Amphetamines– Release epinephrine leading to increased heart rate,

respiration, and digestion

• Hallucinogens– Also known as psychedelic drugs

– E.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP)



• Narcotics– Depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics

– E.g., heroin, opium

• Inhalants– Abused legal substances

– Taken by huffing, snuffing, and bagging

– E.g., glue, nail polish, lighter fluid



• Anabolic steroids– Abused by athletes to produce increases in muscle strength,

lean body mass, and improved performance

– Dangerous long-term effects


Organic Mental Disorders

• Associated with physical cause

• Affect cognition and ability to think, remember, and make judgments

• May be temporary or permanent


Organic Mental Disorders

• Dementia– Deterioration of mental abilities due to physical changes in

brain

• Delirium– Acute condition from medications, alcohol, fever, or illness

• Alzheimer’s disease– Progressive, irreversible form of dementia


Psychosis

• Disintegration of one’s personality

• Impaired communication skills

• Inability to deal with life’s demands

• Delusions and hallucinations


Psychosis

• Schizophrenia– Loss of touch with reality

– Delusions

• Delusional disorders– Belief in delusion in otherwise normally adjusted and

balanced personality

– Treatment:• Antipsychotic medications


Psychosis

• Delusional disorders– Types:

• Grandiose

• Jealous

• Erotomanic

• Persecutory

• Somatic


Mood or Affective Disorders

• Depression– Prolonged feeling of extreme sadness, unhappiness,

despair, or discouragement

• Seasonal affective disorder– Depressive condition during winter months


Mood or Affective Disorders

• Bipolar disorder (manic depressive)– Extreme depression and mania occur

– Mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) aids physician in identifying symptoms


Dissociative Disorders

• Changes in identity or consciousness

• Types:– Psychogenic amnesia

– Psychogenic fugue

– Depersonalization

– Multiple personality


Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety– Usual temporary response to stress becomes chronic

• May be related to genetic factors, severe stress, biochemical alterations, and in some cases, physical causes– E.g., hyperthyroidism


Anxiety Disorders

• Types:– Generalized anxiety disorder

– Panic disorder

– Phobia disorder

– Obsessive-compulsive disorder

– Post-traumatic stress disorder


Somatoform Disorders

• Physical symptoms, but no organic cause found

• Conversion– Hysterical neurosis

• Hypochondriasis– Abnormal anxiety about one’s body and health


Somatoform Disorders

• Pain disorder– Pain does not have physiologic cause

• Malingering– False display of symptoms for financial or personal reward

• Munchausen syndrome– Simulation of illness for no other reason than to receive

treatment


Personality Disorders

• Types:– Paranoid

– Schizoid

– Antisocial

– Narcissistic

– Histrionic


Gender Identity Disorder

• Individual uncomfortable or distressed with sexual identity

• Adults may seek hormonal or surgical intervention for sex change


Sexual Disorders

• Types:– Exhibitionism

– Fetishism

– Transvestic fetishism

– Frotteurism


Sexual Disorders

• Types:– Pedophilia

– Sexual sadism

– Sexual masochism

– Voyeurism


Sleep Disorders

• Types:– Insomnia

– Narcolepsy

– Sleep apnea

– Nightmare disorder

– Sleep terror

– Sleepwalking


Trauma

• Grief– Natural process of coping with loss

• Suicide– Major concern with teenagers


The Older Adult

• Disorders may occur in early childhood or later in life

• Important to distinguish if actual mental health problem or physiologic or system-specific disorder

• Some symptoms due to aging process or side effects of medications

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 21 Mental Health Diseases and Disorders.

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